COMBUSTION PROCESSES

1) Decide in each case which is the correct option and indicate the part of the text
where you found the information to solve the exercise.
a) The reduction of dioxin emissions is a key environmental objective because:
• More and more is known about the toxic effects of dioxins
• It is necessary to know more about the toxic effects of dioxins
• None of these reasons
b) The term dioxin refers to:
• TCDD and TCDF compounds
• Compounds derived from TCDD and TCDF
• Dioxins and furans with similar properties and structures
c) The main source of dioxins in the United States is:
• Chemical process industries
• Hospital waste incinerators
• The combination of several of these sources.

2) Answer the following questions

a) How is the TEQ of a mixture calculated?

the individual compounds that are calculated based on their concentrations and
specific toxic equivalent factors (TEFs)

b) What role do chlorine and its derivatives play in the formation of dioxins?
The main measures, applied during the combustion process, include maintaining an
adequate residence time in the post-combustion chamber at temperatures of 850ºC for more
than 2 s

c) What oxygen concentration value is indicated and what happens below it?
The oxygen component of the combustion air so that it contains more than 6% oxygen;
maintaining a high degree of turbulence, providing a homogeneous gas mixture

d) The text indicates that a temperature between 200 and 400°C favors the formation of
dioxins. What do you propose to prevent this from happening?
The formation of dioxins is favored, and "lean spots" with less than 6% vol. of oxygen, to
maximize partial oxidation of chlorine-containing species. Furthermore, if rapid cooling
is applied, from 850º to 200º C, the formation of dioxins in the range of 200-400º C will
be avoided. To achieve this purpose, a boiler is provided.
3) Translate paragraphs 4, 5 and 6.