\ Terenas vem {the dependence: of fowieatio % and arves the mathmatrea! velationsh of fonizaben and ea dt lanomey oe : “Ve Con be at a corstartd tempexa ture: an « electsoyle Jonized to lems ge i emtent). wolthy inexeosing dilution” \ avict beste ; Detaled’ nofed that the law of moss tion can be applied to the fon'c equilbsium Roe. iw tne. Come, Of smbemical equi lbstund. : Laon mole of 4 binary Gecteple Any. oe seh scolee: TR aR of Sy} @pludiorn revi thelr deante- ok fonizatron the Jelectaotyle LA) 1S d= Nook emotes split into sons “fatal novo mole Aresolved rar ao Np. OF colle’ Ysplyt into fons SB: 3 , » No.ot moles - split into fons =nNd eee ee Es alte ends D A eg ined) ne od centkation Of tata 0e2) van ae Bak eal igaeton, : diescciation 4cts-a) -K.¢ (474). ombination dod cd 4 ahr Fide ko chet whese ki % Ka axe ~Consland At equilibxtum, Rate ot dissotiqhan =Rate of Ccombinatan Kic L4-d) = Ro cet? ‘s » The 1 equiltharum Ke. is Called ““aresnetation Gansta: Consaar. FS has, Corttant velue ad Lempeserion. Th 1 rahe. ot avy Nv Wiese. ,ahh (melise Wak the “degree : a a vl Arcenetation ot Weak - elecixnlyte {© _dlireetly Peppsiional to Ye squeve yao ot cdrtution in enothes words. AN Inexeosing Ailukomn We degree ot Atesnclation dot Beat Nec halyte twill be _(ntsear fox sheong eleclynlyte. f : » ATs loosp\e. and tt can be» | Megeleated Mm Compoxision. lait one! Sea Ke i goa ai = “ Se ee ti-4)V : ox dt = KN he Kedy on ar tkedAy - Kev = 0 : whieh qe = Z quox dicta) equation fsom jws__equatton Nalue ot do can wey cotewleted . ees ye atPH any pil. - teen tontz ation’ consland (Kn) = Kto = CHD fon] 1oq On loth Sides, log kin = log CHty > + log Con” J =loq Kus = log (Hay. - log fan” os pH + poh é q kes) 09 lien 1-0% Fox any equation solution at Lehr tt] Butter Sduvfon The Solutfon tohich marritaing Te §' foissiy consiand ever, upon the Con OF Stall amount of acid and bose 1s Calle Solution, These oe, btn types, of — buttey _ Slfoe wee loose i ef \ode, with” stand acid’ whese- axe called pose Ne Fex EQ. NREL m+ NH cl Mechanism of ‘sutier * ‘ Lutow \cutfex opesate s] ; L)) Aciate lou Pfea OH “fom har, | He cia coo i CUacoot + LHe : W* Pxor actey WW) CHa, cooNa <=————CC HA, Co ++ Na+ CH, COOH AA ALHON of aol ' when aot ‘fs added fo the toutes solution the addition of OHM lbns Comleined Faith We fons 40 “form water’) Imolecule® as Mesut Ve — equilikaium t t)} ¢H,cooh ———— cHacoo” +H : Shitt to the Pwduce move and move yt tons. HIN all the .e7c.CesSs | SiaiGitlaamale ; and we pl Vie. Pen es d!S0 Fe acid? Fos of Hel the wt fons Ombing fosm watery molecules. e Lohen Nag ts add — Sdluioh oY jorg ascorattel with __ Mig to “fou NH40H- Hence, the pl Of ~ solulvon’ we mains cons tent. Wot q utter apluivon « ta The ie O+ an acid buffer Can ce calculated fom the. drssociatron constant Peay at the weak acid and the concentyeaton om Ged and salt Sed The dissoctolion expression of weak. acid (Hay May lor tox'tHen og WA == ft+9 = CHI Cad CHAT CHt = ke x Lag LenPox adi Noy on. tite, pees =.\0q” cuty. . - loka — log facil]. _ Cea) ts 2ABH= Pra 4 log Tae Sia CAciay Ws fe called yendesiore sqhalta _buffes. Whe Veidesforn eq uectOn Pore utter 1% ; .CN Ysa pax yeulax iil ralvante. ell. A BP zo-xod Is DiNed by a Sulphate baq ) ane CUS04.. (aq) Placed in zo Splutyon of zing. in_tWo_peakex's- 4 and CUSOF Ars Galt bxidqe . Z-xod and Cu-adah awe loined wy a metallic wire. zn — elections DT acig 49 onnde and _cu- electrode get Sas ee tho dle ss eee eee tells wea chforis | Ab anode, zn ts) — 5 2M laq_) +26 Loartd ation tak ——| 8! cabhese coy — 2cuts i Rede a Wer all are, zn ls) + cil cuts) + 2nv4 Baa osseduction Po : ps Plertyical of pre elecisie Colvent nou as eres ppethe cell ot (So given by ta el er Alfa ~ F® anod Nes eon ef ee : ure ee ie dlandesd xeduc Hon pot ot sight hand . ee _eleciwode. Ea Eis standasd seduction pol: of (eft) = ea eleclyode a . Ba ere Bren | art = 0-16N : 0 fed, : 3 E° zntt/ Zn = 0 tb :st equalon. Consider followin On olecixon at cathate~ Wee ‘kK = ty’ Cunt} Since . concentxation of Sold substance 1 “kK el Trint) - Fon Van}. Hott “equation Aur =Auf+Rt Inf Avy = -N ff where. N= Number 67 es _tnvolveg! @ = Cell potential F fas aday'S Constant.rade" $y consany 29 és00¢ Uhen the Value. of -di¥fexent const the nexnat's equation feat the. fosm. i Retr 0.0601 (oq k lant and subshitued Fox hal? cell wf = Fo 0.0594 log pM ss A Mint] fox complete Shs al _Nexnst's &quation is , ~ 0-064 log ‘!os mer $ nambers (J numbers ts ) a eS Mrese quantum numbers fenced Mae principal the stetl shell ox energy Be an clcoxon vein ge. 3 gv Yee. oexoqe Atstance oF Ge eectron. teu @ uci - 9k can ove Nolue.. Ve netiirm4- The latex KLIN ony vntexascl algn used to. de MUM eK + \ " Sxincipal Awantum value 1s ase Po MEST. tan eve Sane atvon ey ant. where Numb eS 3 Dat Guantum| Spin Quantum Mum ey Is) + Wis. larstse4 due to sprining, ot __elect¥on town axis “These carn help only ft Value. elecixorn + ire +¥a. (cl e) and _- 42 Lani _|The- (0 | Potnir up wae = co alaecloc¥wise. “and ani clockwnis e: Spin oP OUk thet oats Psdduced opposite megnetic Fe! os Paul's exclusiort Psitheiple 3 : 97 1925 “Pault!s Pad Loox a Patnciple whith Son weprrerent on the. Nalae of Quantum no ot electyon (nan atom, of Oakes as "No 00 eleclyon in an Moms ‘can hove all | he Pour “quantand “Nunta — Samell, 2 A ‘: “gn the Same. oxbital of an thom AWo electwor. aan Yeve thsee quentum number Wenteal! at the most but the Your quantum Mumbe fe opin quantum “number willbe? deffnoeey’ OF ho , Yhe electron)! I oR “Sto thwee of the quanturm Nimbe Pox wo oletxon in An one Mentical of “Folx Yuantum Numpexs AK the two electyon howd be di tterent!!’ electxor tt eight Clee ines z x Be cialo elections, +1102) ALI) | ae: (apy) fa V2 —1 1 2Py) |- ve po (en). | + Ve p fe wil | - Ve Non of the. 8 Selo of the: , fou quantum Wdenwical ence. Paulie F Pstnetpal 1S ft llustaqtedl ; poulits es clusion i, i 1S Mramense Volue 4ellfnd the monmuns Rumls er ot eletheon aceamate: tn any shell.= Fheclyons: occupy the. oxbital oF mentmuna Tenewgy fist and than octupy oxhital oF hig hee enegay { io as oe \ The sequence of siling bf oxbital can be Pxduce by (ntl ). xule. ; The ‘dxbital having lowes Valtie ntt ) hos lowes neg y tnd hence is filled up ¥ieet fox exam ple: 3d - o~bital NtP = Bt@=s Fox $5 - orbital intp <= 4 to yA : | Mence 4 osbital is. filled up before 4 —esbita) i)} When top bsb(fal pave. aame.’ (rte) Value, the orbital with — lowex Values 0! fs lowee 1 enesay and ‘hence Filled up) Firsts ay for cxample px rp - ovbitl nte = 4th eg fox Ss ovbital Unigs StosePare 2e- Opo Ye va Is® 25” PF 45% apt 4c? oy! (€ x Pected ) E¥G4 18) 26? 2PS ac? ape get AVS [Ack Cling 5 TS6* 92> opt ac? aps get oye (fc teal)toheve « Wie malhmatic ‘funclon xe presented Me Ampliltide of toove ig called cave fanclion. 1S te dis placement ih giver divectyan. Ayls “the Wee Neng Ha. ALMIR a econstand : At tecertia ting equrec Hor O twice \ Werder | ai Q | dy) Ante | OST, | = ale 4 5 a 4 ae2. Bee Se. Breghs TelosicngLhp 4 Sprott @ beurre = A> Se- Breplie's wave feng} bs planets tons font % > mass of efecfron tas velocs'fy of efecfrenae Poe ee a rete mes on ae C01) [6 eye schro clin fe: LIVAHON 45d eh ave fp Teall: oss ge mics Lome terfen abel ar . My rvsk be. leriping ped Cu) ery: iE ee valued a7. a ;nepies called ware Junusen’ Hepents waperr’ gpark. co-erclind Hime) y 3 ceo! (oarCuizeh TU of wave ah Spee fe: s Pee CP): w Lape a tnstent d/m% efepers an anky ene spa me) — ge CP) depos eo? fofaloverfyy of 7% Beit pee bere Hc nee ne . Gel tts t Hee Fe ledigo - Ps. then oe inte Pe(0 tt. Pr the ents of Hd - 1 PAH OU a fet > 904 -—> fret 133 .= \ ee gfrescecbisers of Rusiltge 9 © Saxr¥ivia) profestion. -? ThE mepals Uke zinc, tin, ntckef , chromiuM rete phpeprare mere e/ecfyo ~ othe Phan Sen. axe oped oper the, Susgforee of 1707 to. be. prefected- phe zinc cadfed ren does nef ab» jren.fo came in confect rstth ok and moisture. Bren pshen removed. Prom PHEAING Coating. s'¢ parhical) ofliren » Pron Yoes nef > fre surtace reef od’. Bee of (ower redeepicry potents a of Zine)! Zon cget oxhlited py Zino ahh pe BOF Chakes plore Fe—> Pett tem (lees rot fakes place The xine meted ‘In Ab& care} calf-eol Soerigicief mefpal. : @ Barier prfeuion A (wafiuy Gs pf en the surface af Fhe fren wefdl $0 pref ppp ow barnier between mefef end or aisinkn $. mofipure -a Grtbsing coatings are reesmmendenl tpaildor\ TBs . rh }. ns | Pron when preafed with s0lupen of 4 —> f freof udl€ hosphurke actd ( Hy: insol ree pu iron pita fe Ba Neve ee asta banter A gilm op Jerore. parte ox hae (Pareeyy Fe rmed ever Phe gurr apie 5 OM fs vat lower! real kof bletehr team ta aq Gorrie. PronV prhicha a a IG We Bp apy bs WH Br al eut 4 meathemaH'ca Welonien 42 i Braap worked jnperaromPe betina from Xo re gor atten TAR equaprehr es carted “B “1 bjuahion ‘rhe he phat OT OD The wrag rested mM afeMms pn Opie pial oe ober lave of. reflection (a) The fre regs retested bf Cel bss tie planes rx) be Jn phase pf dhe extra distant travelled Lecond ap San) oe number 2 heave reel Pp D KepecH’on of x 18y9 fem ju sient planes va ergstells.. x lap, Xe rads alling On. phe. crysfed/! Surface op Qed opbboke planes a Phe ps gre ged ba distance g/’ [eat Ac rays ~of hardng fenger iN Siri i !at. Pe ares ae * rs jeine’ gr n . nite Hest aha peed f ome 2 Pe tll p ened ead Qo pow ed. frora phe Ler ee exis Coane travelled b nla 8®) ) CE & Speed te , ony 7 ramen »? SAT cis. Cat Rb yy. fang fa = hp PBSIPB _@ prem “94 O44 é Ae spBsin®- ee, 8 th S PO 191) 4) if Pe , helen. | sai—_umesitalt. Oo ot phe zie lisfance ina» espital fr petich 9. geriey Ss RA PTR pe OL a - ibe CAT NS89 RU. oF wpa Gefudt or , from Brags eg rafien, nd 2 2d Gn: hen. hos h6 39.42 BL FOO : Ne], pirs# order repleyio) fem Cop per x- febe ree mA yer te RLS aD Dx Yindey— Safer 88.5— sit Sty tease By rte ree pes Se Ys Aye ad ep D fut? Fi rey aay yo os “os OY AM. “208 aye o IES free Bragy's ede ~ Ap 2 24 2n8 oe, ems. 7 1 eRe wR mb = onsy AIO - 2 Bx ol? a Sh ~ a2B. find pre pit of. bupper talepror— wapfainicg 0. 2 mete per Liret te boonla and 0:6 F = pw sae ets ONS pe Bee arta. Bs . X1O. ge ANS Ke= 1G Kyo SS ate 159 ke A Pak hth eee d : eu B: Glulafe pre pits of.9, ‘Bugpey Me liripn Ade Bs 025m. jn forme add one 0-101 n Sed. formals a0e of fore ect, Reps sxe". I ay he c hoxat? PRiotg Glee ERE ‘a HES.; AB ie ce ‘1 wie = ets =hEE LF eth = 9757 ieg EL) a oo 9 Oh. ge the Re ale rep ei nef pane i$ sp ele — po hy of. fs Dy Maia unfatnin oe. osm poparit.. ae 0.679, Sed ps fe: bP eee mp AOS 2 ep Ur aye = is 0789 Yoh, . Sal 7 ae Pope pa : a gaye t TASS 5 a oe 8 oeBA bagel ODS Cof-eti AS OAS Nee rt! NoyoH are} 0.024 moye of NYye] . Caleulahe pe oF Hie Sofedi orn ke per Neo 1s roe RoE 2 of kar 1 Gon lod pHa por sxiaSS.2 4 F44#S per Hn Ka Bev]. : pote cara el — ey PUY ES. ae Lee ole 20 Grab ess ‘ pee php ptt sip? yoy 5 : Pr Peet yg he, Ae = 920334YU: wii : $0lepton (erfalns— 0151 4 and oom Nugel: Tralape poe pit of SoPeter vIeey per Mtg ZG RIM So)? 1 Ka 2} 8107 pan “jeg (-an1eD) - ee Hi. 4 po > pty ly ant > apart tig Ge 2 Oy SYSEH c Now : : Pepe sry. oy 4. 9488 P SS SoCs apesto coericel celf es iho Es phe _palential of fohaut. Gevhuicse i Zpsey $04? pod of ZIne eleaprede +n o. ofr g°- - O. PRY. : D Dyas ZPt4 ge er fet] THE MaERS EVRA TS 3 = ee =I] pepe .. = OAR) a STa) bet So “a gpo gl 9b fo gf ora) EON ese Vt —zy yh A Neldabe poescrof of jae elf o 2s + Sra ‘Gc canoeing. jas wip cot hs be. 7 eh Cle nM TORY Sat? Q e Ag fogr =0-96 v (ord?) c egtyog aq opou (Re) € fenfatt) = 7 orev (one? a (aden) s -o py (KD _ AF frode, Ue ity Ab [+oidabin balf Rex?) Pt nthedy ATR =? [Retecton boa hel) x2 over penipfior zy +e9g! 7 en ee | Lat yyStr Sel ts ‘Ten a CDE bist Ja tog. ag to 9-0 Ce Ahh} eeaag. 3 ($996 tet = Een ee acne ee 0] a ee= bohep phe cept ve aso> one” ge te T oe LOSS cio —pe #0 A) [pos — a — : i ies = = ne a = = and TE. pe eb = O08 tee : a cooChemical ferdiny. ia i Eladrevalant fe Rend. > formed by phe complete Hransfer of Le ofom’da eather. Ps tabled) e/etroroknt cna feces bed J _ Bertravafenc - Of a>. ado. 4s phe erode l . fee pion _ poste = gabe dluthng. formation .. a a R_Grditien for phe pormapion of forke bends oO ThE: bend. BS. penerelig farmed. beeecee metal 9 rol. nen. mepal Q)_0né_ajem shoul) have. bouodiorlae of acai here oA anepher afer staelef have ea repreA Chareuferishits og ook wompou. fi @D fon ke ‘compound ihc bol singh or; sfeulixe 2 momen: | noture_jn_whkeh fers ore arranged Fn. Hyee | olimentienial spare -psith regular geom ePrice > putter) a poe ee ban | Keown od. chysfed Matic: — | parte capa ke Lip rsbog ped oc] adlgg nk pene ave high melting petnt omd bering | __petot SEAN P A SOL SOP © I ie nibieey gue 4 very shone anda large ameunt of enetye S&— vebufred g. ane enaze - eet mis ee @) fonk weopeunfs_orre hard ond bite, Fhere ha rdres— i tS. ofeee_fe_phe—strony eleipresfap perce of eftreadion ° D fonketorepeunds are. 5eleolef Ds 18 A OL o-her7 _a_ctgstel sf —Fonke_subsfan ce plated $a walt — phe pallor escapes mefecrsfes defith phe positive and’ — _nepofive dons prem phe erp Nebhice Foi 5b tba -f-bep—enbs bso — Seporapes india Rd of — fens— ae a Ae tere a ass, SNREA a # Se \ O—H : f . RSS A at o—— ee : ete yd ee es ay rs — te je ee od” ; i i co y- ave HE aera ence Pip. Solvation ef Nac). @ Loni Laropeund ip melfeh pape of Bs UC Has © S$eluptern tenfeSns mobile Tons. pherefere Phe onal electrify: aoe ad Tt (©) They wenof exbiBt Bomerirm due fo pon. olreciirdl n re : : O Trey Shor fas} jonFe reaper ,Hl es i eT oe ree op appragpion bpitery” the medsfe 2/erf¥e (ae S positive chor g FOS, pShich binds phe ee oelite toes fogerh a neh ey prefallic pond. ft! ite and wes rasa Oe a] pppe. of bend. . i piaiic Trond wan be explained Fin. 2179 of ‘Electron ceq pede’ Devordiing fro thEs ware meted wwnsists of py deca tant pneprserk Of 3 ; posh fi velya cAerged cere whieh ncludes phe Nusfeoty and Lhe core €/esftons called kernel. The kermals que immettet Fo sea of mo-brfe vafente efector. = : TAD mepallfe bend ean. be ofined eg fee vical ‘Sime taneous Pree of abfreacton’ gefween phe, robe eledpron’ ind. fhe posttive: Kernels: : > Me @eO<«@e eernals “Oe Ge OO" eae «© or => Mobile valence “Oc 6<@ e @er feel AEE Ds len = Pred] of mepols bencin a eT HE :5 ane. spect 00.1 ted made], ay rosiialedand Be _enx Jokned 4 Wel) pre- ac che aipalalt physi popdiic Of refer) fe. e a > Luster or _nepedsé fale ot piety sorted er he the 0 be chefron§ and yi fo the high toed and _nepurh HER, Ae es elet prick Pott ine fad Pdcomagmetse pase CLS 7) of the Lame BPE ¥ ED) par lernaleseduert a hie ue frexorcting fo elethon eq ries. phe mabe eleefrent are. Bree: Jo move prbrough vretinny pate befimeer) mpeper}: for’. phen epedrre es applied at ene wane meped wire. the elections Pbe. hep: : of Bn / : ofiectite: waar the see et gale O e&Oe Oe & Beet Feige Geo & “COO a | O pest adaistt oe YE as wirefad 1° hese. ab pre. BAN ee er nee ees | pre mesic electrons ects ity abserh heat energy. \