Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 725: Substance or Process Conditions Temp. Subrtanco or Procorr Conditions Lamp

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 725
TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING
ILLIUM 98 and ILLIUM B perform very well in processes which involve the use of sulfuric, phosphoric, hydro-
fluoric, nitric, acetic and fluosilicic acids as well as sodium chloride brine. They resist erosion to abrasion in corrod-
ing environment. These alloys have high mechanical rigidity. The 98 alloy is nonhardenable while the B alloy is hard-
enable.
Results of ILLIUM 98 and ILLIUM B in Tested Applications
Corrosion Rate Corrosion Rate

Temp. Inches Per Year Temp. Inches Per Year
ENVIRONMENT OF ILLIUM 98 ILLIUM B ENVIRONMENT OF ILLIUM 98 ILLIUM B
Sulfuric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid

0 to loo’/_ Hydro-
98% Sulfuric Acid 2120 0.015 0.005
fluorit, 100-O%
95% Sulfuric Acid 212’ 0.01 b 0.0065
90% Sulfuric Acid 212’ 0.0195 0.0095 Sulfuric Atid (in
stripping tolumn) 1 O-300’ N.R.’
0.001
Phosphoric Acid 10% Hydrofluoric,
101% Phosphoric, 8b0/e Sulfuric Acids,
(Super Phosphoric) 300’ 0.0053

4% Water 60' 0.0001 NJ.’
98% Phosphoric with 7% Hydrofluoric,
sulfuric and 90% Sulfuric Acids,
fluorine compounds 390-460' 0.0066 3% Water 60' None

98% Phosphoric otid Detected N.R.’
voporr 375-410’ 0.044 Sodium Chloride Brine
55% Phosphoric, 3%
sulfuric, and (Saturated)
fluorine compounds 237O 0.024 Saturated brine in
39% Phosphoric with evaporator 1860 C 0.0001 < 0.0001
sulfuric, hydro- Soturoted brine in
fluoric
and fluorine evaporator hoot
compounds 1000 0.0027 exchanger 233O < 0.0001 < 0.000 1
Saturated brine in
Hydrofluosilicic Acid
evoporotor
13% Hydrofluorilitic discharge 248’ 0.0002 0.0001
Acid 1 boo 0.0017 N.P.’
1 I l/. Hydroftuorilitic ’ NR - Not recommended for this service,
Acid 1bO* 0.0021 NJ.’
lLLlUM G is highly rated for its resistance to a wide variety of corrosive chemicals. It withstands the corrosion of
both oxidizing and reducing agents, acid and alkaline, up to moderately high temperatures. It is especially resistant
to most sulfur compounds. Generally it is not recommended for halogen; halogen acids or halogen salt solutions; it
is, however, highly resistant to seawater and to fluorine compounds in an oxidizing environment.
Results of I LLIUM G in Tested Applications
Code: R = Recommended for use-quantitative test results not furnished
1
A = Not more than 0.004” penetration per annum - less than
B= 0.004” to 0.015” penetration per annum 1 mg/cm*/day
C= 0.015” to 0.050” penetration per annum-approx. 1 to 3 mg/cm2/day
D = 0.050” to 0.125” penetration per annum
E= Over 0.125” penetration per annum
Temp. lamp.
Substance or Process Conditions OF. RaIa Subrtanco or Procorr Conditions lF. Rok
Acetic Acid Ammonium Bromide-30% 120° A
-Concentrated Boiling A
Ammonium Carbonate-25% 70° A
-50% Boiling A
Boiling A Ammonium Chloride-30% 330” A
- 5%
Plus 20% by Vol. 25% -25% 70° A
Concentrated
Boiling A Ammonium Hydroxide
Formic Acid
-Concentrated Still solution 70° A
-SO% Plus approximately 2%
230° A -Conce.nMed Agitated solution 70° B
KMnO.
300° E -28% Agitated solution 70° A
Aluminum Sulfate HISO boil of clay
Effluent from clay boil 210° A Ammonium Sulfide
70” A Saturated 70° A
Ammonio
(continued)
726 Corrosion Resistant Materials Handbook
TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING (continued)
lamp. Tamp.
Substance or Process Conditions OF. Rate Substance or Process Conditions OF. Rotm
Arsenic Acid-75% to Solution concentrated by Hydrofluoric Acid
90% boiling Boiling A -Anhydrous Plus 77% by Vol. 98%
BoricAcid-“liquor” 150° A H,SO. 70° A
- 6% 70” A -Anhydrous Plus 57% by Vol. 98%
Butyric Add-60% 7o” A HSO.
_ . 70° A
Colcium Hypochlorihs 2% available chlorine 7o” C - 5% 70“ A
Carbon Tetrathloride Boiling A HydrofluosilicicAcid
Saturated with free sulfur Boiling A - 0% &So A
Plus 3% by volume of Hydrogen Peroxide R
Bromine Boiling E lactic Acid-10% 16D” A
Chlorine Moist 2oo” E -10% 700 A
R Lithopone Sludge R
Dry
Chrome Tanning Solution Concentrated 76O A Magnesium Citrate R
33% 76O A Malic Acid 70° A
Chromic Acid-SO% Boiling E Mine Water (acid) R
-25% Boiling E Mercury See Note 1 70° A
-25% Plus 5% by Vol. H,SO, 180° E “Nickle plating solution” 9 ? R
-35% 7o” A Nitre Cake Solution 15% H,SO, ? R
-Varying Pump handling 1t/s% to Oleic Acid-Comm. 70° A
36% acid 7o” R Olive Oil 70” A
Citric Acid R Oxalic Acid-15% Boiling B
Copper Sulfate-25% (See olso H,SO, mixtures) 7o” A - 8% 70° A
-9% to 10% Solution concentrated by Phosphate Rock Acidulation Hot gases (SD,, SD,, CD lSOO B
boiling Boiling A Pickling Solutions 10% to 12% H,SO, R
Ethyl Acetate-Crude 167O B Spent solution A
Ethyl Acetate Distillotion 212O B Cold woter wash tank
Ethyl Gasoline solution A
7o” A
Hot water wash tank
Fatty Acids R
solution A
Ferric Chloride-43% 176O E Picric Acid4onc. 70° A
Ferrous Sulfate (See also H,SO, mixtures) R Potassium Aluminum Sul-
formoldehyde-lO% 7o” A fate-30% 250° B
Formic Acid-80% Boiling A -15% 70° A
-25% 7o” A Potassium Dichromote--S% (See also H,SO, mixtures) 70=’ A
Fruit-Juices R Potassium Hydroxide
Gasoline With H,P04, SiO, ond -30% Boiling A
steam in vopor phase of Potassium Permanganate
polymerization tower 5oo” A - 2% (See OISOHxSO, mixtures) 70” A
Hydrochloric Acid-Conr loo0 E Pyrogollic Acid-30% 70° A
Concentrated 7o” E Pyroligneous Acid-pure lor removed 70° A
-32% 105O E Rayon-Viscose process Various solutions generally
Hydrochloric Acid- Coagulating Bath containing 10% to 15% 70e A
-22% 1200 E H,SO, with sodium sulfate to 8
-22% 7o” D and other salts 200° R
-16% 120° E
Aerated solution Sea Water-Gulf of Mexico Completely immersed Atmos. A
-10% loo0 C
Partially immersed Atmos. A
-10% 70° A
Intermittent immersion
- 7% 120° E
(tides) Atmos. A
- 7% 7o”
- 5% 7o” : Sewoge Meter parts R
- 1% Wosh liquor R Silver Nitrate-SO% 120” A
Concentrated fumes 113O A Sludge Acid Refinery waste-37%
Hydrofluoric Acid HaSO. 160° B
-Anhydrous 7o” A Refinery waste-25%
-Anhydrous Plus 5% by Vol. 98% HSO. 140° A
HzSD. 7o” A Sodium Acid Fluoride Saturated sol’n containing
HF 1200 c
(continued)
TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING (continued)
Temp. Tamp. Rare

Substorw or Process Conditions .F. Rate Substance or Procars Conditions OF.
Sodium Acid Sulfate (See also H,SO, mixtures) Sulfuric Acid-Mixtures With
-24% 104O A Copper Sulfate-10% Equal parts with 25%
Pump in service 150° R H,SO. Boiling B
Sodium Aluminum Sulfote Strong crude 7o” A - 5% Equal parts with 25%
Sodium Chloride HSO. Boiling B
-Saturated -16% “Mixed with H,S04” 138O A
-16% “Salt spray test” 85O Ferrous Sulfote-Sot. Equol parts with 25%
Concentrated Kept olkoline with NaOH 140’ HaSO. Boiling B
-36% Plus traces of free Cl, 122O -10% Equal ports with 10%
Sodium Hydroxide-70% 194O HSO. Boiling A
48% - 5% Equol parts with 25%
-36% 80° HaSO. Boiling A
-25% 7o” - 5% Equal ports with 10%
- 5% loo0 HSO. Boiling A
-Concentrated Plus NoCl, Na,SO, Hydrochloric Acid 5.8% of sol’n Cont. 1.8%
NaClO, 160° A -Concentrated H,SO. 7o” C
Effluent from cell, olro Nitric Acid -25% Equal parts with 25%
contoins NoCl, No,SO,, H,SO. Boiling 8
No,CO,, NoClO, 120° -10% Equal parts with 25%
Sodium Hypochlorite 15% avoiloble Cl, 87O Boiling B
- Bleaching solution (?) 77O -Concentrated 71/1$:f sol’n with 921/,%
Bleaching solution (?) 70° Cant H,SO, 54O A
Sodium Metophorphate-1.3% Boiling Sodium Dichromote 23% of sol’n with 77% of
Sodium Nitrate-IO% 7o” 45% 78% H& 21° E
Sodium Sulfide- 8% 7o” Sodium Sulfate-10% Equal parts with 25%
Sodium Thiorulfate-Com- H,SO, Boiling B
mertiol R - 5% Equol parts with 25%
Stonnic Chloride-24% 7o” B Boiling
HSO. B
Sulfonotion Proczrs 25% HzS04, then 25% Potossium Dichromote Equol parts with 25%
(Petroleum products) No,SO,, 25% NoOH 1100 R - 5% Boiling
H& E
Sulfur (Molten) See Note 2 350° A Potossium Permonganote Equal ports with 25%
Sulfur Dioxide Plus SO, ond CO, gores 150° B - 5% Boiling
H,SO. B
Sulfuric Acid Sulfurous M-0.75% 175O A
-Fuming (109%) 125O R lortoric Acfd-25% 70° A
Sulfuric Acid-Mixtures with Tetraphosphoric Add- Concentration not reported 140° A
Acetic Anhydride Equal parts with 98% Concentration not reported 24B” A
H,SO. 250° Concentrationnot reported 356O A
Sulfuric Acid-Mixtures With Urea Under 1125 Ibs. pe.rsq.
Chlorine 63% H,SO, saturated with in. pressure 3180 A
104O Vegetoble Juices
Cl,
Copper Sulfate--SO% Equol parts with 25% Yeast Wort 94O :
f&SO. Boiling B Zinc Chloride From shorted dry cells 70° A
Note No. l-MERCURY-In common with other complex alloys, llllurn G

exhibits (I tendency to tokc up Mercury through some intcrgranulor
wpillority. This tendency prohibits its use for thermometer bulbs, etc.,
where exact volumes and dimensions must be kept.
Note No. 2-MOLTEN SULFUR-Tests conducted in molten sulfur indi-

cate that lllium G, unlike many other corrosion resistant alloys, does not
gain in weight or dimensions from immersion in the tluid over long
periods of time.
TABLE 5.20: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-WALL COLMONOY
Corrosive media in which Colmonoy nickel alloys are generally resistant
Acetic Acid (cold) Ethylene Glycol Petfoleum Oils

Alcohols Phosphoric Acid*
Alum Fatty Acids Phosphorus Bromide
Aluminum Acetate Formaldehyde Potassium Carbonate (cold)
Aluminum Chloride Formic Acid (5%) Potassium Chlorate
Ammonia (anhydrous) Ferrous Sulphate Potassium Hydroxide
Ammonium Bicarbonate Ferrous Arnmonium Citrate
Ammonium Carbonate Resins
Ammonium Chloride* Callic Acid Rosin
Ammonium Hydroxide Gasoline
Ammonium Nitrate* Gelatine Shellac
Ammonium Oxalate* Glutamic Acid Silver Nitrate
Ammonium Persulfate* Glycerine (Glycerol) Silver Chloride
Ammonium Phosphate* Sodium Citrate
Ammonium Sulfide Helium Sodium Hydroxide
Amy1 Acetate Hydrocarbons Sodium Nitrate*
Arsenic Acid Hydrochloric Acid (dilute Sodium Peroxide
Azo Dyestuffs and cold) Sodium Silicate
Hydrofluoric Acid (cold) Stannous Chloride*
Barium Hydrate Hydrogen Steam (up to 1000° F)
Barium Nitrate Hydrogen Peroxide* Sulfur Dioxide*
Benzoic Acid Hydrogen Sulfide (anhydrous) Sulfuric Acid*
Benzyl Alcohol
Black Liquor, Soda Kerosene Tannic Acid
Black Liquor, Sulphate Tar
Boric Acid Lead (up to 900’ F) Tartaric Acid*
Butyric Acid Liquid Sodium, Potassium, Toluene or Toluol
or Nak (up to 900’ Fj Trichloroethylene
Calcium Carbonate (cold) Linalyl Acetate Turpentine
Calcium Chlorate (dilute) Lye
Calcium Chloride Lysol Uric Acid
Calcium Hydroxide
Malic Acid
Cane Sugar Liquors Vanadium Oxide
Manganese Carbonate
Carbolic Acid (Phenol) Varnish
Manganese Chloride
Carbonic Acid 1 Vegetable Oils
Magnesium Chloride
Carbon Dioxide Vent Gas
Magnesium Hydroxide
Carbon Disulfide Vinegar (cold)
Magnesium Nitrate
Carbon Tetrachloride Vinyl Chloride*
Magnesium Sulfate*
Caustic Potash Viscose
Mercury
Caustic Soda
Molasses
Chlorine (anhydrous)
Molten Class Water (hot and cold)
Chromic Acid
Monoethanoiamine Whiskey
Citric Acid (to 15%)
Wines
Copper Acetate Naphtha
Copper Carbonate Natural Gas Xylene or Xylol
Core Oils Nitric Acid*
Cotton Seed Oil Nickel Sulfate* Yeast
Developers, Photographic Oleic Acid Zinc Chloride
Di-Methyl Ethers
Zinc Sulfate
Palmitic Acid
Ethyl Chloride Peroxide Bleach Liquors *Resistant under certain conditions.
TABLE 5.21: NICKEL-BASE AND OTHER HIGH ALLOY PIPE AND TUBING-COLT INDUSTRIES
wnt, ch*moul shipping drums.

mnt and piping. *lecbonic parts, A A Q-E A NR G-E G-E G-E G-E
zmponmt,. rocket mototqrcr.
tit and Wcb-onic compownts,
! v.?meIs and
0 AG-EG NR GO-EG-EX
I teat
I Fu~ee mutfkn. &c.tmnic compbwnta. chemiut and

xstrinp equipment, hoat Wlttng quipmom A NR A A A Q-E G-E G-E A
wgensnto, tubing.
Q 23.00
ALLOY UNS WMOl. ASME Co& clrr 1500 E~cellcnt hiih-bmpntwe pmpefttie& resistance to ’ Ra cxchmgcn, ha4t-tmating bqk@s and hrmmr.
Ni 51.00 ordizinp, ulwizinp. and udtur-con(lining W1~sph4nr. ndiutt tube& thcmwwpk b~ubrr.combusbon qnr, A NR A A A G-E G-E G-E A
601 Wcmti engine wnr.
UNS NM525 ASTM 5704 Tube. Hiih smnpm md toughnear (mm c*og+nic Chcmic#l md pWtion co~tml quipmsnt, ducttng, bit
ALLOY
ASTM 11-705pip4 trmprnbns
to 1SW’F (OWC) good oxidltton bftw hmv3linpquipmcnl twl mxzk~. alter bumm. G-E’ E G-E G-E G-E E E G-E E
625 Cl 21.50Ma 9.w Ni 61.00 n‘ittlncc, oxoptional btigue sbongth and #ood
nsirllncc to m8ny conosivcs.
ALLOY UNS ND5M7 ASTM S-625 T&m. E~cslknt nairbmc in many m&a. Resists pttttnp, Y~nutxtw~ end USCot ph osphxmc md ruttulic uidr,
ASTU Sdl9 pip cwicc conwion md mtwgnnulm eonotbn. ftuc.ge, scwbbcn and 0th @Ipotlvbon control q*PmW Q-E Q-E G-E G-E G-E G-E Q-E G-E Q-E
G CI 22.50Yo 5.50 Ni 44.00 Cu 2.W cnponto,,, b.1 ..eh.“m
ALLOY UNS No6985ASTM S-S28 Tub@, Simlu to G. batter Ior welding, no anwll mquimd.
ASTM S-619 Pge
G-3 b 21.00uo 1.00 )(i 724
ASlW&454F+p@
20 Cl 19.00Ma 2.00 11131.q w 3.q I I I I I I I I I I
Sbonp and nrisunt to orid8tion and c.(lrbukHton It 1Heat
crch~n~cn. pmctrr.pping, ClfbUdzabOn ttxWNS Wd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ALLOY f&tt4 5 E-515 TW
dewted
tempcntunr.
Rwi4t1 rutt&
600 Cl 21.w Nt 3% oxid&m, ruling and conosion in I
*wtpbww I I I I ,
Stmilr M 800 wtth brnrr high tempntun stmngth Chemical and po*ur plant rupcr helter and n-hwtcr
W
ALLOY URS Row10 ASTM B-515 Tub@.
ASTM S.514 Pt@ h,, drrign stmqth vaiwt IDI YH &we 115O’F tubby, hqtan and lumacc tubing, pmcesl piping. A NR X A Q-E G-E A A A
800H Q 21.00Nt 32.50 (5%‘C). Imprwd cmep aid ,tro,-to-rupem
in 1lW’F to lMOw”F(595’C to 950%) “ngc.
pmpetier
Exd*m n,t,b”r_ ._ i._ .__i__. _. __-_:____ C___. _.__I___

‘.__I_I____. - __..__. ^L__ i__l *-..L.
ALLOY WS -25 ASTM b7Y Tubr,
ASTM b7S5 Rwista pttbng and
826 c12¶.5SyoS.% Nt42xQCuz20 oxtdirino I
_:_ .,__. _..__.__,__.._ .

mm-boundary urbda Q-E E Q-E G-E NR G-E Q-E G-E Q-E
I._____._.._.._..__._.
zone.
I I I I I I I I I
TABLE 5.22: NICKEL-BASE RODS, ELECTRODES AND WIRES-CABOT STELLITE
Nickel-Base Alloys
Nominal chemical composition, percent
Hardness,
NrckeCBase Allow Form Cr C Si Mn MO Fe Ni Co B W Rockwell
DELORO alloy
No. 40 A 11 0.45 2.55 - - 2.25 Bat 1.5’ 2.5’ - C-42
DELORO alloy
No. 50 A 12 0.35 3.5 - - 3 Bat - 2.5 - c-51
DELORO alloy A 15 0.75 4 - - 4 Bal. - 3.5 - C-57

No. 60 D,E 12 0.7 3.0 - - - Bat - 2.3 - C-46
HASTELLOY B 17 0.1 - - 17 6 Bal. - - 5 B-96, C-37”

alloy C
C B-96, C-35”
HAYNES alloy A 27 2.7 1 1’ 6 23 Bat 12 - 3 c-40. C-43”’

No. 711
B C-42
HAYNES alloy A 26 1.1 1.5’ 1’ 3 29 23 11 0.5 3.5 C-30, C-32”’

No. 716
B C-24
HAYNES alloy A 17 0.4 1’ 1’ 17 5.5 Bat 6.5’ - 4.5 C-27”: C-39”

No. 721
B c-22. C-36”
HAYNES alloy D 29 1.1 1.5’ 1’ 5.5 3’ Bal. 3’ 0.6 2 c-37

No. N-6 E C-26
’ Maxrmum Code:
** Work-hardened A-Bare Cast Rod
“‘Gas-tungsten arc only B-Covered Electrodes
C-Tube Wrre-Sub-Arc
D-Tube Wire (Gas Tungsten Arc)
E-Tube Wtre (Gas Metal Arc)
Comparativa Corrosion Data*
Gas Tunasten Arc Deoosits
DELORO DELORO DELORO STELLITE HAYNES

Concentration HASTELLOY alloy alloy alloy alloy alloy
Media and Temperature alloy C No. 40 No. 50 No. 60 No. 6 No. 716
Acetic Acid 30%, Boiling E U U U E E
Nitric Acid 65%. 150 deg. F S U U U U U

(66 deg. C)
Formic Acid 60%. Boiling E S S G E E
Sulfuric Acid 5%. 150 deg. F E U U U E U

(66 deg. C)
‘Five 24-hr. test periods. Deter- Code:

mined in laboratory tests. It is E-Less than 5 mpy (~0.13 mm/y)
recommended that samples be
tested under actual plant G-5 mpy (0.13 mm/y) to 20 mpy (0.51 mm/y)
conditions. S-Over 20 mpy (>0.51 mm/y) to 50 mpy (1.27 mm/y)
U-More than 50 mov (~1.27 mm/v)
TABLE 5.23: TANTALUM-NRC
Temperatures at which various media attack Tantalum Comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium,
304 Stainless Steel and Platinum
Air g* At temperatures over 300°C S.S.
Alkaline solutions aqueous At pH > 9, moderate temperatures some corrosion “C “F Ta Sb Ti 304 Pt

Ammonia Pits at high temperatures and pressure Acetic Acid 100 212 nil -(a) nil 20 nil
gas
Br0mine At temperatures over 300°C AICI, (lOye soln) 100 212 nil - nil 20 nil
gas
Chlorine, dry gas At temperatures over 250°C SH,CI (10% win) 100 212 nil nil <0.5 > 20 nil
Chlorine, wet At temperatures over 350°C HCI, 20% 21 70 nil 0.04 - - nil
gas
Fluorides, acid media aqueous All temperatures and concentrations 109 212 nil - 175 high -
Fluorine gas At all temperatukss , ronc. 21 70 nil 0.1 - -
Hydrobromic acid, 2570 aqueous Begins to corrode at temperatures over 190°C 100 212 nil 4(b) rapid rapid 1
Hydrocarbons gas React at temperatures around 1500°C HNOI, 20% 100 212 nil nil nil nil
Hydrochloric acid, 25% aqueous Begins to corrode at temperatures over 190°C , 70% loo 212 nil nil nil 7 nil
Hydrotluoric acid aqueous Corrodes at all temperatures and concentrations , 65yc 170 338 <l - <5 > 50 -
Hydrogen gas Causes embrittlement, especially at temperatures over 400°C HJ’O,, S-5% 25 76 nil <l 8 > 50 -
Hydrogen bromide At temperatures over 400°C 100 212 nil 3(b) 40 - -
gas
Hydrogen chloride gas At temperatures over 350°C H,SO,, 10% 25 76 nil nil 7 > 50 nil
Hydrogen fluoride gas At all temperatures , 40% 25 76 nil 0.1 60 >>50 nil
Iodine At temperatures over 300°C 196% 25 76 nil 0.2 - - nil
gas
Xtrogen At temperatures over 300°C I w% 50 122 nil O.S(b) - - nil
gas
Oxalic acid, sat. soIn. aqueous At temperatures of about 100°C ! 99% loo 212 nil 115(b) high - nil
Oxygen gas At temperatures over 350°C >98% 200 392 3 rapid rapid - -
Phosphoric acid, 85% aqueous Corrodes at temperatures over NW, at higher temperatures 3WC 250 4S2 rapid - - - -
for lower concentrations H,SO,. fuming (15% SOa) 23 73 0.5 (assume rapid) - -
Potassium carbonate aqueous Corrodes at moderate temperatures depending on concentra- 70 15s rapid - - - -
tion -
Aqua regia 25 78 nil nil 35 8cQ
Potassium hydroxide 10% aqueous Corrodes at about 100°C -
Chlorine, wet 75 167 nil nil nil 0.1
Potassium hydroxide molten Dissolves metal rapidly (over 360°C)
H,O, Cl, sat 25 76 nil nil 5 > 50 nil
Potassium pyrcsulfate molten Diisolves metal rapidly (over 300°C)
, sea 25 76 nil nil nil 50 nil
Sodium carbonate aqueous Corrodes at moderate temperatures depending on cow. -
Oxalic acid 21 70 nil 0.6(b) - -
Sodium hydroxide 10% aqueous cOrrodes at about 100°C - - -
96 205 0.1 -
Sodium hydroxide molten Dissolves metal rapidly (over 320°C) - -
NaOH, 5’% 21 70 nil 1.1 -
Sodium pyrosulfate UlOltell Dilves metal rapidly (over 400°C) -
100 212 0.7 rapid < 1 nil
Sulfuric acid 98% aqueous Begins to corrode at temperatures over 175’C; lower concen- -
trations begin to corrode at higher temperatures 910% 100 212 <l 8 < 1 nil
49% SO 176 rapid - 5 5 nil
Sulfuric acid (&urn) fuming Corrodes at all temperatures
(over 98% HSOJ HP, d% 25 76 rapid rapid rapid - nil
Sulfuricttioxide gas At all temperatures
Water aqueous Corrodes at pH > 9; reacts at high temperatures
TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI
The corrosion resistance of tantalum is generally compared with that of glass, although it withstands higher tem-
peratures and offers the intrinsic advantages of a metal from a fabrication standpoint. Tantalum equipment is
frequently used in conjunction with glass, glass-lined steel and other nonmetallic materials in chemical equipment.
It is used extensively in repairing damage and flaws in glass-lined steel equipment. Heat transfer equipment con-
structed of tantalum includes straight-tube heat exchangers, condensers, bayonet heaters, spiral coils and U-tubes.
Tantalum is also used in thermocouple wells, dig pipes, orifices, valves, diaphragms, and in other special areas. The
leading anticorrosion applications are in the manufacture of hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, recovery of
sulfuric acid, in bromine heaters and stills, in condensing ethyl bromide, and in the preparation of certain high-
purity chemicals.
Corrosion Resistance of Tantalum

(Reagent grade chemicals used
when appropriate)
S = no attack up to about 15O’C (302’F),
or as specified
V = variable depending on concentration
and temperature
X = not resistant
Chemical Chemical Chemical
Acefic acid S Hydrochloric acid S Sodium bisulfate, molten X
AC+ anhydride S Hydrofluoric acid X Sodium bisulfate, solution S
Air, below 300” C (570” F) S Hydrogen V Sodium bromide S
Air! above 300“ C (570’ F) X Hydrogen bromide S Sodium carbonate V
Al6minum chloride S Hydrogen chloride S Sodium chlorate S
Alhminum sulfate S Hydrogen fluoride X Sodium chloride S
Amines S Hydrogen iodide S Sodium hydroxide, dilute V
Ammonia V S Sodium hydroxide, cont. X
Hydrogen peroxide
Ammonium chloride S Hydrogen sulfide S Sodium hypochlorite S
Ammonium hydroxide V S Sodium nitrate S
Hypochlorous acid
Ammonium nitrate S Iodine. below 300” C (570” F) S Sodium pyrosulfate, molten X
Ammonium phosphate S Lactic acid Sodium sulfate S
Ammonium sulfate S Magnesium chloride z Sodium sulfide V
Amy1 acetate or chloride S Magnesium sulfate S Sodium sulfite S
Aqua regia S Sulfamic acid S
Mercury salts S
Barium hydroxide S Sulfur, below 500°C (930” F) S
Methyl sulfuric acid S
Body fluids S Sulfur chlorides S
Mixed acids (H2S04-HN03) S
Bromine, dry, below 300“ C (570” F) S Sulfur dioxide S
Nickel salts S
Bromine, wet S Sulfur trioxide X
Nitric acid S
Calcium bisulfite S S Sulfuric acid, to 175’C (350” F) S
Nitric acid, fuming
Calcium chloride S S Sulfuric acid, over 175’C (350” F) V
Nitric oxides
Calcium hydroxide S Sulfurous acid S
Nitrogen, below 300°C (57O’F) S
Calcium hypochlorite S Sulfuryl chloride S
Nitrous acid S
Chloric acid S Thionyl chloride S
Nitrosyl chloride S
Chlorinated brine S Tin salts S
Oleum (fuming sulfuric acid) X
Chlorinated hydrocarbons S Zinc chloride S
Organic chlorides S
Chlorine, dry, below 250” C (480” F) S Zinc sulfate S
Oxalic acid S
Chlorine, wet S
Oxygen. below 3OO’C (57O’F) S
Chlorine oxides S
Chloroacetic acid S Perchloric acid S Liquid metals
Chromic acid S Phenol S
Bismuth to 900°C (1650°F) S
Chrome plating solutions S Phosphoric acid, ~4 ppmF S
Gallium to 450” C (84O’F) S
Citric acid S Phosphorous, below 7OO’C (1290” F) S
Lead to 1000” C (1830” F) S
Cleaning solution S Phosphorous chlorides S
Lithium to 1OOO’C (1830°F) S
Copper salts S Phosphorous oxychloride S
Magnesium to 115O’C (2100°F) S
Pickling acids, except HNO,-HF S
Ethylene dibromide S Mercury to 600°C (1110°F) S
Ethyl sulfate S Phthalic anhydride S Potassium to 9OO’C (1650°F) S
Fatty acids S Potassium carbonate V Sodium to 9OO’C (165O*F) S
Ferric chloride S Potassium chloride S Sodium-potassium alloys to
Ferrous sulfate S Potassium dichromate S 900’ C ( 1650’ F) S
Fluoride salts V Potassium hydroxide, dilute V Zinc to 5OO’C (930” F) X
Formic acid S Potassium hydroxide, cont. X Tin V
Hydriodic acid S Potassium iodide-iodine S Uranium V
Hydrobromic acid S Potassium pyrosutfate, molten X
(continued)
TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI (continued)
KBI-40 Alloy is a solid solution of 60% tantalum and 40% columbium. As such, it has many application possibili-
ties in common with both its elemental components, particularly tantalum. It is interchangeable with the higher-
priced tantalum in many applications, including: plate and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, reactors, condensers,
bayonet heaters, thermowells, spiral coils, U-tubes, rupture discs, distillation columns, and piping.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF
KBI 40 ALLOY’
Ammonium nitrate Hydrofluoric acid Sodium hydroxide, dilute V

Bromine, dry, below 200” C Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide, cont.
Bromine, wet Nitric acid, fuming Sodium nitrate :
Chlorinated brine : Organic chlorides z Sodium sulfide
Chlorinated hydrocarbons Phosphoric acid, 4 ppm F S Sulfuric acid, to 160” C :
Ferric chloride ss Phosphorous chlorides Sulfurous acid S
Ferrous sulfate S Pickling acids, except HN03-HF z Zinc sulfate S
Ferrous salts Potassium dichromate S
Hydrochloric acid s” Potassium hydroxide, dilute V
‘Key: S = Totally resistant to about
150’ C (302’ F) or as specified
V = Varies depending on
concentration and temperature
X = Not resistant
KBI-40 Corrosion Information
The following tests have been conducted with reagent grade chemicals; actual field testing could differ because of
impurities. Field testing is highly recommended. (Rate is in mils/yr.)
Solution Salt TemDerature. ‘C Pure Ta KBI-40 Pure Cb

5% HCI 10% NaCl 101 boil nil nil 1
10% HCI - 102 boil nil nil <l
10% HCI - 190 nil nil -
10% HCI 0.005% FeCI, 190 nil - -
15% HCI 0.005-0.040% FeC13 109 boil nil nil -
20% HCI - 110 boil nil nil -
20% HCI 0.005-0.040% FeCI, 110 boil nil nil 30
20% HCI - 190 <l 2 -
20% t-ICI 0.005-0.040% FeC13 190 nil <l -
20% HCI - 150 nil nil 64
30% HCI - 92 boil nil nil -
30% HCI 0.005% FeCI, 92 boil nil nil -
30% HCI - 190 1 36 -
30% HCI 0.005% FeCI, 190 1 31 -
36% HCI - 01 boil nil <l -
36% HCI 0.005% FeCI, 81 boil nil nil -
36% HCI - 190 0 141 -
35% HCI 0.005% FeC13 190 a 259 -
65% HNO, 0.1% FeC13 121 boil nil nil cl
10% H2S04 0.1% FeC13 101 boil nil nil <l
10% H2S04 0.01% FeC13 101 boil nil nil 2
20% H&O. - 102 boil nil nil -
20% HISO., - 190 nil nil -

30% H$Oa O.Oi-0.1% FeC13 107 boil nil nil 5
30% H,SO, 5-15% AICI, 107 boil nil nil 7
40% HzS04 - 113 boil nil 41 -
40% H$O., - 190 nil nil -
40% H?SO, O.Ol-0.1% FeCI, 113 boil nil Cl -
(continued)
TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI hminued)
Solution Salt Temperature, oC Pure Ta KBI-40 Pure Cb
z&0 H,SO, - 123 boil nil <l -

5OYo H2S04 O.Ol-0.1% Fe& 123 boil nil <l -
5OYo HrS04 - 110 nil nil -
50% HIS04 - 120 nil <l -
50% HzS04 O.Ol-0.1% FeCI, 120 nil nil -
50% HPSOd O.Ol-0.10/o Fe& 123 boil nil Cl -
60% H*SO., - 100 nil nil -

60% HPSOd - 141 boil Cl <2 -
600/o H2SOd - 190 <l <2 -
60% H,SO, O.Ol-0.1% FeCI, 90-100 nil nil -
60% HZS04 0.01% FeCI, 120 nil cl -
60% H,SO, 0.05-0.1% FeCI, 120 nil nil -
60% H;SO; O.Ol-0.10/o FeCI, 141 boil Cl 1 -
70% H2S04 - 100 nil nil -

70% HsSO., - 165 boil <l 6 -
77% H2S0, - 100 nil nil -
77% HrSO4 - 175 2 32 -
77% H.SO. - 189 boil 2 40 -
85% H-SO. - 260 5 - -
93% H-SO. - 260 15 - -
96% HSO. - 260 21 - -
80% H,SO. 10Y0 NaCl 141 boil nil 1 49

70% H,SO, 10% NaCl 165 boil <l 8 -
ASTM G-28
(50% HrSO, + 42gIliter Fe&SO,&*) 123 boil nil <l -
Green Death
(12Y0 H2S04 + 1.2% HCI + 1% FeCI, + 1% CuCI,) 101 boil nil nil -
Soiling temperatures may vary with salt additions. *Highly oxidizing acid solutions.
TABLE 5.25: TITANIUM-INDUSTRIAL TITANIUM
COMMERCIALLY PURETITANIUM IS BEING USEDSUCCESSFULLY IN ALLOFTHE FOLLOWING MEDIA.
SALTS
Aluminum Hydroxide Copper Nitrate Potassium Bromide Sodium Bisulphate

Aluminum Potassium Sulphate Copper Sulphate Potassium Carbonate Sodium Borate
Aluminum Sulphate Cupric Chloride Potassium Chloride Sodium Carbonate
Amonium Chloride Ethylene Chloride Potassium Chlorate Sodium Chlorate
Amonium Hydroxide Ferric Chloride Potassium Ferricyanide Sodium Chbride
Amonium Sulphate Ferrous Chloride Potassium Ferrocyanide Sodium Citrate
Aniline Hydrochloride Hydrogen Peroxide Potassium Hydroxide Sodium Flouride
Antimony Trichloride Hydrogen Sulphide Potassium Iodine Sodium Hydroxide
Barium Carbonite Lead Acetate Potassium Nitrate Sodium Nitrate
Barium Chloride Manganese Carbonate Potassium Oxalate Sodium Phosphate
Barium Nitrate Manganese Chloride Potassium Permanganate Sodium Silicate
Barium Sulphate Magnesium Carbonate Potassium Sulphate Sodium Sulphate
Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Chloride Potassium Sulphide Sodium Sulphfte
Calcium Chloride Magnesium Hydroxide Silver Chloride Stannic Chloride
Calcium Hydroxide Magnesium Nitrate Silver Cyanide Stannous Chloride
Calcium Hypcchlorite Magnesium Sulphate Silver Nitrate Sulphur Dioxide
Carbon Tetrachloride Mercuric Chloride Sodium Acetate Titanium Tetrachloride
Copper Carbonate Mercuric Cyanide Sodium Benzoate Zinc Chloride
Copper Chloride Nickle Chloride Sodium Bicarbonate Zinc Sulphate
Copper Cyanide Potassium Bichromate Sodium Bichromate
ACIDS
Acetic Acid Chromic Acid CR Nitrous Acid Stearfc Acid

Acetic Anhydride Citric Acid Oleic Acid Sulphurus Acid
Acetic Vapors Hydrocyanic Oxalic Acid Sulphurous Spray
Carbonic Acid Lactic Acid Phosphoric Acid Tannic Acid
Chloroacetic Acid Malic Acid Pyrogallic Acid Tartaric Acid
Chromic Acid Nitric Acid Salicylic Acid Uric Acid
MISCELLANEOUS
Alcohol- Methyl, Propyl Chlorine Gas-Moist Only Furfural Phenol

Butyl Ethyl Chloroform Gasoline Salt
Aniline Flue Gases Hydrocarbons Salt Brine
Beer Fluorine Meat Juices Water- Hot, Sea, Salt
Blood Formaldehyde Mercury Brakish, Steam
Chlorinated Water Fruit Juices Petroleum Ether Whiskey
TABLE 5.26: TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS-TIMET kontmued)
MEDIA C T R MEDIA C T R
Chlorineheadersludge 207 (97) 0.03(0 001) Fluorine.commercial gas-liquid gas-109 16-34 (0.457xK664)
and wet chlorine aftematad liquid(43)
Chlonne gas.dry ~0.5 H,O room may react -320 (-196)
Chlonnadioxlde 5 in steam 160 (62) <O.l (<OW3) Fluorine,HFhae ‘*liquid -320 (-196) 0.06(O.W2)
gas + H,O lZgas
and stir Fluorine,HF free liquid -320 (-196) co.43 (0.011)
fS+some llO(43) ml Fluorine.HF free gas -320 (-196) 0.42 (0.011)
HOC1and Fluorosilicicacid 10 room 1670 (47.5)
wet Cl, Food products ambient no anack
Chlorlnedloxlde 5 210(99) ml Formaldehyde 37 boilmg nil
I” steam Formamidevapor 572 (300) nil
upto llO(43) “II Formicacid.aerated 10 212(1W) 0.16(O.W5)~~
i some Formicacid. aerated 25 212(1W) 0.04(0 001)”
HOCI. Cl, Formicacid, aerated 50 212(1W) 0.04(0.001)”
8 HZ0 Fomw acid, aerated 90 212(1W) 0.05(0.w1)~*
Chlorinetrliluorlde 100 ~66 (30) wgorous Formtcactd. 10 212(1W) nil”
reacl’on non-aerated
Chloracetlcacid 30 160 (62) C5.OfCO 127) Formicacod. 25 212(100) 96 (2.44)”
Chloracetlcacid 100 bwng 15 Of.cO 127) non-aerated
Chlorosulfonlcacld 100 room 7 5.12.3(0 191-0.31; Formccaad. 50 boilmg 126 (3.20)”
Chloroform vapor 8 bolllng 0 01 (0.000) non-aerated
llqutd Formicacod. 90 212(1W) 116 (3.00)”
Chloroplc”” 100 203 (95) 0 1 (0.003) non-aerated
Chromlcacld 10 bolllng 0.1 (0 003) Formicacid. -0 9 122 (50) <5(<0 127)
Chromicacid 15 75 (24) 0.2 (0 006) Furfural loo room nil
Chromicacld 15 160(62) 06(0015) Glucomcactd 50 room ml
ChromicacId 50 75 (24) 0.5 (0.013) Glycerin room nil
Chromicacld 50 160 (62) 1.l (0 026) Hydrogenchloride.gas 81,mixture amblent nil
Chromiumplatmgbath 240 g.‘l Hydrochloricacid 5 95 (35) 1.5 (0 036)
contammgfluorlde platmgsalt 171(77) 56.3 (1 46) aerated
Chromicacld + 5 70(21) <o l(~O.003) Hydrochloricaad. 10 95 (35) 40 (1.02)
5% mtrlcacid aerated
Cttrlcacid 10 212(100) 0.36 (0 009) Hydrochloncaad, 20 95 (35) 175 (4.45)
Cltrlcacid 25 212(1W) 0.03 (0 001) aerated
Cltrlcacld 50 140 (60) 0 01(0.000) Hydrochloncacld. 37.5 95 (35) 1990 (50.6)
CitricacId 50 212(1W) <5.0(<0 127) aerated
aerated Hydrochloncacld 1 boilmg >lW(>2.54)
Cttncactd 50 boilmg 5-50 (0 127-l -27) Hydrochloncacid 3 boilmg 550(14 0)
Cltrlcacld 62 3W(149) corroded Hydrochloricacid 5 boilmg 400 (10.2)
Copper mtrate saturated room nil Hydrochloricacid. 3 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
Copper sulfate 50 bolllng nil nitrogensaturated
Copper sulfate + saturated room 07(0016) Hydrochloricaad. 5 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
2% H,SO, nitrogensaturated
Cupriccarbonate + saturated ambtent nil Hydrochloricaad. 10 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
cuprichydroxide nitrogensaturated
Cupricchloride 20 boilmg nil Hydrochloricacid, 3 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
Cupr~cchlorlde 40 bolllng 0.2(0.005) oxygen saturated 5 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
Cupricchloride 55 246(119) 0.1 (0.003) 10 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
(boilmg) chlorinesaturated 5 374(190) <l (~0.025)
Cupriccyanide saturated room nil 10 374(190) >1120(>26.5)
Cuprouschloride 50 194 (90) co.1 (<O.W3) Hydrochloricacid, 36 room 17.0 (0.432)
Cyclohexylamine 100 room nil 200 ppm Cl,
Cyclohexane(plus 302 (150) 0.1 (0.003) Hydrochloricacid, 5 lW(36) nil
traces of formicacld) + 1%HN03
Dlchloroacebcacid 100 212(100) <0.5(<0.013) + l%HNO, 5 2w (93) 3.6 (0.091)
Dkzhloroacetlcacid 100 bolllng 0.29(0 007) + 5% HNO, 5 lW(36) 0.64 (0.025)
Dlchlorobcnzene + 355 (179) 4(0.102) + 5% HNO, 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.030)
4-5% HCI + lO%HNO, 5 lW(36) nil
Dtethylenetrlamine 1W mom nil + lO%HNO, 5 200 (93) 7.2 (0.163)
Ethylalcohol 95 bolllng 0.5 (0.013) + 3% HNO, 6.5 176 (60) 2.0 (0.051)
Ethylalcohol 100 room nil + 5% HNO, 1 boilmg 2.9(0.074)
Ethylenedichlonde 100 boiling 0.2-5.O(O.W5-0.127) + 5% HN03 + 1.7 g/l 1 boitlng nil
Ethylenedlamme 100 rc0m nil TiCI,
Femc chloride 1O-20 room nil Hydrochloricacid,
Ferric chloride 1O-30 212(100) <0.5(<0.127) + 2.5% N&IO, 10.2 176 (60) 0.37 (0.009)
Femcchlonde 1O-40 boilmg nil + 5.0% NaCIO, 10.2 175 (79) 0.25 (0.006)
Fenicchlonde 50 236(113) nil Hydrochloncacid.
(bollmg) + 0.5% 003 5 lW(36) nil
Femc chloride 50 302(150) 0.1 (O.W3) + 0.5% 00, 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.031)
Ferricsulfate .9 Ii,0 10 room nil + l%CQ 5 lW(36) 0.72(0.016)
Fenous chloride + 30 175 (79) 0.2 (0.006) + l%ClQ, 5 200 (93) 1.2 (0.031)
0.5% HCI + 3% Hydrochloricacid,
resorcinalpH 1 + 0.05% cuso, 5 lW(36) 1.56 (0.040)
Ferrous suffate saturated room nil + 0.05% cuso. 5 200 (93) 3.6(0.091)
Fluotmncacid 5-20 elevated rapid + 0.5% cuso. 5 lW(36) 3.6(0.091)
(continued)
TABLE 5.26: TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS-TIMET kontinuedJ

Hydrochlonc acid. Nrtncactd. aerated 20 104 (40) 0 21 (0 005)
+ 05%cus0. 5 200 (93) 2.4 (0.061) Nftricaad. aerated 30 122 (50) 0 61 (0 015)
+ 1%cuso, 5 lOO(38) 1.2 (0.031) Nftnc ac!d. aerated 40 122(50) 064(0016)
+ 1% cuso. 5 200 (93) 3.6 (0.091) Nrtrtcactd, aerated 50 140 (60) 1 46(0 037)
+ 5% cuso, 5 1OOW) 0.8 (0.020) Nrtnc acrd. aerated 60 140 (60) 1 56(0 040)
+ 5% cuso, 5 200 (93) 2.4 (0.061) Nitnc actd. aerated 70 158(70) 156 (0 040)
+ o.o5%cuso, 5 boiling 2.5 (0.064) Nttncacrd. aerated 40 392 (200) 24(0 610)
+ 0.5% cuso. 5 boikng 3.3 (0.094) Nrtrlcacrd. aerated 70 518 (270) 48(1 22)
Hydrcchlonc acid, 10 150(66) 0.88-1.32(0.017-0.025) Nrtric acid. aerated 20 554 (290) 12 (0 305)
+ o.o5%cuso. Nttric acrd. non-aerated 35 176 (80) 2-4 (0 051-O 102)
+ o.2o%cuso. 10 150 (66) nil Nrtncacid. non-aerated 70 176 (60) 1.3 (0 025-O 076)
+ 0.5% cuso, 10 150 (66) nil-O.68 (0.023) Nltnc actd 17 bolllng 3-4 (0 076-O 102)
+ l%CUSO, 10 150 (66) 0.88 (0.023) Nltnc acrd 35 bolllng 5-20 (0 127-O 506)
+ o.o5%cuso, 10 boilrng 11.6 (0.295) Nrfnc acrd 70 bo!l!ng 2 5-37 (0 364-O 940)
+ 0.5%CUSO, 10 boiling 11.4 (0.290) Nitrtcacid. room 0.1 (0.003)
+ 02%cus0, + 0.2% 10 boikng 9.0(0.229) whrte fumrng
organic amme Nitric acid, !iqurd room nil
Hydroftuoric acid 1.48 room rapid whtte fuming or vapor
Hydrofluoric acid, 100 room 5.0-50(0.127-l .27) Nitricacid, 180 (82) 6.0(0.152)
anhydrous whrte fuming
Hydrofluoric-mtnc actd l-HF room rapid Nitrtc acrd, 252 (122) <5.0(<.127)
-15HN0, whitefuming
Hydrogen peroxtde 3 room <5(<0.127) Nttric actd. 320(160) <5.0(<.127)
Hydrogen peroxtde 6 room <5(<0.127) white fuming
Hydrogen perxoide 30 room <12(<0.305) Nitricacid. <about room lgmtion
Hydrogen sulfide, steam 7.85 206-230 nil red fumfng 2% H,O sensitive
and 0.077% mercaptans (93-l 10) Nitric actd. >about room not lgnltlo”
Hydroxy-aceticacid 104 (40) 1.2 (0.031) red fummg 2% H,O sensitive
Hypochlorous acid + 17 100 (38) 0.001 (0.000) Nitric acid + 0.1% CrOs 40 b&ng 0.12-0.99 (0.093-0.025)
Cl,0 and Cl, gases Nttric acid + t 0% FeCI, 40 borkng 4.8-7.4 (0.122-0.188)
lodtne. dry gas 70 (21) <4(<0.102) Nitric acid + 0.1% 40 bolllng “II-0.62(“11-0.016)
lodtne in water + room nil Wr@s
potassium Iodide Nttncacid + 10% 40
Iodine in alcohol saturated room pttted NaCIO, bolkng 0.12-1.40(.003-0.036)
Lacttc acid 1 O-85 212(100) <5.0(<0.127) Nitnc acrd. saturated 33-45 245(118) “I!
Lactic aced 10 boiling <5.0(<0 127) with ztrconyl nttrate
Lead 1500(816) snacked Nrtncacid + 15% 65 260 (127) “II
Lead 615-1100 good ziconyl nitrate
(324-593) Nitricacid + 17991 20.8 bolllng S-11 6(0.127-0.295)
Lead acetate saturated room “II NaNOs and 329/l NaCl
Lfnseedofl, botled room nit Nitnc acrd + 170 g/l 27.4 bolting 19-115(0.483-292)
Lrthium, molten 6OiXOO nil NaNO, and 2.9 gl NaCl
(316-482) 011 well crudes. ambrent 0 26-23.2 (0.007-0.589)
Lrthfumchlonde 50 300 (149) “It varytng amounts of
Magnestum molten 1400(766) kmrted abraston
8 1750 (954) resrstance Oxalic actd 1 98.6 (37) 12 (0.025)
Magnesiumchlonde 5-20 212(100) <0.4(<0.010)’ Oxaltc actd 1 borllng 4247(1079)
Magnesium chlonde S-40 bolllng “II Oxaltc acrd 25 140(60) 470(11 9)
Magnestum hydroxfde saturated room “II Oxakc acrd saturated room 20 (0.508)
Magnestum sulfate saturated room nil Perchloryl fluonde + 106 86 (30) 0.07 (0.002)
Manganous chlonde 5-20 212(100) “II liqutd CIO,
Maleic acid 18-20 95 (35) .06 (0.002) Perchloryl fluonde + 99 86 (30) kqurd 11 4 (0 290)
Mercuncchlonde 212(100) 0.01 (0 000) 1% H,O vapor0 1 (0.063)
Mercuncchlonde 5 212(100) 0 42(0.011) Phenol saturated 70(21) 40(0.102)
Mercuncchlonde 10 212(100) 0.04(0.001) Solutlo”
Mercuncchlonde saturated 212(100) <5(<0.127) Phosphonc acrd 1 O-30 room 0.8-2 (0,020-O 051)
Mercunccyanrde saturated room “II Phosphonc acrd 30-80 room Z-30 (0.051-0.762)
Mercury 100 up to 100 (38) satisfactory Phosphonc actd 1 borltng lO(O254)
Mercury 106 room “II Phosphonc actd 10 botkng 400(10 2)
Mercury 700(371) 119.4 (3.03) Phosphonc acrd 30 bolllng 1030(26.2)
Methyl alcohol 91 95 (35) “II Phosphonc acrd 10 176 (80) 72(1 83)
Mercury + Fe 700(371) 3.12 (0.079) Phosphonc acrd + 3% 81 190 (88) 15(0.381)
Mercury + Cu 700 (371) 2.48 (0.063) nttnc actd and 16%
Mercury + Zr 706 (371) 1 28(0.033) water
Mercury + Mg 700(371) 3 26 (0.083) Phosphomsoxychlonde 100 room 0 14(0 004)
Nickel chlonde 5 212(100) 0.17 (0.004) Phosphorus tnchlonde saturated room “II
Nickel chlonde 20 212(100) 0.11(0.003) Photographrcemulsrons <50(<0.127)
Ntckel nttrate 6H,O 50 room “II Pthaltc acrd saturated room “II
Nttnc actd. aerated 10 room 0.19(0 005) Potasstum bromrde saturated room “II
Nttnc actd. aerated 20 room 9.69 (0 246) Potasstum chloride saturated room “II
Nltncactd. aerated 30 room 0.17 (0.004) Potassiumchlonde saturated 140 (60) I Ol(0 006)
Nttncacid. aerated 40 room 0.08 (0 002) Potasstumdtchromate “II
Nttncacid. aerated 50 room 0.08 (0.002) Potassium ethyl 10 room “II
Nttnc acrd. aerated 60 room 0.02 (0 091) zanthate
Nttnc acrd. aerated 70 room 0.18 (0.005) Potassrumferncyanrde saturated room “II
Nltncacfd, aerated 10 104 (40) 0.10 (0 003)
(continued)
TABLE 5.26: TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS-TIMET (continued)
Sodiumsulfate saturated room “II
Potassium hydroxide 13 85 (29) “II
Sodium sulfide 10 boiling 1.08 (0.027)
+ 13% potassium
Scdlum sulfide saturated rwm nil
chlonde
Sodlum sulfite saturated bolllng “II
Potaswm hydroxide 50 80 (29) 0.4 (0.010)
Sodium thiosulfate 25 boiling “II
Polasslum hydroxide 10 boiling cS.O(cO.127)
Sodium thiosulfate + 20 room nil
POtasslum hydroxide 25 bolllng 12 (0.305)
20% acetlc acld
Potasswm hydrowde 50 bolllng lOa(2.74)
SolIs. corrosive ambient “II
Potaswm hydroxide Sot0 465-710 40-60(1.02-1.52)
Stannic chloride 5 212(1Oq 0.12(0.003)
anhydrous (241-377)
Stannic chlonde 24 bolllng 1.76 (0.045)
Potasstum lodlde saturated room ml
Stannicchloride, molten 100 150 (66) nil
Potasslumpermanganate saturated roi3m “II
Stannicclonde saturated room “II
Potass~m perchlorate 20 room o.t2(0003)
Steam + air 180 (82) 0 01 (0.000)
~TI spec~mencafhodc)
Steam + 7.65% 200.230 “II
Potaswm perchlorate. O-30 122 (50) 0.1 (0.003)
hydrogensulfIde - (93-l 10)
- NaCl0,.600-900g’l
0.17% mercaptans
KCL. O-5009 I Steanc actd, molten 100 356(180) 0.1 (0 003)
NaCI. O-25Og’I
Sucww acid 100 365(165) “II
N&IO,. 6-24 g I Succvw acid saturated room “II
Potasswm sulfate 10 room “II
Sulfamltc acid saturated room nil
Potass~umth~osulfate 1 “II
Sulfamlc acid 3.75 g’l bolllng “II
Prop~on~cacld vapor 374 (190) rapld
Sulfamlc acld 7.59’1 boiling lOS(274)
Pyrogaltlc acid 3559’1 room “II
Sulfamlc acid + 7.59’1 boiling 1.2 (0.030)
Sallcyllcacrd saturated room “II
.3759/i FeCI,
sodtumsalt
Sulfur. molten 100 464 (240) “II
Seanater 76 (24) “II
Sulfurmonochlorlde major 395 (202) >43(>1.09)
Seawater, 4%~year test “II
Sulfurdioxide, water near 100 room 0.1 (0.003)
Sebaclc acld 464 (240) 0.3 (0.008)
saturated
Silver nttrate 50 room “II
Sulfurdioxidegas 4 16 600 (316) 0.2 (0 006)
Sodwm 100 to 1100 (593) good small amount SO3 and
Sodlum acetate saturated room “II
approx. 3% 0,
Sodlum aluminate 25 boiling 3.6(0.091)
Sulfuric acld. aerated 1 140(W) 0.3 (O.W8)
Sodium blfiuorfde saturated room rapid
wth air
Sodwm blsulfate saturated room “II
Sulfuric aad. aerated 3 140 (60) 0.5(0.013)
Sodwm bisulfate 10 150 (66) 72t1.83) with a+r
Sodwm btsulftte 10 bolllng “II
Suffuric acid, aerated 5 140(M)) 190 (4.83)
Sod&urn blsulflte 25 bolllng “II
with air
Sodiumcarbonate 25 boiling nil
Sulfuric aad, aerated 10 95 (35) 50(1.27)
Sodwm chlorate saturated room “II
with aar
Sodwm chlorate + O-721 g/t 104 (40) 0.1 (0.003)
Sulfuric aad. aerated 40 95 (35) 340 (8.64)
NaCl80-2509’1 +
with air
Na,Cr,O, 14 g/l
Sulfuric aad. aerated 75 95 (35) 42 (1.07)
carbon 0.3-0.9 g/l
wth aw
Sodium chloride saturated rmrn nil
Suffuric acid, aerated 75 roam 427(10.8)
Scdwm chloride pHl.5 23 bolllng “II’
wth aw
Sodium chloride pH 1.2 23 bolllng 26(0.711)’
Sulfuric acid, aerated 75 bolllng 6082(1545)
Sodwmchlonde.
wtth av
titanium in contact 23 boiling Corrosion
Suffuric aad. aerated 1 212(100) 0.2 (0.005)
wthteflon In crevice
with air
Sodium chloride. pH 1.2 23 boiling nil’
Sulfuric acid, aerated 3 212(1W) 920 (23.4)
SOme dissolved chlorine
with atr
Sodtum citrate saturated rwm “II
Suffunc acid. aerated 5 212(1W) 810 (20.8)
Sodiumcyamde saturated room “II
with air
Sodiumdlchromate saturated rwm nil
Sulfuric acid, aerated 80 room 316 (8.03)
Sodium fluonde saturated room 0.3(0.008)
with air
Sodturn hydrosulflde A 5-12 230(110) co.1 (<0.003)
Suffurfc acid, aerated 80 boiling 7460 (189.5)
unknown amounts of
with air
sodium sufflde and
Suffuric acid. aerated concen- room 62 (1.57)
polysulfides
v&hair trated
Sodium hydroxide 5-10 70(21) 0.04 (O.Wl)
Suffuric acid. aerated concert- boiling 212 (5.38)
Sodwm hydroxide 10 boilmg 0.84 (0.021)
withair trated
Sodium hydroxide 20 room 0.1 (0.003)
Sulfuricacid. aerated 1 212(1W! 282(7.16)
Sodium hydroxide 40 176 (80) 5.0(0.127)
with nitrogen
Sodium hydroxide 50 135 (57) 0.5 (0.0127)
Sutfuricacid.aerated 3 212(100) 830(21.1)
Sodium hydroxide 73 265 (129) 7.0(0.178)
withnitrogen
Sodium hydroxide 50-73 370(188) >43 (>1.09)
Sulfuricacid, aerated 5 212(100) loso(26.9)
Sodium hypochlorlte 6 mom nil
withnitrogen
Sodium hypochlorite + 1.5-4 150-200 1.2 (0.030)
Sulfuricacid 1 boiling 700(17.8)
12-15%NaCf + 1% (66-93)
Sulfuricacid 5 boiling lWO(25.4)
NeOH + l-2%
Sulfuricaad, 5 200 (93) nil
sodium catttonate
+ 0.25% CuSO.
Sodium nitrate saturated room nil
+ 0.25KCuSO. 30 lW08) 2.4 (0.061)
Sodium nitrite saturated room nil
+ 0.25% cuso. 30 200 (93) 3.48 (0.088)
Scd0pm perchlorate 900 g/f 122 (50) 0.1 (0.003)
+ 0.5%CuSO, 30 100 (38) 2.64 (0.067)
Sodium phosphate saturated room nil
+ o.5%cuso. 30 200(93) 32.4 (0.823)
Sodium slkcate 25 boiling nil
+ 1 .O% cuso, 30 10008) 0.78(0.020)
Sodium sulfate 1 O-20 boiling nil
(continued)
TABLE 5.26: TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS-TIMET (contlnud)

MEDtA C T R MEDIA C T Fl
Sulfuric acid, aerated Urea + 32% ammoma, 26 360(162) 3 l(O.079)
+ 1.0% cuso, 30 200 (93) 34.8 (0.884) r 20.5% H,O. 19% CO
+ 0 5% cro, 5 200 (93) nil Water. degasss 600(316) IllI
+ 0.5% CrCs 30 200 (93) nil Water, over. saturated 2w (93) hll
+ 1.O%cuso, 30 boiling 65 (1.65) wth Cl,
Sulfuric acid vapors 96 100(36) nil
Water, synlhetrc sea 95 (35) hll
Sulturic acrd vapors 96 150(66) nil
X-ray developer solution room hll
Sulfuhc acrd vapors 96 200-300 0.4-0.5(0.010-0.013)
Zinc, subjected to zinc 100 molien wthstood
Sulfuric acid, (93-149) ammonium chloride
16(0.457)
several
+ 10% HNO, 90 room
oreflux thousand
+ 30% HNO, 70 room 25(0.635)
25(0.635)
contact
+ 50% HNOs 50 room
4.0(0.102)
cycles
+ 70% HNO, 30 room
Zincchlonde 20 l-M*
+ 90% HNO, 10 room I-VI
Zinc chloride 50 nil’
+ 90% HNO, 10 140 (60) 0.45(0.011)
Zinc chlohde 75 24(0.610)’
+ 50% HNO, 50 140(60) 15.7(0399)
Zmc chloride 60 6000 (203 2)’
+ 20% HNOs 80 l40(60) 62.5(1.59)
Zinc sulfate saturated nil
Sulfuric acid saturated 45 75 (24) 0.13(O.W3)
with chlorme * May corrode in crevices
Sulfuric acid saturated 62 60(16) 0.07(O.W2) ‘* TiCode- (Ti-Pd) immune
wrthchlortne
Sulfunc acrd saturated 5 374(190) <1(<0.025) Corrosion Rate Data TiPd
withchlorme
Sulfuric acid saturated 02 122 (50) >47(>119) C = Concentration O’o
wrth chlorine T -= Temperature F (‘C)
Sulfunc acrd + 4.79 40 212(1W) passwe R = Corrosion rate. mpy (mrny)
glTi+’
Sulfurousac~d 6 room nil
MEDIA c 1 R
Tannic acid 25 212(1W) ml
<5(<0.127) Alummum Chlohde 10 212(1W) (1 (~0.025)
Tartaric acid 10-M 212(100)
140(60) 0.10 (0.003) 25 212(1W) 1 (0.025)
Tartarrc acid 10
0.10(0.003) Calcium Chlorrde 62 310(154) MI
Tartaric acid 25 140 (60)
140 (60) 0.02 (0.001) 73 350(177) ml
Tartarrc acid 50
0.13(0.003) Chlorine, wet - room skght gam
Tartarrc acrd 10 212(1W)
nil Chlorme, H,OSat’d. - room <l (~‘0.025)
Tartarrc acid 25 212(1W)
0 2.0.49(0.005-0.0121) Chromrc actd 10 boiling skght gam
Tartaric acrd 50 212(100)
Ferric chloride 30 tkxkng skght gam
Terepthalic acid 77 425(216) ntt
boollihg 0.02(0 001) Formrc actd 50 bmkng 3 (0 076)
Tetrachloroethane. 100
Hydrochloncacrd. l-15 room < 1 (-0.025)
kqurd and vapor
5 (0.127) H,saturared 20 room 4(0 102)
Tetrachloroethylene boiling
25 room 11 (0.279)
+ H,O
orI 1 156 (70) 3(0.076)
Tetrachloroethylene 100 bolllng
bolllog 0.02(0001) 5 158 (70) 3 (0.076)
Tetrachloroethylene. 100
10 158 (70) 7 (0.176)
kqurd and vapor
15 158 (70) 13 (0.330)
stabrkzed wth ethyl
20 158 (70) 61 (1 55)
alcohol
930 (499) resistant 25 156 (70) 169(4 29)
Tin. molten 100
6211.57) 3 374(190) l(0 025)
Trtamum tetrachlonde 99.6 572 (300)
room hII 5 374(190) 4 (0.102)
Trtanrum tetrachlorrde
10 3741190) 350 (6 69)
trated
bowg 573 (14.6) 15 374(190) 1620(41 1)
Tnchloroacetlc acrd 100
Tnchloroethylene 99 bollng 0.1~5(0003-0.127) Hydrochloricacrd. land5 158(70) b: 1 (~.0.025)
hII Air saturated 10 158(70) 2 (0.050)
Uranium chlohde 70- 194
15 158 (70) 6(0 152)
(21-90)
165 ,.‘O.l (iO.003) 20 158 (70) 26 (0.660)
Uranyl ammomum 20.9
25 158 (701 78 (1 98)
phosphate filtrate +
Hydrochloncacrd. 3 374(190) 5(0.127)
25% chloride + 0.5%
0, saturated 5 374 (190) 5 (0.127)
fluorrde. 1.4%
10 374 ( 190) 368 (9 34)
ammoma + 2.4%
Hydrochloncacrd. 3and5 374(190) ‘- 1 (.‘O 025)
uramum
Cl, saturafed 10 374(190) 1140(29OJ
Uranyl nrtrate 120 g. I u bolllng 0 012 (0.000)
Hydrochlorrc acrd 5 borkng 7(0 178)
contamlng25.3g.‘l
10 bolllng 32(0 613)
Fe.‘.6.9g.l
15 borkng 267 (6 78)
Cr.‘.2 8gjl
20 bolllng 770 ( 19.6)
NI 1.5.9molar NOB
Hydrochloncacrd
4.0 molar H _, 1.O
- 5g IFeCI, lo bolllng 11 (0 279)
molar Cl
O-0.76 (. 0 020) * 16glFeCI, 10 bolkng 3 (0 076)
Uranyl sulfate + 3.1 3.1 molar 482(250)
+ 169 IFeCI, 20 bollmg 113(267)
molarL@O,, +
A 16g.ICuCI, 10 borkng 5(0 127)
too-200 ppm0,
0 22-17 (0.006-O 432) + 169 ICuCI, 20 bo,!lng 146(3 71)
Uranyl sulfate * 3.6 3.8 molar 662 (3501
Nrtnc acrd 30 374(!90) 9412 39)
molar LI,SO,. 50 psi O2
no attack 30 482 (250) sl1ghtgarn
Urea-ammoma elevated
65 borkng 26(0 661
reactloo mass temp. and
65 374(190) sltght garn
pressure
65 462 (250) slightgafn
(continued)
TABLE 5.26: TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS-TIMET (continued)
MEDIA C T R MEDIA C T Fl
Nitricacid, Sulfunc acid
Unbleached 60 boiling 15 5 (0.394) + 0.0I?‘~CuSO~ 30 boiling 1090 (27 7)
Phosphonc acid 10 boiling 5 6(0.147) + o.o5%cuso, 30 boiling I310(33 3j
Sodium chlonde + 0.50% cuso, 30 bolllng 79 (2.01)
EInne - 200 (93) 0 0005 (0 000) + I .O% cuso. 30 bolllng 69 (1.75)
Sodrumchlonde 10 374 (190) 1 (,’ 0 025)
Sullurlc acid. 5 r0Cllll cl(.-0025)
N, saturated IO room 1 (0 0251
40 rOOm 9 (0 229)
60 room 34 (0 664)
60 WXTl 645116 4) Corrosion Rate Data for TiCode-
95 rOOm 66 (1 73)
Sulfuncacid. 5 156 (70) 610 152) C = Concentratton %
N, saturated IO 156(7Oj IO (0 254) T r Temperature “F (“C)
40 156 (70) 67(221)
R = Corrosion rate, mpy (mm/y)
60 156(70) 164 (4 67)
80 156 (70) 226 (5 74)
MEDIA C T R Remarks
96 156 (70) 62 (1 57)
I 374 (190) 5(0 127) Ammonium hydro- 30 bolllng nil no hydro-
5 374(190) 5(0 127) oxide genplck-up
10 3741190) 59(1 50) AlumlnumChlonde 10 boiling nil 500 hours
20 374(190) 355 (9 02) Aqua regla (I pa” HNO, boiling 24 (0.610)
Sullunc acid. 1 374(190) 5(0 127) - 3 parts HCI)
0, saturated 5 374 (190) 3 (0 076) Ammonium
10 374(190) 5(0.127) Chloride 10 boiling nil
20 374(190) 59 (I .50) Chlonnecell
30 374 (190) 2440 (62.0) off-gas 190 (66) ,035 (0.001) 3700 hours
Sulfuncacid. 1 and 5 374(190) <l (~0.025) Citric acid 50 boiling 0.5 (0.013)
CI,saturaled 10 374((19Oj 2(0.051) Formic acid 45 bolllng nil natural
20 374 (190) 15(0.361) aeration
30 374(190) 3060 (77 7) Formic acid 06 boiling nil natural
Sulfuncacld. 5 156(70) 3 (0 076) aeration
Air saturated 10 156(70) 4 (0.102) Fonicacid 90 boiling 20.5(0.521) natural
40 I56 (70) 37 (0.940) aeration
60 156 (70) 392 (9 96) Hydrochloric acid 5 120 (49) 0.1 (O.qo3j
60 158 (70) 447(114) Hydrochloric acid 5 150 (66) 0.2 (0.005)
96 156 (70) 63(2.11) Hydrochloric acid 5 2OOwj 1176 (29.9)
Sullunc acrd 5 boiling 20 (0.0511 j Hydrochloric acid 2 200 (93) 1.2(0.031)
10 boiling 59 (1.50) HCI + 2g/l FeCI, 3.32 196(91) 1 .O (0.025)
20 boiling 207 (5.26) HCI + 2g/l FeCI, 4.15 196(91) 2.3(0.056)
Sulfunc acid Sulfuricacid 0.54 boiling 0.6 (0.015)
+ 0 59’1 Fel(SO,)s 10 boiling 7 (0.176) Sulfunc acid 1.06 bolllng 35.4 (0.699)
+ 16g’IFe,(SO,j, IO boiling ~‘1 (~0.025) Sulfunc acid 1.62 boilrng 576 (14.7)
+ 16g/lFe,(SO,j, 20 bolllng 6(0.152) Vapor above boiling
+ 4Og:I Fe&S0,j3 40 boiling 67 (2.21) HNO, 0.6 (0.020)
Sulfuric acid MgClz saturated bo1lrng “II 500 hours
+ 15%CUSO, 15 bolllng 25 (0.635) Sodium Sulfate 10 boiling nil acrdifled lo
Sulfunc sod PHI
t 10% FeSO, 5% NaOCl + 2%
11% Solids. and NaCl + 4% NaOH bolllng 2.4 (0.061) 500 hours
I70 g/l T102 23 to212(IOOj 64(2.13) NaCl saturated 600(316) “II 500 hours
Titanium Alloys Used in Industry
Timet ASTM Ultimate Yield Strength (min.)

Designation Grade Tensile Strength (min.) 0.2% Offset Nominal Composition
Ti-35A 1 35,000 psi 25.000 psi C.P. Titanium’
Ti-5OA 2 50,000 psi 40,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
Ti-75A 4 80,000 psi 70,000 psi C.P. Titanium*
Ti-6AI-4V 5 130,000 psi 120,000 psi 6% Al, 4% V
Ti-Pd 7 50,000 PSI 40.000 psi 0.15% Pd
TiCode- 2’ 12 70,000 psi 50,000 psi 0.3% MO. .8% NI
‘Commercially Pure (Unalloyed) Titanium

TABLE 5.27: ZINC ALLOY-NEW JERSEY ZINC
The following are the ASTM Specification B 86 requirements for Zamak 3

die castings:
Ingredient Alloy AG 40 A (Zamak 3)*

% by Weight
Aluminum 3.5 - 4.3

Copper .25 Max.
Magnesium+* .020 - .05
Lead .005 Max.
Cadmium .004 Max.
Tin .003 Max.
Iron .lOO Max.
Zinc Remainder
*Zinc alloy die castings may contain nickel, chromium, silicon, and manganese in
amounts of .02, .02, .035, and .5% respectively. No harmful effects have ever
been noted due to the presence of these elements in these concentrations and
therefore, analyses are not required for these elements.
**Magnesium may be as low as .015% provided that the lead, cadmium, and tin
do not exceed 803, .003, and .OOl% respectively.
THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ZINC ALLOY DIE CASTINGS
Zamak alloys have the strong resistance to atmospheric corrosion and weath-
ering that has been associated for centuries with rolled zinc and zinc-coated iron.
This corrosion resistance was confirmed by 10 years of test data compiled by
NJZ’s research department and the appearance of die cast test bars after 20 years
of exposure at the several ASTM exposure sites.
Corrosion of Zinc, Galvanized Iron, and Zamak 3

(Penetration in Inches per Year)
Palmerton, Pa. New York City
Rolled Zinc .000064 .00028
Galvanized Iron .000052 .00027
Zamak 3 .000078 80022
The above data establish that zinc weathers slowly and uniformly, with the
corrosion rate influenced by the degree of industrial contamination and the fre-
quency of fogs and mists.
HYDROCARBON FUELS AND LUBRICANTS In the absence of moisture, zinc

alloy die castings are strongly resistant to attack by acid-free hydrocarbons. In the
presence of water some corrosion takes place which, while not seriously detrimen-
tal to the strength of the casting may, in the case of fuel handling devices, create
some binding or clogging effect.
It may be commented, in general, that no lubricants of animal fat origin

should ever be used with zinc alloy die cast parts. This restriction applies also to
those proprietary oils which contain varying quantities of animal oils in the
formula.
INK Printing inks appear to have little or no effect on zinc. The use of zinc en-
gravings and lithographic plates in the printing industry gives ample evidence on
this point.
(continued)
TABLE 5.27: ZINC ALLOY-NEW JERSEY ZINC (continued)
ALCOHOL While pure ethyl and methyl alcohol are considerably less corrosive
to zinc than water, mixtures of alcohol and water are more corrosive than water
alone. This fact, combined with the probable presence of iron rust, makes unde-
sirable the use of zinc alloy die castings in automobile cooling systems except in
the presence of a suitable inhibitor.
Alcohol-water mixtures represented by beverages are a special case, as the

use of zinc alloy die castings in direct contact with potable alcoholic mixtures is
not recommended.
GLYCERINE Pure glycerine produces a smooth, light etch on the surface of the
Zamak alloys. There is evidence, however, that glycerine-operated door checks
and similar devices can be satisfactorily made of zinc alloy die castings.
Glycerine-alcohol mixtures produce only a light surface etching on the Za,

mak alloys when a pure grade of glycerine is used. The presence of water or the
use of a low grade glycerine will result in pitting.
INSECTICIDES In dry form insecticides have relatively little action on zinc. In

water solution, those materials which contain copper, arsenic or lead tend to ac-
celerate the corrosion of zinc by electro-chemical replacement. It is not recom-
mended that zinc alloy die castings be used in insecticide spray devices.
SOAPS AND CREAMS Ordinary good grade laundry soaps have a definite inhi-
biting effect on the corrosion of zinc in hot water. This is particularly well illus-
trated in the practically perfect surface found on washing machine drain cocks af-
ter years of service.
In recent years soaps have largely been replaced by detergents, some of

which are corrosive to zinc die castings.
TRICHLORETHYLENE - CARBON TETRACHLORIDE In short periods of ex-

posure necessary for degreasing prior to electroplating, neither trichlorethylene
nor carbon tetrachloride will have any visible effect on zinc alloy die castings. Dry
carbon tetrachloride has no visible effect on continued exposure of much longer
duration. Dry trichlorethylene over a period of four months shows a very slight
etching action.
ILLUMINATING GAS Dry illuminating gas has no apparent effect on the Za-
mak alloys.
FOODS AND BEVERAGES It is the considered opinion of medical authorities

who have studied the subject that zinc salts in moderation are not toxic. Where
moisture and acidity are encountered, zinc salts may accumulate. In sufficient
quantity these salts are irritating and may cause nausea. Such applications of zinc
alloys should be scrupulously avoided.
TABLE 5.28: ZINC COATING-ALCOA

Corrosim Tests
12-YEAR lNSPECTION RESULTS OF ATMOSPHERlC EXPOSURE TESTS ON METALLIPD ZINC COATED CARBON STEEL PANELS
PANEL TYPB I 2 3 4
TYPE OF PANEL PREPARATION l 1 I 1 1
ZINC COATING THICKNESS, inches 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.006
TYPE OF SEAL COAT l l NO= wP+Av-1 CR-2 N=
TESrSrrB ENVIRONMENT
Base metal shows red Base metal shows red Ease meal nm atacked.
Nsroa3%ofthe tusr staining. S rayed Sprayedmeal in9a.
front of the DaneIs. merrl shows I 5, bur shows very chin
Spnycd me& shows staining OQ 60 % of white nut OD front and
coLuMBus. OHIO URBAN red tust stain on 60 % the from nuface. CR back of paoelr
of the remainder of the seal coat dissipated on
front. Back of wnefs front. Sal coat 00 back
lmaffccmd.
chin ahi~rusc .
Basemetal 10% Base meal ax attacked. Eksc meal ncx amcked.
exposed on front of Sprayed metal intact. s rayed mad 00 froot
panels and 1% on back, CR seal coat on from o P panels shows a
showing red nut in of panel.9 completely general Ii r dcpair
INDu.sTRuL these areas. Sprayed dissipated, showing a ruin. Bat p d panel9
meal shows red nut gencrpl fight PY show a pnctal very
stain on 25 % of the deposit stain. Seai car thin whm run
ygtz “k_rq+a~d on back una&cred.
on back.
Base meal LI(X nmckui. Base mad shows red Base metal *oc am&d.
Spnyed metal showa fust. Spayed metal 00 Spayed meal shows
many pinpoint nodea from of panels show
rusrova65% ofthe and some medium sized redtusr0tl50% oft&
KURB BEACH. front of thepond. Back noda of white rust a0 sutface. CR seal copr is
NOR:% FRYLJNA of panels shows red rust front of panels. Vinyl dissiparcd OD. nel
alon& buxom edge. seal car 75 % dissipated fronts. Back or paneIs
Edges of jnnels show 011front. sprayed md s$ygd. h
thick ahm tusr. cmbackshonrmall7
pinpoint nodes of white
nut. Viny1 ral coat
SO% dissipated 00 back.
Base metal not atracked. Bw meal tmt am&d Base mcpl nor amcked. Base meal not am&d.
S rayed meal w front Sprayed meal intact. S rayed me& on front Spmyed metal shows
KURB BEACH, d panels shows vev VinM&coar o P panels show a very traces of very thin white
NORTH CAROLINA SALT-AIR thin white tusr. ahach thin white nut. Spnycd tusr on from and back
( 800~ft la) is ptcsem as horizontal metal intact 00 back. CR of panels.
scnpes. BDck of panela seal 0x1 is completely
shows a ray rbm white dissi r~o~~~ front
Iu¶c and Izc .
Base metal shows red Base meal nor am&cd. Base metal OII front of Base metal DO(am&cd.
rust on front of pan& Sprayed metal iprarr anelr shows ted nut. s tared metal on from
Sprayed metal on frost wn&lseal&c”’ II s prayed metal on from o P pnnelr shows a thin
is complmly dissipated. is rained with ted luff. deposit stain. Sprayed
00 back of pan& CR seal coat is com- meal oa back shows
INDUSTRIAL spnyedmetalislS% let& dissipated oa a “ety thin white Nx.
NEw y= Cxn! dissipnr$ and the ProtIt. sprayed meal
$$;e~ maaf imacr on back. Seal coat
oL1back ullaaacd.
Reminder of sprayed
me$olcka rbor
Base meai not amckcd. Base metal not affected. Base meal not amckcd.
s rayed metal oil front Spnyed metal show S rayed meal on front
d panels shows large whim rust node and o P pen& shows general
light blue-green stams. green stain o* 1520% thin white tust with
S rayed metal on back of the from of panels. green stains Spnyed
SALT&R o P paneIs shows general Vinyl seal coat diui ared metal on back shows SaeuTypel.
datk gray stains. 00 same 15-20% B blotchy white tust. CR
panel fronls. s rayed seal coat completely
meal shows wriate rust dissipated O(I both sides.
noda on 3,S% pf back Edges show thick white
zg$;F;a!a -
(continued)
TABLE 5.28: ZINC COATING-ALCOA (continued)
12-yEAR INSPECTION RESULTS OFATMOSPHEIUCEXFOSURITESTS ON METALUZEDZLNC COATEDCARBON STEEL P,QJEu
PANEL TYPE 5 6 7 a
TYPE OF PANEL PREPARATION l 1 1 1 1
ZINC COATlNG THICKNESS. incha 0.006 0.006 0.009 0.009
EMCTC*GO. INDUSTRIAL .S~JIIC

9) TIPC 2. SamcasType3. SuneCrTmrl. SameuT’lpe2.
KURE BEACH,
NORTH CAROLINA ZZtZ5 Panela Missing,
(80-h la)
KURE BEACH.
NORTH CAllOWA
( 800-ft la)
SameuType3. SameuTypel.
pdUCt.
(continued)
I~.YEAR INSPECITON RESULTS OF ATMOSPHERIC EXPOSURE TEST’S ON METALLIZED ZINC COATED CARBON STEEL PANELS
PANEL TYPE 9 10 11 12 13
TYPE OF PANEL PREPAB.ATION l 1 2 2 2 2
ZINC COATING THICKNESS, incher 0.009 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.015

TYPE OF SEAL COAT l l CR-2 None wP+Av--I CR-2 NODC
TsT SITE BNVLRoNhtBNT
Na Taad.
coLuhtBus. OHIO URBAN T%Z ?& ;:
KURE BEACH, SamcuTlpe2.

NORTH CAROLINA SALT-AIR gz
(800.frla)
LNDUSTFUAL Na Taai.
NEw
‘Z CnY Et! gg? tzed. Y&d
(continued)
12.YEAR INSPECTION RESULTS OF SEA WATER EXPOSURE TESTS ON METALLIZED ZINC COATED CARBON STEEL PANELS
PANEL lYPE 1 2 3 4
BASE hiETAL 2 2 2 2
PREPARATION l
ZINC COATlNG 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.006

THICKNESS, incha
TYPE OF SW COAT l l CR-1 CR-2 None CR-1
TEST SITE ENVLRONMENT
Base mernl shows deep Base mcol shows dee Base metal shows deep
corrosion pita over 20 % corrosion pits ovct 4- 8 % corrosion pi0 over 1%
of the pa&l surfice. of rhe p&l surface, of the paiic1 sufnce.
FREXPORT. TEXAS TOTAL from and back Spnyed from and back. Sprayed front and back. Sptayed Saw as Type 2.
IMhfERSION mm1 show generaI red metal rhows general ted metal show thin white
aad white rust ovet the and white tust over the rust and Iarge ted nut
entire sutface. CR sal attire surface. CR sea1 stains. front and back
coat is completely copt is completely
dissipated. dissipated
Barn mm1 shorn deep Base metal show

corrosion pits and Iti cottosioo pits and lom
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH, TOTAL of steel at the edge& btIXtUTlp1. of rtel at the edge. SameuType 1.
NORTH CAROLINA IhlhfERSION Spnyed meal shows ted Sprayed metal sha
( b&w-low-tide) nut. CR suI ccat com- scattered red rust.
plnely dissipated.
Base meal shows deep Base metal sha deep

corrosion pin and loss corrosion pits and lar
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH, of steel at the edges. of steel at the edge&
NOR~~_~dO~A Sprayed mccaI show Same as Type 1 Sprayed metal sha ted Same u Type 1.
ted rust and rut stains. tusandtwtstaitu.
CR suI CODIcompletely
dissipated.
PANEL -lYPE 5 6 7 6
BASE MFTAL 2 2 2 2
PREPARUION l
ZINC COATING 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.009

THICKNESS. incho
TYPE OF SW COAT l l CR-2 NOtK CR-1 CR-2
TEST SITE ENVIRONMENT
Base mcmI LIQ amckcd.

Sprayed metal shows Tot panels
enI white nut ovct SameuTypc2. Lost-1965
FREEFQRT. TEXAS TOTAL Same as Type 2. r 0% d&epMel
IMMERSION uuface,frontMdbuk.
Bucmrcllthorroolas Bucmecnlsba~few Basemenlnocmackcd

of necl. Sprayed “PI corrosion pio and - Sprayed metal shows
WRIGKTSVTLLE BEACH. TOTAL SameuTyp I. lorrofstcel~ithe vhitc rust ovu eatire
NORTH CAROLLVA IMMERSION z!rzzf:” cd&. spnSpn~et.& surface. CR seal cost
( below-low-tide) complctcl9 dissipated
amI cat cotnplealy
diuiaaed.
Buetnetdshowlrd Base men1 not rtackcd

WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH.
?S%F amout of corrosion.
SpnyedmcraIshoasred SlmcuTlpcl.
s rayed mcol com-
pPetely corroded show-
NORTH CAROLINA ATMC&ERE SUUeuTgpC 1. runandrusts&u. mg white rust. CR
(man-tide) ual colt CompI~Iy
SEA+ZER dissipated.
(continued)
12.YEAR INSPECTION RESULTS OF SEA WATER EXPOSURE TESTS ON METX.LIZED ZINC COATED CARBON STEEL PANEI.
PANEL TYPE 9 10 I1 12 13
BASE METAL. 2 2 2 2 2
PREPARATlON l
ZINC COATING 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.01s 0.018

THICKNESS. in&n
TYPE OF SW COAT l l None al-l CR-2 NW NW
TEST SITB ENVIRONMENT
Tat pmelr Tar pmelr Tat paneIs

La-1965 Last-1965 La-1965 ~.!f& ZkZi%
FREEPORT. TEXAS TOTAL
IMMERSION
WRlGHTSVILLE BEACH, TOTAL smbeuTIpe8.

NORTH CAROLINA IMMBRSION tg? g? gz
( below-low-ride)
Base mea1 Dot mskmi.
WRIGI4TSVILL.E BEACH,
Ami%F
NORTH CAROLINA AT&&J? TFgL T%Z TEg T%a
( man-tide)
SEA WATER
(0 American Welding Society, Inc.)

TABLE 5.29: ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS-TELEDYNE WAH CHANG ALBANY
Zirconiym is used in a wide variety of industrial and chemical processing applications. This wide use is due to zir-
conium s excellent resistance to many chemical solutions, even at elevated temperatures and pressures. Zirconium
is very resistant to corrosive attack in most organic and mineral acids, strong alkalis, and some molten salts. Be-
cause of zirconium’s unique corrosion properties, it is an excellent material for use in chemical processes which re-
quire alternate contact with strong acids and alkalis. Zirconium alloys are not readily attacked by oxidizing media
unless halides are present. It has excellent oxidation resistant properties to 400°C in air, steam, carbon dioxide, nitro-
gen and oxygen. Zirconium alloys have little need for anodic protection systems. Zirconium alloys have high re-
sistance to localized forms of corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. The combination
of these factors make zirconium alloys suitable for use in a wide variety of corrosive environments.
Chemical Compositions of Zircadyne Alloys

Zircadyne Zircadyne Zircadyne
Grade 702 704 705
(ASTM Designation) (R60702) (R60704) (R60705)
Chemw.l Compositions. Percent
Zr + Hf. mm. 99.2 j 97.5 95.5
Hafnium. max. 4.5 4.5 4.5
Fe + Cr 020 max. 0.2-0.4 0.2 max
Tin 1 O-z.0 -
Hydrogen. max. 0.005 0 005 0.005
Nl!rogen. max. 0.025 0.025 0.025
Carbon, max. 0 05 0.05 0.05
- 2 O-3.0
0.16 0.16 0.16
Zirconium Corrosion Data

,
CORROSION RATE. mpy
CCJNCENTRATION TEMPERATIJAE
CORROSIVE MEDIA 46 “C Zr 702 Zr 704 Zr 705 REMARKS
Acelaldehyde 100 Bollmg <2 - -
Acetvz Acid 5-99 5 35-Boiling <l - Cl
AcetIc Ac:d (anhydrIde) -Tgg IRoom-Boiling 1 ~1 1 - / ~1 1 I

Acellc Acid (glacjal) 99 7 Bolllng <5 _ _
Aluminum Chlorale 30 100 <2 - -
Alummum Chloride 5. 10. 25 35- 100 Cl - _

25 Bolllng <; - <l
40 100 <2 - -
Alummum Chloride (aerated) 5, 10 60 <2 _ _
Alummum Fluoride I 20 Room >50 1 - 1 - 1PH = 3.2 I

Alummum Potassum Sulfate 10 Bolllng 1 n,, 1 - 1 ml 1pH = 32 I
Alumuum Sulfate 25 Boiling nil _ ml
60 100 <2 - -
Ammonla (wet) + water 36 <5 - -
Ammonium Carbamate - 193 <, - - 56.4% Urea.

16 0% Ammoma.
14 6”o CO>. 9 9% Hz0
at 3.200-3.500 PSI
(continued)
TABLE 5.29: ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS-TELEDYNE WAH CHANG ALBANY (continued)
CORROSION RATE, mpy

CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE
CORROSIVE MEDIA % OC Zr702 Zr 704 Zr705 REMARKS
Ammonium Chloride 11.10. saturated 135-100 1 4 1 - 1 - 1

Ammonium Hydroxide 28 IRoom- 1 <l / - 1 - 1
20 20 x50 - - pH = 6
20 96 >50 - - pH = a
Ammonium Oxalale 100 100 <2 - -
Ammonium Sulfate 5. 10 100 <5 _ _
Aniline Hydrochloride 5. 20 35- 100 41 _ -

5.20 100 c2 - -
Aqua Regia 3:l Room >50 - - 3 parts HCI/l part HNO,
Banum Chloride 5. 20 35 100 Cl - -

25 Boiling 5-10 - -
Bromrne loo-Liquid 20 Cl0 - 20-50 Prtting

Vapor 20 - - 250 Pitting
Bromochloromethane 100 100 c2 - -
Cadmrum Chlonde 100 I Room < 2 I - I -I

Calcrum Bromide 100 I 100 <2 I - I -I
Calcium Chlonde 5. 10. 25 35-l 00 Cl - -
70 Boiling Cl - Cl B.P. = 162OC
75 Bowling c5 - -
Mrxture 79 Sl - - 14% CaCI, 6% NaCl
0.2% Ca(OHb
Calcium Fluonde Saturated 28 nil - - pH = 5

Saturated 90 nil - - pti = 5
Calcium Hypdchlorite 2. 6, 20 100 c5 - -
Carbonic Acid Saturated I 100 -=5 I - I -I

Carbon Tetrachloride 1 o-100 1 Room-100 1~ 2 1 - I - (
Chlorine Room >50 - -
(water saturated) 75 >50 - -
Chlonne Gas 100 94 250 - -

(more than 0.13% H,O)
Chlonne Gas (dry) 100 Room c 5
Chlorinated Water - 100 c2 - -
Chloroacetic Acid 100 Boiling c 1 - -
Chromrc Acid 10-50 Bolting c 1 - -
Citric Acrd 1O-50 35-100 < 1

10. 25, 50 100 Cl - -
50 Boiling c 5
Chrome Plating - 66 12-50 1 - 1 s-50(;;:hemicals

Solution I
Cupnc Chloride I 5. 10, 20 35-l 00 250 150 I >50
20, 40. 50 Boiltng >50 >50 >50
Cupric Cyanide Saturated Room =-50 - -
Cupric Nitrate 40 Boiling W.G. - W.G. B.P. = 115°C
Dichloroacetic Acid 100 Boiling 420 - -
Ethylene Dichloride 100 Boiling c5 - -
(continued)
CONCENTRATlON TEMPERATURE
1 CORROSION RATE. mpy
CORROSIVE MEDIA % “C Zr 702
Ferric Chloride O-50 Room- 100 >5(

O-50 Boiling xi<
Ferric Sulfa& IO O-100 <;
Formaldehyde 6-37 Bolllng ( 1

O-70 Room- 100 C;
Fluoborlc Acid 5-20 Elevated >5(
FIUOSIIIC~CAcid 10 Room >5c
Formic Acid 1 O-90 35Boiling <:
Formic Acid (aerated) 1O-90 Room-l 00 <E
Hydrazlne < 1
ml
Hydrobromlc Acid 40 Bolllng <5
Mixture Bolllng < 1
Hydrochloric Acid 2 225 c 1

5 Room c 1
10 35 c 1
20 35 < 1
32 30 <1
32 62 < 1
20% HCI + Cl, gas I- 58 5-10
37% HCI - Cl, gas <5

I- I56
10% HCI * 100 porn FeCI,

I- I30
< I
5- I0
c5
<5
Dlssolvec
DlssClW
==50
Hydrogen PeroxIde 50 100 c2
Hydroxyacetlc Actd c5 - -
I- 140
Cl - -
< 1
<2 - -
rlll - ml
Manganese Chloude 1 5.20 Room- 100 < 1 - -
L4ercurlc Chloride 1 -Saturated 35-100 < 1 - -

Saturated Bollmg < 1 _ c 1
Wkel Chloride 5. 20 35-100 c 1

5-20 100 < I - -
30 Boiling ml - rlll
< 1 < 1 < 1

=z 1 < 1 < 1
c 1 - -
-=z 1’ - - ‘SCC Observed
(continued)
TEHPEPATURE
1 CORROSION RATE, ml
CORROSIVE MEDIA "C zr 702 Zr 70 4 i!r 7(

t
)
( 1 _ _
N~lrft Acid + 1% Fe 65 204 c 1 - _

_- _
N,tr~c Acid l 1 45% 304 S S 65 ml - _
Ntlrlc Acid * 1% Cl- _ _

fas NaCI)
N~trlc And * 1% S&water _
N!lr~c 4cfd * 1o/o

FeCli llll -
i
_
3xaa Acla
?erch?sr~c Acfd
100
100 F <
c2
1
_
_
Phenol Salurated Roar- <5
_-
Dhosphorlc Acid 5-30 Room <5 _ -
5-35 60 C5 - -
5-50 100 <5 - -
35-50 Room c5 _ -
45 Eolllng c5 - -
50 Bolllng <5 5-10 10-l! B.P = 106’C
65 100 5-10 _ c20
70 Bolllng >50 - a50 BP = 123-126’C
05 38 5-20 - -
65 60 20-50 - 20.5(
65 Bolllng >50 - >50 BP = 156°C
MIXlUre Room nil - - 36% t&PO4 + 0 5% HNO,
MlXtUIe Room WG _ _ 36% H,PO, + 5% HNO,
MIXlUre 69 >50 - >50 35% H,POa + 4% HNO,
-
‘otassium ChIctIde Saturated 60 .= 1 - _

Saturated Room < 1 _ _
-
‘ofaswm Fluoride 20 26 nil _ - ,H=09
20 90 a50 - - ,H=69
03 Bolllng < 1 - _
lolasstum Hydroxfde 50 27 < 1 _ _

10 Bolllng .z 1 _ _
25 Bolting < 1 _ _
50 Bollbng <5 _ -
50.anhydrous 241.377 >50 _ _
Mixture 29 < 1 _ - 13% KOH. 13% KU
-
‘otasslum lodlde Room- 100 <2 - -
‘otassium Nllrlte Room- 100 c2 _ _
iher NIlrate ROOfT <5 -

10 Bolllng < 1 -= 1 3P = 107oc
;odlum Chlortde 3-Saturated 35.Bolltng .z 1 c 1

!9 3ol!Ing < 1 _
3atutated =400m < 1 -
;aturated 301ilng < 1 < 1 idlusted lo pH = 1
jaturated 107 nil - rdlusled lo pH = 0
T-
iodum Chloride * 35 30 nil _
iaturateo SO2
iodium Chlorlae + !5 30 f-Ill _

iafurared SO;
iodtum Chloride l Saturated 30 nil

iaturaled SO,
(continued)
CORROSIVE MEDIA REMARKS
Sodium Ffuorlde
Sodum Hydroxide
9-11% NaOH. 15% N&l

10% NaOH. 10% NaCl &
7% NaOH. 53% NaCI.

7% NaCIO,. 60-l 00 ppm
nded salt-violent
jodlum Sulfide
jlannlc Chloride
juccinlc Acid O-50 100 <2 - -

100 150 <2 - -
;ulfurlc Acid o-75 20 <l Cl Cl

60 20 C5 >50 -
60 30 20-50 >50 >50
77 5 60 10-20 - Cl0
75 50 <l - -
77 50 5-10 >50 _
60 50 a50 >50 =-50
75 60 <5 _ <5
65 100 - Cl 4
70 100 <2 - <5
75 100 <5 - <5
76 100 Cl0 - -
77 100 <20 _ _
775 100 >50 >50 250
60 130 - - <5
65 130 Cl - -
70 140 <5 - Cl0
(continued)
CORROSION RATE. mpy

CONCENTRATION m.wEwTURE
CORROSIVE MEDIA ?/, ‘C Zr 702 Zr 704 Zr 705 REMARKS
3~1lur1c Acid 56 Bohng - <1 <5

62 Boihng es - 1O-20
64 Boiling -=5 - 20-50
66 Bohng <5 - -
69 Bohng <5 - -
71 Bohng <5 - -
72-74 BOlllng 5-10 >50 -
75 Boiling 1 O-20 so -
Sulfuric Acid
+ 1000 ppm Fe” 60 Boiling <, - - BP = 152-t 55OC
+ 10,000 ppm Fex* 60 Boiling <5 - - Added as Fe&SO&
Sulfuric Acid
+ 200-l 000 ppm Fe3’ 65 Boiling <5 - - B.P. = 152-155°C
+ 10,000 ppm Fe’ 65 Boiling 5-10 - - Added as Fe?(SO&
Sulluric Acid
+ 14 ppm - 141 ppm Fe,- 70 Boiling 5-10 - - B.P. = 167-l 71 “C
+ 200 ppm 70 Boihg 10-20 - - Added as Fe,(SO&
+ 1410 ppm-10.000 ppm Fe3’ 70 Bohng >50 - -
Sulfurtc Acid
+ 1000 ppm FeCI, 60 Bolllng <5 <5 <20
+ 10,000 ppm FeC13 60 Bohng <5 ~20 20-50
+ 20,000 ppm Fe& 60 Bohng 20-50 20-50 >50
Sullurlc Acid
+ 200 ppm FeCI, 65 Bowling c5 c5 <20
+ 1000 ppm FeCI, 65 Bottling -=5 c5 <20
+ 10.000 ppm FeCI, 65 Boiling <5 -=5 <20
Sullurlc Acid
+ 10 ppm F&l, 70 Bohng <20 <20 ,50
+ 100ppm FeCl, 70 Boiling c20 <20 a50
+ 200 ppm FeCI, 70 Boiling <20 c20 a50
+ 1000 ppm FeCI, 70 Boiling c20 c20 >50
+ I 0.000 ppm Fe& 70 Boiling 20-50 >50 >50
Sulfuric Acid
+ 200 ppm Cuz* 60 Boiling <5 - - Added as CuSO,
+ 1000- 10.000 ppm c1.12. 60 Boiling <l - -
Sulfuric Acid
+ 200- 10,000 ppm Cu2. 65 Boiling <5 - - Added as CuSO,
Sulfuric Acid
+ 3 ppm CW 70 Boiling 5-10 - - Added as CuSO,
+ 27-226 ppm CW 70 Boiling 250 - -
Sulfuric Acia
+ 1000-l 0.000 ppm N03- 60 Bohng <5 - - Added as NaNO,
+ 50,000 ppm NOa- 60 Bohng =-50 - -
Sulfuric Acid
+ 200-1000 ppm NO,- 65 Boiling c5 - - Added as NaNOx
+ 10.000 ppm NO,- 65 Boiling 10-20 - -
+ 50.000 ppm NO,- 65 Boiling >50 - -
Sullurrc Acid
+ 200 ppm NO,- 70 Boiling 5-10 - - Added as NaNO,
+ 6000 ppm NO,- 70 Bohng 20-50 - -
Sulfuric Acid
+ 1000 ppm N03- 60 Bohng c5 - - Added as HNO,
+ 10,000 ppm NO3- 60 Bohng 10-20 - -
+ 50,000 ppm NO%- 60 Bohng >50 - -
Sulfuric Acid
+ 1000 ppm NOs- 65 Bohg <5 - - Added as HNO,
+ 10.000-50.000 ppm N03- 65 Bohg a50 -
Sullurlc Acid Mwture Room-100 Cl - - 1% H,SO,. 99% HNOl

Mlxlure Room- loo ml - - 10% H&YiOa, 90% HNO,
Mixture Bolllng <l - - 14% H,SO,. 14% HNOl
MIxlure 100 >50 a50 >50 25% HsSO,, 75% HNO,
MIxlure Room Cl - - 50% HzSO,. 50% HNO,
MIxlure Bohng a50 >50 >50 66% t-GO,, 5% HNOz
(continued)
CORROSION RATE, mpy

CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE
CORROSIVE MEDIA % “C Zr 702 Zr 704 Zr 705 REMARKS
Sulfuric Acid (Cont.) Mixture Eoillng-135 1 O-20 1 O-20 >50 68% H,SO,. 1% HNOa
Mixture Room >50 >50 >50 75% &SO,. 25% HNOa
Mixture Bolllng <, - - 7 5% H,SO,. 19% HCI
Mixture Eolllng <, - - 34% H>SOd. 17% HCI
MIxlure Bollwig <, - - 40% H,SO,. 14% HCI
Mixture Boiling 1-5 - - 56% H>SO,, 10% HCI
Mixture Boiling Cl - - 60% H,SO,. 1 5% HCI
MIxlure Bolllng <5 - 69% H,SO,. 1.5% HCI
Mixture Bolllng 10-20 - - 69% H,SO,. 4% HCI
Mixture Bolllng <20 - - 72% H$SOd, 1 5% HCI
Mixture Boiling >50 _ >50 20% H&O,. 7% HCI wtth
50 ppm F lmpuritles
Sulfurous Acid 6 Room <5 - -

Saturated 192 5-50 - -
TABLE 5.30: TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM-SCHWARZKOPF DEVELOPMENT
Corrosion Behavior in Acids, Alkalis and Corrosive Solutions
Media Tungsten Molybdenum

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At 2o”c (68’~). . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrochloric acid, 10% resistant resistant
Sulfuric acid, 10% resistant resistant
Nitric acid, 10% resistant resistant
Hydrofluoric acid, 3% resistant resistant
Acetic acid, 10% resistant resistant
Potassium hydroxide, 10% I.01 1 .o*
Sodium chloride solution, 3% resistant resistant
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . At 100°C (212’F) . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .
Hydrochloric acid, 10% resistant resistant
Sulfuric acid, 10% resistant resistant
Nitric acid, 10% approximately 0.5+ attacks
Hydrofluoric acid, 3% approximately 5’ approximately 5*
Acetic acid, 10% resistant resistant
Potassium hydroxide, 10% approximately 0.5* resistant
Sodium chloride solution, 3% resistant resistant
‘Corrosion rate, grams per square meter per day.
TABLE 5.31: COBALT, NICKEL AND STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS-CABOT STELLITE
Comparative Corrosion Data’ Nominal

Chemical Composition,
Weight Percent
TRIBALOY STELLITE DELORO Stainless
concentration alloy alloy alloy Steel Type TRIBALOY alloy
Media and
Temperature 316 T-400 T-700 T-800
T-400 T-700 T-600 No. 6 No. 60
CO Bal - B&
50%. -
Acetic Acid E E E E E Co+Fe - 30’ -
Baling
Ni - El.91 _
Ferric lO%,
U U G s U U
Chloride Room Temp. Ni+Fe 30 _ 30
30%, MCI 28 5 32 5 28.5

150deg.F - E - S G E
Cr 8.5 15.5 17 5
(66 deg. ‘2)
Formic Acid
Si 26 34 3.4
45%. - -
E E s U C .08’ .OB 08
Boiling
5%. ‘Maximum
Hydrochloric - U
150 deg. F U S E U
Acid
(66 deg. C) STELLITE Alloy No. 6:
65%. cobalt-base alloy
150 deg. F U G s U U E DELORO Alloy No. 60:
(66 deg. C)
Nitric Acid nickel-base alloy
65%. - -
U U U G
Bolllng
65%.
Phosphoric E
150 deg. F E E E E U
Acid
(66 deg. C)
Sodium 10% + 5% FeCl U

U U G S U
Chloride Room Temp.
5%.
150deg.F - G - E U G
(66 deg. C)
Sulfuric 5%. - G -
Acid Boilmg
10%.
U - S U - U
Ewmg
‘Delermmed II laboratory Code:

tests. II IS recommended E-Less than 2 mpy
thal samples be lested (CO.05 mm/y)
““de, actual plant G-c20 mpy (co.51
co”dMms. mm/y)
S-Dver 20 mpy (>0.51
mm/y) lo 50 mpy
(1.2: mm/y)
U-More than 50 mpy
(~1.27 mm/y)
TABLE 5.32: STAINLESS STEEL, NICKEL AND COPPER ALLOYS-CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY
Corrosion Resistance Table
This table shows the resistance of a number of mate- Code:

rials to the more common chemicals. Many factors l Corrosion Rate less than 0.002” per year
influence the resistance of materials to various solu-
tions. Factors which must be given consideration for
0 Corrosion Rate less than 0.020” per year
service in corrosive.environments are: temperature, 0 Corrosion Rate from 0.020” to 0.050” per year
concentration, aeration, influence of inhibiting or ac- X Corrosion Rate greater than 0.050” per year
celerating contaminants, influence of re-circulation, 360 6s2r 20 4l 60 80 rml
solids in suspension, velocity, frequency of use, and
300--
equipment design.
250 462
The influence of contaminants is probably the
most important from a commercial standpoint. Few
212--
corrosive solutions will be free of all contaminants.
The majority of these contaminants have no influ- 175 347
ence on corrosion, but those that do generally affect
the conditions greatly. 150--
125 257
The corrosion data for all grades except Carpen-
ter 20Cb-3 stainless is reprinted from Corrosion Data loo 212 --.__----.--___-I-_-_
Survey, 1974 Edition, published by the National
Association of Corrosion Engineers. The corrosion 75 167 r
ra!es for Carpenter 20Cb-3 stainless represent a
composite of the NACE Corrosion Data Survey and
more current data developed in Carpenter’s Corro-
60--
25 777 e
l
20
I
4,;
I
60
I
80 too
sion Laboratory.
‘C *F Percent Concentration in Water
(continued)
TABLE 5.32: STAINLESS STEEL, NICKEL AND COPPER ALLOYS-CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY (continued)
(continued)
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
/1
r
1
t
a
+
(
2
‘lY
(*
c tA
c
_
t
F
1
3
;
.
Glutamc
ACld
(continued)
(continued)
(continued)
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfite
Liquor
with 10%
Sulfur
Dioxide
Sulfur
Chloride
(continued)
‘Regtstered Trademark of Cabot Corporation

“RegIstered Trademark of INCO
Footnotes for Corrosives: Footnotes for Data Squares:

25 No femc chloride 49 pti 2 to 3.5 73 Steam and air
1 m1son 1 No water
2 TOXIC 26 -0.1% acetic actd 56 Annealed, Immersed 74 75-100% concentration
2 No aw, oxygen
27 Also sludge 51 >2.25% MO 75 Low NaCl
3 Explosw 3 Low aw. oxygen
26 NO ro” satts 52 Erratic 76 With HCI
4 Flammable 4 Pits
29 No sulfuric acid 53 With NaCl 77 <17% zinc
5 Ingestlo” poson 5 Stress cracks
6 Inhalant potso” 36 Explosive 54 With NaCI. HCI. Hz02 76 ~0.23%. 2M) ps,
6 Sfress c~rros~~”
31 With HzSOI 55 No Fe. Cl 79 300 psi
7 Attacks skin 7 Discolors
32 With steam 56 Wtth +-0.05-l% HIPOI or HzSOI 66 NO SOa
6 lrrttant 6 Crewce attack
33 No sutlur 57 +SO, or HCOOH 61 No NaCl
9 Vapor harmlul 9 Intergranular attack
34 No stress 56 <RC 22,6O.CXXl 62 High pressure
10 lgnltes organics 10 No chlorides
35 No ammOma 59 Annealed 63 75-120 ps,
11 Fummg llqu!d 11 May dwzolor
36 300 psi 66 No cold work 64 No sodturn sulhte
12 Hygroscoplc 12 May catalyze
37 Stress rekeved 61 No HIS 65 + ammonia
13 Liberates HCI in water 13 May pit
36 No HCI. Cu. Ni ions 62 Permeable to HP 66 Avoid hydroxides
14 Narcotic 14 May stress crack
15 Volatile 39 No Cu, Fe ums 63 Unsullatad 67 Saturated
15 Transgranular attack
46 Over 70% aor 64 With or without steam
16 Hazardous under pressure 16 Vapor
17 lgnttes combustibles 41 ZO-70% air, 530 psi 65 240 psi
17 Aerated
16 FIR hazard 42 With sulfur, <34o”C=x 66 Cold worked
16 Catalyzes
19 Exptoswe war 70% 43 <10mg/1 67 >60% copper
19 Static
26 lgnltes I” moist arr at 30°C U No H&O. 66 >20% sullur~c. bal. nitric acid
20 Agttated
45 Go PSI 69 No MO; low C
21 Exothermtc in water 21 -7 pH
46 No sulfides 76 Red turning
22 Dust explodes 22 <7 pH
47 ~20% zinc 71 Pits I” chlorides
23 Explosive dust 23 >7 pH
46 Trace HCl 72 over 4M)“c
24 Exothermlc wth water 24 No HCI. HISOI. NaCl
TABLE 5.33: TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND TANTALUM-ASTRO METALLURGICAL
CORROSION RESISTANCE CHART FOR TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM, TANTALUM
The reactive metals, titanium, zlrconlum and tantalum

offer unusual resistance to most materials encountered In
rhe Chemical Processing, Metal Finishing and Waste
Treatment Industries. In many Instances they are the only
metals that meet the service life requirements of the appli-
cation.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE IN MATERIALS SELECTION
Corrosion data IS developed by exposing the material to designed as a cooler. This is due to the fact that the tube
environments at spectfic temperatures. However, when wall temperature will be below the temperature of the
applied to process equipment. the fluid temperatures incoming solution. On the other hand. In heating appli-
may not always represent the actual material exposure cations. tube wall temperatures can exceed otherwise
temperature. safe temperature limits even though the solution leav-
In evaluattng corrosion data, special attention should ing the heater is within prescribed temperatures for the
always be given to actual metal temperature in the par- metal used.
ticular environment. This IS especially important in select- Consequently, in selecting material for heat transfer
Ing material for heat exchanger services. equipment, it is often important that theactual tube wall
Often solutions at higher temperatures than those rec- temperature should be computed before evaluating
ommended can be handled in a heat exchanger that is material selection for the planned process conditions.
MEDIA CONCENTRATION
% “F TlTANlUM tlRCONlUM TI-PO
TEMPERATURE TANTALUM
Acetaldehyde 100 150 - A -

Acetic Acid 5, 25, 50, 75, 99.5 Boiling A A - A
Acetic Acid Vapor-33 Boiling A A - A
Acetic-Glacial Acid 99.7 Boiling A A _ A
Acetic Anhydride 99 Room A A - A
Acetone 100 150 A A -
Adipic Acid (plus 15/20%
Glutaric Acid, 2% Acetic Acid ) 25 390 B _
Adiponi trile Solution (NHJ) Vapor 700 A _ _
Alum 100 212 - A -
Aluminum Chloride (Aerated) 5, 10 140 A A - A
Aluminum Chloride 25 212 C A A A
Aluminum Chloride 25 Room A A A A
Aluminum Fluoride Saturated Room A C - C
Aluminum Hydroxide 100 212 _ A -
Aluminum Nitrate Saturated Room A - - -
Aluminum Sulfate Saturated Room A A _ A
Aluminum Sulfate (1% H&04) Saturated Room A - _ -
Aluminum Sulfate (1% Sodium Carbonate)Saturated Room A - - -
Amidation Reaction - 212 A - -
Ammonium Acid Phosphate 10 Room A - - A
Ammonia, Anhydrous (200 PSI) 100 104 A - - -
(continued)
TABLE 5.33: TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND TANTALUM-ASTRO METALLURGICAL (continued)
MEDIA CONCENTRATION
% TEMPERATURE
“F IITANIUM
Ammonia 50 190 A A
Ammonia Plus Water _ A A _ _
Ammonium Bicarbonate 50 212 A _ A
4mmonium Carbonate (Aqueous) 50 212 A _ _ A
Ammonium Carbonate 50 Boiling A _ _ A
Ammonium Chloride 1, 10. Saturated 212 A A _ A
Ammonium Fluoride 10 Room A _ _ C
4mmonium Hydroxrde 28 80 A A’ _ _
Ammonium Perchlorate 15-20 80-190 A _ _ _
4mmonium Sulfate 50 212 _ A _ A
4mmonium Sulfate 5. 10. Saturated Room A A A
Ammonium Sulfate 5. 10 212 A _ _ A
Ammonium Sulfate (Aqueous) 10 Boiling A _ _ A
Aniline, plus 2% AlCb 98 316 B _ _
Aniline Hydrochloride 5. 20 99 A A _ A
Aqua Regia 3HCL: 1 HN03 Room A _ _ A
Aqua Regra 3:l 170 B C A
Banum Carbonate 15 212 _ A

Banum Carbonate Saturated Room A _ A
Bartum Chloride 5. 20 212 A A
Banum Chlortde 20 212 _ A
Banum Chlonde 25 Borlrng A A
Banum Chlonde Saturated Room A A
Barium Hydroxide Saturated Room A A
Banum Hydroxrde 50 212 A
Banum Hydroxrde - 8H20 Saturated Room 4 A
Banum Nrtrate 10 Room A A
Benzaldehyde 100 212 A
Benzene 100 212 A
Benzene Lrqurd Room A
Benzene Vapor & Lrqurd 176 A
Benzorc Acid 75 212 A
Benzorc Acrd Saturated Room A A
Benzyl Sulfontc Acrd 100 212 A
Bone Acid 10 Borlmg A A
Bone Acrd 50 212 A
Boric Acid Saturated Room A A
Bromrne Liquid 86 C _ A
Bromine Vapor 86 A A
3romine Water Room A C A
3romrne- Methyl Alcohol 1 Room B
3utync Acrd Undiluted Room A A
3utync Acrd Undiluted 212 A
:alcrum Brcarbonate 100 212 A A

:alcrum Brsulfrte _ 80 A
:alcrum Carbonate Saturated Boiling A A
Zalcrum Chlonde 5. 10. 20 212 A A ’ A
Zalcrum Chlonde 28 Borlmg A A A
:alcrum Hydroxtde Saturated Room A A
Ialcrum Hydroxide Saturated Boiling A A
:alcrum Hypochlorrte 2. 6 212 A A
Calcium Hypochlorite Saturated Room A A
Zarbolrc Acrd Saturated Room A A
Carbon Tetrachloride 99 Bowling A A
Carbon Tetrachlonde Lrqurd Borlmg A A
Carbon Tetrachlonde Vapor Boiling A
(continued)
TABLE 5.33: TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND TANTALUM-ASTRO METALLURGlcAL (continued)
HEOIA CONCENTRATION % TEMPERATURE “F TlTANlUM ZIRCONIUM TI-PO TANTALUM
Chlorine Dioxide _ 180 A _ _ A

Chlorine (Water Saturated) _ Room B A A
Chlorine (Water Saturated) _ 167 A A A
Chlorine Gas (Dry) 100 Room C B _ A
Zhlonne Gas (more than 0.13% HzO) 100 200 A C A A
Zhloroacetic Acid 30 180 A B A
zhloroacetlc Acid 100 Bowling A A A
Chloroform 100 Boiling A A _
Zhromlc Acid 10 Boiling A A A A
Chromic Acid 20 Room A A A
Chromic Acid 365 195 B A _ A
Citnc Acid 10. 25 212 A A _ A
Citnc Acid 50 140 A A A
Citnc Acid (Aerated) 50 212 A A A
Citrtc Acid (Non-Aerated) 50 212 B A A
Copper Cyanide (Electroplating Solution) - Room A _ A
Copper Nitrate Saturated Room A _ A
Copper Sulfate 5 Room A _ _ A
Copper Sulfate Saturated Boiling A I _ 1: A
Cupnc Carbonate-Cupric Hydroxide Saturated Room A A
Cupnc Chlonde 20. 40. 50 Boiling A C _ A
Cupric Cyanide Saturated Room A _ A
Cupric Sulfate 50 212 _ A
Cuprous Chlonde 50 195 0 A
Cyano Acetlc Acid 100 212 A
Cyclohexane 302 A _
Cyclohexane 100 100 A A
Cyclohexane 100 212 A _
Dichloroacetic Acid 100 212 A B _ A

Dlchloroacetlc Acid 100 Bollmg A B _ A
Dimethyl Ether 100 212 _ A
Dloxane 100 212 A _
Esters _ 250 A
Ethyl Acetate 2-100 212 _ A
Ethyl Alcohol 95 Bolllng A
Ethyl Alcohol Llquld Room A A
Ethyl Alcohol Partial Im-erslon Room A A
Ethylene Dvzhlonde 100 Bolllng A A A
Ferric Chlonde 5. 10 20, 30 Room A C A

Ferric Chloride 5, 10. 20. 30 212 A C A A
Ferric Chloride 5. 10. 2L. 30. 40. 50 Boiling A C A
Ferric Sulfate 10 Room A A
Ferric Sulfate IO 212 A A
‘erric Sulfate Saturated Room A _ A
-errlc Sulfate 49 212 _ A
‘luobonc Acid 5-20 Elevated C C
Fluorine Gas Room 0 _ C
Fluonne % liq.-% gas 310 A _
Eluorine Llquld
rluorlne Gas
Fluorme. liquid (4 hr. exposure)
Fluorme. gaseous (8 hr. exposure)
Fluorme, gaseous (288 hrs. exposure)
Fluorosiliclc Acid IO C
Formaldehyde 37 A
Formaldehyde, plus 2%% HzSO~ 50 A
(continue

- .- ______..-^._ --- ___^__.____ --- ~-- -- -
MEDIA CONCENTRATION
% TEMPERATUREF TITANIUM llRCONlUM TI-PO TANTALUN
Formamide Vapor 572 A

Formrc Acrd 10. 25. 50. 90 212 A
Formrc Acid (Non-Aerated) 10 Borlrng A
Formrc Acid (Non-Aerated) 25. 50 Botltng C A
Formic Acid (Non-Aerated) 25 212 C
Formrc Acid (Non-Aerated) 80 Botlrng C
Formic Acid (Aerated) 10-90 212 A
Formrc Acid (Hz0 Solutron) 9 125 B
Furfural Alcohol 337
- _~
Glue Polyvrnyl Fiesrn Room A
Glycerrne Room A A
-
Hydrrodrc Acrd 57 Room B
Hydrobromrc Acrd 40 Room A C A
Hydrochlorrc Acrd 5 Room A A A
Hydrochlonc Acrd 10 95 B A _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd 20 95 C A
Hydrochloric Acrd 35 212 C A A
Hydrochlonc Acrd (Aerated) 5 95 A A A
Hydrochlonc Actd (Aerated) 10 95 B A
Hydrochlonc Acrd (Aerated) 20 95 C _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus 1% HNO, 5 100. 200 A _ _
Hydrochlonc Acid Plus 5?0 HN03 5 100. 200 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Actd Plus 10% HNO, 5 100 A _
Hydrochlonc Acrd Plus 10% HN03 5 200 B _
Hydrochlonc Actd Plus 0.05% CuSO4 5 100. 200 A _
Hydrochlonc Acrd Plus 5% CUSOI 5 100. 200 A _ _
Hydrochlonc Acid Plus 1% CuSO4 5 100, 200 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus 5% CuSO4 5 100, 200 A _
Hydrochlonc Acrd Plus 50% Cr03 5 100. 200 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Actd Plus 1% Cr03 5 100. 200 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Actd Plus .50% CuSO4 10 150 A _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus .lO% CuSO4 10 150 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acid Plus .20% CuSO4 10 150 A _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus .25% CuSO4 10 150 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus .50% CuSO4 10 150 A _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd Plus 1% CuSO4 10 150 A _ _
Hydrochlonc Acid (Non-Aerated) 1 100 B _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd (Non-Aerated) 1 160 B _ _
Hydrochloric Acrd (Non-Aerated) 1 Boiling B _ _
Hydrochlonc Actd (Non-Aerated) 3-5 Room B A _
Hydrochlonc Actd (Non-Aerated) 3-5 160 B _ _
Hydrochlonc Acrd (Non-Aerated) 3-5 Borltng B _ _
Hydrochlorrc Acrd (Non-Aerated) 5 125 B _ _
Hydrochloric Acid (Non-Aerated) 10 Room B A _
Hydrochlonc Actd (Non-Aerated) 10 160 B _ _
Hydrofluonc Acid 48 Room C C _
Hydrofluonc Actd (Andydrous) 100 Room B _ _
Hydrofluonc - Nttric Acid (lHF:l5HN03) Room C _
Hydrogen Peroxide 3. 6 Room A A _
Hydrogen Peroxide 30 Room B _ _
Hydrogen Peroxide 50 140 _ A _
Hydrogen Sulftde Saturated HOH Room A _ _
Hydrogen Sulfide Saturated HOH 70 A _ _
Hydioxyacetrc Actd _ 104 A
Iodine m water Plus

Potasstum lodtde _ Room A
Lactic Acrd lo-85 212 A A

[continue
MEDIA CONCENTRATION% TEMPERATURE“F TITANIUM IRCONlUM TI-PD TANTALUM

_
Lactrc Acrd 10-100 Room A A
Lead Acetate Saturated Room A A
Lmseed Oil, Boiled Room A _
Magnesrum Chlonde 5-40 Room A A

Magnesrum Chlonde 5-40 212 A A
Magnesium Chlonde 40 212 _
Magnesium Hydroxrde Saturated Room A A
Magnesrum Sulfate Saturated Room A A
Magnesium Sulfate 37 200 _
Malerc Acrd Room A A
Manganous Chlonde 5-20 212 A A
Mercurrc Chlonde 1. 5. 10. 55 212 A A
Mercurrc Chlonde Saturated Room A A
Mercurtc Chlorrde Saturated 200 A A
Mercurrc Cyanrde Saturated Room A A
Mercury Room A A
Methyl Ethyl Ketone All Borlmg _
Nrckel Chlonde 5-20 212 A

Nickel Nrtrate Plus 6”1 HOH 50 Room A A
Nrckel Sulfate 40 180 A
Nttnc Acrd (Aerated) 98 80 A A
Nrtrrc Acid (Aerated) 5. 10. 20. 30 95 A A
Nrtrtc Acrd (Aerated) 5-69.5 212 A A
Nttrrc Acrd (Aerated) 65 347 A A
Nrtrrc Acrd (Aerated) 40 392 B A
Nrtrrc Acrd (Aerated) 70 518 B
Nrtrrc Actd (Aerated) 20 554 0
Nrtrrc Acrd (Non-Aerated) 65 Boll - 250 A
Nrtnc Acrd (Non-Ae:ated) 98 Room A
Nrtnc Acid 10. 20. 40. 69.5 95 A A
Nrtrrc Acrd 10, 20, 40. 69.5 212 A A A
Nrtrtc Acrd 65 Borlmg A A A
Nrtrrc Acrd - Whrte Fumrng 90 180 B A
Nrtrrc Acrd - White Fumrng 252 B
Nrtrrc Acid White Fumrng 320 B
Nrtrrc Acrd Whrte Fumrng Lrqurd or Vapor Room A
Nrtrrc Acrd - 17’0 Adrprc Acrd 38 194-203 A _ _
Nrtrrc Acrd Red Fuming ~ Room C
‘Less than 1% water = pyrophonc reactlc
Oxalrc Acrd 1 98.6 A A

Oxalrc Acrd 0.5 95 A A
Oxalic Acid 5 95 B A A
Oxalrc Acrd 10 95 B A A
Oxalrc Acrd 0.5-25 140 0 A A
Perchloromethylmercaptan Room A
Plus ‘2 to 19/o Hz0
Perchloromethylmercaptan Room C
(Anhydrous)
Phenol (Carbohc Acrd) Saturated Room A A A
Phosphonc Actd 5-30 Room A A A
Phosphonc Acrd 35-85 Room B B A
Phosphonc Acrd 40 212 A
Phosphonc Acrd 5-3 5 140 B A A
Phosphonc Acrd 85 100 B B A
Phosphonc Acid 5 212 B A A
Phosphorrc Acid 10 175 B A A
Phosphonc-Sulfunc - CuSOa 15H3POzvlOHzS04 150 B A
continue
MEDIA CONCENTRATION TEMPERATU

RE“F TITANIUM TI-PD TANTALUM
Phosphorus Trichloride Saturated Room _

Photographic Emulsions _ _ _
Potassium Bromide Saturated Room _
Potasswm Chloride 36 Boiling _
Potassrum Chloride Saturated Room _
Potassium Dichromate _ _
Potassium Ferncyanrde Saturated Room _
Potasstum Ferricyanide & 5% NaCl 0.5 Room
Potaswm lodfde Saturated Room _
Potasstum Iodide & 0.1% NazCO3 Saturated Room _
Potassium Permanganate Saturated Room _
Potassium Hydroxrde 10 Boiling _
Potasstum Hydroxrde 25 Boiling _
Potassium Hydroxide 50 Boiling _
Potassium Nitrate 100 212 _
Potassrum Sulfate 10 Room
Potassrum Throsulfate 1
Propionic Acrd Vapor 374 _
Sea Water _ Boiling _
Silver Nitrate 50 Room _
Silver Nitrate 15 90 _
Sodium Acetate Saturated Room _
Sodium Alumrnate 25 Boiling
Sodiun Bisulfate Saturated Boiling
Sodrum Bwlfate 10. 25 Boilrng
Sodium Carbonate 10. 25 Boiling
Sodium Chlorate Saturated Room
Sodium Chlorate lo-25 Room
Sodturn Chloride 29 Boiling A
Sodrum Chlonde Saturated Room A
Sodium Chloride Saturated Boiling A
Sodrum Crtrate Saturated Room
Sodium Cyanide Saturated Room
Sodium Dlchromate Saturated Room
Sodrum Fluoride Saturated Room
Sodium Fluonde 20 90
Sodrum Hydroxide 10. 25 Borlmg
Sodium Hydroxrde 26 Room
Sodium Hydroxrde 40 176 _
Sodium Hydroxide Saturated Room
Sodrum Hypochlonte 6 Room _
Sodium NItrIte Saturated Room _
Sodium Nitrite 50 200 _
Sodium Phosphate Saturated Room
Sodium Phosphate 20 90
Sodium Silicate 25 Boiling
Sodium Sulfate 10-20 Boiling _
Sodrum Sulfate Saturated Room
Sodium Sulfide 10 Boiling
Sodium Sulfide Saturated Room _
Sodrum Sulfite IO Boiling
Sodium Sulfite Saturated Room
Sodium Sulfite Saturated Boiling
Sodium Thtosulfate IO. 25 Boiling
Sodium Thiosulfate - Acetic Acid 20-20 Room
Stannic Chlonde 5 212
(continue
MEDIA CONCENTRATION
0, TEMPERATURE
“F 7-
rlTANlUM !ISCONIUM TI-PO
- _
TANTALUl
Stannic Chlonde 24 Boiling A A A

Stanmc Chloride 24 140 A A A
Stannic Chloride 100 Molten A _ A
Stannous Chloride Saturated Room A A
Stannous Chloride 68 212
Steanc Acid 100 360 A A
Succinic Acid _ 365 A
Sulfur Plus HO4 _ Room A
Sulfur (Molten) 100 464 A
Sulfur Droxrde (Water saturated) _ Room B A
Sulfur Dioxide (Dry) 275 B A
Sulfunc Acrd 1. 3 140 A A
Sulfunc Acid 5 140 B A
Sulfuric Acid 15 Room A A
Sulfuric Acid To 70% 212
Sulfuric Acid Plus 0.25% CuSO4 5 200 A
Sulfurtc Acid Plus 0.25% CuSO4 30 100 A
Sulfuric Acid Plus 0.25% CuSO4 30 200 A
Sulfunc Acid Plus 0.5% CuSO4 5 200 A
Sulfuric Acid Plus 1.0% CUSOI 30 100 A
Sulfunc Acid Plus 1.0% CuSO4 30 200 0
Sulfunc Acrd Plus 0 5% 003 5 200 A
Sulfunc Acrd Plus 0.5% CrO, 30 200 A
Sulfuric Acid Plus 1 0% Cr03 5 200 A
Sulfurtc Acrd Plus 1 .O% Cr03 30 200 A
Sulfunc Acid Vapors 96 100-300 A A
Sulfunc Actd-Nitrtc Acid 90-10 Room 0 A
Sulfunc Acrd-Nrtnc Acrd 70-30 Room 0 A
Sulfuric Acrd-Nitnc Acid 50-50 Room B A
Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid 30-70 Room A A
Sulfunc Acrd-Nitric Acrd 1O-90 Room A A
Sulfuric Acid-Nrtric Acrd 1O-90 140 A A
Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acrd 50-50 95 A A
Sulfunc Acid-Nrtnc Acid 50-50 140 B A
Sulfurous Acid 6 Room A A
Sulfurous Acrd Saturated 375 A
Sulfurous Acid-Partial lmmersron Saturated Room A
Sulfurous Acrd-Partial lmmersron Saturated 100 A
Tannic Acrd 25 212 A A

Tartanc Acrd IO-50 212 A A
Tartanc Acrd 10. 25, 50 140 A A
Tetrachloroethane (water mrxture) 100 Boiling B
Toluene Sulphone Chlortde _ Room A
Tnchloroacetic 100 212 C
Tnchloroethylene 99 Boiling B
Tnsodium Phosphate 5. 20 212
Urea-Ammonra Elevated A
Temp. 8 Pres
X-Ray Developer Solution Room A
Zinc Chlonde 10 Borlmg A

Zinc Chlonde 20 212 A A
Zmc Chlonde Saturated Room A
Zinc Sulfate Saturated Room A
Zmc Molten _ _
TABLE 5.34: TUNGSTEN, TANTALUM AND TITANIUM CARBIDE ALLOYS-KENNAMETAL
Kennametal hard carbide alloys

grade K602 is a carbide of tantalum and tungsten carbide made with a nickel binder instead of cobalt
with a small amount of binder. It is used success. -the binder usually found in tungsten carbides.
fully for applications in which both corrosion and K801 was developed for use where other grades are
wear are exceptionally severe. The corrosion re- not sufficiently corrosion resistant but where condi-
sistance of K602 is almost equal to that of platinum, tions may not require the higher corrosion resistance
while its resistance to wear is better than most other and correspondingly higher cost of K602 or K701.
tungsten carbides. Compressive yield strength at K801 has proved to be a better choice than other
elevated temperatures is exceptionally high. carbides for seal rings and other parts subjected to
K602 is used successfully in seal rings, including moderately corrosive conditions. It provides distinct
applications where the material runs against itself. advantages where electrolytic attack of the binder
Other applications include nozzles, orifice plates, or etching may occur, such as when immersed in
bushings, valving parts, mortar and pestle sets. It mineralized or boiler feed water.
has been found to be an ideal material where cor- In sodium hydroxide and hot sulfuric acid tests,
rosion resistance and wear life are critical. It is suf- K801 has shown better corrosion resistance than
ficiently nonmagnetic for wear parts in magnetic tape K701. K801 can also be used to advantage in radio-
recorders, particularly video tape applications. active atmospheres because the nickel binder has a
much shorter half.life than the cobalt used as a
grade K701 is a tungsten carbide with chromium
binding element in most other carbides.
cobalt binder. It provides maximum wear resistance,
good to very-good corrosion resistance, and is grades K3404, K3406, K3047, K3411 are used
stronger than K602. K701 is recommended where where highhardness and high resistance t0 imPaCt
the higher corrosion resistance of K602 may not be are primary requirements. Included in such applica-
required, or where more strength is needed than that tions are form crush rolls and hammermills; also
provided by K602. inserts and tips for bits used to cut and drill Coal,
Used for homogenizing valve parts, K701 is with- rock and other minerals.
standing solid-fluid dispersion materials at almost grades K82, K84, K86 are a gall resisting series
1000 feet-per-se&ond in processing such products made under the most rigid quality control to accept
as food, paint, and tobacco. It is used in nozzle and the fine surface and polish required. They have fine
valve parts for handling slurries in refining petro- grain size, cobalt binder and-due to the large WTiCZ
chemicals, clay, soap, detergents, and other bulk content-a high resistance to “pickup” or galling.
products. Other applications include catalyst com- Compared to other Kennametal grades, they have
pacting dies and wear parts for coal processing. slightly less abrasion resistance, but good strength,
grade K703 also conralns chromium and cobalt. moderate rigidity and medium thermal expansion
It is not quite as resistant to corrosion and wear as rates. The softer grades have higher cobalt content.
is K701, but it is stronger and more easily fabricated. These grades are applied most extensively to tube
It has been used extensively for pulverizing coal, and bar drawing operations, sheet metal drawing,
minerals and chemicals. cupping, deep drawing applications and sizing man-
grade K714 has an excellent combination of re- drels. They are used where the “slippery” quality
sistance to wear, corrosion and shock. It is easily of the tungsten-titanium carbide, well known in the
fabricated and lower in cost than either K701 or metal cutting field, provides properties that are not
K703. It has been applied with particular success in available in straight tungsten tarbide grades.
valving and nozzle applications where the compo- grades K92, K94, K95, K96 are a wear resisting
nents are used “as sintered” or with very little finish- series, essentially tungsten carbide of fine grain size
ing because of cost considerations. with a cobalt binder. The t,ardest grades have the
grade K801 is the strongest of the Kennametal highest wear resistance and rigidity. When compared
corrosion-wear grade series, but has less wear re- with other Kennametal grades, thermal expansion
sistance than the other grades. It is a hard tungsten rates are low to medium.
(continued)
TABLE 5.34: TUNGSTEN, TANTALUM AND TITANIUM CARBIDE ALLOYS-KENNAMETAL (continued)
Kentanium
grade K162B has a nickel-molybdenum binder Kennametal grades with the lowest cobalt content
and is the best general purpose Kentanium grade. It have the highest resistance in hot solutions. For more
has the greatest resistance to oxidation at tempera- severe corrosive conditions the corrosion-wear series
tures in the 1000” to 1400” F range. It is used in of Kennametal compositions has been developed. The
seal rings and bearings (can run against itself), also corrosion resistance of grade K602, the carbide of
for valve parts, check valve balls and hot flash trim- tantalum and tungsten with a small amount of binder,
ming tools. is almost equal to that of the noble metals while pos-
sessing much greater resistance to wear than these
corrosion resistance of Kennametal and Kentan- more expensive metals.
ium is largely determined by the corrosion resistance Use of carbides for their corrosion resistance alone
of the binder metal since carbides themselves are is seldom justified since other materials having this
nearly inert. At room temperature, cobalt has corro- property are more workable and less costly. However,
sion resistance about as good as other commonly when abrasion is involved, the combined corrosion-
used wear resistant materials. At elevated tempera- wear resistance of Kennametal or Kentanium will give
tures, however, it is attacked more rapidly. Therefore, far better results.
corrosion-wear resistance of some carbides and metals

The weight loss in milligrams per square decimeter per day is shown in the table:
50% NaOH 5% HNO, 5% HrSOa

tyb?,yzr* grade
22oc 1oooc 22% 100%
I
WC-TaC-Co K602 0.3 3.1 9.5 35.1 0.2 3.4 470 23,500
corrosion- WC-Co-Cr K701 0.8 1.8 390 125 67 1713 825 123
wear K703 nil 2.3 928 920 363 3868 760 21
series
K714 nil 31.7 364 498 53.3 1354 380 71
_
,WC-Ni K801 ml nil 534 2310 106 2126 110 10
structural- decom-
-I--
wear. WC-CO K3047 113 706 / d;;;e$- / 95 / 1 /
posed
impact series
WC-CO K96 123 1661

die and
wear parts
series complex 273 2327
carbide-Co
high temp.
resistance
series Tic-Ni-Mo K1626 39 232 1231 / d;;;,$- / 20 1 0.2 1
$t+entanium)
very
nickel 39 poor 3041 16 0.05
I poor I
metals monel nil / 1 65.4 1 ,$, t poor
Co-Cr.Ni-W
castalloy
*Corrosion resistance tests were performed with ground samples in a Huey Corrosion Tester for seven days. The above values are
averages of duplicate runs. Solution strengths were calculated on a weight basis and strengths were mamtained by replacing with
new solutions each day.
**corrosion-wear factor = abrasion resistance factor X 10 i 22-C HCI loss.
l**Kentanium has better corrosion resistance than the cobalt binder tungsten carbides in salt solutions.
TAB1 .E 5.35: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-DURIRON
Nickel I
195.0
I
min I
I
_ ._ _ _.
Chlorimet 2 il.00 max I Bal 130.0-33.0 I ll.OOmax l1.C

Chlorimet 3 17.0-20.0 Bal 17.0-20.0 1 .OO max 1.00 max 0.07 max 13.0 max
Duriron 14.20-14.15 1.50 max 0.70-1.10 Bal
Durichlor 51 3.25-5.00 14.20-14.75 1.50 max 0.75-1.15 Bal
Superchlor 3.25-5.00 14.20-14.75 1.50 max 0.75-1.15 Bal
Durco DC-5 Proprietary Cobalt Base Shaft Sleeve Alloy
Titanium N.0.05 max; H,O.OlOO max; 0, 0.35 max. 0.10 max 0.30 max
Titanium-Pd N, 0.05 max; H, 0.0100 max; 0, 0.35 max; Pd. 0.12 min. 0.10 max 0.30 max
7ircnnium N. 0.03 max. H 0.004 mar. 0 0.20 max. Hf 4.5 max 0.10 mar 0.30 max
(continued)
TABLE 5.35: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-DURIRON (contmued)
Brine, acid PPPPPSPEEEEGEEE

Brine, alkaline GGEEEEEIEEGGEEEE
TABLE 5.35: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-DURIRON kontmutd
f’hosphmc acid+2
(continued)
TABLE 5.35: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-DURIRON (continued)
Sea water S S G G S S[S G E G G E E E E
Sodium bicarbonate S E E E E EIE E E E E E E E E
E = Excellent-Virtually unattacked under all conditions. G = Good-Generally acceptable with a few limitations. S = Satisfactory-
Suitable under many conditions; not recommended for remainder. P = Poor-Unsuitable under all conditions.
TABLE 5.36: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-GENERAL METALS TECHNOLOGIES
CORROSION DATA-SALTS
MEDIA I
f
/
I
/
I
I
I
1
‘
I
1
/
1
1
1
1
I
t
I
1
I
‘
I
1
‘
‘
‘
‘
‘
1
I
‘
‘
1
1
1
‘
1
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
(continued)
TABLE 5.36: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-GENERAL METALS TECHNOLOGIES (continued)
CORROSION DATA-SALTS
.
.
,
I
I
I
I .
.
.
.
t .
e
I
/
/
I e
I
/
I
A-Fully resatant &Sublect to pbttmg at air line or when allowed to dry t-May attack when hydrochloric acid 8s present
B-Slightly attacked =--Keep solution alkalme o-Tlll.CO.3ted
C-Unratisfactorv t t -May attack when wlphurlc acid is present ‘-Not recommended for use with beverages
(continued)
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TABLE 5.37: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-WALWORTH
In an effort to be specific, first and alternate choices are designated in the following table for each solution listed.
In making the first choice, consideration was given to such factors as corrosion resistance, material availability and
economy. An alternate choice material is listed for most solutions. The alternate choice in most cases is equal in
corrosion resistance to the first choice material, but is usually more costly.
First ~ First
Corrosive Medium Temp “F Choice Alternate Corrosive Medium Temp “F Choice Alternate
Alum
Acetic Acid
(Potassium Aluminum Sulfate)
In cont. to 100% 150 18-8s 18-8SMo
10% 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 100% 200 18-8SMo A-20
All Concentrations A-20
In cont. to 60% Boiling 18-8SMo A-20
Digestion of Bauxite in H,SO,
60% to 100% Boiling A-20
to make Alum A-20
Acitii /Anhydride
Ammonium Bicarbonate
00 175 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 90% 18-8s 18-8SMo
100% 244 N-3
Ammonium Carbonate
Acetone Boiling 18-8s 18-8SMo
All Concentrations 18-8s 18-8SMo
Acetyl Chloride Boiling A-20
Ammonium Chloride
Acid Mixtures (Sal Ammoniac)
50% HN03-50% H2S04 140 18-8s 18-8SMo In cont. to 50% 18-8SMo A-20
50% HNO,-50% H,SO, 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 50% 1:: A-20 Monel
50% HNO,-50% H,SO, ;:oo A-20 In cont. to 100% 212 Monel Nickel
25% HNOJ-75% H,SO, 200 18-8SMo A-20
Ammonium Chlorostannate
25% HNO,-75% H,SO, 250 A-20
10% HN03-70% H,SO, (Saturated) 70 18-8SMo A-20
140 18-8s 18-8SMo
10% HNO,-70% H SO, Boiling A-20 Ammonium Hydroxide 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
5% HN03-30% H,$O, 140 18-8SMo A-20 Amgm30/ni;m9~/trate_Neutral
5% HNO,-30% H,SO, 230 A-20 00 00 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
5% HNO-15% H,SO, 200 18-8SMo A-20 Ammoniated Ammonium Nitrate 160 18-8SMo A-20
5% HNO,-15% H,SO, A-20
Ammonium Oxalate
90% Acetic-Z% H,SO, ‘:: 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 30% 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Acid & Salt Mixtures
Ammonium Perchlorate
Fuming HNO,-10% KNO, Boiling
;;I;; $1;;;; In cont. to 10% 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Fuming HNO$-10% AI(NO& Boiling
In cont. to 40% 200 N-3
10% H,SO,-10% CuSO, Boiling 18-8SMo A-20
10% H,SO,-2% Fe,(SO,), Boiling A-20 Ammonium Persulfate
In cont. to 30% 200 18-8SMo A-20
Acid Mine Water 70 18-8SMo A-20
Ammonium Phosphate
Aerorine-50 100 18-8s
In cont. to 30% 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Alcohol
Ammonium Sulfate
Ethyl 212 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 10% 212
Methanol 212 18-8SMo A-20 ;I;;
In cont. to 50% 160
Alkylation-Sulfuric Acid 100 A-20 Saturated 212
Aluminum Acetate Plus free H,SO, 150
All Concentrations 160 18-8s 18-8SMo Ammonium Sulfite
All Concentrations 212 18-&MO A-20 In cont. to 50% 212 18-8SMo A-20
Aluminum Chloride Ammonium Bisulfite
All Concentrations A-20 (Sulfite Cooking Liquor) 280 18-8SMo A-20
10% 1:: A-20
Ammonium Thiocyanate
All Concentrations 300 N-2
In cont. to 50% 175 18-8s 18-8SMo
Aluminum Fluoride-20% 160 Nickel
Amyl Alcohol-SO% 350 A-20
Aluminum Hydroxide
Saturated Amyl Mercaptan 300 A-20
A-20
10% 2:: A-20 Aniline-Cone. 200 18-8SMo A-20
Aluminum Sulfate Aniline & Ferric Chloride 650 N-3 N-2
In cont. to 50% 212 18-8SMa A-20 Arsenic Acid
Saturated 212 A-20 In cont. to 30%
Aluminum Chrome Sulfate-S% 70 18-8SMa A-20 In cont. to 100%
(continued)
TABLE 5.37: VARIOUS METALS AND ALLOYS-WALWORTH (continued)
First First
Corrosive Medium ‘emp Choice Lltemate Corrosive Medium remp “F Choice Rlternate
Barium Carbonate Chromic Acid

All Concentrations 70 18-8s 18-8SMo 5% 18-8SMo
10% !12 18-8s 18-8SMo In cont. to 50% 1::
Barium Chloride Citric Acid
$/Concentrations 70 A-20 In cont. to 50% A-20
00 !12 All concentrations ;;; t8zMo
Barium Nitrate-All Coca Cola Syrup 70 L8-8s 18-8SMo
Concentrations !12 18-8s 18-8SMo Coffee 300 18-8s 18-8SMo
Ba$y Sulfate Copper Chloride-
!12 18-8s 18-8SMo In cont. to 100% 70 Y-3
CoiEentrated !12 A-20
Copper Cyanide-In cont. to
Benzene (Benzol) !12 18-8s 18-8SMo Saturated 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Benzene Sulfonic Acid-go% 175 A-20 Copper Nitrate-In cont. to
Benzoic Acid Saturated 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 100% !12 Copper Sulfate
100% 100 ;;I;;;;
In cont. to saturated 212 A-20
Black Liquor (Sulfate Pulping) Plus 10% H,SO, 150 18z?Mo
In cont. to 75% Solids 340 18-8SMc A-20 Creosote 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Borax-5% !12 18-8s 18-8SMo Cresylic Acid 350 1-20
Boric Acid Cyanogen Gas 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 50% )OO 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 100% L25 18-8s 18-8SMo
Boron Trifluoride-100% 350 18-8s 18-8SMo Dichloroethane 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Bromine Diethanolamine 212 18-8SMo 18-8s
Wet Gas !12 N-3 Dinitrochlorobenzene
Dry (Gas or Liquid) 125 Monel Nickel Melted and Solidified 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
Butyric Acid Distilling Wort 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 5% 150 18-8s 18-8SMo
Dyewood Liquor 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 25% too A-20
In cont. to 100% !65 N-3
Epsom Salt (MgSO,)-In cont.
to saturated 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Carbonic Acid-In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Ether 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
Calcium Bisulfite
(Sulfite Cooking Liquor) 300 18-8SM( A-20 Ethylene Chloride, dry 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
Cadmium Sulfate-30% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo Ethyl Acetate, cont. 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Calcium Chlorate Eth&Chloride
In cont. to 10% 212 18-8SMr A-20 600 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 30% 212 A-20 10% 175 4-20
In cont. to 100% 212 N-3
Calcium Chloride Fatty Acids (Tall Oil Distillation)
In cont. to 80% 125 18-8SM( A-20 High Rosin Acids--over 50% A-20
In cont. to 100% 180 A-20 High Fatty Acids-over 60% :!PMo N-3
Calcium Hydroxide Ferric Chloride-
In cont. to 50% 212 18-8SMI A-20 18% (HCI-24.7%) 700 N-3 N-2
Ferric Nitrate
ca!lc~~. f!fy~~~if/~~fi~Chlorine 70 18dSMI A-20 In cont. to 100% 125 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 40 g.p.1. available In cont. to 100% 212 A-20
Chlorine 125 N-3 Ferric Sulfate
Ca;b;n Tetrachloride 10% 212 18-8SMa A-20
200 18-8SMI A-20 In cont. to 100% 18-8SMa A-20
Plus H,O 200 A-20 In cont. to 100% 1;: A-20
Cellulose Acetate 150 18-8SMI A-20 Fluorine-Dry 800 Nickel Monel
Chloroacetic Acid- Formaldehyde
In cont. to 100% N-3 In cont. to 100% 125 18-8SMc
In cont. to 100% 212 A-20
Chlorobenzene-Concentrated 18-8SM1 A-20
Formic Acid
Chloroform-Concentrated 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 100% 125 18-8SMr A-20
Chlorine Dioxide In cont. to 100%
Solution from 212 A-20
absorbers to bleach 317 Fruit Juices 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
A-20
Solution from neutralizer A-20 Furfural-In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Chlorine Trifluoride Monel Nickel
Chlorine Gas-moist, saturated N-3 Gallic Acid-In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Chlorosulfonic Acid-99.5% 18-8s 18-8SMo Glue (Acid Solutions) 140 18-8SM( A-20
(continued)
First First
Corrosive Medium Temp “F Choice Alternate Corrosive Medium Temp ‘-F Choice Alternate
I
Hydrazine 125 18-8s Nitric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid- In cont. to 80% 125 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cow. to 50% 200 N-2 In cont. to 65% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Hydrochloric Acid- 50 to 85% 150 A-20
In cont. to 37% 212 Fuming-86% and Higher 110 A-20
N-2
Hydrocyanic Acid Nltro Cellulose 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
125 18-8SMo A-20
Hydrofluoric Acid Nitrogen Tetroxide 100 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to anhydrous (Air free) :;i Monel Nitrous Acid-All cont. 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. 90% to Anhydrous A-20
Hydrogen Fluoride-Gas 500 Monel Nickel
Oleic Acid 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
Hydrogen Peroxide 400 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 90% 150 18-8s 18-8SMo 600 A-20
Hydrogen Sulfide Oxalic Acid
OrY 900 18-8s 18.8SMo In cont. to 90% 18-8s 18.8SMo
Wet 125 18.8SMo A-20 All Cont. 2:; A-20
lodoform 70 18.8SMo A-20 Paraffin Hot 18-8s 18-8SMo

Ink 18-8SMo A-20 Pentaborane 70 18-8s
Isomerization- Petroleum Ether 18-8s 18-8SMo
Butane (HCI & AIC13) 100 N-2
Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
C.P. or crude 360 18-8s
Kraft Mill Solutions Vapors 700 A-20 I iYMo
Black Liquor Phosphoric Acid
In cont. to 60% 200
In cont. to 75% solids
White Liquor
340
300
18-8SMo
18-8SMo
A-20
A-20 60 to 85%-Aerated 200 ;;:;g$~ A-20
A-20
Green Liquor 260 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 85%-Air Free 200 A-20 N-2
85% to 100% Air Free 275 N-2
Photographic Developer 70 18-8SMo A-20
Lactic Acid Phthalic Acid 360 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 100% 160 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 100% Phthalic Anhydride 285 18-8SMo A-20
212 A-20
Picric Acid-In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Lard Hot 18-8s 18-8SMo
Lead Nitrate Propionic Acid-66% 300 A-20 N-3
In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo Propyl Acetate 192 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 60% 2;; 18-8SMo A-20 Polyvinyl Acetate, 2% H*SO’ 150 18-8SMo A-20
Linseed Oil 18-8s 18-8SMo Potassium Bicarbonate
Plus H2S04 3;; A-20 In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 40% 18-8SMo A-20
Potassium Carbonate
Magnesium Chloride In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 5% 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 60% 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 50% 1:: A-20
In cont. to 40% Potassium Chlorate
300 Nickel N-2
In cont. to 100% 18-8SMo A-20
Magnesium Nitrate In cont. to 30% 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 10% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 100% Potassium Chloride
70 18-8s 18-8SMo
Quiescent-5% 160 A-20 Monel
Magnesium Sulfate Aerated-20% 150 A-20 Monel
In cont. to 100% 212 18-8SMo A-20 Saturated ’ 212 Monel
Maleic Acid 212 18-8SMo A-20 Potassium Dichromate
Maleic Anhydride 350 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 60% 212 18-8SMo
Methyl Chloride-Dry 212 18-8s 18-8SMo In cont. to 100% 70 18-8SMo
Mayonnaise 70 18-8s 18-8SMo Potassium Ferricyanide
Methylene Chloride-Dry In cow. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo
212 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 60% 2;: 18-8SMo A-20
Milk 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Potassium Ferrocyanide
Mineral Oil 300 18-8s 18-8SMo In cont. to 30% 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
Monochloroacetic Acid-70% 120 N-3 A-20 In cont. to 90% 200 A-20
Monoethanolamine Potassium Hydroxide
In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
Mustard 70 18-8SMo A-20 200 18-8s 18-8SMo
250 A-20 Nickel
Nickel
::z Nickel lnconel
Nickel Sulfate-In cont. to 100% 212 18-8SMo A-20 Potassium Nitrate-
Nicotine Sulfate-8% to 15% 200 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 100% 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
(continued)
Corrosive Medium Temp “F Alternate Corrosive Medium Temp “F

Potassium Oxalate Stearic Acid-Cone. 400
In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo Sugar & Sugar Solutions 18-8s 18-8SMo
In cont. to 40% 2:; 18-8s 18-8SMo Sulfonic Acrd 130 18-8s
Potassium Sulfate I 18-8SMo
Sulfur Oioxide
In cont. to 100% 18-8s IS-8SMo Gas, Moist 200 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 20% 18-8SMo A-20 Gas, Dry 575 18-8s 18-8SMo
Pyrogallic Acid Sulfur, Molten
In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo 300
Ory 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 60% A-20 Plus Moisture 300 A-20
Rayon Spin Bath Sulfur Monochloride (plus CCI,) 200 Nickel Monel
i7to, lp;oH,SO, 150
190 ;I;0 Sulfuric Acid
Ov 2 .
All Concentrations 125
Sea Water 160 A-20 5% 200 ;:;;
Selenious Acid-In cont. to 30% 212 18-8s iO% 175 A-20
Silver Nitrate 150 A-20
In cont. to 100% 18-8s A-20
In cont. to 70% A-20 A-20
Sodium Bmarbonate A-20
In cont. to 100% 18-8s 18-8SMo A-20
In cont. to 40% 18-8s 18-8SMo N-3
N-2
Sodium Carbonate N-2
All concentrations 18-8s 18-8SMo KY? N-2
In cont. to 50% 18-8SMo A-20 90; N-2
All concentrations A-20 Oleum A-20
Sodium Chlorate Sulfurous Acid
In cont. to 100% 18-8SMo A-20 All Concentrations 300 A-20
In cont. to 70% 2:: 18-8SMo A-20 All Concentratfons 150 18-8SMo A-20
Sodium Chloride
Tall Oil 525 18-8SMo
Puiescent-5%
Aerated-20%
Saturated
160
175
212
;:;x
Monel
!4o,nn:t Tannic Acid
Tanning Liquor
150 18-8SMo
18-8s
A-20
18-8SMo
Sodmm Hydrosulfide-65 to 68% 176 18-8s 18-8SMo Ta;t,arJc Acid
Sodium Hydroxide 212 18-8s 18-8SMo
t2Cga;stic Soda) 50: 212 18-8SMo A-20
18-8s 18-8SMo Trisodium Phosphate-20% 175 18-8s 18-8SMo
50; A-20 Nickel Turpentine 18-8s 18-8SMo
75% Nickel
100% Nickel Unsymmetrical
lnconel
Dimethyl Hydrazine 140 18-8s
Sodium Hypochlorite
3 g.p.1. Available Chlorine 18-8SMo A-20 Urea 260 18-8SMo
In cont. to 40 g.p.1. Vegetable Juices 212 18-8SMo A-20
available Chlorine N-3 Vmegar 150 18-8s 18-8SMo
Soikiu; Nitrate Water, High Purity 750 18-8s 18-8SMo
18-8s 18-8SMo
iOO% Molten 18-8s 18-8SMo Zin;2Qnwrium Chloride-
180 N-3 A-20
Sodium Sulfate
In cont. to 30% 18-8SMo A-20 Zmc Chloride
Concentrated 18-8SMo A-20 In cont. to 70% 18-8SMo A-20
In cone. to 90% 1:: A-20
Sodium Sulfide
In cont. to 50% Monel N-2
In cont. to 100% ~ 70 18-8SMo ~A-20 All cont. to 100% :t; N-2
In cont. to 50% 1 200 A-20
Zinc Cyanide-Moist 70 18-8s 18-8SMo
So&+ Sulfite
175 18-8s 18-8SMo Zinc Nitrate, 10% 175 18-8s 18-8SMo
300; 200 A-20 Zinqo~lfate
Spirits of Wine 18-8s I 18-8Shlo 18-8SMo A-20
Satirated 18-8SMo A-20
Starch Solution 100 18-8s ~ 18-8SMo
Aloyco 18-8s Stainless Steel Aloyco 18-8s ELC Stainless Steel

ASTM A351 Grade CF8 ASTM A351 Grade CF3
Chemlcrl Requlrementr percent Chemical Requlromento percent
Carbon . . . .._............. .......... 0.08 Max. Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._..._.... 0.03 Max.
Manganese .......... 1 SO Max. Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........._ 1SO Max.
Phosphorus . . . .. .......... 0.04 Max. Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._..._.. 0.04 Max.
Sulfur . . ......... 0.04 Max. Sulfur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._.........._............... 0.04 Max.
bdicon .......... 2.00 Max. Silicon . . . . . . . .._.................._.........._._ 2.00 Max.
Chromum .......... 18.00 to 21.00 Chromium .. . . . . .._ 17.00 to 21.00
Nickel .._... . . . . . .......... 8.00 to 11.oo Nickel . ............ . ........ .... ... 8.00 to 12.00
(continued)
Aloyco 18.8SMo Stainless Steel ASTM A351 Grade CFEM Cast Nickel-Molybdenum Alloy
Chemlcel Aequlrementr percent
Aloyco N-2
Carbon.. ........................................ 0.06 Max.
Manganese ...................................... 1.50 Max. ASTM A744 Grade N-12M
Phosphorus .................................... 0.040 Max. ASTM A494 Grade N-12M-1
Sulfur ........................................... 0.040 Max.
Chemlcel Requlrementr percanl
S&con .......................................... 1.50 Max.
Nrckel ...................................... Remamder
Chromrum ....................................... 16.00 lo 21.00
Molybdenum ................................ 26.0 lo 30.0
Nrckel .......................................... 9.00 to 12.00
Manganese ................................. 1.O Max.
Molybdenum .................................... 2.00 to 3.00
Srhcon ..................................... 1.O Max
Aloyco 18-8SMo ELC Stainless Steel Iron ........................................ 4.0 to 6.0
ASTM A351 Grade CF3M Carbon.. ................................... 0 12 Max.
Chemlcel Requlfementa percent Vanadium ................................ 0 20 IO 0.60
Carbon .......................................... 0.03 Max. Chromium .................................. 1.W Max.
Manganese ...................................... 1 SO Max.
Phosphorus ..................................... 0.04 Max. Cast Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy
Sullur ........................................... 0.04Max. Atoyco N-3
Srlicon .......................................... 1.50 Max.
Chromium ..................................... ..17.~lO 21.00
ASTM A944 Grade CW-12M
Nrckel ........................................... 9.Wlo13.W ASTM A494 Grade CW-12M-1
Molybdenum ..................................... 2.00 IO 3.00 Chemical Requlremenle percent
Aloyco 18-8 SCb Stainless Steel Nickel ...................................... Remainder
ASTM A351 Grade CFEC Chromium.. ................................ 15 5 IO 17.5
Chemical Requlremenlr petcent Molybdenum ................................ 16.0 to 16.0
Carbon ......................................... 0.06 Max. Tungsten ................................... 3 75 IO 5.25
Manganese ...................................... 1SO Max. Iron ........................................ 4.5 IO 7.5
Phosphorus .................................... 0.04 Max. Manganese ................................ 1.O Max
Sullur ........................................... 0.04 Max. Sihcon ..................................... 1.O Max.
Srhcon ....................................... 2.00 Max Vanadrum ................................. 0.20 to 0 40
Chromrum ............................. 16.00 IO 21.0 Carbon ..................................... 0.12 Max.
Nickel .................. .... 9010 12.0.
Columbrum ........ .6 Carbon Mm - 1.0 Max.
Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy
AIC~CC 20 ASTM A351 Grade CN-7M
Aloyco lnconel
Chemlcel Requlrementr pwcont
Carbon .......................... 0.07 Max. ASTM A744lA494 Grade CY-40
Manganese ............................... 1.50 Max. Chemlcel Requlramanlr percent
Phosphorus ................................ 0.04 Man. Nickel ...................................... Remamcler
Sullur ....................................... 0.64 Max. Chromium .................................. 14.0 to 17.0
S~lrcon .......................................... 1.50 Max. Carbon ..................................... 0.40 Max.
Chromium ....................................... 19.0 to 22.0 Iron ........................................ 11 .O Max.
NIckeI ........................................... 27.5 lo 30.5 Manganese ................................. 1.56 Max.
Molybdenum .................................... 2.0 IO 3.0 Silicon ..................................... 3.00 Max.
Copper.. ........................................ 3.0 IO 4.0
Tenelle Requlremantr
AI~YCC CD-~ ASTM A351 Grade CD4MCu Tensrle Slranglh. psi ........................ 70000 Mm.
Chemicel Requirements percent Yreld Stranglh. psi .......................... 26000 Mm.
Carbon ......................................... 0.04 Max. Elongabon. percenl in z’ .................... 30 Mm.
Manganese ................................... 1.00 Max.
Srhcon ......................................... 1.OOMax. NIckelCopper Alloy
Sulfur .......................................... 0 04 Max
Aloyco Monel
Phosphorus ...... ........................ 0 04 Max.
Chromwm ..................... 24.510 26.5
ASTM A744lA494 Grade M-35
Nickel ... 4 75 to 6.00 Chamlcel Roqulramenle percant
Molybdenum .......................... 1.75 IO 2.25 Nrckel ...................................... Remainder
Copper ............................ 2.75 to 3.25 copper ..................................... 26.0 lo 33.0
Srlicon ..................................... 2.00 Max.
Nickel ASTM A744lA494 Grade C&l00
Iron ........................................ 3.56 Max.
Chemlcel Requlrementa perconl
Manganese ................................. .50 Max.
Srlicon .......................................... 2.00 Max.
Carbon ..................................... 0.35 Max.
Carbon.. ........................................ 1.00 Max.
Manganese ...................................... 1.50 Max. Tenrlle Requlremente
Iron ............................................. 3.00 Max. Tensile Slrength. psr ........................ 65000 Min.
Copper .......................................... 1.25 Max. Yreld SlrengIh. psi .......................... 3OooO Mm.
Nrckel ........................................... 95.0 Min. Elongabon. percenl in 2 .................... 25 Mtn.

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 725: Substance or Process Conditions Temp. Subrtanco or Procorr Conditions Lamp

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Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 725: Substance or Process Conditions Temp. Subrtanco or Procorr Conditions Lamp

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Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 725

TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING

Results of ILLIUM 98 and ILLIUM B in Tested Applications

Corrosion Rate Corrosion Rate

Sulfuric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid

101% Phosphoric, 8b0/e Sulfuric Acids,

(Super Phosphoric) 300’ 0.0053

98% Phosphoric with 7% Hydrofluoric,

sulfuric and 90% Sulfuric Acids,

fluorine compounds 390-460' 0.0066 3% Water 60' None

Acid 1bO* 0.0021 NJ.’

Results of I LLIUM G in Tested Applications

Code: R = Recommended for use-quantitative test results not furnished

TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING (continued)

TABLE 5.19: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-STAINLESS FOUNDRY & ENGINEERING (continued)

Temp. Tamp. Rare

Note No. l-MERCURY-In common with other complex alloys, llllurn G

Note No. 2-MOLTEN SULFUR-Tests conducted in molten sulfur indi-

TABLE 5.20: NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS-WALL COLMONOY

Corrosive media in which Colmonoy nickel alloys are generally resistant

Acetic Acid (cold) Ethylene Glycol Petfoleum Oils

wnt, ch*moul shipping drums.

I Fu~ee mutfkn. &c.tmnic compbwnta. chemiut and

Exd*m n,t,b”r_ ._ i._ .__i__. _. __-_:____ C___. _.__I___

_:_ .,__. _..__.__,__.._ .

TABLE 5.22: NICKEL-BASE RODS, ELECTRODES AND WIRES-CABOT STELLITE

DELORO alloy A 15 0.75 4 - - 4 Bal. - 3.5 - C-57

HASTELLOY B 17 0.1 - - 17 6 Bal. - - 5 B-96, C-37”

HAYNES alloy A 27 2.7 1 1’ 6 23 Bat 12 - 3 c-40. C-43”’

HAYNES alloy A 26 1.1 1.5’ 1’ 3 29 23 11 0.5 3.5 C-30, C-32”’

HAYNES alloy A 17 0.4 1’ 1’ 17 5.5 Bat 6.5’ - 4.5 C-27”: C-39”

HAYNES alloy D 29 1.1 1.5’ 1’ 5.5 3’ Bal. 3’ 0.6 2 c-37

Comparativa Corrosion Data*

Gas Tunasten Arc Deoosits

DELORO DELORO DELORO STELLITE HAYNES

Acetic Acid 30%, Boiling E U U U E E

Nitric Acid 65%. 150 deg. F S U U U U U

Formic Acid 60%. Boiling E S S G E E

Sulfuric Acid 5%. 150 deg. F E U U U E U

‘Five 24-hr. test periods. Deter- Code:

Air g* At temperatures over 300°C S.S.

Alkaline solutions aqueous At pH > 9, moderate temperatures some corrosion “C “F Ta Sb Ti 304 Pt

TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI

Corrosion Resistance of Tantalum

TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI (continued)

Ammonium nitrate Hydrofluoric acid Sodium hydroxide, dilute V

KBI-40 Corrosion Information

Solution Salt TemDerature. ‘C Pure Ta KBI-40 Pure Cb

20% HISO., - 190 nil nil -

TABLE 5.24: TANTALUM AND TANTALUM-COLUMBIUM ALLOY-CABOT KBI hminued)

Solution Salt Temperature, oC Pure Ta KBI-40 Pure Cb

z&0 H,SO, - 123 boil nil <l -

60% H*SO., - 100 nil nil -

70% H2S04 - 100 nil nil -

85% H-SO. - 260 5 - -

93% H-SO. - 260 15 - -

96% HSO. - 260 21 - -

80% H,SO. 10Y0 NaCl 141 boil nil 1 49

TABLE 5.25: TITANIUM-INDUSTRIAL TITANIUM

COMMERCIALLY PURETITANIUM IS BEING USEDSUCCESSFULLY IN ALLOFTHE FOLLOWING MEDIA.

Aluminum Hydroxide Copper Nitrate Potassium Bromide Sodium Bisulphate

Acetic Acid Chromic Acid CR Nitrous Acid Stearfc Acid

Alcohol- Methyl, Propyl Chlorine Gas-Moist Only Furfural Phenol

Exd*m n,t,b”r_ ._ i._ .i. _. __-_:__ C_. _.I_

_:_ .,__. _...,__.._ .