Viva Voce & Answers To Convert the Given Galvanometer (of Known Resistance and Figure of Merit) into an Ammeter of Desired Range and to Verify the same Galvanometer Question. 1. What is a galvanometer? Answer. It is a device (instrument) used for detecting feeble electric currents in circuits. Question. 2. What type of galvanometer is available in laboratories? Answer. The laboratory galvanometer is a Weston Galvanometer. It has a pivoted coil Question.3. Why the scale of galvanometer has zero in the middle? Answer. A needle at zero in the middle can deflect on both sides. Question.4. Do we have positive and negative terminal in a galvanometer? ‘Answer. No, a galvanometer has no positive and negative terminals. The pointer can deflect on either side from zero in the middle. Question. 5. Why the divisions of a galvanometer scale are equally spaced? Answer. Deflection in pointer is proportional to the current passed. The number of divisions in deflection will be proportional to the current passed, | «= 0. Question. 6. Define figure of merit of a galvanometer. Answer. The quantity of current required to produce a deflection of one division in the galvanometer, is called figure of merit of the galvanometer. It is represented by the symbol k. Its unit is ampere per division Question. 7. Define current sensitivity of a galvanometer. Answer. The deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit current is passed through it, is called current sensitivity of the gaivanometer. Question.8.How are ‘figure of merit’ and ‘current sensitivity’ related to each other? Answer. They sire reciprocal, Six 1/kQuestion. 9. Why is the galvanometer called a moving coil galvanometer? Answer.Because in this galvanometer, the coil moves (deflects), while the magnet remains fixed. Question. 10. Is there any moving magnet galvanometer? Answer. Yes, the tangent galvanometer is called a moving magnet galvanometer. Question. 11. Why is tangent galvanometer, called a moving magnet galvanometer? Answer. Because in tangent galvanometer, the magnet (a small pivoted magnetic needle) moves (deflects), while the coil remains fixed Resistance of a galvanometer Question. 12. What do you mean by resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance of the coil of a galvanometer, is called the resistance of the galvanometer. It is represented by the symbol G. Question. 13. How do you determine the resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance of a galvanometer is determined by half-deflection method. Question.14. Why is this method called half deflection method? Answer. It is so because the deflection is made half by using a shunt resistance S. Question. 15. Under what conditions, G = S? Answer. G = S, only when series resistance R is very high. Ammeter Question. 16. What is an ammeter? Answer. An ammeter is a device (instrument) for measuring large electric currents in circuits. Question.17. How is an ammeter used in a circuit? Answer. An ammeter is used in series in a circuit. Question.18. Why is an ammeter used in series in a circuit? Answer. The whole current to be measured is passed through it. Question.19. What are the required properties of an ammeter? Answer. An ammeter must have a very small resistance (zero, if possible) and a large current carrying capacity.Question.20. Why should an ammeter have a very small resistance? Answer. So that when put in series in circuit, it should not reduce much the original current to be measured. Question. 21. Why should an ammeter have a large current carrying capacity? Answer. So that it may measure large currents. Voltmeter Question.22.What is a voltmeter? Answer.A voltmeter is a device (instrument) for measuring electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. Question.23.How is a voltmeter used in a circuit? Answer.A voltmeter is used in parallel with that branch of circuit at the ends of which the potential difference is to be measured. Question.24.Why is a voltmeter used in parallel in a circuit? Answer. The potential difference to be measured is maintained at the terminals of the voltmeter. Question.25.What are the required properties of a voltmeter? Answer.A voltmeter must have a very large resistance (infinite, if possible) and a very small current carrying capacity. Question.26.Why should a voltmeter have a very large resistance? ‘Answer.So that when put in parallel in circuit, it should not divert much current from parallel branch, Question.27.Why should a voltmeter have a very small current carrying capacity? Answer.So that it may not withdraw much current from parallel branch of the circuit. Conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter Question.28.Why is a galvanometer not suitable to work as ammeter? Answer.A galvanometer has more resistance and less current current-carrying capacity from those required by an ammeter. It will damage when large current flow through it. Question.29.How is a galvanometer converted into an ammeter? ‘Answer. galvanometer is converted into an ammeter by connecting a low resistance in parallel with the galvanometer coil (this parallel low resistance is called shunt),Question.30.How the low resistance is parallel (shunt) gives required properties to the galvanometer? Answer.The shunt reduces the overall resistance of the ammeter (converted galvanometer) and increases its current-carrying capacity. Question.31.What is the order of resistance of an ammeter? Answer. The ammeter resistance is nearly equal to the shunt resistance. Question.32.What do you understand by range of an ammeter? Answer.lt is the maximum value of the current which an ammeter can measure. Question.33.Which has lesser resistance—a 1 ampere range ammeter or a 10 ampere range ammeter? Answer.Higher the range, lower the resistance. A 10 A ammeter has lesser resistance. Question.34.What is a mill-ammeter? Answer.it is an ammeter which measures current in milli amperes (mA = 10° A). Question.35.What is a micro-ammeter? Answer.lt is an ammeter which measures current in micro amperes (uA = 10 A) Question.36.What is full name of an ammeter? Answer.Full name of an ammeter is ampere-meter. Question.37.Can we increase/decrease the range of an ammeter? Answer.We can increase the range but cannot decrease the range of ammeter because for I < |,, the value of shunt resistance becomes negative which cannot be possible. Question.38.What happens when an ammeter is place circuit? Answer.lt cannot measure the current in circuit because it only measures the, current which is passing through it. parallel with the Conversion of a galvanometer into a voltmeter, Question.39. Why is a galvanometer not suitable to work as voltmeter? Answer. A galvanometer has less resistance and more current-carrying capacity from those required by a voltmeter. Question. 40. How is a galvanometer converted into a voltmeter? Answer. A galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer coil.VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 41. How the high resistance in series gives required properties to the galvanometer? Answer. The series high resistance increases the overall resistance of the voltmeter (converted galvanometer) and decreases its current-carrying capacity Question. 42. What is the order of resistance of a voltmeter? Answer. The voltmeter resistance is of the order of series high resistance (R is in ten thousands, G is in hundreds). Question.43. What do you understand by the range of a voltmeter? Answer. It is the maximum value of the potential difference which the voltmeter can measure. Question.44. Which has more resistance—a 1 volt range voltmeter or a 10 volt range voltmeter? Answer. Higher the range, higher the resistance. A 10 V voltmeter has higher resistance. Question.45. What is a milli-voltmeter? Answer. It is a voltmeter which measures potential difference in milli-volts (mV = 10 sv) Question. 46. What is a micro-voltmeter? Answer. It is a voltmeter which measures potential difference in micro-volts (uV = 10° V) Question.47. Does ordinary voltmeter have infinite resistance? Answer. No. Question.48. Name a voltmeter which has fe resistance. Answer. Electrostatic voltmeter has infinite resistance. It is also called electrometer. An electronic voltmeter, called Vacuum Tube Volt Meter (VTVM), has nearly infinite resistance, It makes an accurate measurement of potential difference. The potentiometer, at null point, also acts as an ideal voltmeter (infinite resistance). Question.49. Can we increase/decrease the range of a voltmeter? Answer. Yes. The range of voltmeter can be increased by connecting a suitable high resistance in series and can be decreased a suitable resistance in parallel. Question. 50. What happens when a voltmeter connected in series in a circuit? Answer. The voltmeter cannot measure the actual p.d. in the circuit because overall resistance of circuit increases. Question. 51. What is shunt? State its S.l. unit. Answer. A small resistance connected in parallel with a galvanometer is called shunt. Its S.l. unit is Olim. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 52. Can moving coil galvanometer be used to detect an a.c. ina circuit? Give reason. Answer. It cannot be used to detect a.c. in a circuit since it measures the average value of current which is zero over a cycle. Question. 53. Is the working of MCG affected by the earth magnetic field? Answer. No. The earth magnetic field is very weak as compared to strong radial magnetic field. Question. 54. Which has more resistance (a) Ammeter or voltmeter (b) milliammeter or ammeter (c) milli voltmeter or voltmeter. Answer. (a) voltmeter, (b) milliammeter, (c) voltmeter Question. 55. What do you mean by the resistance of a galvanometer? Answer. The resistance offered by the coil of galvanometer to the flow of current through it is known as resistance (G) of the galvanometer. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope Question. 4. Why a slab does not deviate and disperse light, where as a prism does? ‘Answer. In a slab, the refracting faces are parallel. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. There is no deviation and dispersion. In a prism, the refracting faces are not parallel. The emergent ray is not parallel to incident ray. There is a deviation and hence dispersion. Question. 5. Why lycopodium power is spread over the glass surface? Answer. To focus the microscope accurately, otherwise the bottom surface will be focussed because of transparency of glass slab, Question. 6. What is normal shift? ‘Answer. Itis the difference between actual depth and apparent depth. Its S.|. unit is metre. Question. 7. What is cause of normal shift? Answer. Due to refraction of light. Question. 8. On what factors, apparent depth depends? Answer. 1. nature of medium (R.1.) 2. thickness of medium (actual depth) 3. colour of light. Question. 9. In general for which colour we take the refractive index of a material in lens and glass slabs. Answer. Yellow colour. Since it is the mean colour of visible spectrum. Question. 10. What may be refractive index for hollow glass slab? Answer. n Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To Determine the Internal Resistance of a Given Primary Cell Using Potentiometer Question. 1. What do you understand by the em. of a cell? Answer. Electromotive force i.e., e.m-f. of a cell is the potential difference across the terminals of the cell when the cell is in an open circuit ie., when no current is drawn from the cell. Question. 2. What is a potentiometer? Answer. It is an instrument used to measure potential difference or e.m-f. of a cell Question. 3. Why is it called a potentiometer? , Answer. Because it measures potential difference between any two points of electric circuits, Question. 4. What is the principle of a potentiometer? Answer. It works On the principle that for a constant current, fall of potential along a Uniform wire is directly proportional to its length. Question. 5. What is potential gradient? Answer. lt is the fall of potential per unit length of the potentiometer wire. K =V/l Question. 6. How does the potential gradient vary along the length of the wire from end P to end Q? Answer. Potential gradient is same throughout if the wire has uniform cross-section and material density Question. 7. What kind of source of e.m.f. should be used as auxiliary battery? Answer. The e.m-f. of the source must be steady. A freshly charged accumulator should be used for this purpose. Question. 8. What should be the order of magnitude of the e.m-f. of the auxiliary battery? Answer. The e.m-f. of the auxiliary battery should be slightly greater than the e.m.f. of the individual cells. (With battery of lesser e.m-f,, null point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire), Question. 9. Why do we use a rheostat in the battery circuit? Answer. To vary the potential gradient. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 10. What purpose is served by varying the potential gradient? Answer. A lower potential gradient gives more length of wire upto null point. Accuracy becomes more. Question. 11. On what factors does the potential gradient depend? Answer. Potential gradient depends directly on the strength of the current and resistance per om of the wire. K = Ip/A. Question. 12. What is the preferred material used for making potentiometer wires? Answer. Manganin. It is characterised by a low temperature coefficient of resistance and a high resistivity. Question. 13. Why do we want the material of the potentiometer wire to have a low temperature coefficient of resistance? Answer. There is invariably some heating of the potentiometer wire when a current flows through it. A material with a low temperature coefficient ensures that its, resistance does not change much because of this heating, Question. 14. Why don't we use a copper wire as a potentiometer wire? Answer. Copper has a high temperature coefficient of resistance and low resistivity and hence a copper wire will have a low resistance. There would then be no appreciable potential drop across the ends of the potentiometer wire. Question. 15. Which materials can be used for making potentiometer wire? Answer. The alloys like manganin, constantan etc. Question. 16. What do you mean with sensitivity of a potentiometer? Answer. Sensitivity of a potentiometer is the smallest potential difference that it can measure Question. 17.Why is a ten-wire potentiometer more sensitive than a four-wire one? Answer.The potential gradient, under same conditions, decreases with an increase in the length of the potentiometer wire. Hence, a 10-wire potentiometer (having a smaller potential gradient) is more sensitive than a 4-wire one. Question. 18.How will you know that the apparatus can give a null point? ‘Answer. The jockey is put at the two ends of the potentiometer wire. The deflection in the galvanometer must be in opposite directions. Question. 19.What will you conclude if the deflection of the galvanometer is in ‘same direction at both the ends? Answer. The reasons may be Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS the positive terminals of all the cells are not connected at one point. 2. the potential difference between the ends of the wire is less than the e.m.f. of the cell which is to be measured 3. the e.m.f. of driving cell is less than the e.m.f. of each cells whose e.mf. to be compared or measured Question. 20. How are above situations corrected? Answer. 1. Connections of positive terminals are checked. 2. Current in potentiometer wire is increased. 3. E>E, orE>E:. Question. 21. Under what conditions galvanometer will give no deflection when jockey is put on the wire? Answer. The reason may be 1. the cell whose e.m4. is being measured, is totally damaged to have infinite internal resistance. 2. connecting wire in the galvanometer circuit may be broken. Question. 22. Under what conditions deflection in the galvanometer is shaky? Answer. The reason may be 4. the e.m.f of the battery or the cells may be fluctuating 2. the circuit has a loose contact somewhere. Question. 23. Why should we use a sensitive galvanometer? Answer. A sensitive galvanometer will respond to even a small departure from the exact balance point and will hence enable us to locate the balance point with greater precision. Question. 24. Why do we need a protective series resistance/shunt along with a sensitive galvanometer? ‘Answer. To prevent it from damage from the flow of excessive currents that may exist when the jockey is far from the balance point Question. 25. Does the use of a series protective resistance/shunt effect the location of the balance point? Answer. No; however, it makes the galvanometer less sensitive. We therefore, remove it once we are near the balance point. Question. 26. Why do we not want the balance point to be on the first wire, say? Answer. The smaller is the balancing length, the greater is the relative uncertainty in its location. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 27.What is the merit of a potentiometer over a voltmeter in measurement of e.mf. of a cell? Answer.E.IV.F. measured by potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in open circuit, giving no current. Question. 28.How will you determine specific resistance of potentiometer wire material? Answer.We measure V across a known length | of the wire. We measure diameter D of wire and pl tI through it. ai current ugh it. Then R = S—— Vv T From which p can be calculated. Question. 29.What do you mean by internal resistance of a cell? Answer.It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of ions to their respective electrodes Question. 30.1s there any change in the internal resistance of cell in open and closed circuit? Answer. Question. 31.0n what factors does the internal resistance of a cell depend? Answer. internal resistance of a cell depends upon : 1. Distance between electrodes and is directly proportional to its 2. Facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte and is inversely proportional to it 3. Nature of electrolyte and is inversely proportional to its specific conductivity 4. Temperature increases, the intemal resistance decreases and vice-versa. 5. Internal resistance increases with the use of cell. Question. 32.Does the the cell? Answer. Yes, the internal resistance usually increases as more current is drawn from the cell, fernal resistance depend on the current drawn from Question. 33.Can we find the internal resistance of an accumulator or secondary cell? Answer.No. the internal resistance of an accumulator is so small (= 0.01 Q) that this method cannot be used Question. 34.Why a cell should not be disturbed during experiment? Answer. Disturbing of the cell may change the factors (Q. 31 above) on which the internal resistance of the cell depends. Question. 35.What other measurements can be made by a potentiometer? Answer.A potentiometer can be used for measuring small thermo e.m4. It can also Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE, SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS be used for calibrating voltmeter and ammeter. It can be used to measure and control stress, temperature, radiation, pH, frequency etc. Question. 36.Can you measure e.m-f. by a voltmeter? Answer.No. The voltmeter measure the terminal potential difference of a cell because it draw some current V=E-Ir, when I#0, then VE) (iii) When the J = 0, or r = 0 or R >, then V= E. Question. 39. Does the at position of balance point (null point) mean no current through the potentiometer? Answer. No. the current always flow in potentiometer wire. These is no current in galvanometer f because there is no current drawn from the cell whose e.m.f. is to be measured or compared. Question. 40. Does the potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of (i) primary cell (ii) secondary cell? Answer. The potentiometer is used to determine the internal resistance of primary cell only but not secondary cell because of very small resistance (0.02 Q). Question. 41. What are the factors on which the e.m-f. of a cell depends? Answer. Nature of electrodes, Nature of electrolyte, concentration of electrolyte, Temperature of electrolyte. ene Question. 42. Why is a potentiometer preferred over a voltmeter for measuring the e.m.f. of cell? Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE, SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS ‘Answer. A potentiometer draws no current from the cell whose e.m.f. is to be measured. On the other hand, the voltmeter always some current. Thus e.m.f. measured by voltmeter will be slightly less than the e.m.f. measured by potentiometer. V=E-Ir Question. 43. Why do we prefer a potentiometer with a longer bridge wire? Answer. When the bridge wire is longer, the potential gradient is smaller. Smaller the potential gradient, more is the sensitivity of potentiometer wire. Question. 44. What are the factors on which internal resistance of a cell depends. Answer. Nature of electrodes Nature of electrolyte Concentration of electrolyte Temperature of electrolyte Distance between the electrodes The area of electrodes immered in electrolyte, PeaeNe Question. 45. Can we consider the potentiometer as an ideal voltmeter? Answer. Yes. At null point, the potentiometer does not draw any current. Hence it measure the emf. The potentiometer is equivalent to an ideal voltmeter. V=E-Ir Let 1 =0, then V=E. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE, SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage Question. 1. What is reverse current? Answer. The current due to reverse bias voltage, is called reverse current. Question. 2. What constitutes the reverse current? Answer. The reverse current is due to minority carriers. Question.3. What are minority carriers? Answer. Free electrons in p-type semiconductor and holes in re-type semiconductor, are called minority carriers. They are present due to breaking of covalent bonds. Question.4. What is reverse breakdown? Answer. At certain stage of increased reverse bias voltage, the reverse current increases suddenly. This situation is called reverse breakdown. This phenomenon is called Zener effect, Question.5. What causes reverse breakdown? Answer. The rupture of all covalent bonds causes reverse breakdown. Question. 6. Is the reverse breakdown recoverable? Answer. Yes. The decrease of reverse bias voltage restores the condition. The broken bonds are reassembled. Question.7. What is reverse breakdown voltage? Answer. The reverse bias voltage which causes breakdown, is called reverse breakdown voltage. It is represented by the symbol BVs. Question. 8. On which factor does the reverse breakdown voltage depend? Answer. It depends upon the level of doping of re-type and p-type section of the diode. General purpose diodes have each section lightly doped. They have high value of reverse breakdown voltage. Zener diodes have each section heavily doped. They have low value of reverse break-down voltage Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.9. What is Zener voltage? Answer. The reverse breakdown voltage of Zener diodes, is called Zener voltage. It is represented by the symbol V. Question. 10. How does Zener voltage differ for Germanium and Silicon? ‘Answer. For same order of doping, it is less for Germanium and more for silicon. Question.11.What is Zener current? Answer.The reverse current after breakdown, is called Zener current. It is represented by the symbol I. Question.12.How does a Zener diode work as a voltage regulator? ‘Answer. At breakdown and after, output voltage (Vs) becomes constant at value of Zener voltage (V.) even when input voltage (V;) increases. Thus, the Zener diode will give same output voltage for all input voltage of higher values. It becomes a voltage stabilizer for voltage equal in value of Zener voltage (V.). The current drawn does not affect the zener voltage. Question.13.What is the Knee voltage? ‘Answer. The forward voltage beyond which the current starts to increase rapidly with voltage is called the cut-in or Knee voltage of the diode. Question.14.What happens to the potential barrier and depletion layer when a reverse bias is applied to a p-n junction diode? Answer. Both increases. Question.15.What is fermi level? Answer.It is the highest energy level in the conduction band occupied by the electrons at the absolute zero of temperature. Question.16.What is Zener breakdown? Answer.Due to small junction width, the junction field is high. Due to this internal high field, there is large production of electron-hole pairs. The corresponding breakdown is called breakdown. Question.17.What is Zener diode? Answer. It is specially designed p-n diode whose both sides are heavely doped and work only in the reverse breakdown region. Question.18.Give one application of a diode. Answer.Rectifier. Question.19.What is ideal diode? Answer.lt is a diode which offers zero resistance in forward biasing and infinite resistance in reverse biasing Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.20.How the energy gap changes with (i) doping (ii) temperature? Answer. Decrease with increase in doping and temperature. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p- n junction in forward bias and reverse bias Question. 1. Define energy level in an atom. ‘Answer. Definite energy value of an electron in the subshell of the atom, is called energy level of the atom. Question. 2. Define energy band in a crystal. Answer. Broadened energy level (line) in a crystal, is called energy band of the crystal Question. 3. Name different types of energy bands. Answer. Different energy bands are : 1. Condustion band (C), 2. Valence band (V), 3. Forbidden band (F). Question. 4. Define different energy bands. Answer. Read Art. 10.03 (1, 2, 3, 4) Question.6. Name different types of substances. Answer. Different types of substances are 1. Conductors, 2. Insulators, 3. Semiconductors. Question. 6. Di semiconductor. Answer. Read Art. 10.04 (1, 2, 3). inguish between a conductor, ai Question.7. How are electrical conductivity and resistivity related? Answer. Electrical conductivity is reciprocal of resistivity ie, o«2 ° Question. 8. What is S.1. unit of conductance? Answer. S.|. unit of conductance is siemen (S) Question. 9. What is order of conductivity of conductors, semiconductors and insulators? Answer. 10-10, 10%-10+ and 10-10 S m: respectively. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi.wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE, SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question. 10. Define a hole. Answer. A place vacated by an electron, is called a hole. It is associated with a positive charge. Question.11. Define an intrinsic semiconductor. Answer. A pure semiconductor material, is called an intrinsic semiconductor, itn. = Ay Question. 12. Which materials are commonly used as semiconductors? Answer. Silicon and germanium are commonly used as semiconductors, Question. 13. Which of the upper two materials has less energy gap? Answer. Energy gap has value 0.72 eV for germanium and 1.12 eV for silicon Question.14, Define an extrinsic semiconductor. Answer. A semiconductor material made deliberately impure, is called an extrinsic semiconductor. Question.15. Describe an n-type semiconductor (Ge). Answer. An n-type Ge is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a pentavalent impurity to its crystal. Question.16. Name the pentavalent impurities which make Ge n-type. Answer. The pentavalent impurities are 1. Phosphorus (15), 2. Arsenic (33), 3. Antimony (51), 4. Bismuth (83) Generally, Arsenic (As) is taken for this purpose. Question.17. Describe a p-type semiconductor (Ge). Answer. A p-type Ge’ is obtained by adding a small quantity (one millionth part) of a trivalent impurity to its crystal. Question.18. Name the trivalent impurities which make Ge p-type. Answer. The trivalent impurities are 1. Boron (5), 2. Aluminium (13), 3. Gallium (31), 4. Indium (49), 5. Thalium (61). Generally Indium (In) is taken for this purpose Question.19. What is doping? Answer. The process of adding a suitable impurity to pure semiconductor, deliberately, is called doping. Question.20. What is order of doping in an extrinsic semiconductor? Answer. It is one part in one million Question.21. Why is n-type semiconductor so called? Answer. Because it contains free electrons with negative charge, as charge carriers. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.22. Why is p-type semiconductor so called? Answer. Because it contains holes with positive charge, as charge carriers. Question. 23. What is a junction? Answer. It is a common surface of n-type and p-type semiconductor. Question.24. What is a depletion layer? ‘Answer. It is a layer with junction in the middle, having no free charge carriers. The opposite j charge carriers have become neutralized. (it is shown shaded in Fig. 10.02) Question.25. What is junction potential barrier? Answer. The potential difference between junction ends of the two types of semiconductors, is called junction potential barrier. Question.26. Why is junction potential barrier so called? Answer. Because it prevents free charge carriers from entering the depletion layer by themselves. Question.27. What is biasing of a junction? Answer. Applying an external potential difference more than potential barrier on the faces of the junction, is called biasing of the junction Question.28. Give names of the two types of the biasing. Answer. The two types of biasing are (i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing. Question.29. Why is forward bias so called? Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move forward towards junction Question.30. Why is reverse bias so called? Answer. Because it makes free charge carriers to move reverse away from junction. Question.31. How does the bias effect the thickness of the depletion layer? Answer. Forward bias decreases the thickness of depletion layer. Reverse bias increases the thickness of depletion layer. Question.32. How does the bias effect the junction resistance? Answer. The forward bias makes junction resistance less. The reverse bias makes junction resistance more. Question.33. Define characteristic of a junction diode. Answer. Graph drawn between bias voltage and circuit current of a junction diode, is called characteristic of the diode. It reveals the character (way of behaviour) of the junction diode. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.34, Describe different types of characteristics of a junction diode. Answer. 1. Forward bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between forward bias voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10 ohm. 2. Reverse bias characteristic. It is obtained by plotting a graph between reverse bias voltage and circuit current. Junction resistance comes to be about 10,000 ohms. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Viva Voce & Answers To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens Question. 1. Define a spherical lens. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (a) Question.2. Describe different types of lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (b). Question.3. Describe different types of convex lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (c). Question.4. Describe different types of concave lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.01 (4), Question.5. Define different terms associated with spherical lenses. Answer. Read Art. 8.02 (1-7). Question.6. Mention three special rays. Answer. Read Art. 8.03. Question.7. Define sign convention. Answer. Read Art, 8.04 (a). Question.8. Give rules of sign convention. Answer. Read Art, 8.04 (b). Question. 9. Give facts obtained from sign convention. Answer. Read Art. 8.04 (c). Question.10. Define and give lens formula. Answer. Read Art. 8.05. Question.11. Describe various assumptions made in deri formula. Answer. Read Art, 8.06. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) , JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)VIVAVOCE QUESTION & ANSWERS FOR CLASS XII PHYSICS Question.12. Give position, nature and size of image when object is put in different positions in front of a convex lens. Answer. Read Art. 8.07. Question.13. Define power of a lens. Git Answer. Read Art. 8.08. its unit and sign. Question.14. Define a lens combination. Give expression for. its focal length and power. Answer. Read Art 8.09, Question.15. Define chromatic aberration. Answer. Read Art. 8.10 (2). Question.16. Describe the difference between the images formed by a convex and a concave lens. . Answer. A concave lens always forms a virtual, erect and diminished image. Image formed by a convex lens is generally real and inverted and on bringing the object near the lens the size of image goes on increasing. However, when the object is placed in front of a convex lens between its optical centre and principal focus, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified Question.17. Which convex lens has more focal length, thick or thin? Answer. A thin convex lens has more focal length. * Question.18. Can you find rough focal length of a concave lens? Answer. No, because it does not form a real image to be obtained on a screen. Question.19. What is the type of the eye lens? Answer. The eye lens is convex. Question.20. What are the practical uses of lenses? Answer. Lenses are used in spectacles, microscopes, telescopes and other optical instruments. Question.21. How can a convex lens be used as a magnifier? Answer. For this purpose the lens is put very close to the eye in between the eye and the object to be magnified. Question. 22. How will you distinguish between a glass slab, a convex lens and a concave lens without touching it? Answer. The glass piece is put over a printed page and the virtual image of the printed matter is seen. The magnification of the image is judged. If the image has same size as the object, the glass piece is a glass slab. lf the image is magnified, the glass piece is a convex lens. If the image is diminished, the glass piece is a concave lens. Visit https://rkmaliksnewtonclassesranchi,wordpress.com/ for Free Downloadable Study Resources Boards(CBSE.ICSE) JEE /NEET/Olympiads (NTSE , SOF , IMO, NMTC)