A:lEvernt, Frome 9 UF _mepevence s | {Galilean Invarionce length —$___—-— S| Newtons Second law under G13. tinea momentum under Gp 1: at-rooluction: << obsenver»——4= 8 quantities ___— 3: Galitesig_Tramepormation — Se _ = 44 Tl klnetio energy under _G-T 18. -__-8:} Ether hypothesis oo ao As__, zs = AG ___43'Llength __Cortraction 4) Proper __tength 46 AS:|"Time___ ite tion Gz 18-| Expetimental_provf of Time in| Relativity Op Sinan Leemify —_____sa_ 4%) Trtin___Porreiel ox. Dilation SS._lIntveduction To Special Thesty Of; —- | Relativity: : = = 2 a (lal- Singh) (Hati= Singh). 7 (Caseiti): _pthen _lal- singh and __Heoi— singh | ses SF both ore at _cest- Aeutor law obeyed m__this_case. » Toit Ematil: Towiquilahihay O23 iL = cat at: OS36~ 8392495:(3) igatrest i ro ves) Case: (9! When tal-singhtand Hari seg) moi SS SH ate with constant velocity Fe go msec) «In this case Newtons tax obeyed: lal Singh Peco LI. gh a Displacement| Ad (Sm) | 3: [velocity | __V (asm | te Aeceteraition| a | Slime _|_ At (Ss2e) ____§ _|size v Fl Moss wmy_(z00kg)| ees toni Singh. nei _wiith constant _—__. yaloctty (ire sx 1omys).In this_case- Newtons law is met obeyed. Casex(3): bihen fal—simgh_is_at est emd__! t k Agree. __| Disagree Bis- agree: _ Dis—agree | Disagree | Dis- agree. |sthe_spoce — Inn__Case =U) _ond.__ Case — (2). time ore absolute. In case —G) "the sspace__oind time. mot absolute’ te __-relortive: Case =) ond _Case-(2) _one_the_pield op Newtenion — relativity - Cose — (F)— iS the _z1¢le|_oy__Efmstein Relativity, iseBasic. Tewms Os Relativity: y—Kind_of hoppining is_calleel_euent “31. Blinking of_Fye. tidy ON ona ofr of light pace foiling. objects ete: ~Ainy event iS indepenclent, of _sreperrence fore2—| or _oiny_ observer) Fox —the_qualipteatt(aa_of_cn_event_wie_oneee|— peice —etinel__trsane-_( fe where _amo|__bhen)-———j-—~ Bejore the begining __ofp_univexse. there _wais Nd__AMy)__spare eee] _ay>__omay, time- $0, theye— lads “no._any_ event. Any’ event is_alwerys_ocests——— hem _-thete_is__some space _cmmal_tte___—_———— event 1s _caepresevited|_by_epace endl : time coordinate (te 7). ee ee A__sepevence_pareme_is__el_speice. fn __paliteh. we_ove_omaking__observaifons _ane|_onesiouriang physical _quevatities- oR), space _poundecl__by, sthgee omutualiy per—| pendiculdr ies. clenotec|__by__x,—emel_z_15. n_os srepevence_gasime s the ppoint at whieh . Ta_specipy the loccstion_op onn_ev.ent in. pace ox _olescribe the. ametion—of—sno objec. eof art evenk in _spece dlescxibe the motinn of om __olject_we Melks. cthe_use. ‘ee loystenn ~~ f_ Tepevence _ srame or..coordinete... |. YS 9sBy_anecuas_op p_wepeverice grime. wi | er |S 9in__coordinates (oy, Z.+) tothe position of BP. "object _at_certoin instant os time. A_setop . pas —esoaclinertes {s_catled “parewne op aepevense> bs —|Psek therezore_-the Earth | ¢s_monemertial reference ‘prenme. ,homce the | loegerence _preime. otrched to Earth is ciso. lnom= Mertiol oepenence frremre- Put thts oiccele-|___ __ _pahion oy ths _eenith_is__very_amret Ug hence |" __ __|ecun__toe_negleetecl_, clue_ste_whieh_arefexence | _____ _|prreane_orleschee}__t with Forth fs _mertial_ reperenqe___ Facimae je ecnlenaiisn_bay me foil — prime._is_Zerd » tks crecelerertion_nn_cny_of_| Iney__inentral_promes_ps_cilso_ze7x®.-jobject ita it illo im —___|tuelin megoitive octecelevattion: -In_such— lation tne corr t»_onot inom _imertiall atepereote——— rcnnae._fout_is_M_mon. meenail sveperreate fe} Examples:_. a_sitle. theory of relativity TOM _ observer wi We _amectry | i—Uike a swserman) it mus! oe ae eeeg eg a ——————!93_Gua\ideon, tansy ie (ee —-— Iin__Classical theory of releitivity. the. ae ees romation _fs_c._set__oy equaition used, —_|Explanetior {oe assume ‘that; G)| At time_t=oj the origina_op frame _s. ie 0” “liane _jigure (92 (ql At_time tat; the preme S'_1s supposed to bs iy” cilong x= axis ae Gaui Leer * \ 7 Tramspoxmation: ne a ‘int. 4 Obes gorons the coordinates op an | D—Inertial_prame_o5_aegerence._to_fts_eoseinates m_. emother_ineviral —pifemae._of preference ,_.s_Koovn| ” isn" u | | e_-rlate the _coorelinates. oj two_inertial_preimes age gel Let_ie_senneleesiatnfasritalaepsneb Eh promes_i-e 9 _omd_S\_eomprising sthe__coorelinake loxes_(x,_y,2)__omd__(x!,9's 2")_suaspeccively-» here the axes _(205.2)0j—soeme 3.” aire _perrailel le the owes (x! 9.21) Of foome—s't [ | | | coiinctdes with the origin of gaan. “g’ ve “ol” amnd_all_the_oixes_oveblaypecs_both_the—fasimaes —|——— ‘have_lentical _ennd_symchroni zed _eleck—oisshann ja move ait of unigorm velocity -pect to _prame_S + [et oin_event_nceurs—al—s-—|—— paint whose coordinate. atne_(-9,) smd (20.318) — lon promaes soins! _srespectively.ce_shonn— — | figure craatt _ctocns)- | foswetiance Length: ————let_us_comsidey_+ wofnestiot _werertence “ome.s__ fe Sa nels! _co:noprrising_the _cooxclisnt ORES Cn 2) ond (x's 2") aves pectively, here OF the_yaame _"s” orre_ povautel | —Of—Prme Be The_preme_s' is supposed to oneve olor = Oxis ith consent asta wth aespect 0 | Prenme 81 wheve the preame Sis finer tro_| an eae ———j2il80_ona_inential_veperence prone. | Comsteley_a_scocl_of length” 0" Cying_along|_ ~~} Reanis_ia_preme__s' The lengli of the red _in | .pacinte_st =e A) The _length_of._the_rool_tin_prcime_S! ig; = a Ca r%6=x >. | Rec onelinng to Galea Tens poxomattton X= xoNt +8) | Thexejove: x= %=vt =| r R= x,-vt +8 Putting ty: omd_¢3)_fn__Eq2 d) we get)+0 =. pore Jength__is_invarient —underGoli lean Trans Note: _tnsteac| of rod oy length —U" * 5 ip_theme _|_—_—— sre lave two feoints_in_spece_cmd_we ome iaterested | ___ Ho “omeaisure_theclistomce between _cthase tin's_petints neva_-the__spaice_colistance) between thase_thro __j____— ponats_.will_olso_be.ollasolute_umelex__GeilLeom—Tains= emotion. But according to_Speciai!_-theory__g. nelativity re _epeice__is__not_oibsalute- _ = According to __Newionion _Reloitivibys | Length __is__obse lute -_tre- fel | Time __fs--absolude__te get nol =m. 6) | Mass___is —absolute__teW._that = ieee ons Second. Jaw. P. —~Galitem, _Tiamaparmation? ai pete 8. et ews sais Se —_coorelinete ore _(x,¥Z)omd xfs Z —ji2 james anes! sespectively ie shown fof ig fy (G ; te Vt. te vex’ _rigtads —__|-Frevn_-pigure (a) 3. qe Frye Sis Tove on Fogcrys xe navt ay Yoxeyz! _L Samiti, yey FD a x = E > | ame tet = __|edigperemtionting. f eee oe ce weg) 15 ae + at it =>@) at eel ee pen cet —Agena. cliy gn ae ect_to “k — = ees di! an didi A dt dt a a Pounyf? _ St_2 ag -o sl no >a! 2 62 _ 162 shows__thak _occe Leration is _imvariemt— (te_ebsolute) under GaliLeen__Fronsyormation~ jMeilityta9_ ona bebidas ap_Ee} 266), we _get?-— ome mae i Pa ee > | iq: @?_shaws “that.,..cillthe—lowms_of_omechanics—— —= ~ etic! prcunes —|——— ay Low Of Conservation — Of_lineorr_ n 5 Inverrient__Undex_Galilem Trans pormatton: Proof: _wle__ prove it by. _maeciias_of collision og | ___ Ewe foodies. Conservation og.smomaentuma _siferkes | __ thet» "inthe absence of on—extermal_joxces, Ihe suma_of_mamenter_hepore_cind_aptex_collisions_s moins the. some let_tiwo_boolies_op messes. om)omd_ am, —moxe._with es poctive velocities uy nel, before _imnjso.cl —omd_—_let_—M_emd| Np Re _be_thiiv_velecities_cpterrmpect, as_shevn in. figure so) ere ey esq) reve} Uz fa Fythe _vetooit f: 7 Sos prt object bepore_ — -Y_prame_g. Bs <—welectty of gecomd object -beyore. | for _prame_§ ‘ hy aie i “wise | i Stee _veloci ty o¢ gies b ebject__ofter +— 22 Iti fOn_7o% prome_s. ls Mea t5_the velocity ay fSecomel object oip-ter ———callision soy _prame_s-. } te _the law of" ¢ omsexvertion of mom t ANU FON a = WM, omy) From Galilean Tens poxmation; —— >, > uit | alsa Vv = a Ts t+? Ga TV a > Fi My —= Uy EY Similarly, fem Eq: 32; <> +S i= Via > > oS Y= Wy tM > igies Ul.2 ts the velocity “prrst_object before _colliston for_srme_s" [by > _2_the velocity of secome_object._bepore. =f collision pox srcame._s'. Li =_fs__the wueloctty op post object tptex. collistan_¢67 grammes" - ____|vjbo_i_the_velosity of secomd_object aster.pg7 to ‘ev) Putting Eqs: ty) .62.andl__ eh. Pin tn am tay EV) stom (iy t= 9m, Cay Vm, (7g (My __| 629) shows _-thect 3tlhe _taws_of comsexverkion —|—— lof teaeci_mementuna_!s __inveoient —_undess—_— ea ‘lecna_“Teromsporanettion, Note: 1 Recemling fo_Gaillearn drag. a0 the _mass is _invorient end velocity, + fs_vernant but the _amoss_joroduct of weberty Chiacery anowmewctun) Is invatient) (2)| law 04 Conservertion of _Enexgy is Es linverient Under Galilean Troms Fewmeti let_us_comsioler_two. of _omasses_ amel_ M9 meve with respective. velocities 0nd Uy __ bepore collision cid. tet __ty, end | |v, be their velocities aptes cdlligfon_so.s_show° a Equations :_| — us u-w _—— : > Yioi= Ulan _ > wo ~ - My ul + M 2m ees Uy Lye PS —| tet pe ye vii+u => ty) ! - nt visu => ©). . | Putting qs. @)_and 2_,_ty.247_ans_c5.2_ in fox .: ‘4. ‘ Ldn, ve Uj) hem, (VU 1 Badin, (viru. fam (a — [alm vee oh gv yl) om -avid: atin. wavsawy) git awask ee Et my vup)) = eaten sh_samyyi) sng mya erywvse. cmt pena — gg tyn.¥ te the bog dt ou (em PAG Uy) EG 3 jal |} — - Yeates 3 a. Lent +m 4 —— + mua 4 Dy iy 29 2M a | (KE before) 2. (%E opto {| ———— Xealtision ) of } catlision {4 the prune _#s__omoving__eanst ant ail — -then conservation af Ene zey—ss_olso—vallid —___|Noter___ Here _yao__Energy —nte_omeem.9_anec| snical__elne-ygy__te__ bites: _K2E _o_P=€ —— |} ——___—9—their eur: Ethex__Hypothesis+ | idly wie_neecl Ether ox _omy_noedivsn 2 ng} Somne._ganntitetr _weves_,_Sound weve, weber] waves Storing nia oid __Eontth wees ete. ‘coll_these wees _oneed _ol_meciiung fox” then ___} pra pay yition- The essential comdition ofall “the h| _ is _thoct they_meed_a_onealium, beceutse. wave | y— t_toremsgpor op En.ex79)-7_ctad_aremeny___ “Ether” _or “Eathex*) _ —through oi IM has YY —hish_tcrtnspas a a zea Nera wey high iteeidys Spread) —_} highly alae faust beso fs a ae | Ught_wave. consist oy er hihtth propagate. tn adll one) Soares af Sah ee oiher jalan Objections On eather: [eas mot jeossible__por. sin _omectivm to _be- ingimitely _tyasyperrent- —$—<——$ +. ot oe tes Ss_very—very high -Ganrth that rotate _ctround_the-_Sun_,_it 2. oive__all_srevoluving in ethew. Any _fedy which. moves _iN_some _omedivwy vo there omnust pe .o1me_loss_of_energy So the veloecty of -that | oclsy ons: __tos of Eotth ametst be._slow dove, but in_actuat | Ltheve_is_op__ehange._in_webelty of light _on overage. The 5 licl_onust_chenge their properties wit poass.age_of time, put we comm t sbserve _| pole reetses.- Therefore the metion Jet —to— | velocity_of light nuit aes p © | punpose >the velatty op bath? _prame wes ——— | Ether_prameof_o, pecial _paillleges FP cm [essential Thevegore.,_.sefent ee experi mis_fawelviing electromagnetic waves: ~ ln_this_ sega, the best eynel_onrast__fmpordomt | expotiment_nas_ginstperrpornaea|_toyichel 0) in_188¥_end_vepecrteel the expperbaneink_meve|————~ carefully to_eollakoration site tetorley_ba ‘887 — amd_also_seitexcuted _enany_torres__theveast . | Actually, Michelson ond Morley expevianents_tait ___tte._expertmmental__pounclaitinias of speci ia | Michelsors__was_awervelecl the _Nobel_prize_fox- | his experiment im 19.0% e__Michelgon = Morley. Experiment (t=): the experiment_op_Met__was_en_atlerm to -amecrsure the velosity of Earth thang. Pa ey: The_expemiment—4ailedl_tin the sense.) ___ that_it_showed_canclusively ttt they doe not_exist: More generally, it _cdemomstanted ___| thers. ome_sn0_janiivileged observ ___| velocity of _Ieght_is_ivrespectively _oy_the starts F_notion ofthe observer vuloo__omeasures_i-i Perimemt. eves _ Pntergeron wal Sacer vhs __ verer| plate 6. "918M, and Ma An ee aiea nthe gipuoe be : 7 O28 Sensi = i eS emni— silvered plate 8 inclined at Us? aS lonitted _becuns: The tno beams, after aoplecth leet aniocvexs _My_amd__Ma_otve._foaroug hk together; __ fot A ainere_seteperinceangesats_gozmed, | — tee to_small__olipperence _betmeern the. eee le -+wo_beams- inta__timwo_ eta Nth, oplecbl ee. — us assume that earth Leemry ng, a ppoxclus)_is_onoving, with velocity “V"_2 [Yo. |e M, = L_gelative tothe privileged _grame- | —The__téimte._(4y required _ forthe —trememtited | —_ ——jlight_ony te_tretrerse the length“ L'_bo__|__ (= _ Ml rewe af Gav) ~, Chet cla wt le ch _ ye - -yi, eae eal ve) - tt Sb = ¥) +w ee upstream _speecl_is__G=\ Now, consider the eth of the aeplectect Night_ray te the _jpctth BM, BsAS_Ahe jy gl 18M. =1) ht trewels jroo _@ to Me }7 tt whole _appparcitus_has_moved.. a —_—_dlistomce * ey 19 BM, - The _tight__hos_therezore | ~ poewelled ot distance ESE. We have seen | that earth moves: some. distmce during the —— —— pesme time Cd _ Ascorcling to figure (2), —the_smizxor_svewes |__$§ — tia silence, pest t_tn__time“t" omns|__ligtot——}-_—___. fn ga \—the _loack , tk tarewels _oba_equerl_dlistane the —tinae__£.0%_to. “oma 470__travel oy ght beamtie the oth Bivl)B) is; al cies abe we) wie(aly Boparoling..E4t(D.-ley — Btnemniral Theorem —- =) tae SL C+ x) | inteapevente.—paivages ave erectenl ey the sliggey rence. _petween 4 oind ty. The whole. are —— [s_snowAt_sunwng (rotate) trrough 0°, so_ the swoles —__ 9 -two_axms_ave_inttrehomgec|: There fare, My Ee alaev) = ae cine t= aby vt Su ec a he thme_ohigparence _petareen the iwo_ppartios .¢_____ bepore_cmol_apter the op pavetus is seoumg fn rounol__is_; s st 2 tury St be tintya sled y= hea) Ab = 2, ave = a> au Fe ee zee a Similarty ,- At_= T,- 4) = abe j= OS e go? e a St = atv (2-1) es Sto -See hi fo the oun oF _pringes_is;_| 2At = en Tes ep A o, AN2 ave ce fa pe cn oe me 4N> aye z > @ (GS SF yet AN = aan ol* TS e 10h ok DN > ok “Tg Sa: sapeiteecied “gallinaMok brary as a ey tea xplanations Of Negative —Resu 7 = ith 2. tarts —_— 9 There_omewy_be_seme ether _clreig_w Cie_the they otag with the Earth.so thelr is m0. relative yelohes between ether amd Earth: erepoves the AN anust be equa) te _zer) | eS: cthe _eviy, rag__with the _» AMOI. AY Mex. were two Phenomena thot _comtreiclict athe_erbove _ —foict that theye wes 0 ether eg: The phenom eve sce, 4. Steer abbereition EB (fizecu convection _coegeiei tent: Sea ee — p—the _conth” a —___lonotion fey MIE : 6h Ernstetn__enplainec| —the_owull_eresult of Miche lsor Moyley experiment —by_introcluelng. the spectat_| On|__of_areladivity:|Fostulette. Te develgns _f SPetiol_Theoxy Of Relaity! elope the speci im -Etnsteia sgh ery Se jSystenns. no: preserved inertiat system exist: pe Me _Prin —of_camstomney of -ta_speed_of_ligh’ —— Th ewelocity oF Iiey ht fos n_empty space és | eonstormt_._ind ependent_mot_only of the. clirectic : OF pYepergertion but olSo_oF the velottive velocity etweetn the source oF hg ht eid _sbsexvev> | _| Note: oe >The prost_prineiple nas mot ehanget its _Newtonyon_foxm except. the _ Gretlilecon _ —_HTramsformertion equations _is TRplaees| foxya! —92te_ty pe_op__tocinspoyomerkion equations _ knownos_Llovente Trem sperm ation’. a | ______The__seeene|__primeljle _re_awt_ consistent = te Galilein _ Tremsporamection end it_indicate: a—eleat_olfuision__betweeh Nev-tonionn ctheory _ —_ ond __kinsteia theory. Therefore, we have to eplece Galilean Taco parmcition equations by lomntz_Tromspoyan abon equations whith sulgil olb.ove principles’. ._ tovente. Tome er nabs a The—f sniple op 88 a “ynder_o_paHte neal “\cwas op 20 |. group—of. ___| specigying—the —caorrelimattes —2.-y, —_|ptith o_eonstert velocity “v" _abeng—x=ow's.,the- Lets ya! cre pocmilldl_ta__x.y,-2_tespectively= ‘ : ' ap) euturre, _cre_invante rmettin —— 7_aynie= time coordinate taf" : , uncder__Gatlileann toons zormotti¢ eyuatians sce_oo0t amd that —efnstein resolve is_conplfet imp _aeplacing _cyaliteaa trams fo with lore nbz torcinsyoxomation- erentz_Transpormmation__Between—| Inextial_Frames_0f Reference _(von—artio~ motic_Apprecich)+ : tet_us suppose thet _om_event_occucred | ext_cx_ point “Pp! in am _inextial preme 5. [ewten's lows ap _onation ote —Hovs z ; £_Mowwell’.} ——— tn__cnothey_inextial__prame. 9" >_nihtel_is_anaeuitag. lsame_event_uwiill be specigied by xt R end | ie, ‘ | tet _ the observers _fn_—the_tiwa_systems. | Crxcomes). he -situarter atthe angina O and_o'. aj _—S_ond__s'_prmes. The_arectomgulety—oves xe xX’ Coy zt) yle ¥ (xy, % t) ge z'buyz,t) > tot (yz).a a 8 _omel_s!_ cre footy inertial frees i fe_tewss oF sechoies_zermenins the | __ ——Settme_tin__leath the _parcomes._ go result ok} — ——jponticle _is_meving_with_ey_eomstart_velocit-y | — ——ellong_q_steight tine crelettive. 4p_om_sbservex|— ——lin_S.,_the on_observey_tia_st will see,olso|— ——flhnat _jocnrhele_is_ meu ___lanstina_seledive. to _hbrr- Unley these conditions — the_tnemsponmatisn _ecjucition a) —omust-_be—— | tear anal os ume dhe smost genexeel_gara—— LOLS 5 = OX ty # OK A oh gt Gt aE pe araxt ay 742 * Ot +4, 78 Een Syn 2 Myatt Sut tO here 4501 comstomts. Note. “that _we _heive chosen_the_selehive| welectty "v” gj the Sci —g_gaestaes—tp— Pe) — cilong__acosvamndn x= _omnit_tea_Keepcomrtes=7— — pmding planes —penetilel -Thais_ojssumpti¢n simple — ries the olgebye_wuithouct cnnsy _toss_of generality Considlenon_event_occurs cit. te igiin of Jozume _S__onad_olso_accuns_ak to] atthe origin of. porcine S! thas the spaces— toe coorelinates of the event —_o1te.j ___——— = (Xv Zt') 2599 |(39) ~ |__S.0) the _toemnspernmodian, —Equations_fam—}— | Fy: @) = te = €q: o)__pecomes_¢ : —_ jp OF At Og yt Oot ot | a FB GY AO ee Sy At gy + a = GJ) a Noni, Fegorreling the seimeilining 16 co—epptetents.s|_____— {t_is__ex pectee|__theiy veilues _usill eepene }2n._the_selative velocity v_of the ieimies: New, we us.c the jortulates te _cleterronine the. values of 46~ coegerefes fe¥e_, we ote that x— axis comncioles_canti-_ muously —_wuitts Tiracee asset ¥ j= F =o > 40) te leg > (a4) _ Putting _€qs: do) ome 44) in _ Fes: (E)_omal w | 2 tae get 5 . d= Oy % to t =o => 3) a rel the values oy» |Din, putting eq: aso Dom _| Fey = 2, bw 1 gets ‘hatte soation_in_o» ___ lees. i= vleme fh —is__ovly__ailong_X=0% Egle ——|for_ A= plane, --y = Faqs le aa 4 poy XZ — plore iylso. Eqa82_ 42-9. > 44) = —pertting — Ppa 03)_amd_Eqi 4S) inn Fq:8), we gety—--— Z=_F oy +R — aa : yo plone, Z=o it. - £9) > gis 2¥- >e)| For, xz—plome ,_y¥ =F ___ ey 8) 2 n= a2 2022 — |pao’y'= plane, z's0 “l fp aa) ga 8 23) etry to _siacl_thecaepzicion fA ppose me puto vool_of unit tength | _—— a emecisuved by observer in_S_grcome,).aleng_—|- “ sy=axi8’ Aecoceling te equation 422. the_shrenyt} lian, {oo eee length_as_| a”:ee es) “Pre! gt a a4 sured) Now. ..we. puto aod of unt ey _Qynect = a ' exis yy | ty casexvey inst frame ]_2 =o —— ; ____| ebsensvex in _S__porenmna.—amnenisteo— LAGE =" ilk J | AL ecoreling ta the girst_portuloshe- FF ae Thee, omeusinements—amust be some Hence —— Sg a aa ___lusing simiter_urgument_(ly—pultingthe red | of _unit __Length__ellong __zf ancl_% = ants }y 0. 7 can _cleteromine i z a, = : > 2s) - Therefore, by Eq: cAlp_oinel_fqp2@5)_fha_02_an._|____— Eq: (22, we gat; yley z ssid \ Zi 2@ +23; | Mow, +to__find__tne_coespictent in _Eq462_ondl | Eq: 9)_,_we have Eq: 6), HE GX +O, £9 Rt yt eo iain fae See t__jereime Sy the _x coorelimelte._in_S\ fx | doen't change. because the. aelortive. velocit | ste grime is _along—_x'=aris_.6.6»—for the. o and” =o.» Hence ,_6qs<62__|____— poreovie_5! 1« ‘ 7 — ican dessnsitis = _ —— 5 =o (painb are ot 1 ° Fee eet bein aeeiae Hameoms tet ip scavt_-thtnol_enust —| —{be_equcit to ger js nD x =0 met 2a sax = aut — pases: corvwparrinngy —_ omnd__£q:(9-9),_wWe get j Sam yi = oat gy "iE > Uys 4. 39) Eqs. p> £297 ee Syt We know =the _-tinae_ork pi paca 2 gpd 2a doesm't__-the selotive velocity _of parame s which_is_along_x!— axis-j-e__t' oes mot ape on_the_time 4" ony emd__z¢-aniy- Hence. Sa Sst ig Te Bas 8 $$ —_—_t_2-4, i rn 2 ce__ aur tremor aromation equations besarte. we Oy (x= vt) yey lez Ga tleg i gtis) * ores poy Ve (sy = F te Site _ultt_hoive_to_cle termine the By = tree —ccegrictents.» mormely, oj,» ey > yy These} ____ 03 Com _be cf ekexamaines|__Iyusing “the _yprrincijole_of —— comstomey op. sthe_welochty. op Itehts let 7 US—aseurme. -thot_o_liyht_tpulse_produceel| the._time tee ond wal) . tertiary Aud _prspag atte fva__out)__| 7 —mobon_ep thre, fi apn ah a i_S_ame_given as: EP can be written os: