Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471

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Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology

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Phenolic compounds in drumstick peel for the evaluation of antibacterial,

hemolytic and photocatalytic activities
T.V. Surendra a, Selvaraj Mohana Roopan a,⁎, Mariadhas Valan Arasu b,
Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi b, Makuteswaran Sridharan c
a
Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamilnadu, India
b
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
c
R.V. College of Engineering, Mysore Road, Bangalore 560059, Karnataka, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Most of the wastes emitted from the food processing industries are not utilized for any further purpose. The eco-
Received 20 May 2016 nomic value of the food waste is very less when compared to the collection or reuse or discard. To increase the
Received in revised form 8 June 2016 economic value we have to design the food waste as useful product or applicable in most of the current field.
Accepted 9 June 2016
Nothing is waste in this world with this concept we have investigated the phytochemical analysis of drumstick
Available online 11 June 2016
peel (Moringa oleifera). The result supports the presence of phenols, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides and tannins.
Keywords:
Since various functional groups containing molecules are present in the extract; it has been further subjected to
Drumstick peel extract antibacterial and hemolytic activities. To analysis the antibacterial studies we have employed human pathogenic
Phytochemical analysis Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium. The result of antibacterial activity clearly
Antibacterial activity shows that it possesses significant activity on both bacterial cultures. The hemolytic activity was performed on
Hemolytic activity red blood cells (RBCs). From this result we observed that drumstick peel extract has been considered as non-
Photocatalytic property toxic on RBCs. Malachite green was selected to perform photocatalytic activity. The results stated that the drum-
Malachite green stick peel extract possessed good behaviour towards photocatalytic investigation. The malachite green was de-
graded upto 99.7% using drumstick peel extract.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The whole plants and plant extracts are having many favourable and
advantages in many fields such as biological, medicinal and nanotech-
nology [1]. The plant extracts were act as a good source for extracting
many bioactive compounds which can be useful to treat many diseases
[2]. The Moringa oleifera is belongs to Moringaceae family and it can be
consider as one of the important medicinal plant in many countries.
Every portion of this tree for example pods, roots, leaves and stem
were behaving in positive aspects towards biological field [3]. The M.
oleifera has been deliberated as one of the abundant sources for the min-
erals, nutrition, vitamins and amino acids [4]. The qualitative phyto-
chemical literature resulted that the M. oleifera plant extract is rich in
phenols, β-sitosterol, flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids [5]. Also it can
be act as an immune modulator [6], helps in controlling the blood
sugar [7] and cholesterol level [8]. Especially, M. oleifera helps to fair an-
tiproliferative activity on cancerous human alveolar cells [9] and pan-
creatic cancer cells [10]. The M. oleifera extract and bioactive
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mohanaroopan.s@vit.ac.in, selvarajmohanaroopan@gmail.com
(S.M. Roopan).
compounds which are isolated from the different parts were shown
strong antimicrobial [11], anti-inflammatory [12], hepatoprotective
[13] and other therapeutic effects [14]. Earlier studies reported that
green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be achieved
using the extract of M. oleifera leaves [15].
Malachite green (MG) has been utilized as one of the dyestuff and
aquatic microbial agent. It also represented as basic green and the
chemical formula is C23H25N2Cl. The suitable solvent for MG is water,
ethanol and blue-green solutions. MG is one of the useful ingredients
in aquaculture industry due to its low cost and better efficiency against
protozoa and fungal organisms [16]. Also, it is commonly used in the
cotton, silk, paper, leather, paint industries [17]. But MG is the one of
the most dangerous dye which affects the human cells and causes
tumor formation in liver due to its toxicity [18] and genotoxic effects
[19]. Because of this reason, the toxic MG dye should eliminate from
the contaminated water and its effluents. Different purification methods
were reported to degrade the dye from waste water such as biological
purification [20], adsorption method [21], photocatalytical degradation
[22], sunlight irradiation [23] and sonochemical degradation [24]. Cur-
rently, degradation of the toxic dyes using photocatalyst gaining more
importance due to the less toxic to nature and low cost. Among the ver-
ities of photocatalyst, the naturally available and cost effective plant

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.013
1011-1344/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
464 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471
extracts have been consider as good source to degrade the MG dye. The
plant extracts are the abundant source for the presence of different bio-
logical and catalytic amount of bioorganic compounds. The M. oleifera is
also one of the important sources for different chemical constituents. In
this present work, we have decided to find a novel and easily available
photocatalyst to degrade MG dye. As a result we found drumstick peel
extract as a good photocatalyst to degrade the MG dye. Further we ex-
plored the drumstick peel extract for antibacterial activity against
human pathogenic bacterium. In addition to that we herein report the
non-toxicity nature of drumstick peel using haemolytic assay. Also we
have done qualitative phytochemical analysis and GC–MS analysis of
drumstick peel extract to find the active ingredient which in present
in it.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Drumstick Collection
Drumsticks were purchased from the local market, Vellore
(12.9202° N, 79.1333° E), Tamil Nadu, India. The peel was authenticated
as BSI/SRC/S/23/2013-14/tech. 1116 from Botanical Survey of India,
Coimbatore.
2.2. Preparation of Drumstick Peel Extract
The peel was separated from the drumsticks and cleaned several
times with distilled water and powdered using electrical grinder. The
extract was prepared by methanol by maceration method, solvent was
distilled off and the extract was concentrated to syrupy consistency
under controlled temperature using distillation apparatus.
2.3. Phytochemical Screening of Drumstick Peel Extract
The different chemical groups which are present in drumstick peel
were identified using preliminary phytochemical analysis [25].
2.3.1. Phenol Test
2.3.1.1. Ferric Chloride Test. About 1 mL of drumstick peel extract was
added to the few drops of ferric chloride solution, intense green color
formation indicates the presence of phenol.
Table 1
Phytochemical test of petroleum ether extract of drumstick peel extract.
Sl. no Test
1 Phenol
Ferric chloride test
2 Alkaloids
Dragendorff's test
Wagner's test
Hager's test
Mayer's test
3 Carbohydrates
Molisch's test
4 Flavanoids
Shinoda test
Alkaline reagent test
Zinc hydrochloride test
5 Glycosides
Liebermanns Butchard test
Legal test
Keller Killani test
6 Tannins
Ferric chloride test
2.3.2. Alkaloid Test
2.3.2.1. Mayer's Test. Mayer's reagent prepared using 1.358 g of HgCl2
mixture in 60 mL H2O and 5 g of KI in 10 mL of H2O. The Mayer's reagent
(2 mL) was added to 1 mL of drumstick peel extract and heated few min
in the presence of HCl. The yellow formation as precipitate concludes al-
kaloids presence in drumstick peel.
2.3.2.2. Wagner's Test. Wagner's reagent prepared using the mixture of
Iodine and KI. The drumstick peel extract was added to the Wagner's re-
agent and 2 mL of HCl followed by heat the mixture for few min. The for-
mation of brown or reddish color precipitate is the evidence for the
presence of alkaloids.
2.3.2.3. Dragendroff's Test. The potassium Iodide and bismuth nitrate
were used for the preparation of Dragendroff's reagent. The drumstick
peel extract was mixed with 1 mL of Dragendroff's reagent and heated
gently. A positive will show turbid orange color.
2.3.2.4. Hager's Test. The drumstick peel extract (2 mL) was added to the
2 mL of the Hager's reagent. The formation of precipitate indicates the
presence of alkaloids.
2.3.3. Test for Carbohydrates
2.3.3.1. Molisch's Test. About 2 mL of Molisch's reagent was added to the
methanolic extract of drumstick peel and heated gently for 2 min. The
formation of violet ring in the test tube indicates the presence of
carbohydrates.
2.3.4. Test for Flavonoids
2.3.4.1. Alkaline Reagent Test. The sodium hydroxide solution (1 mL drop
by drop) was added to 1 mL of drumstick peel extract and it forms the
intense yellow color. The yellow color should turn into colourless on ad-
dition of dil. HCl.
2.3.4.2. Shinoda Test. The few fragments of magnesium ribbon were
added to the drumstick peel extract and then around 1 mL of Con. HCl
was added drop wise. The crimson red color appearance indicates the
presence of flavanoids.
2.3.5. Test for Glycosides
2.3.5.1. Borntrager's Test. About 1 mL of drumstick peel extract was hy-
Extract
drolyzed with dil. HCl and heated for 30 s. Then ferric chloride solution
was added in it and boiled for 5 min followed by allow the mixture to
+ cool it. About 1 mL benzene was added after cooling, benzene layer
was appeared. Then ammonia solution was added to the benzene
+
+
layer and the development of pink color shows glycosides presence in
− drumstick extract.
+
+
2.3.5.2. Keller Killani Test. The drumstick peel extract (1 mL) was auxilia-
ry to glacial acetic acid (1 mL) containing trace elements of ferric chlo-
− ride. Then the mixture was transferred to the small test tube and
+ about 5 mL Con. H2SO4 was added slowly. Blue color appears in the
+ acetic acid layer indicated the presence of glycosides.
+
− 2.3.5.3. Legal Test. This test has done to identify the presence of cardiac
+ glycosides. Few drops of sodium nitropruside and sodium hydroxide
were added to the drumstick peel extract. The pink color turns to
+
blood red color indicates the presence of glycosides.
 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471 465

Table 2
GC–MS analysis for the chemical composition of drumstick peel extract.

S. no RT Area % Structure & name of the compound

1 5.90 1.763 Unknown compound

2 12.89 2.808 Unknown compound
3 13.16 0.648 Unknown compound
4 16.78 0.976

5 17.69 2.831

6 18.11 14.441 Unknown compound

7 18.35 3.118

8 19.30 3.979 Unknown compound

9 19.36 1.164

10 19.72 4.945

11 19.78 8.383

12 19.90 2.543

13 20.00 6.777

14 20.12 2.062

15 20.20 2.547

16 20.40 2.005 Unknown compound

17 21.38 2.467

18 21.82 10.163

19 22.43 1.832

20 22.64 3.897

21 22.73 3.460

(continued on next page)

466 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471

Table 2 (continued)

S. no RT Area % Structure & name of the compound

22 22.91 5.664

23 23.01 2.098

24 23.09 1.163 Unknown compound

25 23.34 1.231 Unknown compound
26 23.55 0.587 Unknown compound
27 24.24 1.099

28 24.97 0.610 Unknown compound

29 25.66 0.712

30 28.42 0.796

31 28.67 1.045

32 29.34 2.482

2.3.6. Test for Tannins 2.5. Antibacterial Activity of Drumstick Peel Extract

2.3.6.1. Ferric Chloride Test. About 3–4 drops of ferric chloride solution
was mixed with 1 mL of drumstick peel extract, the formation of purple
color indicates the presence of tannins.
2.4. GC–MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds
The drumstick peel chemical composition has been subjected to GC–
MS (Hewlett-Packard, USA). The GCD-HP1800A system was used in
GCMS. The ionization energy (70 eV) was used for the detection of
GC–MS and the detection was passed under high vacuum (10–4 to
10–8 Torr). The gas which we have used for this analysis is helium at
the constant flow rate (1 mL/min). The mass transfer line and injector
temperature was fixed at 280 and 250 °C. The bioactive compounds
which are present in the M. oleifera peel were matched with computer
library (NIST) and reported.
The antibacterial efficiency of the methanolic extract of drumstick
peel was deliberate using well diffusion method. The human pathogenic
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial
cultures [26] are clinically isolated and were used to check the antibac-
terial activity. Bacterial strains were inoculated with in nutrient agar
plate. Then both bacterial strains were streaked over petri plate using
cotton swab. The well was punched using well borer with 7 mm diam-
eter. The drumstick peel extract (25 μL) was added to the well. The
plates were incubated for 24 h at room temperature. The positive con-
trol which we have used for this study was Amoxicillin-1. The distilled
water was used as negative control.
2.6. Hemolytic Action of Drumstick Peel Extract
The in vitro hemolytic activity of methanolic extract of drumstick
was carried out by counting red blood cells (RBCs) which are released
 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471
Fig. 1. Antibacterial activity of drumstick peel extract 1) S. aureus 2) E. coli.
from haemoglobin. The human blood (B + Ve) sample was collected
from male volunteer (25 years old). The sample container is made
with lithium heparin and sterile one. The human blood sample was cen-
trifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min for the collection of supernatant and it
was washed several times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at
pH 7.4 to get pure pellet. The different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and
100 μL) of the methanolic peel extracts were further mixed with PBS
Fig. 2. Mechanism of action of drumstick peel extract against bacterial cell.
467
and it made upto 1 mL. The RBCs in PBS was used a negative control
and the positive control was used as Triton-X100 (1%) solution. The
shacking incubator was used for the incubation of reaction mixtures at
37 °C for 1 h [27]. The upper layer was collected after the centrifugation
of reaction mixtures at 1500 rpm for 10 min and the upper layer was
monitored at 540 nm. The percentage of hemolysis was deliberate as
(As − Anc / Apc − Anc).where,
As = absorbance of sample
Anc = absorbance of negative control
Apc = absorbance of positive control.
2.7. Photocatalytic Activity of Drumstick Peel Extract
The photocatalytic degradation capacity of the drumstick peel ex-
tract was evaluated against MG dye by UV irradiation method. The
MG stock solution (1 mg/100 mL) was prepared using distilled water.
To determine the photocatalytic activity, the drumstick peel extract
(0.25 mg) was further added to MG solution (20 mL). The reaction mix-
ture was placed in Heber multi lamp photo reactor for 30 min under
stirring. Around 30 °C was maintained for the experiment [28]. Every
5 min intervals, 3 mL reaction mixture was collected for recording
UV–Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu, USA) to measure the degradation of
468 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471

Table 3 Table 4
Hemolytic analysis of drumstick peel extract on RBCs. Malachite green degradation using various sources.

Sample Hemolytic activity (%) S. no Various sources Dye Percentage References

Control 1.19 ± 0.15 1 Solar radiation ZnO NPs Malachite green 97.7 [38]
1% Triton X-100 (25 μL) 100 ± 0.0 2 Microwave radiation ZnO NPs Malachite green 82.5 [38]
Extract 25 μL 1.20 ± 0.09 3 Ultrasound radiation ZnO NPs Malachite green 99.25 [38]
Extract 50 μL 1.21 ± 0.11 4 Trichoderma sp. Malachite green 86.74 [39]
Extract 75 μL 1.24 ± 0.12 5 TiO2 NPs Malachite green 79 [40]
Extract 100 μL 1.28 ± 0.13 6 TiO2 nanotubes Malachite green 80 [41]
7 Cosmarium sp. (dead cells) Malachite green 63 [42]
Experiments are in triplicates and the results are presented as a mean ± standard.
8 Cosmarium sp. (live cells) Malachite green 74 [42]
OD540 nm is optical density at 540 nm.
9 Mesoporous carbon adsorbent Malachite green 99 [43]
10 Pb NPs Malachite green 86 [44]
11 Drumstick extract malachite green 99.3 Our report
MG dye. The pseudo first order kinetic reaction [21] was used to calcu-
late the accurate and percentage of degradation of MG as follows;

ln ðC=C0Þ ¼ −kt

where, glycosides and tannins. The information which we have observed

from the preliminary phytochemical analysis will be finding out the
C final concentration of the CV solution lenity of the drug. These analysis results of the drumstick peel extract
C0 initial concentration of the MG solution reveals that the alkaloids may be involving in the plant metabolism
k rate of reaction constant and sequences. As well as presence of the tannins indicating that it may
t time. show cytotoxic activity against organism affected form bacteria and
fungi. The presences of flavanoids are responsible for the free radical
3. Results and Discussion scavenging properties. The presence of the steroidal glycoside and
cardiac glycosides in drumstick extract may be the responsible factor
3.1. Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Drumstick Peel for cardiovascular agent and anti-inflammatory agent. The results of
the preliminary phytochemical screening are stated that the drum-
Table 1 shows a preliminary phytochemical analysis result which stick extract is medicinally and therapeutically important source
shows the presence of phenol, alkaloids, flavanoids, carbohydrates, [29].

Fig. 3. Dye degradation capacity of drumstick peel extract (a) MG degradation (b) % of degradation(c) C/Co (d) ln C/Co which follow pseudo first order kinetic reaction.
 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471
Fig. 4. Effect of drumstick peel as photocatalyst.
3.2. GC–MS Performance of Bioactive Compounds from Drumstick Peel
The GC–MS performance of the methanolic extract of drumstick peel
was recorded. The major chemical constituents which are present in the
extract were identified as (6Z,28Z)-hepta triaconta-6,28-dien-2-one
(0.976%), methyl 11-methyldodecanoate (2.831%), ethyl 14-methyl
hexadecanoate (3.118%), (7E,11E,14E)-methylicosa-7,11,14-trienoate
(1.164%), 4-pentyl tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran 1,1-dioxide (4.945%),
Fig. 5. FTIR spectra of (a) malachite green dye before degradation (b) drumstick peel
extract (c) dye after degradation.
469
(9E,12E)-ethyl hexadeca-9,12-dienoate (8.383%), (9E,12E)-propyl
hexadeca-9,12-dienoate (2.543%), stearic acid (6.777%), (Z)-5,8-di-
methyl-3,4,5,6-tetra hydrooxonin-2(9H)-one (2.062%), (Z)-1-
chlorooctadec-9-ene (2.547%), (E)-2-ethylhexyl-3-(4-
methoxyphenyl)acrylate (2.467%), (E)-2-ethylhexyl-3-(4-methoxy
phenyl)acrylate (10.163%), trimethylsilyl tetracosanoate (1.832%),
cinnamyl acrylate (3.897%), icosyl 2-ethyl butanoate (3.460%), (E)-1-
phenyl hept-1-en-3-ol (5.664%), 7-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-
1,4b,7-trimethyl-4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-deca hydrophenanthren
2(3H)-one (2.098%), nonyl pentadecyl formate (1.099%),
hentriacontane (0.712%), (11E,14E)-methyl icosa-11,14-dienoate
(0.796%), 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexa methyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxa trisilinane
(1.045%), (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-((R)-6-
methylheptan-2-yl) 2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-
tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl-carbonochloride
(2.482%) (Table 2). In these (E)-2-ethylhexyl-3-(4-
methoxyphenyl)acrylate has been present major quantity.
3.3. Antibacterial Activity of Drumstick Peel
Fig. 1 shows the antibacterial activity of drumstick peel extract
against Gram positive (S. aureus) and Gram negative (E. coli) microor-
ganisms. The drumstick extract displays similar zone of inhibition on
both S. aureus and E. coli strains. The results stated that drumstick peel
extract shows significant antibacterial activity on both the strains. This
may be outstanding of antibacterial compounds present in the drum-
stick peel extract. The mechanism of antibacterial activity of the drum-
stick peel extract suggesting the damaging of cell membrane due to the
free radicals generated biological compounds which are present in the
extract [30]. The nucleic acid components and negatively charged bio-
logical components of drumstick peel extract can directly react with
bacterial culture. This may be leads to the damage of bacterial cell wall
470 T.V. Surendra et al. / Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 161 (2016) 463–471
and membranes and causes trouble of the metabolic process and it leads
to cell death [31]. However, drumstick peel extract can occupy in the cy-
toplasmic membrane of bacteria and causing membrane permeability
with following cell death [32].
3.4. Mechanism of Action of Drumstick Peel Extract against Bacterial Cell
The drumstick peel extract entrapped CeO2 nanoparticles exhibit
good antibacterial activity due to the presence of bioorganic phase in
the nanoparticles [33]. Herein Fig. 2 clearly shows the mechanism of an-
tibacterial activity of the methanolic peel extract of drumstick. The
drumstick peel extract can attach directly to the cell membrane and it
can enter inside the bacteria [34]. Normally, bacterial membrane is filled
with many sulfur-containing proteins; extract directly interacts with
these proteins which are present in the cell wall and with the phospho-
rus-containing DNA. The extract first disturbs the respiratory chain of
the bacterial body and it can participate in cell division process, this
may leads cell death [35]. The cell death may depends on the DNA re-
laxed and condensed state.
3.5. Hemolytic Activity of Drumstick Peel Extract
The hemolytic activity of drumstick peel extract was determined for
the measuring the biocompatibility on RBCs. The peel extract has been
found as good hemolytic activity against RBCs. Table 3, results the he-
molytic capacity of the methanolic extract of drumstick peel at different
concentration. It may be due to the different phenol, tannins and
flavanoids which are present in the peel extract [36]. The efficiency of
the hemolysis may associate with an antioxidant capacity in plasma
and a reduction process in the susceptibility of erythrocyte membranes.
This may reduce the pressure on free radical-induced oxidative damage
to the erythrocytes and enhanced the resistance to hemolysis [37]. The
results of this assay suggested the methanolic extract of the drumstick
peel have good hemolytic activity.
3.6. Photocatalytic Activity of Drumstick Peel Extract
Photocatalytic activity of the drumstick peel extract was evaluated
by MG dye degradation under UV irradiation at 254 nm. The maximum
absorbance range of the MG is 615 nm. We have studied the degrada-
tion of the MG dye using the UV–Vis spectroscopy; it confirms that de-
cline in absorbance at 615 nm (Fig. 3). We have calculated the
percentage of dye degradation as 99.39% (Fig. 3), during 2 h of reaction
time. There are various reports for the degradation of MG (Table 4) but
our natural source of drumstick peel has been acted as good
photocatalyst among the all [38–44].
3.7. Effect of Drumstick Peel as Photocatalyst
The photocatalytic efficiency of the methanolic extract of drumstick
peel on the degradation of dye was depending on the phenolic com-
pounds which are present in the extract. Fig. 4 was clearly proved the ef-
fect of drumstick peel extract in photocatalytic behaviour against MG.
The reaction was performed with 0.2 mg of the drumstick peel extract
and 1 mg of the MG stock solution in 100 mL distilled water under UV
irradiation at particular wavelength (254 nm). The UV- Vis spectrum
were confirmed that photocatalytic activity of the drumstick peel ex-
tract much better than other photocatalysts such as nanomaterials,
composites etc., (Table 4) This may due to the direct interaction of the
\\OH group containing compounds of the extract.
The photocatalytic degradation involves the photons and a catalyst,
electrons were occupied the separate energy levels in atom. Further,
each and every single energy level is split into many energy levels and
it depends on the atoms [45]. Consequently, the resulting energy levels
are very close and these can help in the formation of energy bands. The
photocatalyst is useful for the filing of the atoms with electron by dona-
tion the energy and make a conductivity band [46].
The electronic relay effect is also one of the important phenomenon
which are involved in the photocatalytic activity. The electron relay ef-
fect of peel extract act as a redox catalyst and it is involved in the elec-
tron transformation form donor to MG dye [47]. The catalytic
competence of the extracts depends up on the reduction potentiality
of the extract. The drumstick peel extract has number of electronic do-
nating compounds which can participate in the reduction of the MG
dye. These reports stated the methanolic extract of drumstick peel can
use as photocatalyst in the process of dye degradation.
3.8. Functional Group Confirmation Using FTIR
The find the response for the degradation of MG we have decided to
analyse the drumstick extract using FTIR. The gummy natures of the
drumstick extract, MG before and after degradation were subjected to
FTIR and the obtained results are given in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5a we can ob-
serve that there is an\\OH peak at 3329 cm−1 and sp3 CH stretching at
2927 cm−1 which may be due to the presence of phenolic compounds
in drumstick peel extract. MG before (Fig. 5a) and after (Fig. 5c) degra-
dation there is a remarkable changes in FTIR. After the degradation of
MG we can notice that the disappearance of CH stretching and C_C
peaks at 2927, 1585 cm−1. This clearly indicates that MG degrades
due to the presence of phenolic compounds in the drumstick peel ex-
tract and which may act as a photocatalyst. Even drumstick extract
can also be used to synthesize green nanoparticles [48].
4. Conclusion
In this present work, the methanolic drumstick peel has been con-
firmed as one of the important origin for the phytochemicals. Phyto-
chemicals are useful as medicinal and therapeutic agents. When
compare to the chemical antimicrobial agents [49] always naturally
available i.e. drumstick peel extract will be the good antimicrobial
agent. Also, the hemolytic activity drumstick peel extract has evaluated
on RBCs, it was suggested as the extract has been consider as non-toxic
to the RBCs [50]. The photocatalytic effect of the drumstick peel on the
MG dye was resulted the 99.7% degradation capacity.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank VIT University for providing good
research facilities to carry out this work. Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi and
Valan Arasu extend their sincere thankfulness to the Deanship of Scien-
tific Research, King Saud University for its funding to Prolific Research
Group (PRG-1437-28).
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