Accuracy - a measure of how

close a measurement is to the

true value of the quantity being
measured.

Example: Accuracy
Who is more accurate when measuring a
book that has a true length of 17.0cm?
Susan:
17.Ocm, 16.Ocm, 18.Ocm, 15.Ocm
Amy:
15.5cm, 15.0cm, 15.2cm, 15.3cm

Precision — a measure of how

close a series of measurements
are to one another. A measure of
how exact a measurement is.

Addition and Subtraction

When adding or subtracting, the answer has the same number of decimal places as
the
number with the fewest decimal places. The number of significant figures for the
result, then, is
determined by the usual rules after establishing the appropriate number of decimal
places.
Example:
3.0081 + 7.41 = 10.4181z10.42 has 2 decimal places and 2 sig. figs.
Multiplication and Division
In multiplication and division, the answer may have no more significant figures
than the
number in the chain with the fewest significant figures.
Example:
(9.97) (6.5) / 4.321=15 has 2 sig. figs.

Système International d'Unités (SI Units)

The SI units consist of seven base units and two supplementary units. For now,
we will only use the four base units listed below. Later we will talk about two
others. We will never use the seventh unit (candela), a unit for luminous
intensity.

Any other units can be constructed as a combination of fundamental units. For

example, velocity could be measured in meters per second (written m/s or m×s–1),
and area could be measured in units of meters squared (m2). When a named unit is
defined as a combination of base units, it is called a derived unit. For example,
the SI unit of energy is the joule (J), which is defined as a kg×m2×s–2. Note that
when a unit is named for some scientist (e.g., Joule, Herz, Kelvin) the written
name of the unit is not capitalized, but the abbreviation is capitalized.

All metric units can be related to larger or smaller units for the same
quantity by use of prefixes that imply multiplication of the stem unit by certain
powers of 10. The following prefixes are important to know.

Seven base SI units

Length - meter (m)
Time - second (s)
Amount of substance - mole (mole)
Electric current - ampere (A)
Temperature - kelvin (K)
Luminous intensity - candela (cd)
Mass - kilogram (kg)

SI UNIT OF PREFIXES
Name Symbol Value
giga G 10^9
mega M 10^6
kilo k 10^3
hecto h 10^2
deka da 10^1

deci d 10^-1
centi c 10^-2
milli m 10^-3
micro μ 10^-6
nano n 10^-9
pico p 10^-12

Metric to English
English to Metric
Length
1.00 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1.00 in. /2.54 cm
2.54 cm/ 1.00 in.
1.00 meter = 39.4 inches 39.4 in / 1.00 m
1.00 m/ 39.4 in.
1.00 kilometer = 0.621 mile 0.621 mi/ 1.00 km
1.00 km/ 0.621 mi

Mass
1.00 pound = 454 grams 1.00 lb/ 454 g
454 g/ 1.00 lb
1.00 kilogram = 2.20 pounds 2.20 lb/ 1.00 kg
1.00 kg/ 2.20 lb
1.00 ounce = 28.3 grams 1.00 oz/ 28.3 g
28.3 g / 1.00 oz

Volume
1.00 quart = 0.946 liter 1.00 qt/ 0.946 L
0.946 L/ 1.00 qt
1.00 liter = 0.265 gallon 0.265 gal/ 1.00 L
1.00 L/ 0.265 gal
1.00 milliliter = 0.034 fluid ounce 0.034 fl oz/ 1.00 mL
1.00 mL/ 0.034 fl oz

OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS AND CONSTANTS

Weight/Mass
16 ounces = 1 pound
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
454 grams = 1 pound
1 ton = 2000 pounds

Volume
1 liter = 1.0567 quarts
1 mL = 1 cm3
1 gallon = 3.78 liters
1 gallon = 4 quarts = 128 fluid ounces
1 quart = 2 pints = 32 fluid ounces
1 pint = 2 cups = 16 fluid ounces

Length/Distance
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometers
1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches = 0.9144 meters
1 meter = 39.37 inches = 3.281 feet = 1.094 yards
1 kilometer = 1094 yards = 0.6215 miles

Density of Water: 1.00 g/mL Energy: 1 cal = 4.184 J

Time
1 year = 365 days = 12 months = 52 weeks
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds

Pressure Units: 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.325 kPa = 101325 Pa = 1.01325 bar = 14.7 psi
= 29.92 inches Hg

Useful Constants:
Avogadro’s Number (NA) = 6.02 x 10^23 items / mole

Ideal Gas Constant (R) = 0.0821 mol⦁K/L⦁atm

Speed of Light (c) = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s

Planck’s Constant (h) = 6.63 x 10-34 J ⦁ s