Chapter # 9 Chemical equilibrium

Q.1 Write any two properties of reversible reaction.

Ans. Properties:
 These reactions never go to completion.
 They are represented by a double arrow ( )between reactants and products.
 These reactions proceed in both ways ie. they consist of two reactions, forward and
reverse.
Q.2 Define reversible reaction.
Ans. Reversible reaction:
Reactions in which products can recombine to form reactants are called reversible
reaction. These reactions never go to completion.
Example:

H2 + I2(g) 2HI(g)

N2 + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

Q.3 The large numerical value of Kc indicates what in a reversible reaction?

Ans. The large value of Kc in a reversible reaction indicates that reaction mixture consists of
almost all products and reactants are negligible. The reaction has almost gone to
completion.
Q.4 Why reversible reactions never complete?
Ans. Reversible reactions never goes to completion because in these reactions products
recombine to from reactants again, that is why forward and reverse reactions keep on
taking place continuously.
Q.5 What is meant by chemical equilibrium state?
Ans. When the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of reverse reaction, the
composition of reaction mixture remains constant. It is called chemical equilibrium state.
Q.6 What is the difference between forward and reverse reaction?
Ans.
Forward reaction Reverse reaction
The reactions in which reactants react The reactions in which products
to form products is called forward recombine or decompose to give
reaction. reactants again is called reverse
reaction.
H2 + I2(g) 2HI(g) 2HI(g) H2(g) + I2(g)
Q.7 Write equilibrium constant expression of reaction: H2 + I2 H2 + I2

Ans. Rate of forward reaction Rf = Kf [H2] [I2]

Rate of reverse reaction Rr = Kr [HI]2

Kc for the reaction is

Kc 
HI 2
H 2  I 2 

Q.8 Define law of mass action.

Ans. This law was presented by Guldberg and Waage in 1869. According to this law,

"The rate at which a substance reacts is directly proportional to active mass and the rate
of reaction is directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the reacting
substances."

Q.9 Write equation of forward reaction between hydrogen and Iodine.

Ans. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI

Hydrogen Iodine Hydrogen Iodine

Q.10 Give importance of equilibrium constant.

Ans. Importance:

1. By knowing the value of Kc, the direction of the reaction can be predicted by
comparing it with the value of Qc.
2. Numerical value of Kc predicts the extent of a reaction. It indicates to which extent
reactants are converted into products.

Q.11 What is meant by equilibrium constant?

Ans. Equilibrium constant is a ratio of the product of concentration of product raised to the
power of coefficient to the product of concentration of reactant raised to the power of
coefficient as expressed in balance chemical equations.
productof concentration of productsraised to the power of coefficience
Kc 
productof concentrations of reac tan ts to the power of coefficience

It depends upon temperature.

Q.12 Give two characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.

Ans. Characteristics:
1. An equilibrium is achievable only in a closed system.
2. An equilibrium state is attainable from either way ie. starting from reactants or from
products.
Q.13 What does large numerical value of Kc indicates?
Ans. The large value of Kc indicated that at equilibrium position, the reaction mixture consists
of almost all products and reactants are negligible. The reaction has almost gone to
completion.
Q.14 What is static equilibrium state? Explain with an example.
Ans. When reaction ceases to proceed it is called static equilibrium.
Example:
A building remains standing rather than falling down because all the forces acting on it
are balanced.
Q.15 How can you know that reaction has achieved equilibrium state?
Ans. When physical properties like colour, smell, density of reaction mixture do not change
then the reaction has established equilibrium state.
Q.16 What is the relationship between active mass and rate of reaction?
Ans. The relationship between active mass and rate of reaction is described by law of mass
action. According to it, “The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the product of
active masses of the reacting substances”.
Rate of reaction  active mass of reacting substance.
Q.17 Define irreversible reactions. OR
What are complete reaction?
Ans. Reactions in which products do not recombine to give reactants is called irreversible
reaction. These reactions are supposed to complete. They are represented by a single
arrow between reactants and products.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H 2O 
Pt
Heat
Q.18 Write two macroscopic properties of forward reaction.
Ans. Macroscopic characteristics:
1. It is a reaction in which reactants react to form products.
2. It takes from left to right.
3. It slows down gradually.
Q.19 How direction of a reaction is predicted?
Ans. Direction of reaction can be predicted by the insertion of concentrations of reactants and
products at any particular moment in equilibrium expression. Then compare it with Kc
we can get direction of reaction.
Q.20 Give characteristics of reverse reaction.
Ans. Properties:
1. It takes place from right to left.
2. It speeds up gradually.
Q.21 What do you mean by extent of reaction?
Ans. It indicates to which extent reactants are converted to products. It indicates how far a
reaction proceeds before establishing equilibrium state.
Q.22 Write down the importance of equilibrium constant,
Ans. Equilibrium constant helps to find:
1. Direction of reaction.
2. Extant of reaction.
Q.23 Write characteristics of a reaction in which equilibrium is established at once.
Ans.
1. Very small value of Kc.
2. Reaction mixture contains almost all reactant and negligible products.
3. Very small conversion of reactants into products.
Q.24 What are reactants and products?
Ans.

Reactants Products
In a chemical reaction, the substances In a chemical reaction, new substances
that combine are called reactants. that are formed are called products.

C + O2 CO2

reactants products
Q.25 What do you know about active mass?
Ans. Active mass is molar concentration of substance. It is represented by [ ]. Its unit is
mol dm-3.
Q.26 What are units for Kc for this reaction:
N2 + 3H2 2NH(3)
Ans. 1st we write Kc expression.

Kc 
NH 3 
2

N 2 H 2 3
Put unit [ ] = mold m-3
So,

=
mol dm  3

mol dm mol dm 
3 3 3

= ( mol dm3 )-2

= mol-2 dm6
Q.27 Write expression for Kc for the synthesis of PCl5 from Pcl3 and Cl2.

Ans. PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5

Kc 
PCl5 
PCl3 Cl2 
Q.28 Why at equilibrium reaction does not stop?

Ans. Because at equilibrium state rate of forward reaction is same as rate of reverse reaction.
Both reactions keep on taking place in opposite direction.

Q.29 Write down the use of atmospheric gases in manufacturing of chemicals.

Ans. These are two major components of our atmosphere (make about 99%):

1. N2 2. O2

Nitrogen (N2):

It is used to prepare ammonia (NH3) which is further used to prepare nitrogenous

fertilizers.

Oxygen (O2):

It is used to prepare SO2 which is further used to manufacture "king of chemicals"

sulphuric acid H2SO4.

Q.30 Write expression of Kc for the reaction: CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

Ans.

Kc 
CO H 2 3
CH 4 H 2O
Q.31 Why the amount of reactants and products do not change at equilibrium state?

Ans. Because when equilibrium is established, only rate of forward and reverse reactions
become equal so amounts of reactant and products do not change and composition of
reaction mixture does not change.
Chapter # 10 Acids Bases and Salts

Q.1 Write down the major classes of inorganic and organic compounds.

Ans. There are three distinct classes of compounds.

1. Acids 2. Bases 3. Salts

Q.2 What do you know Jabir-Bin-Hayan?

Ans. He was famous Muslim chemist. He prepare hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid
(H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3).

Q.3 What was Lavoisier concept about acid?

Ans. In 1787, Lavoisier, named binary compounds of oxygen such as CO2 and SO2 are acids
which on dissolution in water gave acidic solution.

Q.4 What was Hamphrey Davy concept?

Ans. In 1815, he discovered that there are certain acids without oxygen e.g. HCl. He proved
presence of Hydrogen as main constituent of acid. He also discovered that all water
soluble metallic oxides turn red litmus blue, which is characteristic of base.

Q.5 From where the word “acid” derived?

Ans. The word is derived from Latin word “Acidus” means sour.

Q.6 Which acid is present in our stomach?

Ans. Our stomach contain little amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Q.7 Write two characteristics of bases.

Ans. 1. They have bitter taste.
2. They turn red litmus blue.
3. They are non corrosive except NaOH, KOH.
4. Their aqueous solution can conduct electric current.
Q.8 Write down the characteristics of acids.
Ans. 1. They have sour taste.
2. They blue litmus red.
3. They are corrosive to skin.
4. Their aqueous solutions a goods conductor of electricity.
Q.9 What is Arhenius acid?
Ans. Arhenius Acid:
An acid is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydrogen ion.
 For example:

water
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Q.10 What is Arhenius Base?
Ans. Arhenius Base:
A base is a substance which dissociates in aqueous solution to give hydroxide ions.
For example:

water
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Q.11 Write limitations of Arhenius concept.
Ans. Limitations of Arhenius concept:
 This concept is only applicable in aqueous medium and does not explain the nature of
acids and bases in non-aqueous medium.
 According to this concept, acids and bases are only those compounds which contain
hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions, respectively. It can’t explain the nature of
compounds like CO2, NH3 etc. which are acid and base respectively.
Q.12 What is Bronsted acid?
Ans. Bronsted acid:
An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) that can donate a proton (H+) to another
substance. e.g. HCl.

HCl + NH3 NH4+(aq) + Cl-

Acid Base

Q.13 What is Bronsted Base?

Ans. Bronsted Base:
A base is a substance that can accept a proton (H+) from another substance. e.g. NH3.
HCl + NH3 NH4+(aq) + Cl-
Acid Base

Q.14 What is Conjugate acid?

Ans. Conjugate acid:

A conjugate acid is a specie formed by accepting a proton by a base.

HCl + H2O H3O+(aq) + Cl-

Acid Base Conjugate acid
Q.15 What is Conjugate Base?

Ans. Conjugate Base:

A conjugate base is a specie formed by donating a proton by an acid.

CH3COOH + H2O H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-

Acid Base Conjugate acid Conjugate base

Q.16 What is Amphoteric?

Ans. A substance that can act as an acid as well as, a base is called amphoteric. e.g. water
(H2O)

Q.17 Write limitations of Bronsted-Lowry concept.

Ans. It has been observed that there are certain substances which behave as acids though they
don’t have the ability to donate a proton e.g. SO3. Similarly, CaO behaves as a base but it
cannot accept a proton. These observations proved the limitations of Bronsted – Lowry.

Q.18 What is Lewis acid.

Ans. An acid is a substance (molecule or ion) which can accept a pair of electrons.

Example:

AlCl3, BF3, H+ etc.

Q.19 What is Lewis base?

Ans. A base is a substance (molecule or ion) which can donate a pair of electrons.

Example:

NH3, Cl-, R – OH etc.

Q.20 What is Adduct?

Ans. The product of Lewis acid and Lewis base is a single specie called adduct.

Example:

Q.21 What is pH?

Ans. pH is the negative logarithm of molar concentration of the hydrogen ions. That is,

pH = -log [H+]
Q.22 Write uses of pH.

Ans.

1. It is used to determine acidic or basic nature of a solution.

2. It is used to produce medicines culture at a microbiological particular concentration of
H+ ion.
3. It is used to prepare solutions of required concentrations necessary for certain biological
reactions.

Q.23 What are Indicators?

Ans. Indicators are the organic compounds. They have different colours in acidic and alkaline
solution. Litmus is a common indicator. It is red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline
solutions.

Q.24 What is universal indicator?

Ans. Some indicators are used as mixtures. The mixture indicator gives different colours at pH
values. Hence, it is used to measure the pH of a solution. Such a mixed indicator is called
universal indicator or simply pH indicator.

Q.25 What is Salts?

Ans. Salts are ionic compounds generally formed by the neutralization of an acid with a base.

Example:

NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, Ca3(PO4)2 etc.

Q.26 What is normal or neutral salt?

Ans. A salt formed by the total replacement of ionizable H+ ions of an acid by a positive metal
ion or NH+4 ions is called normal or neutral salt.

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + H2O

Q.27 What is acidic salt?

Ans. These salts are formed by partial replacement of a replaceable H+ ions of an acid by a
positive metal ion.
Example:
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O

NaHSO4 is acidic salt. It turns to normal salt when react with base.

NaHSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

Q.28 What is basic salt?

Ans. Basic salts are formed by the incomplete neutralization of a polyhydroxy base by an acid.

HCl + Al (OH)3 Al (OH)2 Cl + H2O

Al (OH)2 Cl is basic salt and turns to normal salt when react with acid.

2HCl + Al (OH)2 Cl AlCl3 + 2H2O

Q.29 What is Double salt?

Ans. Double salts are formed by two normal salts when they are crystallized from a mixture of
equimolar saturated solutions.

Potash alum: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

Mohr’s salt: FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O

Q.30 What is mixed salt?

Ans. Mixed salts contain more than one basic or acid radicals. Example of mixed salt is
bleaching powder Ca(OCl)Cl.
Q.31 What is complex salt?
Ans. Complex salts on dissociation provides a simple cation and a complex anion and vice
versa.
Example:
Potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6]
Q.32 What is soda lime? Give its uses.
Ans. It is mixture of CaO and NaOH.
Uses:
1. It is used in purification of sugar
2. It is also used to remove carbon dioxide and water vapours from air.

Q.33 What is gypsum? Give its uses.

Ans. Gypsum is CaSO4. 2H2O.

Uses:

1. It is used as fertilizes.
2. It is used to prepare plaster of Paris which is used for making statues, casts etc.

Q.34 What are preservative?

Ans. The chemicals which are used to prevent food spoilage are called preservative.
 Cause of food spoilage:
Food spoilage due to microbial action or chemical reaction.
Examples of preservative:
Preservative either antioxidant or antimicrobial or both. Such as salts, sugars, alcohol,
vinegar etc. they efficiently control the growth of bacteria in food.
Q.35 Find pH of 0.01M H2SO4.
Ans. H2SO4(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO2-4(aq)
As 1M 2M
and 0.001M 2(0.001)M
So,
[H+] = 0.002M
pH = -log [H+]
= -log (0.002)
pH = 1.7
Q.36 Find pOH of 0.02M Ca(OH)2.
Ans. Ca(OH)2 Ca++ + 2OH-
As 1M 2M
and 0.02M 0.04M
So,
[OH-] = 0.04M
pOH = -log [OH-]
= -log (0.04)
pOH = 1.397
Q.37 Find pH of 0.1M KOH.
Ans. For a base we first find pOH then pH.
KOHaq K+ + OH-
[OH-] = 0.1M
pOH = -log [OH-]
= -log (0.1)
pOH = 1
Now pH = 14 – pOH
pH = 14 – 1
pH = 13
Q.38 What do you know about “hyper acidity”?
Ans. As our stomach contain small amount of HCl. Sometimes stomach produces too much
acid. It causes stomach acidity called hyper acidity.
Symptoms of this disease are feeling burning sensation throughout gestro intestinal track.
These feeling sometimes extend towards the chest, that is called “heart burn”.
Q.39 Write the method to prevent from hyper acidity.
Ans. The best prevention from hyper acidity is:
1. Avoid over eating and stay away from fatty acids and spicy foods.
2. Simple and regular eating.
3. Remaining in an upright porition for about 45min after taking meal.
4. Keeping head elevated while sleeping.
Q.40 What does pH value indicate about nature of solution?
Ans. 1. If pH is equal to 7 then solution is neutral.
5. If pH of solution is less than 7, then it is acid.
6. If pH is greater than 7, then solution is basic in nature.
Q.41 Give the colours of phenolphthalein indicator at different pH.
Ans. Phenolphthalein is colour less in solution with pH less than 9. If pH is above 9, then
phenolphthalein is red.
Q.42 At which pH, methyl orange changes it colour?
Ans. Methyl orange changes it colour at pH equal to 4.
It is red below pH = 4 and yellow above pH = 4.
Q.43 Which acids are used for etching designs on glass and copper plates?
Ans. Nitric acid (HNO3) is used for etching design on copper and hydrofluoric acid (HF) is
used etching design on glass plates.
Q.44 Name two acids used in manufacturing of fertilizers.
Ans. Followings are used to prepare fertilizers.
1. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
2. Nitric acid (HNO3)
Q.45 Complete and balance the following equation Al + HCl ?

Ans. 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Q.46 Write down the sources of citric acid and Lactic acid.
Ans.
1. Citric acid is found in lemon, orange etc.
2. Lactic acid is found in sour milk.
Q.47 Prove that water is an amphoteric compound.
Ans. Water is an amphoteric compound. As it acts as acid as well as base.
 As an acid:
When water reacts with base it donates its proton H+ to base.
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH-
Acid Base

As a base:
When water reacts with acid it accept H+ .
HCl + H2O H3 O+ + Cl-
Acid Base

Q.48 How soluble salts are recovered?

Ans. Soluble salts are recovered by:
1. Crystallization 2. Evaporation
Q.49 Why BF3 acts as Lewis acid?
Ans. In BF3, central atom boron (Z = 5) has three electrons in its valance shell. After sharing
these three electron with three fluorine atoms, it has six electrons in valance shell. So it
octet is incomplete. That’s why it accepts electron pair from base.
H3 N : + BF3 [H3N : BF3]
Q.50 How we can measure pH of a solution?
Ans. pH of a solution can be measured by:
1. Universal indicator
2. pH meter.
Q.51 Why pure water is not a strong electrolyte?
Ans. Pure water is not a strong electrolyte because it ionizes slightly into ions in process
called auto ionization.
H2 O H+ + OH-
Q.52 Give examples of any four water soluble salts.
Ans.
1. Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
2. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
3. Calcium chloride (CaCl2)
4. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Q.53 Give examples of any four insoluble salts.
Ans.
1. Silver chloride (AgCl)
2. Copper carbonate (CuCO3)
3. Barium sulphate (BaSO4)
4. Lead chloride (PbCl4)
Q.54 Complete and balance the following:
a) Ammonium chloride + Sodium Hydroxide ?
b) Iron sulphide + Hydrochloric acid ?
Ans. a) NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH3 + H2O
b) FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
Q.55 Write down the characteristics of Lewis acid.
Ans.
1. They are electron deficient.
2. They may neutral or cation e.g. AlCl3 or H+.
3. They have incomplete octet or empty duplet.
Q.56 Write down the properties of Lewis base.
Ans.
1. They are electron rich.
..
2. They may be neutral or anion e.g. N H3 or Cl-
3. They usually have lone pair of electron.
Q.57 Justify that HCl gives only one series of salt.
Ans. HCl is monobasic acid, as it has only one replaceable H+. So it gives only one series of
salt.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Q.58 Justify that H2SO4 gives two series of salts.
Ans. H2SO4 is dibasic acid, as it has two replaceable H+ ions. So it gives two series of salts.
NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O
(Sodium hydrogen sulphate)

NaHSO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

(Sodium sulphate)

Q.59 Justify that H3PO4 gives three series of salts.

Ans. H3PO4 is tribasic acid, as it has three replaceable H+ ions. So it gives three series of salts.
H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2 O
(Sodium dihydrogen phosphate)

NaH2PO4 + NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2 O

(disodium hydrogen phosphate)

Na2HPO4 + NaOH Na3PO4 + H2 O

(Sodium phosphate)
Q.60 Write conjugate acid of:
a) CH3NH2
b) OH-
Ans. a) Conjugate acid of CH3NH2 is CH3NH3+.

b) Conjugate acid of OH- is H2O.

Exercise Chapter #10

Short Question

Q.1 Name three common household substances having.

Ans. a) pH greater than 7:

NaHCO3 (Baking soda)

Milk of magnesia [Mg (OH)2]

Soap

b) pH value less than 7:

Sour milk (Lactic acid)

Apple (Maltic acid)

Lemon juice (Citrus)

c) pH value equal to 7:

Table salt solution NaCl

Water H2 O

Calcium chloride CaCl2

Q.2 Define a base and explain all alkalies are bases but all bases are not alkali.

Ans. A specie that:

a) Releases OH ions in aqueous solution.

b) Accepts a proton.
c) Donates an electron pair is called a base.

Alkali:

A soluble base is called an alkali it gives hydroxide ions in solution so, all alkalies are
bases but all bases are not alkali.
 Example:

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a base and is called alkali because it is soluble and give
OH ions in aqueous solution.
..
While R  O  R (either) is not a water soluble base and it does not give OH ions.
..

Q.3 Define Bronsted-Lowry base and explain with example water is Bronsted Lowry
base.
Ans. According to Bronsted Lowry concept an acid and base are defined as following:
Acid: Proton donor species are known as acid
Base: Proton acceptor species are known as base.
To prove water is Bronsted Lowry base:
Consider dissolution of HCl in water
HCl(aq) + H2O   H3 O+ + Cl-

So water accepts a proton from HCl to form a hydronium ion.

Q.4 How can you justify Bronsted Lowry concept is applicable to non-aqueous solution?
Ans. According to Bronsted Lowry concept:
“An acid is a compound which donates a proton (H+)”
“A base is a compound which accepts proton (H+)”
So a chemical compound which have H+ ions also act as an acid in addition to water e.g.
HCl while to compounds which do not have OH- ions also act as base e.g. NH3.
Q.5 Which kind of bond is formed between Lewis acid and a base?
Ans. A coordinate bond is formed between a Lewis acid and a base. In this type of chemical
bond a shared paired of electron is donated only one atom to another.
Q.6 Why H+ ions act as Lewis acid?
Ans. H+ ion is electron deficient specie. It has an empty orbital. It complete its valence shell
by getting two electrons. So it is an electrophiles and act as Lewis acid.

Q.7 Name any two acid used in manufacture of fertilizers.

Ans. Following two acids are used in manufacture of artificial fertilizers.
1. Nitric acid (HNO3)
2. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Q.8 Define pH. What is pH of pure water?
Ans. pH is defined as negative logarithm of molar concentration of hydrogen gas.
Mathematically,
pH = -log [H+]
pH of water = 7
Q.9 How many times a solution of pH 1 will be stronger than of a solution having pH 2?
Ans. A solution pH 1 has 10 times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than that of a
solution of pH 2.

Q.10 Na2SO4 is a neutral salt while NaHSO4 is an acid salt. Justify.

Ans. Na2SO4 is formed by complete replacement of H+ ions from an acid while NaHSO4 is
formed by partial replacement of H+ ions of an acid.

Example:

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

and

NaOH + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + H2O

So NaHSO4 is an acidic salt. It has replaceable hydrogen ion.

Q.11 Give a few characteristic properties of salts.

Ans. a) Salts are ionic compound found in crystalline form.
b) They have high melting and boiling point.
c) Most of salts contain water of crystallization which is responsible for shape of
crystals. Number of molecules of water are specific for each salt and they are written
within chemical formula.
Examples:
Calcium sulphate (CaSO4.2H2O)
Copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O)
d) These are neutral compounds. Although they are not composed of equal numbers of
positive and negative ions, but have equal number of positive and negative charges.
Q.12 How soluble salts recover from water?
Ans. First saturated solution is prepared by dissolving the given salt in water. Then the
solution is filtered out using a funnel. Then the filtrate is crystallized by slow
evaporation. So soluble salts are separated by filtration method.
Q.13 How the insoluble salts are prepared?
Ans. Insoluble salts are prepared by mixing solutions of solute salts. During the reaction
exchange of radicals takes place to produce two new salts. One of these two salts is
soluble and other is insoluble. So insoluble salt precipitates out.
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3

Na2CO3 + CuSO4 CuCO3 + Na2SO4

Chapter # 11 Organic Chemistry
Q.1 Define vital force theory.

Ans. Vital Force Theory:

This theory was presented by Jacob Berzellius in early 19th century. According to
this theory organic compounds could not be prepared in laboratories because they
were supposed to be synthesized under the influence of a mysterious force called
vital force inherent only in living organisms.

Q.2 What are organic compounds?

Ans. Organic compounds:

Organic compounds are hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen only)

and their derivatives in which covalently bonded carbon is an essential
constituent. e.g. lipids, proteins etc.

Q.3 Define organic chemistry.

Ans. Organic chemistry:

The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of hydrocarbons and their
derivatives is known as organic chemistry.

Q.4 Define molecular formula. Give example.

Ans. Molecular Formula:

The formula which represents the actual number of atoms in one molecule of the
organic compound is called the molecular formula.

Example:

Molecular formula of butane is C4H10.

Q.5 Define structural formula. Give an example.

Ans. Structural Formula:

Structural formula of a compound represents the exact arrangement of the

different atoms of various elements present in molecule of a substance.

Example:

Butane C4H10
Q.6 What is meant by condensed formula?

Ans. Condensed Formula:

The formula that indicates the group of atoms joined together to each carbon atom
in a straight chain or a branched chain is called the condensed formula. e.g.
n-pentane (C5H12) is CH3 (CH2)3 CH2 OR

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3

Q.7 What is electronic formula?

Ans. Electronic or Dot and Cross Formula:

The formula which shows the sharing of electron between various atoms in one
molecule of the organic compound is called dot and cross formula or electronic
formula.

Example:

The dot-cross formula of propane is:

Q.8 What are acyclic compounds?

Ans. Acyclic compounds:

Acyclic or open chain compounds are those in which the end carbon atoms are not
joined with each other in this way they form a long chain.

Example:

Q.9 Differentiate between straight chain and branch chain compounds.

Ans.

Straight chain Branched chain

Straight chain compounds are those
in which carbon atoms link with
each other through a single, double,
or triple bonds forming a straight
chain.
Example:
Branched chain compounds are those
in which there is a branch along the
straight chain.
Example:
Q.10 What are cyclic compounds?
Ans. Cyclic compounds:
Cyclic or closed chain compounds are those in which the carbon atoms at the end
of the chain are not free. They are linked to form a ring.
There are two types:

 Homocyclic compounds
 Heterocyclic compounds

Example:

Q.11 Define homocyclic compounds.

Ans. Homocyclic compounds:
Homocyclic or carbocyclic compounds contain rings which are made up of only
one kind of atoms, i.e. carbon atoms. They are further divided into two classes:

 Aromatic compounds
 Alicyclic compounds
Q.12 Differentiate between aromatic and alicyclic compounds.

Ans.

Aromatic Compounds Alicyclic Compounds

These organic compounds contain at
least one benzene ring in their
molecule. A benzene ring is made
up of six carbon atoms with three
alternating double bond.
Example:
Carbocyclic compounds which do not
have benzene ring in their molecule
are called alicyclic or non-benzenoid
compounds.
Example:

,
Benzene Nephthalein Cyclobutane Cyclopropane

Q.13 What are heterocyclic compounds?

Ans. Heterocyclic compounds:
Cyclic compounds that contain one or more atoms other than that of carbon atoms
in their ring are called heterocyclic compounds.
Q.14 Define Catenation.
Ans. Catenation:
The ability of carbon atoms to link with other carbon atoms to form long chains
and large rings, is called catenation.
Q.15 Define isomers. Give example.
Ans. Isomers:
The compounds are said to be isomers if they have the same molecular formula
but different arrangement of atoms in their molecules or different structural
formulae.
Q.16 Write down the isomers of pentane (C5H12).
Ans. n- pantone H3C – CH2– CH2– CH2– CH3
iso-Pentane H3C – CH2– CH2– CH3– CH3
CH3
neo-Pentane H3C – C– CH3
CH3

Q.17 What is coal?

Ans. Coal:
Coal is a blackish, complex mixture of compounds of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. It also contains small amount of nitrogen and sulphur compounds.
Q.18 Define carbonization.
Ans. Carbonization:
Conversion of wood into coal is called carbonization. It is a very slow biochemical
process. It takes place in the absence of air under high pressure and high temperature
over a long period of time (about 500 million of years).
Q.19 What is meant by destructive distillation?
Ans. Destructive distillation:
The strong heating of coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation.
Q.20 What is coal gas? Write its uses?
Ans. Coal Gas:
Coal Gas is a mixture of hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide.
Uses:
It produces heat when burnt in the air. It is also used to provide reducing
atmosphere in metallurgical processes.
Q.21 What do you know about pitch?
Ans. Pitch:
The black residue of coal tar is called pitch.
It is used for surfacing of roads and roofs.
Q.22 What is coke? Write its uses.
Ans. Coke:
Coke is 98% carbon. It is left behind residue of coal. When coal is subjected to
destructive distillation it losses all its volatile compounds and leaves behind a
solid residue called coke.
Uses:
 It is used as reducing agent in extraction of metals.
 It is also used as a fuel.
Q.23 What is petroleum?
Ans. Petroleum:
“Petroleum is a dark brownish or greenish black coloured viscous liquid.”
It is complex mixture of several solid, liquid and gases hydrocarbons in water
mixed with salts and earth particles.
Q.24 What is natural gas?
Ans. Natural gas:
It is mixture of law molecular mass hydrocarbons. The main component about
85% is methane along with other gases ethane, propane and butane.
Q.25 Write down the importance /uses of natural gas.
Ans. Importance:
i) It is used as fuel in homes.
ii) It is used as fuel in auto mobiles as CNG.
iii) It is used to make carbon black and fertilizers.
Q.26 Give some example of natural and synthetic fibers.
Ans. Natural fibers:
i) cotton ii) silk iii) wood etc
Synthetic fibers:
i) nylon ii) dacron iii) acrylic etc
Q.27 What is meant by CNG?

Ans. CNG stands for compressed natural gas.

Q.28 Who and how rejected vital force theory?

Ans. In 1828, Wohler rejected vital force theory when he prepared urea from inorganic
substance by heating ammonium cyanate.
HEAT
NH4CNO H2NCONH2
(Ammonium cyanate) Urea

Q.29 What is meant by homologous?

Ans. Homologous Series:

Organic compounds are divided into group of compound having similar chemical
properties. Each group is called as homologous series.

For example: Alkanes, Alkenes alkynes etc.

Q.30 Why members of homologous series have similar chemicals properties?

Ans. Members of homologous series have same functional group, that’s why they have
similar chemical properties.
Q.31 Why hydrocarbons are considered parent organic compounds?
Ans. Hydrocarbons are regarded as parent organic compound because all other organic
compounds are derive from them by replacing one or more hydrogen reactive
atoms with atom or group of atoms.
Q.32 Write down the alkyl radical for propane.
OR
Differentiate b/w n-propyl and isopropyl radicals.
Ans. Propane has straight chain structures. It form two radicals
n-propyl iso-propyl
It is formed when terminal hydrogen It is formed when hydrogen is removed
is removed from central carbon.

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 – CH – CH3

n-propyl
iso-propyl

Q.33 What is meant by functional group? Give examples.

Ans. Functional Group:
An atom or group of atom or presence of double or triple bond which determine
the characteristic properties of an organic compound is known as functional
group.
For example:
Functional group of alcohol is ˗ – OH
Q.34 Define ester linkage or ester functional group.

Ans. Ester Linkage:

Organic compounds consisting of RCOOR functional group are called ester.

Their general formula is.

Q.35 What carboxylic acid functional group give example.

Ans. Carboxylic Acid Functional Group: -

The compounds having functional group are called carboxylic

acid functional group. Their general formula is

Q.36 Write down the functional group which contains carbon hydrogen and
halogen.

Ans. The functional group that contains C, H and x called alkyl halide. Their general
formula is R-X.

For example:-

CH3 – Cl CH3 – CH2 – Br

Methyl Chloride Ethyl Bromide

Q.37 What are alcohols? Give example.

Ans. Alcoholic Group: -

The functional group of alcohols is –OH. Their general formula is R–OH

Example: -

CH3-OH C2H5-OH

Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol

Q.38 Differentiate b/w aldehydic and ketonic functional group.

Aldehydic Ketonic
Aldehydic family consist of functional Compounds containing functional
group Their general formula is Group.
Their general formula is
RCHO
Example:
Example:

Formaldehyde

CH3 - -H

Acetaldehyde

Q.39 What do you know about amines? Give Example.

Ans. Amines:

Organic compounds containing Carbon, hydrogen nitrogen as functional

group are called amines.

Their functional group is -NH2.

Their general formula is R-NH2.

Example:

Q.40 Describe one test to identify alcohols.

Ans. Sodium metal test:

Take about 2-3cm3 of given organic liquid in dry test tube and add a

piece of sodium metal.

Result:

Hydrogen gas evolve

Q.41 Write test to identify to carboxylic acid group.

Ans. Tests to identify carboxylic acids are

i) litmus test ii) NaHCO3Solution test.

Q.42 What is carbyl amine test?
Ans. It is used to identify primary amines
Procedure:
Heat about 0.2g of given compound and add 0.5cm3 of chloroform and
2-3cm3 alcoholic KOH.
Result:
Extremely unpleasant odour will be given out.
Q.43 Write down the classification of coal.
Ans. Types of coal:
i) peat (60% carbon)
ii) lignite (70% carbon)
iii) bituminous(80% carbon)
iv) Anthraute (90% carbon)
Q.44 How alkyl radicals are formed?
Ans. Alkyl radicals:
They are derivative of alkanes. They are formed by removed of one of
hydrogen of alkane. Their general formula is CnH2n+1
Example:
Alkane -H Alkyl radical
methane -H Methyl radical
CH4 -H -CH3
Q.45 Write down the products obtained by destructive distillation of coal.
Ans. The products obtained by destructive distillation of coal are
i) Coal gas ii) Coal tar
iii) Ammonia Liquor iv) Coke.
Q.46 Differentiate b/w alkenes and alkynes.

Ans.

Alkenes Alkynes
Hydrocarbons consisting of double Hydrocarbons containing triple
Bond b/w two carbon atoms in their Bond b/w two carbon atoms in their
molecules molecules
Example:- Example:-

H2C= CH2 HC  CH
ethene ethyne
Q.47 What is Baeyers test?

Ans. It is used to test unsaturation (double or triple bond).

Dissolve 0.2g of the organic compound in water. Add 2-3 drops of alkaline
KMnO4 solution and shake.
Result: Pink colour disappears.
Q.48 Give conditions of catenation.
Ans. Two basic conditions for an element to exhibit catenation are:

 Element should have valency two or greater than two.

 Bond made by an element with its own atoms should be stronger than bond made
by element with other atoms especially with oxygen.
Q.49 What were Lavoisier’s contributions for organic chemistry?
Ans. Lavoisier showed that compounds obtained from plants were often made of C, H,
and O elements while compounds obtained from animals contain elements C, H,
N, S, O, P….etc.
Q.50 What is coal tar?
Ans. It is thick black liquid. It is mixture of more than 200 different orgnanic
compounds, mostly aromatic. These compounds are separated by fractional
distillation. Some of the important aromatic compounds are benzene, phenol,
toluene, aniline, etc. these chemicals are used to synthesize drugs, dyes,
explosives, paints, varnishes, plastics, synthetic fibre and pesticides. Besides these
valuable chemicals, the black residue of the coal tar is called pitch. It is used for
surfacing of roads and roofs.
Q. 51 How aldehydes can be distinguished from ketones?
Ans. Aldehydes can be distinguished from ketones by Fehling’s solution test.
Aldehydes give Red precipitate with Fehling solution while ketones do not.
Q. 52 Differentiate between peat and bituminous.
Ans.
Peat Bituminous
It contains 60% carbon. It contains 80% carbon.
It is inferior quality coal used in kiln.It is common variety of coal used as
household coal.
Q. 53 Give two characteristics of homologous series.
Ans: (i) All members of series can be represented by a general formula for example
general formulae of alkane, alkanes and alkynes are CnH2n+2, CnH2n, CnH2n-2.
(ii) They can be prepared by similar general methods.
Q.54 Why organic compounds are combustible?

Ans. Organic compounds have high percentage of carbon that’s why they are
combustible.

Q.55 Why organic compounds are less stable than inorganic compounds?

Ans. Since organic compounds have low melting and boiling points, they are less stable
than inorganic compounds.
Chapter # 12 Hydrocarbons
Q.1 Differentiate b/w saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
The hydrocarbon in which all the four The hydrocarbons in which two carbon
valences of carbon atom are fully satisfied atoms are linked by a double or triple bond
(saturated) by single bond with other are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. They
carbon atom and hydrogen atoms are called may be alkenes or alkynes
saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes have general formula CnH2n
They have general formula CnH2n+2 Alkynes have general formula CnH2n-2
For example: For example:
CH3– CH3, CH3– CH2 – CH3 CH2=CH2, CH  CH
Ethane Propane Ethene Ethyne

Q.2 A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How
many H atoms are in it?
Ans. As it must alkyne due to triple bond its general formula is CnH2n-2. So
C4H2(4)-2 = C4H6. It has six hydrogen atoms thus the compound has six hydrogen
atoms.
Q.3 Why alkanes are also called paraffins?
Ans. Since in alkanes all carbon bonds are single bonds which mean valencies of each
carbon atom are fully satisfied by single bond (saturated) therefore, they are least
reactive. That is the reason, alkanes are also called paraffins (Para mean less and
affins means reactivity or affinity)
Q.4 What do you know about hydrogenation of alkenes?
Ans. Hydrogenation means addition of molecular hydrogen to an unsaturated
hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst (Ni, Pt) to form saturated compound.
e.g.
Q.5 How alkyl halides are reduced? OR
How ethyl bromide is converted to ethane?
Ans. Alkyl halides are reduced to alkanes with nascent hydrogen which is obtained by
the action of Zn with dilute HC .

Q.6 Why alkanes are used as fuel? OR

Why hydrocarbons are used as fuel? OR
Alkanes are source of heat. Explain it.
Ans. Because burning of alkanes in the presence of excess of air or oxygen produced
lot of heat therefore alkanes are used as fuel.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O +Heat
Q.7 How can you prepare Ethene from alcohol and ethyl bromide?

Ans. i) From alcohol:

By dehydration, ethyl alcohol is coverted to ethene in presence of H2SO4.

ii) From Ethylbromide:

Dehalogenation of ethyl bromide in presence of alcoholic KOH produces ethene

Q.8 Identify propene from propane with a chemical test

Ans. Propene reacts with cold alkaline KMnO4 solution to give a colourless 1,2 –
propane diol. Propane does not reach with KMnO4

Q.9 Why the alkenes are called olefins.

Ans. Since lower members of alkanes form oily products on treatment with halogens
(Cl2 or Br2), therefore alkenes are also called olefins (latin word meaning oil
forming)

Q.10 Why alkane can’t be oxidized with KMnO4 solution.

Ans. In alkane because all the valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied by single
bond and the single bonds are strong therefore alkanes cannot be oxidized with
KMnO4 solution.

Q.11 What are addition reactions? Explain with an example.

Ans. Those reactions in which products are obtained by addition of some reagents to
the unsaturated compound are called addition reaction. For example

Q.12 Justify that alkane shows substitution reaction.

Ans. Since in alkanes all bonds are single and strong therefore give only substitution
reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes are replaced by an equal
number of substituent groups.
Q.13 Both alkene and alkyne are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State the difference
between them.

Ans. Alkenes contain a double bond whereas alkynes contain a triple bond. A double
bond contains one weak bond and one strong bond. A triple bond consist of two
weak bond and one strong bond, The only difference is that alkynes are capable of
adding two molecules of the reagent while alkenes are capable of a adding only
one molecule of the regent.

Q.14 Write the molecular, dot and cross and structural formula of ethyne.

Ans. i) Molecular formula: C2 H2

ii) Structural formula: H–C  C–H

iii) Dot and cross formula of Ethyne:

Q.15 Why hydrocarbon are soluble in organic solvents

Ans. The principle of solubility is “like dissolves like” therefore, being non-polar
character are more soluble in non-polar organic solvent such as ether, carbon tetra
chloride, etc. These are insoluble in water.

Q.16 Give the physical properties of alkane.

Ans. i) The first four member of alkanes are gases,C5 to C17 are liquid while higher
members of alkenes are solid.

ii) They are non-polar and are soluble in non-polar organic solvent they are
insoluble in polar solvent such as water.

iii) The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular
sizes.

iv) The melting points (M.P) and boiling point (B.P) of alkanes increase
regularly with the increase of molecular size.

v) They became less flammable with the increase of molecular size.

Q.17 How can you identify ethane from ethane?

Ans. Ethene can be identified from ethane by

i) Bromine water test

ii) KMnO4 solution test

Ethene decolorize the pink colour of cold, dilute alkaline solution of potassium
permanganate (KMnO4)due to formation of colourless 1,2- ethanedol.

While Ethane does not decolourize the pink colour of KMnO4

Q.18 Why colour of bromine water discharges on addition of ethene in it?

Ans. The reddish-brown colour of bromine water discharge on an addition of ethene in

it due to formation of colourless 1,2-dibromoethane .

Br Br

CH2=CH2+Br2 CH2–CH2

1,2-dibromo ethane

Q.19 State one important use of each:

Ans. Ethene

Acetylene

Chloroform

Carbotetsa Chloride.

i) Ethene is used for manufacturing of polyethene plastic.

ii) Acetylene is used to produce only-acetylene flame with oxygen the flame
is used for welding and cutting of metals.

iii) Chloroform is used for general anaesthesia.

iv) Carbon tetrachloride is used as an industrial solvent.

 LONG QUESTIONS

Q.1 What type of reactions is giving by alkanes? Explain with reference to

halogenations of alkanes.

Substitution Reaction:-

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They show only substitution reactions.

“A reaction in which one or hydrogen atom of alkane in replaced by some other
atoms (Like Halogen) is called substitution reaction.”

Substitution reaction are characteristic property of alkanes.

Reaction of CH4 with Cl2

i) In dark:

in dark alkanes do not react with halogen.

In dark
CH4+Cl2 no reaction.

ii) In Bright Sunlight:

It direct or bright sunlight reaction is explosive.

CH4 + 2Cl2 C+4HCl

In this reaction carbon is deposited.

iii) In diffuse Sunlight:

Alkanes react fairly with halogens in diffused sunlight only. There is a
series of a reaction takes place and at each step one hydrogen atom is substituted
by halogen atoms. So all the hydrogen atoms are substituted one by one by
halogen atoms.
Q.3 Prepare the following as directed
a) Ethane from ethene:
By hydrogenation ethene is converted to ethane

Ethene Ethane
b) Acetylene from alkyl tetra halide:
By dehalogenation tetra halide (1,1,2,2-tetra choloro ethane) is converted
to acetylene in presence of zinc dust.

c) Carbon tetra chloride from methane:

By halogenation of CH4 in presence of different sunlight give series of
reactions. The end product is carbon tetra chloride.

d) Ethylene glycol from ethene:

By oxidation of ethene with acidified KMnO4 produces ethylene glycol.

e) 1,2- di bromoethane from ethene:

The bromination (halogenation) of ethene produced 1, 1,2, 2-tetrabromo
ethane.

f) Glyoxal from acetylene:

When actylene is treated with alkaline KMnO4 Solution it produces
glyoxal.
Q.4 Explain the oxidation of acetylene.

Ans. See page # 93 from text book.

Q.5 Write balanced chemical equation for following reaction.

i) A mixture of ethyne and hydrogen is passed overs heated nickel.

Ans. When a mixture of ethyne and hydrogen is passed overs heated nickel, it converts
into ethane.

HC  CH + 2 H2 Ni/heat H3C – CH3

ii) Ethyne is treated with chlorine.

Ans. Ethyne is treated with chlorine, it forms1, 1, 1, 2, 2- tetra chloroethane

C C
HC  CH + 2C  2 H–C–C–H

C C
iii) Ethyne burnt in air

Ans. Ethyne burnt in air, it form carbon dioxide and water.

2HC  CH + 5 O2 4CO2 + 2H2O + Heat

iv) When ethyne is passed through bromine water?

Ans. When ethyne is passed through bromine water, reddish brown colour of

bromine water discharged.

1,1,2,2-tetrabromo ethane

6) Explain briefly

i) Why butane under gas substitution reaction?

Butane is saturated hydrocarbon, in which all bonds of carbon atoms are

single covalent bonds. These single bonds are very strong bonds. So there is only
one way to replace hydrogen atoms with other atom or gravy of atom. Hence
butane shows substitution reaction.
ii) There are millions of organ’s compounds.

Reasons

1) Catenation:-

It is unique property of carbon atom to form long chains and large

ring with other carbon atoms.

2) Isomerism:-

It is another reason for abundance of organic compounds is

isomerism. This enables carbon to form millions of compounds.

3) Tetra-valency and multiple bonding:-

Carbon has four electrons in the valence shell. In order to satisfy

tetra valency carbon can form double and triple covalent bonds. This
further adds to the possible number of compound.

iii) Acetylene undergoes addition reactions in two stages.

Alkynes have triple bond, in which two bonds are weaker and one is
stronger. So weak bonds break in two stages. First they convert into double bond
and then into single bond. For example

iv) Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes.

Alkynes have triple bond, in which two bonds are weaker and one is
stronger. So they break easily and form saturated compound.

While alkanes contains all single bonds which are strong bonds.

So alkynes are more reactive than alkanes.

 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are hydrocarbons?

Ans. The compounds which are made up of only carbon and hydrogen elements are
called hydrocarbons.

Q.2 Why hydrocarbons are regarded as parent organic compounds?

Ans. Hydrocarbons are regarded as parent organic compounds since other organic
compounds are considered to be derived from them by replacement of one or
more hydrogen atoms by other atom or group of atoms.

Q.3 Depending upon nature of bond, write down the general classes of
hydrocarbons.

Ans. There are four general classes of hydrocarbons, depending upon nature of bond

(i) alkanes (ii) alkenes

(iii) alkynes (iv) aromatics

Q.4 Why hydrocarbons are non-polar in nature?

Ans. Hydrocarbons are almost non-polar in nature due to comparable

electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen.

Q.5 Why hydrocarbons are insoluble in water?

Ans. Hydrocarbons are almost non-polar that’s why they are insoluble in polar solvent
like water.

Q.6 What are unsaturated hydrocarbons? Give their general formulae.

Ans. Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

The hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked by a double or triple
bond are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. They may be alkenes or alkynes

Alkenes have general formula CnH2n

Alkynes have general formula CnH2n-2

For example:

CH2=CH2, CH  CH

Ethene Ethyne
Q.7 Differentiate between alkenes and alkynes.

Alkenes
The hydrocarbons in which two carbon
atoms are linked by double bond
They have general formula CnH2n
They have functional group >C=C<
For example:
H2C=CH2
ethene
Alkynes
The hydrocarbons in which two carbon
atoms are linked by triple bond
They have general formula CnH2n-2
They have functional group – C  C-
For example:
HC  CH
ethyne

Q.8 What are saturated hydrocarbons? Give their general formula.

Ans. Saturated hydrocarbons:

The hydrocarbon in which all the four valences of carbon atom are fully satisfied
(saturated) by single bond with other carbon atom and hydrogen atoms are called
saturated hydrocarbons.

They have general formula CnH2n+2

For example:

Q.9 Describe complete combustion of methane(alkanes)?

Ans. Combustion of methane in excess air(oxygen) produces a lot of heat, carbon

dioxide and water. It is highly exothermic reaction. That’s why alkanes are used
as fuel.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O +Heat

Q.10 Describe incomplete combustion of methane(alkanes)?

Ans. In limited supply of oxygen(air), there is incomplete combustion. As a result,

carbon monoxide is produced that creates suffocation and cause death.

3CH4 + 4O2 2CO + C + 6H2O

Q.11 What is marsh gas?

Ans. It is chiefly composed of methane. It is produced by bacterial decay of vegetable

matter.
Q.12 Differentiate between substitution reactions and addition reactions.

substitution reactions addition reactions

“A reaction in which one or hydrogen
atom of alkane in replaced by some
other atoms (Like Halogen) is called
substitution reaction.”
Substitution reaction are characteristic
property of alkanes.
For example:
Those reactions in which products are
obtained by addition of some reagents
to the unsaturated compound are called
addition reaction. For example
Unsaturated compounds show addition
reactions
For example:

Q.13 Which is the simplest alkanes? Gives its structural formula and use.

Ans. Methane (CH4) is simplest alkane. Its structural formula is

Uses:

 Natural gas is mainly methane is used as domestic fuel.

 It is used as CNG in auto mobile.

Q.14 Write down the uses of ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol and ethyl
alcohol?

Ans. i) Ethylene Oxide is used as fumigant.

ii) Ethylene glycol is used as anti-freeze.
iii) Ethyl alcohol is used as solvent.
Q.15 Write down the structural formulae of
a) Methyl Acetylene
b) Dimethyl Acetelyene
Ans. a) Methyl acetylene is propyne. Its structural formula is:

b) Dimethyl Acetlyene is butyne. Its structural formula is:

Q.16 Write down the formula of:

Ans.

(a) Oxalic Acid

(b) Glyoxal

(c) Ethane Glycol

(d) Vicinal Dihalide

(e) Chloroform CHC  3

(f) Carbon Black C

 Biochemistry
Q.1 What is biochemistry?
Ans. It is the branch of chemistry that deals with macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and vitamins. These
macromolecules are synthesized by living organisms from simple molecules
present in environment.
Q.2 What are carbohydrates?
Ans. Carbohydrates are macromolecules defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or
ketones. Their general formula is Cn(H2O)n.
Q.3 How plants synthesize carbohydrates? “OR”
How plants synthesize glucose? “OR”
Give balanced equation for formation of glucose.
Ans. Carbohydrates (glucose) are synthesized by plants through photosynthesis
process from carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight and green
pigment chlorophyll.
Reaction:

Q.4 Write down the different classes of carbohydrates.

Ans. Carbohydrates are classified as:
1. Monosaccharides
2. Oligosaccharides
3. Poly saccharides
Q.5 What are monosaccharides? Give some examples.
Ans. "These are simplest sugars which cannot by hydrolyzed."
They contain 3 to 9 carbon atoms. Common examples of monosaccharides are
glucose, fructose maltose, glactose etc.
Q.6 What do you about glucose? Draw its open chain structure.
Ans. It. is pentahydroxy aldehyde. It molecular formula is C 6H12O6. Its open chain
structure is:
Q.7 What is fructose?
Ans. It is pentahydroxy ketone. It has chemical formula C 6H12O6. Its open chain
structure is:

Q.8 Write down the properties of monosaccharides.

Ans. Properties of monosaccharides:
Physical state: They are white crystalline solids.
Solubility: They are soluble in water.
Taste: They have sweet taste.
Reducing nature: They are reducing in nature, therefore these are called
reducing sugars.
Q.9 What are oligosaccharides?
Ans. "Oligosaccharides gives 2 to 9 units of monosaccharides on hydrolysis."
Example: If on hydrolysis oligosaccharide gives two units of monosaccharide then
it is called disaccharide, and if given three units then it is called tri saccharide.
Q.10 Give balanced chemical equation for hydrolysis of disaccharide OR
Write hydrolysis of sucrose.
Ans. Disaccharide like sucrose (C12H22O11) upon hydrolysis gives glucose and
fructose.
Reaction:

Q.11 Write down the characteristics of oligosaccharides.

Ans. Properties of oligosaccharides:
Physical state: They are white crystalline solid.
Solubility: They are easily soluble in water.
Taste: They are sweet in taste.
Reducing nature: They may reducing or non-reducing in nature.
Q.12 Define polysaccharides. Give some examples.

Ans. Polysaccharides are macromolecular carbohydrates consisting of hundreds to

thousands of monosaccharides upon hydrolysis.

Examples: Polysaccharides are starch and cellulose.

Q.13 Write down the characteristics of polysaccharides.

Ans. Properties of polysaccharides:

Physical state: They are amorphous solid.

Solubility: They are insoluble in water.

Taste: They are taste-less.

Reducing nature: They are non-reducing in nature.

Q.14 Write down the sources of monosaccharides.

Ans. Monosaccharides are simple sugars like glucose, fructose and glactose are
found in fruits, vegetables, honey and cereals.

Q.15 Write down the sources of some oligosaccharides (disaccharides).

Ans. Disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose.

Sucrose: It is found in sugar cane, sugar beat and fruit.

Lactose: It is the main sugar in milk and dairy products.

Maltose: It is found in cereals.

Q.16 Write down the monosaccharides of followings.

Ans. 1. Sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose
Sucrose: It is consists of glucose and fructose.
Lactose: It consists of glucose and glactose.
Maltose: It consists of two glucose units.
Q.17 Write down the sources of polysaccharides.
Ans. Polysaccharides are starch and cellulose.
Starch: It is found in cereal crops, wheat, barley, maize, rice etc.
Cellulose: Cotton is pure cellulose.
Q.18 What is the importance of glucose?
Ans. 1. Our body uses carbohydrates in form of glucose.
2. Glucose is only form of carbohydrates that is used directly by our muscles.
3. Our brain uses only glucose as energy source, because it cannot use fat for this
purpose.
Q.19 How carbohydrates provide use energy? “OR”
Justify carbohydrates are source of energy for our body.
Ans. Carbohydrates provide 17 kilo joules of energy per gram. We take
carbohydrates as food. Long chains of starch are broken down into sugars
(glucose) by digestive enzymes. The glucose is absorbed directly by small
intestine into blood stream. Blood stream transports the glucose to its place of
use i.e. muscles.
Q.20 Write the name of elements present in carbohydrates.
Ans. Carbohydrates contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements.
Q.21 What is dextrose?
Ans. Dextrose is crystallized glucose found in starchy food. It is provides simple
carbohydrates to body that can be easily broken down and processed. Its
solution is available in several concentrations and given to patients directly
into vein by drip system.
Q.22 What are proteins?
Ans. Proteins are highly complicated nitrogenous compounds, made up of amino
acid.
Q.23 Which elements are found in proteins?
Ans. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.
Q.24 What are the basic units of proteins?
Ans. Amino acids are basic units of proteins. They are linked by peptide linkage
O
( C NH ) to form protein.
Q.25 What are amino acids? Give their general formula.
Ans. These are organic compounds consisting of both amino (-NH2) and carboxylic
(-COOH) groups. They have general formula.
Formula:
Q.26 Differentiate between essential and non-essential amino acids.
Ans. Essential Amino acid Non-essential Amino acid
There are twenty amino acids. Ten amino Out of twenty, ten amino acids are
acids are not synthesized by our body are synthesized by our body are called
called essential amino acid. non-essential amino acids.
Q.27 How amino acids form protein? OR How are protein formed?
OR How amino acids polymerize to form protein?
OR Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. Justify.
Ans. Two amino acids link through peptide linkage. Peptide linkage (bond) is
formed by the elimination for water molecule between amino group of one
amino acid and carboxylic acid group of another, such as:
Reaction:

Q.28 What are hides? Give their use.

Ans. Hides are proteins. They are used to make leather by tanning. Leather is used
make shoes, jackets, sports items etc.
Q.29 What are lipids?
Ans. Lipids are macromolecules made up of fatty acids. They include oils and fats.
They are esters of long chain fatty acids with glycerol.
Q.30 What are triglycerides? Give their general formula.
Ans. Lipids are esters made up of three fatty acids, therefore they are called
triglycerides. Their general formula is:
Reaction:

Q.31 Differentiate between fat and oils.

Ans.
Oils Fats
They are liquid at room temperature. They They are solid at room temperature.
are triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. They are triglycerides of saturated
fatty acids.
Q.32 Write down the properties of fats.

Ans. Properties of fats:

1. They are insoluble in water.

2. They are poor conductor of heat and electricity, so fats stored in body insulates
it.

Q.33 Give sources and uses of amimal fats.

Ans. Amimal fats:

1. Amimal fats are found in adipose tissue cells.

2. Amimals secrete milk from which butter and ghee is obtained.
3. Butter and ghee are used for cooking and frying food, for preparing bakery
products and sweets.
4. Amimal fats are used in soap industry.

Q.34 Plants are source of oil. Justify.

Ans. Plants synthesize oil and store them in seeds, such as sunflower oil, coconut oil
ground nut oil and corn oil. These oils are used as vegetable oils or ghee for
cooking and other purpose.

Q.35 How vegetable oil is converted to vegetable ghee?

Ans. Vegetable oils are triesters of glycerol and unsaturated long chain fatty acids.
By hydrogenation, in presence of Ni-catalyst at 250-300oC oils are converted
to vegetable ghee.

Reaction:
Ni
Vegetable oil + H2O Vegetable Ghee
250oC
Q.36 What are nucleic acids?

Ans. These are essential components of energy living cell. They are generally long
chain molecules made up of nucleotides.

Q.37 Write down the composition nucleotide molecule.

Ans. Nucleotide molecule consists of three components:

1. Nitrogenous base

2. Pentose (ribose) sugar

3. Phosphate group
Q.38 Describe the structure of DNA.

Ans. Structure of DNA was discovered by J. Waston and F. Crick in 1953. It is long
chain double stranded molecule consisting of two chains. Each chain is made
up of sugar, phosphate and a base. The sugar and phosphate groups make the
backbone of the chains and two chains are linked through bases. The chains
are wrapped around each other in a double helix form.
 Short questions (Exercise)
Q.6 Where the proteins are found?
Ans. Sources of Protein:
Proteins make up more than 50% of the dry weight of animal body.
Animals proteins are meat, mutton, chicken, fish, eggs, feathers, nails etc.
Q.9 Why ten amino acids are essential for us?
Ans. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. They are essential for our
body. Human body cannot synthesize 10 essential amino acids. Therefore
they must be supplied through diet.
Q.10 How proteins are formed?
Ans. Two amino acids link through peptide linkage. Peptide linkage is formed by
elimination of water molecule between the amino groups of one amino acid
and carboxylic group of another.
Example:
Reaction:

When thousands of amino acids polymerize they formed proteins.

Q.11 How gelatin is obtained?

Ans. Proteins are found in bones. When bones are heated gelatin is obtained.
Use:
It is use bakery items.
Q.12 Give the general formula of lipids.
Ans. The general formula of lipid is a following:
Formula:

Q.13 Name two fatty acids with their formula.

Ans. 1. Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH)
2. Stearic acid (C17H35COOH)
Q.14 Give type of vitamins.
Ans. Types of vitamins:
There are two types
1. Fat soluble
2. Water soluble vitamins
Q.15 What is significant of vitamins?
Ans. Each vitamin plays an important role in health development of human body.
They have to regulate diet vitamins are also necessary for normal growth.
They help to regulate our body metabolism.
Q.16 Describe the sources and uses of vitamins A.
Ans. Sources:
1. Dairy products egg, oil and fats, fish.
2. It can also be obtained from the beta carotene found in green vegetables
carrots and liver.
Uses:
1. It maintains health of epithelium.
2. It acts on the retina’s dark adaption mechanism.
Q.17 Deficiency of vitamin K leads to which disease?
Ans. Vitamin K plays essential role in normal blood clotting its deficiency causes
haemophilia.
Q.18 Justify water soluble vitamins are not injurious to health.
Ans. Water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence they are
not toxic even if taken in larger quantity.
Q.19 What do you mean by genetic code of life?
Ans. DNA is the permanent storage place for genetic information in the nucleus
of cell. It carries and stores all genetic information of cell. It passes these
information as instruction from generation to generation have to synthesize
particular proteins from amino acids. These instructions determines whether
an organism is man or tree or donkey and whether a cell is a nerve cell or a
muscle cell. Therefore, these instruction are said to be genetic code of life.
Q.20 What is function of DNA?

Ans. The sequence of nitrogenous base in DNA determines the proteins

development in new cells. The function of double helix formation of DNA
is to ensure that no disorder takes place DNA carries genes that control the
synthesize of RNA. Errors introduced in genes synthesize faults.
Q.21 How you justify RNA works like messenger?

Ans. RNA is responsible for putting the genetic information to word in the cell to
build proteins RNA receives decods uses the given information to
synthesize new proteins/. Thus, RNA is responsible for directing the
synthesis of new proteins. As its role is like a messenger thus it can be said
that RNA works like messenger.

Q.22 Write down the disadvantage of fat soluble vitamins of taken in large
quantity.

Ans. If fat soluble vitamins are taken in large quantity, they accumulate in body
and cause disease. For example accumulation of vitamin D in body causes
bone pain and bone like deposite in kidney.

Q.23 Write the name of fat soluble vitamins.

Ans. Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.

Q.24 Write down the uses of vitamin D in body.

Ans. Vitamin D has role in absorption of calcium which is essential for

maintenance of healthy bone.

Q.25 Write down the uses of carbohydrates.

Ans. Besides, the energy providing materials, carbohydrates also provide the
following usage to our body.

1. They regulate the amount of sugar level in our body. Low sugar level in
body results in hypoglycemina.
2. They provide essential nutrients for bacteria in intestinal tract that helps in
digestion.
3. Dictary fibre helps to keep the bowl functioning properly.
4. Fibre helps in lowering of cholesterol level and regulates blood pressure.
5. Carbohydrates protects our muscles from cramping.

Q.26 Write down the sources and uses of proteins.

Ans. Proteins make up more than 50% of dry weight of animals. Each protein has
its source and carries out a specific function. Sources and uses of proteins are
as followings:

1. Sources of animal’s proteins are meat, mutton, chicken, fish, eggs. These
are used as food by human beings as they are essential for the formation of
protoplasm.
 2. Enzymes are proteins that are produced by the living cells. They catalyze
the chemical reactions taking place the bodies. They are highly specific and
have extraordinary efficiency. Many enzymes are used as drugs. They
control the bleeding and treat blood cancer.
3. Hides are proteins. They are used to make leather by tanning. Leather is
used to make shoes, jackets, sports items etc.
4. Proteins are found in bones. When bones are heated they give gelatin.
Gelatin is used to make bakery items.
5. Plants also synthesize proteins such as pulses, beans etc. these are used as
foods.

Q.27 Write down the sources and uses of lipids.

Ans. Fats and oils are high energy foods. They are source of vitamins A, D and E.
they are used to build brain cells, nerve cells and cell membranes. They are
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The fats stored in body
insulate it as they are poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Fats and oils are synthesized naturally by animals, plants and marine
organisms.

1. Animal fats are found in adipose tissue cells. Animals secrete milk from
which butter and ghee is obtained. Butter and ghee are used for cooking and
frying of food, for preparing bakery products and sweets.
2. Animal fats are used in soap industry.
3. People synthesize oils and store them in seeds, such as sunflower oil,
coconut oil, groundnut oil and corn oil. These oils are used vegetable oils
are ghee for cooking and other purposes.
4. Marine animals like salmon and whales are also source of oils. These oils
are used as medicine e.g. cod liver oil.

Q.28 Write down the importance of vitamins.

Ans.

1. Each vitamin plays an important role in healthy development of our body.

2. Natural vitamins are organic food substances found only in plants and
animals. Our body is unable to synthesize vitamins. Because of this they
must be supplied ether directly in the diet or by way of dietary supplements.
They are absolutely necessary for our normal growth.
3. Vitamins cannot be assimilated without ingesting food. This is why it is
suggested that vitamins must be taken with meal. They help to regulate
body’s metabolism.
 Environmental Chemistry I
The Atmosphere
Q.1 Name the natural systems found on earth.
Ans. These are four natural systems on earth:
1. Lithosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Biosphere 4. Atmosphere
Q.2 What is meant by atmosphere?
Ans. "Atmosphere is envelope of different gases around the earth."
It extends continuously from earth’s surface outward without any boundary.
Q.3 Write down the composition of dry air (atmosphere). OR
Write percentage by volume of different gasses in atmosphere.
Ans. Composition of atmosphere:
Gas % by volume
Nitrogen (N2) 78.09%
Oxygen (O2) 20.94%
Argan (Ar) 0.93%
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.03%
Q.4 Depending upon the temperature, write down the (regions) layers of
atmosphere.
Ans. Depending up of temperature variation there are four layers of atmosphere.
1. Troposphere (0-12km)
2. Stratosphere (12-50km)
3. Mesosphere (50-85km)
4. Thermosphere (85-120km)
Q.5 Write down the temperature variation in different layers of atmosphere.
Ans. Name of region Temperature range
Troposphere 17oC __ -58oC (decrease)
Stratosphere -58oC __ 2oC (increase)
Mesosphere 2oC __ -93oC (decrease)
Thermosphere > - 93oC (increase)
Q.6 Write down the properties of troposphere.
Ans. Properties of troposphere:
Height from earth surface: It extent from surface of earth to 12km.
 Composition: It mainly composed of oxygen and nitrogen (about 99%).But
contains CO2 and water vapours in very minute quantity.
Temperature variation: In this region temperature decrease from 17oC to -58oC.
Role of CO2 and water vapours: These two gases (CO2 and H2O vapours)
are negligible in atmosphere. But they maintain temperature of atmosphere.
They absorb much of outgoing infrared radiation (heat radiation) and warm
the atmosphere.
Causes of decreases in temperature: With, the increase in altitude, the
concentrations of CO2 and water vapours decreases gradually,
correspondingly temperature also decreases at rate of 6OC per kilometer.
Q.7 Write down the characteristics of stratosphere.

Ans. Properties of Stratosphere:

Altitude from earth’s surface: It extends from 12 km to 50 km above earth

surface.

Temperature variation: In this region temperature increases from -58oC to

2oC due to formation of ozone which is an exothermic reaction.

Presence of ozone: In the mid of this region, ozone is formed between 25 – 30

km due to less uv radiation. Here O and O2 combine to form O3.

O2 + O O3

Upper stator sphere receives high energy UV radiation, here ozone

decomposes. UV

O3 O2 + O

Lower stratosphere receives very low UV radiation, thus monoatomic oxygen

is not found here ozone not formed

Q.8 What is environment?

Ans. Environment:
Environment is the sum of physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) conditions
which influence the organism. OR
All living and non-living things that are present around an organism makes its
environment.
Q.9 Differentiate between pollutants and contaminants.
Ans. Pollutants Contaminants
Pollutants are waste materials that These are the materials which makes
pollute air, water and soil. something impure.
Q.10 Which factors determine the severity of pollutants?

Ans. Three factors determine the severity of pollutant:

1. Chemical Nature

2. Concentration

3. Persistence

Q.11 What do you know about air pollutants?

Ans. Air Pollutants:
The harmful substances present in air are called air pollutants."
Air pollutants changes weather, badly affects the human health, damage the plants
and destroy buildings.
Q.12 Describe the types of air pollutants. OR
Differentiate between primary pollutant and secondary pollutants.
Ans. There are two types of air pollutants.
1. Primary Pollutants 2. Secondary Pollutants

Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants

These are the waste or exhaust These are produced by various
products driven out because of reactions of primary pollutants.
combustion of fossil fuels and Examples:
organic matter. i. Sulphuric acid
Examples: ii. Carbonic acid
i. oxides of carbon (COx) CO2 and iii. Nitric acid
CO. iv. Hydrofluoric acid
ii. Oxides of sulphur (SOx) SO2 and v. Ozone (O3)
SO3. vi. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
iii. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) NO
and NO2.
iv. CH4
v. NH3 etc.
Q.13 Write down the sources of oxides of carbon.
Ans. Sources of oxides of carbon (CO2 and CO):
i. Both of these gases are emitted due to volcanic eruption and decomposition
of organic matter naturally.
ii. Major source of emission of these gases is combustion of fossil fuel. (i.e
coal, petroleum and natural gas) in auto mobile, kiln of ay industry or open
fire.
 iii. Forest fire and burning of wood also emit CO2 and CO. Especially when
supply of oxygen is limited emission of CO dominates.
Q.14 Write down the significance of CO2. OR
CO2 is necessary evil. Justify.
Ans. Importance of CO2:
i. CO2 is essential gas for plants, and O2 is essential for animals. Plants
consume CO2 in photosynthesis process and produce O2.
ii. CO2 traps longer wave length infrared radiations (heat radiations) and
maintain the temperature of atmosphere. If CO2 is not present in our
atmosphere, Earth would have been uninhabitable. Earth’s average
temperature would be -20oC, rather presently average temperature is 15oC.
Q.15 Why CO2 is called greenhouse gas?
Ans. CO2 is greenhouse gas as it acts as glass wall of green house. It allows UV
radiations to pass but it absorbs much of infrared (IR) radiation emitted by
earth’s surface. In this way it helps to stop surface from cooling down during
night.

Q.16 How CO2 is causing global warming?

Ans. CO2 is greenhouse gas, as it traps IR radiation. Recently, use of fossil fuel is
increases day by day. As a result concentration of CO2 is increasing, resulting
in increase in temperature of earth. Greenhouse effect is proportional to
amount of CO2 in air. Greater is amount of CO2. More is trapping of heat or
warming. Due to increased warming, this phenomenon is also called global
warming.
Q.17 CO is hidden enemy. Comment.
Ans. CO is hidden enemy as it is colourless and odorless gas. Its presence cannot be
noticed easily. Moreover it is poisonous gas and it is health hazard.
When inhaled, it binds with haemoglobin, more strongly than oxygen. Long
exposure of this gas is fatal.
Q.18 Write down the sources of compounds of sulphur.
Ans. Sources of compounds of sulphur:
Natural sources: Naturally sulphur containing compounds are produced by
bacterial decay of organic matter, in volcanic gases and forest fire.
Human activities: About 80% of SO2 is produced by combustion of fossil fuel
coal and petroleum.
Q.19 Write down the effect of SO2.
Ans. Effect of SO2:
i. SO2 is colourless gas having irritating smell. It causes suffocation, irritation
and severe respiratory problems to asthmatic people.
ii. It forms sulphuric acid in acid rain and damages buildings and vegetation.
Q.20 How oxides are nitrogen are produced naturally?

Ans. Naturally occurring oxides of nitrogen mainly nitric oxide (NO) is produced
by electrical lightening in air.

N2 + O2 2NO

It quickly reacts with air to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

2NO + O2 2NO2

Q.21 How combustion of fossil fuels in the internal combustion engine produces
oxides of nitrogen?

Ans. Combustion of fossil fuel in internal combustion engines, in thermal power

stations and factories where huge amount of coal is burnt, NO is produced by
direct reaction of oxygen and nitrogen.

N2 + O2 2NO

It quickly reacts with air to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

2NO + O2 2NO2

Q.22 Write down the effects of oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

Ans. i. Mixture of these gases irritate breathing passage.

ii. These oxides from nitric acid with water in air and causes acid rain.

Q.23 How is acid rain formed?

Ans. Acid rain:

Acid rain is formed on dissolving acidic air pollutants such as SO 2 and NO2 by
rain water. Its pH is about 4.

Q.24 What is the cause of acid rain?

Ans. Burning of fossil fuel in factories and automobiles produces oxides of sulphur
and nitrogen in air. Rain water converts SO2 to H2SO4 and NOx to HNO2 and
HNO3.
Q.25 Normal rain water is slightly acidic. Justify.
Ans. Normal rain water is weakly acidic because it consists of dissolved CO 2 of air.
Its pH is about 5.6 to 6.

Q.26 What do you know about ozone?

Ans. Ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen. It is triatomic molecule (O 3). It is

formed by the association of an oxygen atom (monoatomic oxygen) with
oxygen molecule in mid stratosphere.

O + O2 O3

Q.27 What is ozone layer?

Ans. Ozone is present throughout the atmosphere. It is maximum concentration lies
in stratosphere region about 25km to 30km away from surface of earth called
ozone layer.
Q.28 What is ozone hole?
Ans. The region in which ozone layer depletes is called ozone hole.
Q.29 What is ozone layer is depleted? OR How chlorofluorocarbons
deplete ozone?
Ans. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’S) (used as refrigerants in air conditioners and
refrigerators) are major cause of depletion of ozone layer. Ultraviolet
radiations break the C-Cl bond in CFCl3 and generates chlorine free radicals
as:

Q.30 Write down any two effects of ozone depletion.

Ans. 1. Depletion of ozone enables ultraviolet radiations of Sun to reach to the

Earth, that can cause skin cancer to human beings and other animals.

2. Decreased ozone layer will increase infectious diseases like malaria.

Q.31 Write the effect of global warming.

Ans. 1. Accumulation of carbon dioxide in air is resulting in increasing atmospheric

temperature about 0.050C every year.
 2. It is causing major changes in weather patterns. Extreme weather events are
occurring more commonly and intensely than previously.

3. It melts glaciers and snow caps that are increasing flood risks and intense
tropical cyclones.
4. Sea-level is rising due to which low lying area are liable to be submerged,
turning previously populated areas no longer habitable.
Q.32 Write the effect of acid rain.

Ans. 1. Acid rain on soil and rocks leaches heavy metals (Al, Hg, Pb, Cr, etc) with it
and discharges these metals into rivers and lakes. This water is used by human
beings for drinking purpose. These metals accumulate in human body to a
toxic level. On the other hand, aquatic life present in lakes also suffers because
of high concentration of these metals. Especially high concentration of
aluminium ions clogs the fish gills. It causes suffocation and ultimately death
of fish.

2. Acid rain attacks the calcium carbonate present in the marble and limestone
of buildings and monuments. Thus, these buildings are getting dull and eroded
day by day.

3. Acid rain increases the acidity of the soil. Many crops and plants cannot
grow properly in such soil. It also increases the toxic metals in the soil that
poisons the vegetation. Even old trees are being affected due to acidity of soil.
Their growth is retarded. They get dry and die.

4. Acid rain directly damages the leaves of trees and plants, thus limiting their
growth. Depending upon the severity of the damage, plants growth can be
hampered. Plants capability to resist cold or diseases reduces and ultimately
die.
 Environmental Chemistry II
Water
Q.1 Write down the importance of water.

Ans. Importance of water:

1. It is an essential and major component of each and every living cell.

2. It provides an environment for animals and plants that live in water.
So, all living organisms owe their life because of water.

Q.2 Write down the occurrence of water.

Ans. Source %age

Oceans 97
Glaciers and ice caps 2.1
Ground water 0.6
Atmospheric water 0.001
Inland water 0.2
Q.3 What do you know about water molecule?

Ans. Water molecule is triatomic molecule. One atom of oxygen combines with two
atoms of hydrogen to form one water molecule. Bond angle between H – O –
H is 104.5o.

Q.4 Give four character / properties of water.

Ans. Properties of water:

1. Pure water is clear, colourless and tasteless liquid.

2. It is neutrals to litmus.
3. Its freezing point is 0oC and boiling point is 100oC at sea level.
4. It has unusually high heat capacity about 4.2 Jg-1K-1 or 4200 Jkg-1K-1.

Q.5 What is the significance of high heat capacity of water?

Ans. Water has high heat capacity about 4.2 Jg-1K-1 which is about six times greater
than that of rocks. This specific property of water helps to keep the Earth’s
temperature within limits.

Otherwise days would be too hot to bear and nights would be too cold to freeze.

Q.6 What is capillary action?

Ans. Capillary action:

 “It is the process by which water rises up from the roots of plants to leaves.”

This process is vital for the survival of land plants.

Q.7 Water is universal solvent. Why?

Ans. Water is the universal solvent because it can dissolve almost all minerals. It is
due to:

1. Polarity of water molecule

2. Exceptional hydrogen bonding

Q.8 Why water is polar molecule?

Ans. Water molecule has polar structure i.e. one end of the molecule is partially
positive while other end is partially negative. It is due to electronegativity
difference between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Q.9 How polar compounds dissolve in water?
Ans. All polar substances are soluble because the positive end of substance is
attracted by negative end of ( O  ) of water molecule and negative end of
substance is attracted by positive ( H  ) of water molecule. New forces ion-
dipole are developed which overcome the electrostatic force between ions.
Ultimately oppositely charged ions are completely surrounded by water
molecules, thus separated and kept in solution.

Q.10 Why non-polar substances do not dissolve in water? OR

Why benzene, ether and octane do not dissolve in water?

Ans. Many covalent (non-polar) compounds such as benzene, ether, octane etc. do
not dissolve in water because they do not have polar ends.

Q.11 Why sugars, alcohols and organic acids dissolve in water?

Ans. Because these compounds have hydroxyl group (-OH), they make hydrogen
bond water and thus dissolve.

Q.12 Differentiate between hard water and soft water.

Ans. Hard water Soft water

Water which produces no lather with Water which produces good lather
soap is called hard water. with soap is called soft water.

Q.13 What are causes of hardness in water? OR

How lime stone dissolves in water?

Ans. Rain water while coming down absorbs carbon dioxide from atmosphere.
Water mixed with carbon dioxide when passes through beds of soil, converts
insoluble carbonates of calcium and magnesium into soluble carbonates. It
may also dissolve chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. These
salts make water hard.

Q.14 Define types of hardness of water.

Ans. Temporary hardness Permanent hardness

It is because of presence of It is because of presence of
bicarbonates of calcium and sulphates and chlorides of calcium
magnesium. and magnesium.

Q.15 Define water softening.

Ans. The removal of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions which are responsible for the hardness is
called water softening.

Q.16 How temporary hardness is removed by boiling?

Ans. On boiling, calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3)2 decomposes to produce insoluble

calcium carbonate, which precipitates out of solution. In this way temporary
hardness is removed.

Q.17 Define Clark’s method.

Ans. A chemical method to remove temporary hardness is by the addition of slaked
lime Ca(OH)2. A calculated amount of lime water is added to temporary hard
water.

Q.18 How permanent hardness is removed by washing soda?

Ans. The addition of washing soda removes the calcium and magnesium ions as the
insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates.
Q.19 How hardness is removed by sodium zeolite?
Ans. Sodium zeolite is naturally occurring resin of sodium aluminum silicate
NaAl(SiO3)2. It is also used for softening of water at domestic as well as on
industrial scale. When water is passed through resin, sodium ions of resin are
exchanged with unwanted calcium and magnesium ions of hard water.

Q.20 Write disadvantages of hard water.

Ans. 1. Hard water consumes large amount of soap in washing purposes.

2. Drinking hard water causes stomach disorders.

Q.21 What are boiler scales? OR

Write down the effects of temporary hard water.

Ans. Hard water is unfit for use in steam engines, boilers and turbines because
insoluble calcium and magnesium salts (CaCO3, MgCO3) deposit inside. These
are called boiler scales. They are bad conductors of heat.

Q.22 How hard water reduces (hampers) the cleaning action of soap?
Ans. Soap is the sodium salt of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid). Hard water
contains salts of magnesium and calcium. These ions react with soap molecule
to form an insoluble precipitate of calcium and magnesium salt of fatty acids
called scum. As a result, a large amount of soap is wasted in scum.
Q.23 Why are industrial units installed?
Ans. Industrial units are installed to produce the desired substances e.g. chemicals,
cloth, leather goods, paper, plastic items, petrochemicals and rubber items etc.
on commercial scale meet the needs of society.
Q.24 What are industrial effluents? OR
What are industrial wastes?
Ans. All industrial units discharged their wastes (chemical and solid materials)
either to open ground or water channels. This is called industrial effluent.
Q.25 Write down the composition of industrial effluents.
Ans. Industrial effluents may be highly toxic organic compounds, inorganic salts,
heavy metal, mineral acids, oils and greases. On the other hand, water used as
cleaning agent in industries in directly discharged out. This water contains all
kinds of toxic chemicals and detergents.
Q.26 Why the use of detergent is increasing day by day? OR
Write down the advantage of detergent over soap.
Ans. The detergents have strong cleaning action than that of soap even in hard
water. It can work even in acidic solution. Due to these reasons, use of
detergent is increasing day by day.
Q.27 Write down the composition of domestic sewage.
Ans. Domestic sewage contain a wide variety of dissolved and suspended
impurities. They include food and vegetable waste, garbage, cons, bottles,
chemical soaps, washing powders etc. It also contains disease causing
microbes.
Q.28 Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials.
Ans. Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
The materials which can be The materials which cannot be
decomposed by microorganisms decomposed by microorganisms.
e.g. food materials, soap, paper e.g. some detergents, plastic etc.
etc.
Q.29 Write down the disadvantages of detergents. OR
How detergents pollute water? OR
How detergents make water unfit for aquatic life?
Ans. The detergents being non-biodegradable material remains in water for long
time and makes water unfit for aquatic life. The phosphate salts present in
detergents cause rapid growth of algae in water bodies, which floats over
surface of water. These plants ultimately die and decay. Decaying plants being
biodegradable consume oxygen gas present in water. Thus, results in death of
aquatic life due to depletion of oxygen gas.
Q.30 What is the function of fertilizers?
Ans. Fertilizers are used to make up the deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorous,
potassium etc. of soil because of intensive cultivation of crops in recent years.
Q.31 Why are pesticides used?
Ans. Pesticides are used either directly to kill or control the growth of pests. Pests
may be weeds herbs, insects, fungi, viruses etc. They all damage crops
transmit diseases both to human beings and animals.
Q.32 What are water borne infections diseases?
Ans. Diseases that spread because of drinking polluted water or eating food
prepared with polluted water are called waterborne infectious diseases.
Q.33 What are the causes of water borne diseases?
Ans. There are two causes of water borne diseases:
1. Microorganisms that are viruses, bacteria, protozoa and worms.
2. Toxins are arsenic, mercury, lead and many organic chemicals.
Lack of proper sanitation facilities is main is main cause of rapidly spreading
water borne diseases.
Q.34 What are the causes of jaundice and cholera?
Ans. Jaundice is caused by an excess of bile pigments in the blood.
Cholera is caused by the bacteria Vibrios chloerae.
Q.35 What is fluorosis?
Ans. Fluorosis is a disease caused by the consumption of excess fluoride. Fluorosis
can cause bones and teeth damage.
Q.36 What is cryptosporidiosis?
Ans. Water borne micro-organisms (protozoa) that causes gastrointestinal illness
(cryptosporidiosis) including diarrhea and vomiting. These tiny pathogens are
found in surface water sources like reservoirs, lakes and rivers.
Q.37 Write down the symptoms and causes of dysentery.
Ans. Dysentery is an intestinal disease which is typically caused by certain bacteria
or parasites. It is characterized by severe diarrhea that may be accompanied by
blood or mucous.
Q.38 Write the effects of water pollution.
Ans. Water pollution has following effects.
1. It is hazardous to human health. Drinking polluted water can cause cholera,
diarrhea, and typhoid.
2. The use of polluted water is not only devastating for people but also for
animals and birds.
3. It causes rapid growth of algae. Death and decomposition of algae causes
deficiency of oxygen in water that affects organisms living in water.
4. It is damaging aquatic life, thus breaking a link in food chain.
5. It reduces the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers.
6. It is unfit for cleaning and washing purposes.
Q.39 Write the prevention of waterborne diseases.
Ans. Waterborne diseases can be prevented by taking following measures.
Provision of safe water:
Drinking water must be properly treated and purified.
Disposal of sewage:
There must be adequate sanitary disposal of sewage. Any type of waste must
not be thrown or discharged directly in water supplies or reservoirs.
Control of toxic chemicals:
Chemical contamination can cause acute illness but often toxic contaminants
are slow poisons and carcinogens. Those must be a strict control over the use
of pesticides and other chemicals.
Q.40 Write the properties of water.
Ans. Water is composed of two elements oxygen and hydrogen. One atom of
oxygen combines with two atoms of hydrogen to form water. Pure water is clear,
coloureless, odourless and tasteless liquid with following properties:
1. It is neutral to litmus.
2. Its freezing point is 0oC and boiling point is 100oC at sea level.
3. Its maximum density is 1g cm-3 at 4oC.
4. It is excellent solvent for ionic as well a molecular compounds.
5. It has unusually high heat capacity about 4.2 Jg -1K-1 which is about six times
greater than that of rocks. This specific property of water is responsible for
keeping the earth temperature within limits. Otherwise, day time temperature
would have been too high to bear and night time temperature would have been
too low to freeze everything.
6. It has high surface tension. This unique property is responsible for this high
capillary action. Capillary action is the process by which water rises up from
roots of plants to leaves. This process is vital for survival of the land plants.
Q.41 What are Industrial Effluents? Write down their effects.
Ans. Industrial units are installed to produce the desired substances (chemicals
cloth, leather goods, paper, plastic items) on commercial scale. But
unfortunately all the industrials units discharge their wastes (chemicals and
solid meterials) either to open ground or to water channels. This is called
industrial effluent. It may be highly toxic organic chemicals, inorganic salts,
heavy metals, oil and grease etc.
Effects:
When these effluents and used water enter lakes or oceans, they ether get
dissolved or float suspended in water. Even they get deposited on the bed. This
results in the pollution of water i.e.
 1. They deteriorate the quality of water.
2. They reduced the quantity of dissolved oxygen which ultimately effects
aquatic life and ecosystem.
3. They can also seep down and affect the ground water deposits. They
contaminate the water deposits. When this water is used by human beings,
it causes serious diseases like cancer and gastro. This polluted water
damages soil, crops plants and animals.
4. Heavy metals like cadmium, lead and mercury are toxic and health hazard
for human beings. Acute cadmium poisoning causes high blood pressure,
kidney damage and destruction of red blood cells. Acute lead poisoning
causes dysfunction of kidneys, liver, brain, central nervous system and
reproductive system. Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage.
Q.42 What are agricultural effluents? Give their dual effects.
Ans. Agricultural effluents:
Water pollution due to agricultural waste is because of use of fertilizers and
pesticides. Fertilizers are used to make us the deficiency of nitrogen,
phosphorus etc. of the soil because of intensive cultivation of crops in recent
year.
On the other hand, pesticides are used either directly to kill or control the
growth of pests. Pests may be weeds, herbs, insects, fungi, viruses etc. They all
damage crops and transmit diseases both to human beings and animals.
Agricultural effluents have dual effects:
1. Intensive cultivation of crops causes these chemicals from fertilizers and
pesticides to seep into the ground water commonly called leaching process.
The high nitrate contents in ground water is mainly because of irrigation
sun-off from agricultural fields.
2. Run off from the agricultural land enters into ponds, streams or rivers. This
water contains nitrate (NO-3) phosphate (PO3-4) salts. These substances
result in rapid growth of algae floating over surface of water. They prevent
the sunlight and air to reach upto aquatic life. When algae dies, bacteria
consume oxygen of the water for decomposition of algae. As a result
oxygen depletes in water. Aquatic animals feel suffocation and ultimately
die due to insufficient supply of oxygen.
 Chemical Industries
Q.1 Differentiate between mineral and ore.

Ans. Mineral Ores

Those minerals from which metals
The solid natural material found
are extracted commercially at a
beneath the Earth’s surface which
comparatively low cost with
contains compounds of metal in
minimum effort are called ore.
combined state along with earthly
e.g. copper glance (Cu2S)
impurities.
Copper pyrite (CuFeS2)
Q.2 Differentiate between gangue and slag.

Ans. Gangue Slag

During metallurgy, mixture metal
The earthly and other impurities silicate and phosphates etc. is
associated with mineral are known formed, and floats over molten
as gangue. metal, called slag.
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3

Q.3 Define metallurgy. Write its important steps.

Ans. Metallurgy:

“The process of extraction of a metal in pure state on large scale from it ores
by physical and chemical means.”

Steps of metallurgical operation:

1. Concentration of ore
2. Extraction of metal
3. Refining of metal

Q.4 What is meant by concentration of ore?

Ans. “The process of removal of gangue from ore is technically known as

concentration of ore.”

The purified ore is called concentrate.

Q.5 Define froth floatation process.

Ans. Froth flotation process:

Froth floatation process is based on wetting characteristics of ore and gangue

particles with oil and water respectively.

It is usually used in concentration of copper ore.

Q.6 What is meant by electromagnetic separation?

Ans. It is based on the separation of magnetic ores from the non-magnetic

impurities by mean of electromagnets or magnetic separator.

Q.7 What do you know gravity separation?

Ans. “Gravity separation is based upon the differences in densities of metallic ore
and gangue particles.”
Q.8 Write down the roasting of copper pyrite (CuFeS2).
Ans. “It is a process of heating the concentrated ore to a high temperature in excess
air.”

Copper pyrite is strongly heated in excess air to convert it into mixture of

cuprous sulphide and ferrous sulphide (Cu2S + FeS). While impurities react
with oxygen to form volatile oxide.

2 CuFeS2 Cu2S + 2Fe S + SO2

Q.9 Why is lime added in smelting process?

Ans. Lime (CaO) is added to remove excess sand (SiO2) in form of slag.

CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3

Q.10 What is matte?

Ans. It is mixture of FeS and Cu2S. It contain 45% copper.

Q.11 In which furnaces smelting and besemerization take place?

Ans. Smelting process takes place in blast furnace. Besemerization takes place in
besemer converter.

Q.12 What is Bessemer converter?

Ans. It is pear shaped furnace. It fixed on pivot, so that it can be tilted in any
direction. Hot blast of air enter into it through twyers.

Q.13 What is blister copper?

Ans. In bessemer convert molten copper metal is obtained, which is shifted to sand
moulds and allowed to cool. The dissolved gases escaped out forming blister
on the surface of solid copper. Therefore, it is called blister copper. It is 98%
pure.
Q.14 Mention the chemical reactions for formation of metallic copper in
besemerization process.
Ans. Cuprous sulphide is oxidized to form cuprous oxide, which again reacts with
remaining cuprous sulphide to form metallic copper.

2Cu2S + 3O2 Cu2O + 2SO2

2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2

Q.15 State the principle of Solvay’s process.

Ans. Principle of Solvay’s process lies in the low solubility of sodium bicarbonate
at low temperature i.e. at 15oC. When CO2 is passed through ammonical
solution of NaCl called ammonical brine, only NaHCO3 precipitates.
Na+(aq) + HCO-3(aq) 15o NaHCO3(s)
Q.16 Write down the raw materials required for Solvay’s process.
Ans. The raw materials needed for this process are cheap and easily available. They
are:
1. Sodium chloride (NaCl) or brine.
2. Lime stone (CaCO3)
3. Ammonia gas (NH3)
Q.17 How ammonical brine is prepared?
Ans. Ammonical brine is prepared by dissolving ammonia gas in sodium chloride
solution (brine).
Q.18 Describe carbonation of ammonical brine.
Ans. Ammonical brine is fed into carbonating tower and CO2 is passed through it.
Followings reaction takes place in carbonating tower.
CO2 + NH3 + H2O NH4HCO3
15o
NH4 HCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq)
Q.19 How NaHCO3 is converted to Na2CO3? OR

How sodium carbonate is obtained from sodium bicarbonate? OR

Write down the calcination of NaHCO3.

Ans. Sodium bicarbonate is heated to get sodium carbonate.

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Red Hot
Q.20 How is CO2 prepared for Solvay’s process?

Ans. CO2 is prepared by heating lime stone in lime kiln.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

 Q.21 What is slaked lime? How it is obtained?
Ans. Ca(OH)2 is called slaked lime. It is obtained by reacting quick lime (CaO) with
H2O.
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Q.22 How is ammonia recovered in Solvay’s process?
Ans. Ammonia is recovered in ammonia recovery tower by the reaction of
ammonium chloride NH4Cl and slaked lime Ca(OH)2.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Q.23 Write any four advantages of Solvay’s process.
Ans. Advantages of Solvay’s process:
1. It is cheap process as raw materials are available at very low prices.
2. Carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reuse.
3. Na2CO3 of very high purity is obtained.
4. It is pollution free process.
Q.24 What do you know about urea?
Ans. It is nitrogenous fertilizer. It consist of 46% nitrogen.
Q.25 Write down the properties of urea.
Ans. Properties of urea:
1.It is white crystalline solid.
2.It is non toxic and non explosive.
3.It is hygroscopic in nature.
4.It is highly soluble in water.
Q.26 Describe Haber’s process. OR
How ammonia is prepared on commercial scale?
Ans. Ammonia is prepared by Haber is process. One volume of nitrogen and three
volumes of hydrogen is passed over iron catalyst at 450 oC and 200 atm
pressure.
`
450o
N2 3H2 2NH3
200 atm

Q.27 How nitrogen and hydrogen are prepared?

Ans. Nitrogen is obtained from liquified air. Hydrogen is obtained by passing
methane and steam over heated nickel catalyst.
Q.28 Write down the raw material required for urea.
Ans. The raw materials required for urea are:
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Ammonia (NH3)
Q.29 How urea is prepared?

Ans. 1. CO2 is passed through liquid ammonia under high pressure, ammonium
carbamate is obtained.

CO2 + 2NH3 NH2COONH4

2. Ammonium carbamate (NH2COONH4) is heat to get urea.

NH2COONH4 NH2CONH2 + H2O

Urea
Q.30 How urea granules are prepared?

Ans. Liquid urea is evaporated to form granules. When liquid urea is sprayed from
top of a tower under pressure and hot current of air is introduced from base, it
evaporates to form granules.

Q.31 Define petroleum.

Ans. “It is complex mixture of several gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons
having water, salts and earth particles with it.”
Petroleum derived from Latin words Petra means rock and oleum means oil.
Q.32 What is crude oil?
Ans. The remains of dead plants and animals were converted into a dark brownish
viscous crude oil.
Q.33 How is petroleum extracted?
Ans. Petroleum is extracted by drilling hole (oil wells) into Earth’s crust, where the
oil is found. When a well is drilled through the rocks, natural gas comes out
first with great pressure. For sometimes crude oil comes out by itself due to
gas pressure. When gas pressure subsides, then crude oil is pumped out.
Q.34 What is meant by refining of petroleum?
Ans. It is a process of separation of crud oil mixtures into various useful products.
Q.35 What is the principle of fractional distillation?
Ans. Principle of fractional distillation is based upon separation of substances
depending upon their boiling points.
Q.36 Write down the uses of petroleum gas.
Ans. 1. It is used as fuel, such as in form of LPG.
2. It is used for production of carbon black needed in tyre industry.
3. It is used to prepared hydrogen needed to form ammonia used to form
fertilizers.
Q.37 What is kerosene oil? Give its uses.
Ans. It is fraction of petroleum. It contain 10-12 carbon atoms. It boiling range is
170oC to 250oC.
Uses:
1. It is used as domestic fuel.
2. Its special grade is used as jet full.
Q.38 What is gasoline? Write its uses.
Ans. It is commonly known as petrol. It has 7-10 carbon atoms. Its boiling range is
80oC to 170oC.
Uses:
1. It is used as fuel in light vehicles i.e. motocycles, car etc.
2. It is used for dry cleaning.
Q.39 Differentiate between diesel oil and fuel oil.
Ans. Diesel oil Fuel oil
It contains 13-15 carbon atoms. It contains 15 to 18 carbon atoms.
It boiling range is 250-350oC Its boiling range is 350 to 400oC.
It is used as fuel for buses, trucks, It used as fuel for ships and
railway engines, tube well etc. industries to heat boilers and
furnaces.

Q.40 What is residual oil? Write its fractions.

Ans. The oil which does not vapourize under 400oC is collected and heated above
400oC called residual oil. It gives four fractions upon further fractional
distillation:
1. Lubricants
2. Paraffin wax
3. Asphalt
4. Petroleum coke