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Astm E779 - Air Leakage by Fan Pressurization
Astm E779 - Air Leakage by Fan Pressurization
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers a standardized technique for 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
measuring air-leakage rates through a building envelope under 3.1.1 air-change rate, n—air-leakage rate in volume units/h
controlled pressurization and de-pressurization. divided by the building space volume with identical volume
1.2 This test method is applicable to small temperature units, normally expressed as air changes/h, ACT–.
differentials and low-wind pressure conditions. For tests con- 3.1.2 air-leakage graph, n—the graph that shows the rela-
ducted in the field, it must be recognized that field conditions tionship of measured airflow rates to the corresponding mea-
may be less than ideal. Nevertheless, strong winds and large sured pressure differences, usually plotted on a log-log scale.
indoor-outdoor temperature differentials should be avoided. 3.1.3 air-leakage rate, n—the volume of air movement/unit
1.3 This test method is intended to produce a measure of air time across the building envelope.
tightness of a building envelope. This test method does not 3.1.3.1 Discussion—This movement includes flow through
measure air leakage rates under normal conditions of weather joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or a combination thereof.
and building operation. To measure air-change rate directly, use The driving force for such an air leakage, in service can be
the tracer gas dilution method (see Test Method E 741). either mechanical pressurization and de-pressurization, natural
1.4 This test method is intended for the measurement of the wind pressures, or air temperature differentials between the
airtightness of building envelopes of single-zone buildings. For building interior and the outdoors, or a combination thereof.
the purpose of this test method, many multi-zone buildings can 3.1.4 building envelope, n—the boundary or barrier sepa-
be treated as single-zone buildings by opening interior doors or rating the interior volume of a building from the outside
by inducing equal pressures in adjacent zones. environment.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.4.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this test method, the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the interior volume is the deliberately conditioned space within a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- building, generally not including attics, basements, and at-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- tached structures, for example, garages, unless such spaces are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard connected to the heating and air conditioning system, such as
statements see Section 7. a crawl space plenum.
3.1.5 single zone, n—a space in which the pressure differ-
2. Referenced Documents ences between any two places, differ by no more than 5 % of
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 the inside to outside pressure difference.
E 741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single 3.1.5.1 Discussion—A multi-room space that is intercon-
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution. nected within itself with door-sized openings through any
E 1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur- partitions or floors is likely to satisfy this criterion if the fan
ization Devices airflow rate is less than 3 m3/s 6 3 103 ft3/min).
3.1.6 test pressure difference, n—the measured pressure
difference across the building envelope, expressed in Pascals
1
(in. of water or pounds-force/ft2 or in. of mercury).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on 3.2 Symbols and Units—See Table 1.
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41
on Air Leakage and Ventilation.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally
4. Summary of Test Method
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 779 – 99.
2
4.1 This test method consists of mechanical pressurization
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
or de-pressurization of a building and measurements of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on resulting airflow rates at given indoor-outdoor static pressure
the ASTM website. differences. From the relationship between the airflow rates
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
combustion equipment in the building. cautions against sucking debris or exhaust gases from fire-
5.3 The fan-pressurization method is simpler than tracer gas places and flues into the interior of the building. Active
measurements and is intended to characterize the air tightness combustion devices require a properly trained technician to
of the building envelope. It can be used to compare the relative shut them off or to determine the safety of conducting the test.
air tightness of several similar buildings, to identify the leakage
sources and rates of leakage from different components of the 8. Procedure
same building envelope, and to determine the air leakage 8.1 To create a single zone for this test procedure, all
reduction for individual retrofit measures applied incrementally interconnecting doors, except for closets, which should be
to an existing building, and to determine ventilation rates when closed, in the conditioned space should be opened such that a
combined with weather and leak location information. uniform pressure will be maintained within the conditioned
space to within 610 % of the measured inside/outside pressure
6. Apparatus difference. Verify this condition by differential pressure mea-
6.1 The following is a general description of the required surements at the highest pressure used in the test. Make these
apparatus. Any arrangement of equipment using the same measurements at the highest and lowest level of the building
principles and capable of performing the test procedure within and on the windward and leeward sides.
the allowable tolerances is permitted. 8.2 HVAC balancing dampers and registers should not be
6.2 Major Components: adjusted. Fireplace and other operable dampers should be
6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment—A fan, blower, or blower closed unless they are used to pass air to pressurize or
door assembly that is capable of moving air into and out of the de-pressurize the building.
conditioned space at required flow rates under a range of test 8.3 Make general observations of the condition of the
pressure differences. The system shall provide constant airflow building. Take notes on the windows, doors, opaque walls,
at each incremental pressure difference at fixed pressure for the roof, and floor.
period required to obtain readings of airflow rate. Where 8.4 Measure and record the indoor and outdoor tempera-
applicable, the HVAC system of the building may be used in tures at the beginning and the end of the test so that their
place of the fan or blower. average values can be estimated. If the product of the absolute
6.2.2 Pressure-Measuring Device—A manometer or pres- value of the indoor/outdoor air temperature difference multi-
sure indicator to measure pressure difference with an accuracy plied by the building height, gives a result greater than 200
of 65 % of measured pressure. m°C (1180 ft°F), do not perform the test, because the pressure
6.2.3 Airflow Measuring System—A device to measure difference induced by the stack effect is too large to allow
airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow. The accurate interpretation of the results.
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9.1 Unless the airflow measuring system gives volumetric
pressures measured at more than one height on the exterior flows at the pressure and the temperatures of the air flowing
walls. The pressures from each location should be averaged, through the flowmeter during the test, these readings must be
typically using a manifold. Average the pressures over at least converted using information obtained from the manufacturer
a 10-s time period. for the change in calibration with these parameters.
8.9 Measure zero flow pressures with the fan opening 9.2 Convert the readings of the airflow measuring system
blocked. These zero flow envelope pressures are measured (corrected as in 9.1, if necessary) to volumetric air flows at the
before and after the flow measurements. These zero flow temperature and barometric pressure, due to elevation changes
pressures are to be subtracted from the envelope pressures only, of the outside air for depressurization tests or of the inside
measured during pressurization and depressurization. air for pressurization tests (see Appendix X1). To convert the
NOTE 1—Some equipment may perform this step, or an equivalent step, airflow rate to air leakage rate for depressurization, use the
automatically. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions accordingly. following equation:
8.10 The range of the induced pressure difference shall be
from 10 to 60 Pa (0.04 to 0.24 in. H2O) depending on the
rin
Qo 5 Q r S D
out
(1)
capacity of the air-handling equipment. Because the capacity
of the air handling equipment, the tightness of the building, and where:
rin = the indoor air density, in kg/m3 (lb/ft3), and
the weather conditions affect leakage measurements, the full
FIG. 1 Recommended Locations for Exterior Pressures (Plan Views of Buildings—“X” Within Circles Mark Pressure Tap Locations)
pout = the outdoor air density, in kg/m3 (lb/ft3). 9.6.2 The leakage area AL, in m2, can be calculated from the
9.2.1 To convert the airflow rate to air leakage rate for corrected air leakage coefficient and the pressure exponent
pressurization, use the following equation: using a reference pressure (dPr) in Eq 5. Calculate the leakage
S D
areas separately for pressurization and depressurization:
rout
Qo 5 Q r
SD
(2)
S D
1
in ro 2 n2
1
AL 5 C o 2 ~dPr! 2 (5)
9.3 Average the zero flow envelope pressures measured
before and after the flow measurements. Subtract the average
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SD SD
µ
Co 5 C µ
o
2n 2 1 r
ro
12n
(4)
known), floor areas for conditioned space, attic, basement, and
crawl space, and volumes (optional) for conditioned spaces,
attic, basement, and crawl space.
where: 10.1.3 Condition of openings in building envelope includ-
µ = the dynamic viscosity of air, kg/m·s (lb/ft/h), and ing:
r = the air density, kg/m3(lb/ft3). 10.1.3.1 Doors, closed, locked or unlocked;
9.6.1 The unsubscripted quantities refer to the values under 10.1.3.2 Windows, closed, latched or unlatched;
the conditions of the test (indoor air for pressurization and 10.1.3.3 Ventilation openings, dampers closed or open;
outdoor air for pressurization), and the subscripted quantities to 10.1.3.4 Chimneys, dampers closed or open; and a
the values under the standard reference conditions. Appendix
10.1.3.5 Statement whether the test zone is interconnected
X1 contains the appropriate tables and equations for the
with at least door-sized openings. If not, the results of pressure
temperature and barometric pressure (elevation) variation of r
measurements between portions of the zone.
and µ.
10.1.4 HVAC system, including the location and sizes of
ducts that penetrate the test zone envelope.
10.2 Procedure, including the test equipment used (manu-
facturer, model, serial number), and calibration records of all
measuring equipment.
10.3 Measurement data, including:
10.3.1 Fan pressurization measurements (inside-outside
zero flow building pressure differences); inside and outside
temperature (at start and end of test) and the product of the
absolute value of the indoor/outdoor air temperature difference
multiplied by the building height; tabular list of all air leakage
measurements and calculations: time, building pressure differ-
ence, air density, nominal airflow rate, fan airflow rate, and air
leakage rate; and deviations from standard procedure.
10.3.2 Optional data, including wind speed/direction and
whether wind speed is estimated to exceed 0 to 2 m/s (0 to 4
mph).
FIG. 2 Example Air Leakage Graph 10.4 Calculations, including:
pressure other than 4 Pa is used; and, 12.1 air leakage; air-leakage rates; blower-door test; build-
10.4.3 An estimate of the confidence limits in accordance ing envelope; depressurization; energy conservation; fan pres-
with 9.7. surization testing; infiltration; pressurization; ventilation
11. Precision and Bias
11.1 The confidence limits calculated in 9.7 give an estimate 3
Murphy, W.E., Colliver, D.G. , and Piercy, L.R., “Repeatability and Reproduc-
of the uncertainty of the test results. The specific precision and ibility of Fan Pressurization Devices in Measuring Building Air Leakage,” ASHRAE
bias of this test method is dependent largely on the instrumen- Trans, Vol 97, Part 2, 1990.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. DEPENDENCE OF AIR DENSITY AND VISCOSITY ON TEMPERATURE AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (ELEVATION)
S D S D
0.0065 · E 5.2553 293 T = temperature (°F).
rin 5 1.2041 1 2 293 Tin 1 273 (X1.1) X1.1.1 The dynamic viscosity µ, in kg/(m·s), at temperature
T, in °C, can be obtained from Eq X1.5.
S
rout 5 1.2041 1 2
0.0065 · E
293 D S
5.2553 293
Tout 1 273 D (X1.2) µ5
b~T 1 273!0.5
s
1 1 T 1 273
(X1.5)
where:
E = elevation above sea level (m), where:
r = air density (kg/m3), and b = to 1.458 3 10−6; in kg/(m·s·K0.5);
T = temperature (°C). s = to 110.4, in K.
X1.1.1.1 For IP units the dynamic viscosity µ, in lb/(fthr), at
NOTE X1.1—The standard conditions used in calculations in this test
temperature T, in °F, can be obtained from Eq X1.6:
method are 20 °C (68 °F) for temperature, 1.2041 kg/m3(0.07517 lbm/ft3)
for air density, and mean sea level for elevation. b~T 1 460!0.5
µ5 (X1.6)
S D S D
s
0.0035666 · E 5.2553 528 1 1 T 1 460
rin 5 0.07517 1 2 528 Tin 1 460 (X1.3)
where:
S
rin 5 0.07517 1 2
0.0035666 · E
528 D S
5.2553 528
Tout 1 460 D (X1.4)
b = to 2.629 3 10−3; in lb/ (ft·h · °F0.5);
s = to 198.7, in °F.
S D
1
1 N N21 2 2 2
Sxy 5 N 2 1 ( ~xi 2 x̄!~yi 2 ȳ! (X2.6) Sy ~x! 5 Sn N Sx 1 ~x 2 x̄! (X2.15)
i51
and the confidence interval in the estimate of y using Eq
X2.1.2.1 Then the best estimate of n and ln (C) is given by
X2.1 at any x is
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the following:
Iy ~x! 5 Sy ~x! T ~95 %, N 2 2! (X2.16)
Sxy
n5 (X2.7) X2.1.2.5 The airflow rate Q, predicted by Eq 3 at any
S2x
pressure difference dP, therefore, lies in the interval:
ln ~C! 5 ȳ 2 n · x̄ (X2.8) ~Q · exp2ly~ln ~dP!! ,Q · exply~ln~dP!!! (X2.17)
with a probability of 95 %.
C 5 exp@ȳ 2 n · x̄# (X2.9) X2.1.2.6 It is this interval that should be used to estimate the
error in the leakage area or the airflow rate across the building
X2.1.2.2 The 95 % confidence limits for C and n can be
envelope or building envelope component at a reference
determined in the following equation. The variance of n is
pressure, for example 50 Pa. For example, the confidence
given by the estimate:
interval of the estimate of the leakage area AL using Eq 5 is as
S D
1
1 S2y 2 n · Sxy 2
follows:
Sn 5 S N22 (X2.10)
x ~AL · exp2ly~ln ~dP!! ,AL · exply~ln ~dP!!! (X2.18)
and the estimate of the variance of ln (C) is given by: with a probability of 95 %.
S D
1 X2.1.3 In practice, the above error analysis can be carried
N
2 out using standard statistical computer programs.
( x2i
i51
Sln ~C! 5 Sn N (X2.11) TABLE X2.1 Two-Sided Confidence Limits T (95 %, N) for a
Student Distribution
The confidence limits for ln (C) and n are respectively:
N-2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Iln ~C! 5 Sln ~C! T ~95 %, N22! (X2.12) T (95 %, N - 2)3.182 2.776 2.571 2.447 2.365 2.306 2.262 2.228
N-2 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
T (95 %, N - 2)2.201 2.179 2.160 2.145 2.131 2.120 2.110 2.101
In 5 Sn T ~95 %, N22! (X2.13)
X3.1 Introduction X3.3.2 The average windspeed is 1 m/s, and the outdoor
X3.1.1 This test method is performed for both pressuriza- temperature is 8°C, thus meeting the specifications of 8.5.
tion and depressurization. Detailed, step-by-step calculations X3.3.3 Ten pressure difference and flow measurements are
are given for pressurization only, and the depressurization made between 10 and 60 Pa, thus meeting the requirements of
calculation procedure is summarized for brevity. 8.10.
N
1
Initial pressure offset = −0.42 Pa
Final pressure offset = −0.3 Pa
2
Sln ~dP! 5 N 2 1 ( ~ln ~dP!i 2 ln ~dP!!2 5
i51
(X3.6)
Average pressure offset (dPoff) = 1⁄2 (−0.43 − 0.3) = −0.36 Pa
Outdoor temperature (Tout) = 8°C 1 2 2
Indoor temperature (Tin) = 21°C 1021~~2.3239 2 3.4002! 1 ~2.7616 2 3.4002! 1 ....
Wind speed = 1 m/s 1 ~4.0894 2 3.4002!2!
5 0.32397
X3.4.3.2 The variance of the log of flow is calculated using
rin 5 1.2041 1 2 S
0.0065 · 600
293 D S
5.2553 293
D
21 1 273 5 1.119 kg/m
3 Eq X2.5:
1 N
(X3.2) 2
Sln~Q! 5N21 ( ~ln ~Q!i 2 ln ~Q!!2 5
i51
(X3.7)
Substituting E = 600 m and Tout = 8°C:
S D S D
1 2 2
0.0065 · 600 293 1021~~22.82511 2.1667! 1 ~22.5592 1 2.1667! 1 ....
5.2553
3
rout 5 1.2041 1 2 293 8 1 273 5 1.170 kg/m
~21.7359 1 2.1667!2!
(X3.3)
5 0.121884
X3.4.2.2 Each Flow in Table X3.1 is multiplied by the ratio X3.4.3.3 The covariance of the log of pressure and the log
of rout/rin, for example, for point number 1: of flow is calculated using Eq X2.6:
rout
Qo 5 Q r
in
S D 1.170 m3
5 0.0568 1.119 5 0.0593 sS D (X3.4) 1
Sln ~dP!ln ~Q! 5 N 2 1
N
( ~ln ~dP!i 2 ln~dP! !~ln ~Q!i 2 ln ~Q! ! 5
i51
X3.4.2.3 Each pressure difference has the pressure offset of (X3.8)
−0.36 Pa subtracted from it, for example, for point number 1: 1
9.9 2 ~20.36! 5 10.2 Pa (X3.5) 1021~~2.3239 2 3.4002!~22.8251 1 2.1667! 1 .... 1
~4.0894 2 3.4002!~21.7359 1 2.1667!!
X3.4.2.4 This results in the corrected data shown in Table 5 0.198841
X3.2 for pressure and flow.
X3.4.2.5 The data in Table X3.2 are plotted in Fig. 2. X3.4.3.4 Then n and ln (C) are given by Eq X2.7 and X2.9:
Following the method outlined in Appendix X2 the flow Sln~dP! ln~Q! 0.198841
n5 2 5 0.32397 5 0.613 (X3.9)
coefficient, C, pressure exponent, n, are determined as follows: Sln ~dP!
X3.4.3 Logarithmic Transformation—Table X3.3 shows the
natural logarithms of the pressures and flows from Table X3.2. m3
X3.4.3.1 The variance of the log of pressure is calculated C 5 exp ~ȳ2n x̄! 5 exp~22.1667 2 0.613 3 3.4002! 5 0.0143
sPan
using Eq X2.4: (X3.10)
X3.4.3.5 To make the corrections to standard conditions the
TABLE X3.2 Corrected Pressurization Data Points density and viscosity at both the standard and measurement
Point Pressure Difference Flow Through Building conditions must be calculated as follows:
Across Building Envelope, (Pa) Envelope, (m3/ s)
X3.4.3.6 The indoor density (r) was calculated above to be
1 10.2 0.0593 1.119 kg/m3.
2 15.8 0.0774
3 19.6 0.0881
The reference density (ro) is 1.2041 kg/m3.
4 25.8 0.1044 The viscosity is calculated by substituting these values into
5 31.5 0.1183 Eq X1.5:
6 36.8 0.1301
7 43.0 0.1431
For indoor temperature of 21°C:
8 45.7 0.1478
1.458 3 1026 ~21 1 273!0.5
9 52.1 0.1607 µ5 110.4 5 1.817 3 1025 (X3.11)
10 60.2 0.1762
1 1 21 1 273
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
µ5 110.4 5 1.813 3 1025 (X3.12) X3.5.2.4 Each pressure difference has the pressure offset of
1 1 20 1 273 0.3 Pa subtracted from it, for example, for point number 1:
X3.4.3.7 The air leakage coefficient is corrected to standard 9.3 2 0.3 5 9 Pa (X3.18)
conditions with Eq 4. X3.5.2.5 This results in the corrected depressurization data
µ
Co 5 C µ SD SD 2n21
r
ro
12n for pressure and flow shown in Table X3.5. The data in Table
X3.5 are plotted in Fig. 2. Following the method outlined in
S D S D
o
SD S D
1 N
ro 1 1
AL 5 C o 2
2
~dPr! n2
2
2
Sln ~dP! 5 N 2 1 ( ~ln ~dP!i 2 ln ~dP! !2 5
i51
(X3.19)
S D
1
1.204 1 2 2 2
10 2 1 ~~2.1978 2 3.39! 1 ~2.6294 2 3.39! 1 .... 1 ~4.0433 2 3.39! !
2
5 0.0135 2 ~4!~0.61320.5!
5 0.36330
5 0.012264m2
5 122.64cm2 (X3.14) X3.5.3.2 The variance of the log of flow is calculated using
Eq X2.5:
X3.5 Depressurization Data 1 N
X3.5.2 Calculations: 1 2 2
X3.5.2.1 Using E = 600 m and Tin = 24°C: 10 2 1~~2 3.0119 1 2.2675! 1 ~2 2.27402 1 2.2675! 1 ...~21.8516
i51
S ln ~dP!i 2
ln ~dP! D ~ln ~Q!i 2 ln~Q! ! 5
(X3.16) (X3.21)
X3.5.2.3 Each flow in Table X3.4 is multiplied by the ratio 1
of rin/rout, for example, for point number 1: 10 2 1 ~~2.1978 2 3.39!~23.0119 1 2.2675!1 ... 1 ~4.0433 2 3.39!
~21.8516 1 2.2675!!
5 0.22848
TABLE X3.4 Measured Depressurization Data Points X3.5.3.4 Then n and ln (C) are given by Eq X2.7 and Eq
Point Pressure Difference Measured Flow Through X2.9:
Across Building Envelope, (Pa) Flowmeter, (m3/ s)A Sln~dP!ln~Q! 0.22848
1 9.3 0.0503 n5 2 5 0.36330 5 0.629 (X3.22)
Sln~dP!
2 14.2 0.0660
3 22.7 0.0883
4 26.1 0.0958
5 32.6 0.1110
6 38.6 0.1238
7 41.5 0.1296 TABLE X3.5 Corrected Depressurization Data Points
8 47.9 0.1429
Point Pressure Difference Flow Through Building
9 53.5 0.1545
Across Building Envelope, (Pa) Envelope, (m3/ s)
10 57.3 0.1605
A 1 9.0 0.0492
This measured flow has been corrected for the temperature and density of the
2 13.9 0.0646
air flowing through the flowmeter and is the volumetric flow at the measurement
3 22.4 0.0864
conditions.
4 25.8 0.0937
Initial pressure offset = 0.38 Pa 5 32.3 0.1086
Final pressure offset = 0.21 Pa 6 38.3 0.1211
Average pressure offset (dPoff) = 1⁄2 (0.38 + 0.21) = 0.3 Pa 7 41.2 0.1268
Outdoor temperature (Tout) = 17°C 8 47.6 0.1398
Indoor temperature (Tin) = 24°C 9 53.2 0.1511
Wind speed = 1 m/s. 10 57.0 0.1570
--```,``,`````````,``,``,,```,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SD SD
2 2
µ 2n21
r 12n 20 2 1 ~~22.8251 1 2.2171! 1 ~22.5592 1 2.2171! 1 .... ~21.8516
Co 5 C µ ro 1 2.2171!2!
S D S D
o
5 0.12849
1.798 3 1025 ~230.62921!
1.061 ~120.629!
5 0.123 X3.6.2.3 The variance of the log of pressure and the log of
1.813 3 1025 1.204
m3 flow is calculated using Eq X2.6:
5 0.117 (X3.26)
s · Pan 1 N
Sln ~dP!ln~Q! 5 N 2 1 ( ~ln ~dP!i 2 ln ~dP!!~ln ~Q!i 2 ln ~Q!! 5
X3.5.3.8 The leakage area is calculated using Eq 5, using a i51
(X3.30)
reference pressure (dP) of 4 Pa:
1
S D
1 5 0.20268
1.204 2
5 0.0117 2 ~4!~0.62920.5! X3.6.2.4 Then n and ln (C) are given by Eq X2.7 and X2.9:
5 0.01085 m2 Sln~dP! ln~Q! 0.20268
5 108.5 cm2 (X3.27) n5 2 5 0.3258 5 0.622 (X3.31)
Sln ~dP!
SD SD S D
1
µ 2n21
r 12n N21 2 2 2
Co 5 C µ Sln ~C!~ln ~dPr!! 5 Sn N Sln ~dP! 1 ~ln ~dPr! 2 ln ~dP! !
ro
S D S D
o
(X3.40)
1.8075 3 1025 ~230.62221!
1.127 ~120.622!
5 0.0132 substituting the appropriate values gives:
1.813 3 1025 1.2041
m3
S D
1
5 0.0129 (X3.33) 9 2
sPan Sln ~C!~ln ~4!! 5 0.001252 10 0.342397 1 ~ln ~4! 2 3.4002!2
5 0.002610 (X3.41)
X3.6.2.9 The leakage area is calculated using Eq 5, using a
reference pressure (dP) of 4 Pa: and the 95 % confidence interval in the estimate of ln (C)
using Eq X2.1 at the reference pressure, dPr, is as follows:
SD S D
1
ro 2 n2
1
AL 5 C o 2 ~dPr! 2 Iln ~C!~ln ~dPr!! 5 Sln ~C! ~ln ~dPr!!T~95 %, N 2 2! (X3.42)
S D
1 5 0.002610 3 2.306 5 0.06020
1.2041 2
5 0.0129 ~4!~0.62220.5!
2 X3.7.1.6 The 95 % confidence interval of the estimate of the
5 0.0119 m2 leakage area AL using then is given by the following:
5 119 cm2 (X3.34)
ALexp ~2Iln ~C!~ln~dPr!!! 5 0.0126exp~20.006020! 5 0.0125m2
(X3.43)
X3.7 Estimates of Confidence Limits
X3.7.1 Pressurization Confidence Limits—The 95 % confi- ALexp ~Iln ~C!~ln~dPr!!! 5 0.0126exp~0.006020! 5 0.0127m2
dence limits for C and n are below. The variance of n is given (X3.44)
by Eq X2.10:
S D
1 AL exp~Iln ~C!~ln ~dPr!!! 5 0.01226 exp~0.05965! 5 0.012334
2
1 Sln~Q! 2 n · Sln~dP! ln~Q! 2
(X3.45)
Sn 5 S N22 (X3.35)
ln ~dP!
Therefore the 95 % confidence limits for AL (0.0126 m2 or
S D
1
1 0.1218 2 0.613 3 0.1988 2
126 cm2) are (0.0125, 0.0127) m2 or (125, 127) cm2.
5 0.3244 10 2 2 5 0.001252
X3.7.2 Depressurization Confidence Limits—The depres-
X3.7.1.1 The estimate of the variance of ln (C) is given by surization confidence limits are calculated the same way as for
pressurization, with the following results:
Eq X2.11:
S D
1
X3.7.2.1 The 95 % confidence interval for n is (0.619,
N
2 0.638).
( dPi2
i51 X3.7.2.2 The 95 % confidence interval for C is (0.0119,
Sln ~C! 5 Sn (X3.36)
N 0.0127 m3/sPan).
S D
1 X3.7.2.3 The 95 % confidence interval for AL is (0.0109,
2.32392 1 2.76162 1 ... 1 4.09842 2
5 0.001252 5 0.00310 0.0113) m2 or (109, 113) cm2.
10
X3.7.3 Combined Pressurization and Depressurization
X3.7.1.2 The confidence limits for ln (C) and n require the Confidence Limits—The combined pressurization and depres-
values of the two-sided Student distribution (T (95 %, N − 2)) surization confidence limits are calculated the same way as for
that are given in Table X2.1. In this case, (T (95 %, 8)) = 2.306. the individual tests, with the following results:
X3.7.1.3 The 95 % confidence interval for n and ln (C) is X3.7.3.1 The 95 % confidence interval for n is (0.580,
then given by Eq X2.13: 0.662).
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