Course on Design of Steel Structures

Professor Damodar Maity

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Lecture 07
Module 2
Worked Out Examples on Design of Ordinary Black Bolts

In last lecture we have discussed the design philosophy of ordinary black bolt and we have
seen that how to calculate the design shear strength of black bolt, the bearing strength, tensile
strength and tensile strength of plate and combination of shear and tension. So how to
calculate the strength due to different force occurring that has been discussed and we have
gone through a small example in the last lecture.

Now in this lecture I will go through two examples of ordinary black bolt and we will see
how to calculate different type of strength due to shear, due to bearing, due to tension. We
will also go through another example where a plate is connected with different number of
bolts and we will calculate the efficiency of that bolt that means the strength of bolt and the
strength of the solid plate. In first example we will try to calculate the strength of lap joint
and then we will go for butt joint. So this is what we will cover in today’s lecture.

(Refer Slide Time: 2:24)

Example 1: Design the following joints using ordinary black bolts between two plates of
width 200 mm and thicknesses 10 mm and 18 mm respectively to transmit a factored load of
150 kN. Use plates made of Fe 410 grade steel and 16 mm diameter bolt of grade 4.6.

Solution:
Nominal diameter of bolt, d = 16 mm

Diameter of hole, d0 = 18 mm (Ref. Table 19 of IS 800: 2007)

For grade 4.6 bolts; fub = 400 MPa

For Fe 410 grade of steel; fu = 410 MPa

Partial safety factor for bolt, γmb = 1.25

So we will design the connection for the following three cases:

a) Lap joint

b) Single cover butt joint with cover plate of 8 mm.

c) Double cover butt joint with 8 mm covers plates.

(Refer Slide Time: 4:00)

a) Lap joint:

In this case we can assume that shear plane is including in the threads so nn is 1 and ns as 0.
For 16 mm diameter bolt; Net shear area of the bolt at threads is, A nb=157 mm2
Design shear strength per bolt, (excluding reduction factor)
f ub
Vdsb   nn Anb  ns Asb 
3   mb
 400 10 3
  1157  0   29kN
3  1.25

150
form shear point of view the number of bolts required is n= =5.2 ≈ 6
29

(Refer Slide Time: 6:50)

Design bearing strength per bolt,

2.5  kb  d  t  f u
Vdpb 
 mb

e p f
Where, kb = smaller of ,
(
3 d0 3 d0 )
−0.25 , ub , 1
fu

Minimum pitch, p=2.5 d =2.5× 16=40 mm

Minimum end distance, e = 1.5 d0 (for rolled edge) =1.5×18=27 mm

= 1.7 d0 (for hand-flame cut edge) = 1.7×18=30.6 mm

Provide p=50 mm and e= 31 mm

So, kb is smaller of
31
[
,
50
( 3 × 18 ) ( 3× 18 ) ]
−0.25 ,
400
410
,1

So k b =0.57

(Refer Slide Time: 8:52)

Design bearing strength per bolt,

2.5  0.57  16 10  410 103

Vdpb 
1.25

¿ 74.78 kN

Where, V dsb =29 kN

So the bolt value will be minimum of bolt value will be minimum of two that is 29 and 74.78
kilonewton.

Therefore, bolt value = 29 kN

150
Number of bolts required ¿ =5.2
29

18mm Direction of load

10mm 150 kN

31mm

138mm 200 mm

31mm

50mm 50mm
So we can provide 6 nos of bolts and arrange them as shown in the above figure.

b) Single cover butt joint with cover plate of 8 mm:

(Refer Slide Time: 12:02)

In this case two plates are joint with a cover right. So we have to provide certain as shown in
the above figure. So for this case also the design shear strength of bolt V dsb will be 29 kN
because this is also in single shear.

Design bearing strength per bolt,

2.5  kb  d  t  f u
Vdpb 
 mb

Where, p = 50 mm, e = 31 mm, Kb = 0.57, t = 8 mm

2.5  0.57 16  8  410  103

Vdpb 
1.25

¿ 59.83 kN

Therefore, the bolt value is 29 kN.

150
Number of bolts required for this connection =5.1
29

Provide 6 bolts and arranging it in three lines as shown in the figure.

 Direction of load
18mm 10mm
150 kN

31mm
69mm
69mm 200 mm
31mm

50mm

(Refer Slide Time: 15:15)

So bolt we are providing in single line in each case here and plates are connected, right so
this is how we can arrange the bolts in three lines and we can find out the arrangement of the
bolts in this way.

c) Double cover butt joint with 8 mm covers plates:

(Refer Slide Time: 17:11)

So what will be the difference from earlier one that in this case as double cover butt joint is
considered, we can assume that it is actually in a double shear.

Therefore, the bolts will be in double shear.

Assuming threads in the shear planes. Therefore nn=2; n s=0

Since the two plates of thicknesses 18 mm and 10 mm are to be jointed, packing plate of
thickness (18-10) = 8 mm will be required and as the packing plate thickness is greater than 6
mm we have to provide the reduction factor ( β pkg ) for the packing plate.

As per clause 10.3.3.3 of IS:800 2007, design shear capacity of bolts will be decreased by
factor β pkg

 pkg  (1  0.0125t pkg )

 (1  0.0125  8)
 0.9
So the design shear strength of bolt in double shear,

fub
Vdsb  (nn Anb  ns Asb )  pkg
3   mb

400 103
  2  157  0.9
3 1.25

¿ 52.21 kN

If packing plates are not given than the shearing strength of the bolt due to double shear will
become 2× 29=58 kN but as we are providing packing plate which is more than 6 mm,
we have to reduce certain amount which was given as a reduction factor of β pkg and that
value is coming 0.9, that is why in place of 58 this is coming 52.21 kilonewton.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:03)

Now design bearing strength per bolt,

2.5  kb  d  t  fu
Vdpb 
 mb

Where, p = 65 mm, e = 31 mm, Kb = 0.57, t = 10 mm

As double cover butt joint has been provided that is why the cover plate thickness will
become 8×2 that is 16 mm and thickness of other plates are 10 mm and 18 mm. So thickness
of the thinner plate will be 10 mm so that is why we are providing 10

2.5  0.57  16 10  410 103

Vdpb 
1.25

¿ 74.78 kN

Therefore, the bolt value is 52.21 kN.

150
Number of bolts required for this connection ¿ =2.87
52.21

(Refer Slide Time: 22:37)

Now atleast we can provide we have to provide a single line of bolt here and we have to
provide a single line of bolt here right. So if we see these we can see that in plan it will look
like this is the two plates are joining here and bolts are connected here four number of bolts
are there. So the detailing can be done in this way either we can consider 31 millimeter or we
can provide 35 may be 130 and 35 to cover this total 200 mm thickness, right and this we can
provide 65 mm or more whatever means suitably we have to provide, so this will be the this
will be the arrangement of the bolts, right.

Using 4 bolts to arrange the joint as single bolted double cover butt joint can be arranged as
shown in the figure.
 8mm cover plates
Direction of load
18mm 10mm
150 kN

31mm

138mm 200 mm
31mm

65mm

(Refer Slide Time: 24:46)

Example 2: Two plates 10 mm thick are joined by 16mm diameter bolts in a triple staggered
lap joint as shown in the figure. Find efficiency of the joint.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:09)
So if we draw the figure we will see this is a triple staggered lap joint. So bolt we can provide
in this way. The bolt lines are marked as 1-1, 2-2, 3-3.

Now the failure may occur in any direction as marked in the above figure. So if we make
section 1-1, 2-2, 3-3 then we have to consider first failure at 1-1 that we will try to find out
then it will be going to fail in section 2-2. So when we are going to find out the strength at 2-
2 that means we have to find out strength at bolt at 1-1 failure strength plus 2-2. So it will be
clear when we will be going through this example.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:46)

So first let us consider section 1-1 means along 1-1 if it fails how it looks. So there first we
have to find out the this is in single shear so the P single shear if I write then due to single
shear Vdsb will be same as earlier and this will be 29 kN which we have already calculated in
earlier case of 16 mm diameter because this is a single shear and diameter is 16 mm diameter
so 29 kN will be the single shear strength shear strength due to single shear.

Now design bearing strength per bolt

Pbearing = Vdpb = 2.5kb d tfu gmb

Here, e = 25 mm, p = 40mm

kb = 25/(3×18), 40/(3×18)-0.25, 400/410, 1

kb = 0.46

(Refer Slide Time: 29:47)

2.5´ 0.46 ´ 16 ´ 10 ´ 410

Pbearing = = 60.35 KN
1.25

So bolt value due to shear it is coming 29 and due to bearing it is coming 60. So smaller of
this two will be the bolt value, so we can consider the bolt value as 29 kN, right.

So the strength of joint based on bolt value will become how much strength of joint because 7
number of bolts are there so this will be 7 ×29=203 kN

Again now we will see if it fails along section 1-1 then what will be the strength of that joint.

Strength of joint along 1-1

 = 0.9 fu ( b - nd h ) t gml

= 10-3 × 0.9×410×(130-2×18)×10/1.25

= 277.49 kN

(Refer Slide Time: 32:29)

Strength of joint along 2-2

= 0.9 fu ( b - nd h ) t gml + 2 Bv

= 10-3 × 0.9×410×(130-3×18)×10/1.25 + 2×29

= 282.35 KN

Strength of joint along 3-3

= 0.9 f u ( b - nd h ) t gml + 5 Bv

= 10-3 × 0.9×410×(130-2×18)×10/1.25 + 5×29

= 422.49 KN

So the strength of the joint will be minimum of 203 kN, 277.49 kN, 282.35 kN, 422.49 kN.
Therefore, Strength of the joint = 203 KN
(Refer Slide Time: 35:49)

Now we have to find out the efficiency of the joint, so efficiency of the joint means the
strength of joint divide by the strength of the solid plate. So strength of solid plate we have to
calculate first.

Strength of the solid plate

= 0.9 f u ´ b ´ t gml

= 0.9×410×130×10/1.25

= 383.75 KN

So the efficiency of the joint

203
h= ´ 100 = 52.9%
383.75

So in this lecture what we have seen we have gone through two examples, one was based on
the lap joint and butt joint and we found what will be the strength of the joint for different
type of lap joint and butt joint that we have calculated in first example and in second example
we have calculated the efficiency of the joint and how the joint fails mean joint can fail as a
hole due to shear of the bolt or it can fail along a particular section.