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Crank-Motor Generator - Mechanical To Electrical Energy
Crank-Motor Generator - Mechanical To Electrical Energy
Silliman University
Immersion/Research/Capstone Project
Ken B. Shiraishi
Ronald O. Tomarong
December 2020
TITLE PAGE i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 3
Hypothesis: 3
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitations 5
Definition of Terms 5
Chapter II 7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Rise of Renewable Energy Sources 7
Negative Effects of Using Non-Renewable Energy Sources 8
Greenhouse Gas Emissions 8
Air Pollution 8
Water Pollution 9
Land Pollution 9
Accidents 10
Limited Power Supply 10
Abundant Supply 11
Positive Effects of Alternative Energy 11
Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Pollution 11
Economic Status 12
Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy 12
Turbine Generator 13
Kinetic Energy 13
Janicki Omniprocessor 14
Theoretical Framework 15
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework by Baker et al. (1996) on their study titled “Modelling
Students’ construction of energy models in physics” 17
Conceptual Framework 17
Figure 2: Conceptual Model 19
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY 20
Research Design 20
Research Environment 21
Respondents and Sampling Procedure 21
Research Instrument 22
Data Collection Procedure 22
Data Analysis Procedure 23
Ethical Considerations 23
QUESTIONS 24
Bibliography 25
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In day to day lives, electricity has played an important role. Electricity, the lifeblood of modern
society; it is in homes, it runs through cities, and is arguably one of the most important
discoveries of every individual People have learned to be dependent on electricity that it would
cause a shock if the supply is irregular (Electrician Sources 4U, n.d.). According to Richardson,
the World Net Daily (2012) conducted a poll whether people will or will not survive without
electricity and 50% stated that if there is no electricity for two weeks, they will not be able to
survive and the percentage of people who stated that they will be dead in two months is summed
to 75%.
On the other hand, electricity is incorporated in gadgets such as smartphones and computers that
are proven to be an advantage in the field of education (Smythe J., 2019). Silver (2019) stated
that people who possess mobile devices, which half of these are smartphones, is estimated to
It has shaped the world into what it is now and because of this, the community consumes
approximately 22.3 trillion kilowatt-hours (N. Sönnichsen). To put that into perspective one
kilowatt equates to charging a cellphone for 2 hours each day for a month. According to the U.S.
Energy Information Administration the breakdown of sources is as follows: Coal (38%), Natural
gas (23%) Hydro (16%), Nuclear (10%), Wind (4%), Oil (3%), Solar (2%), Biofuels (2%), Other
(2%). Therefore, the dominating sources of energy are fossil fuels, like coal and natural gasses.
In 2016, the global population of those who have access to electricity increased to 81% from
71% in 1990 (Ritchie H. & Roser M., 2019). The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
projects that world energy consumption will grow by nearly 50% between 2018 and 2050. Even
though there is a vast amount of energy, it is still not enough. Demands are getting high, yet the
supply falls short. The Philippines’ Department of Energy reported that the Philippines’
consumption of electricity increased from 82,413,213 MWh (2015) to 90,797,891 MWh (2016).
Ako Bisaya Rep. Sonny Lagon stated that during summer there is an increased demand for
ventilation such as cooling thus power interruptions are expected (Cervantes F., 2020). One of
the countermeasures would be to use fossil fuels in reserve to meet the quota, but the problem
with this is that one, it is unsustainable, and two, it is detrimental for the environment.
This study aims to create a Crank-Motor Generator that is much like an electric generator,
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. This generator is smaller in scale and employs
the use of dynamos and a pulley system to generate electricity. The premise of this machine is
similar to a wind turbine, wherein, " ... its blades capture the wind’s kinetic energy and rotate,
turning it into mechanical energy. This rotation turns an internal shaft connected to a gearbox,
which increases the speed of rotation by a factor of 100. That spins a generator that produces
electricity (awaea.org, N.d)." The crank-motor Generator aims to use another dynamo to power
the main dynamo to produce electricity. Similar to bike-powered generators, where the
"Rotational energy of the tire can be used to pump water out from the well, to drive a washing
machine, to operate blender/grinder etc. These applications can be of very great use in
un-electrified places (Chakole A., Dhotre V., Raut P., 2019)." The power generated by this
machine should be able to charge a cellphone, power a small fan, among other things that require
a minimal amount of energy. Moreover, by creating a power generator made of motors and crank
mechanics that have the capabilities the same as a power bank that doesn’t rely on ready to use
energy, energy is conserved and there will be less pollution emitted by fossil fuels therefore
This study is designed to determine the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy,
discover the frequency of energy that the crank-motor generator produces and give attention to
Hypothesis:
Since electricity is considered as one of the most essential energy, it is important to determine
possible ways to conserve this energy. This study is important because it will open doors for a
much greener and sustainable way of obtaining energy compared to what is being commonly
used today, the non-renewable energy. Alternative energy reduces the risks of greenhouse gas
emissions, air pollution, acid rain, water pollution, land pollution, waste generation, oil spills,
and other events that harm not just nature but individuals, as well. Therefore, the people will be
given a more reliable source of energy to depend on. The findings of this study can benefit the
People. The study proposes a way that is not the usual in generating electricity and once this way
is done, the surrounding will be cleaner, making it a safer place for the people to live. In
addition, this study benefits the people as the device is beneficial in times of emergencies when
electricity is needed.
Companies. The study can provide useful data which will be beneficial to companies,
specifically the ones in the business of renewable energy. The convenient higher supply of
Economy. The study of renewable energy requires labor. This means that job opportunities will
Future Researchers. The study can serve as a reference for future researchers and with much
acquired knowledge to pursue this study, a larger scale will be met by improving what the
This study focuses on the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy, limiting it by
using a crank-generator device. The participants of this study will only be the researchers. The
research will be conducted within the researcher’s homes. The research starts from the 1st day of
school year 2020-2021, until the last day of the school year. This study can help the researchers
energy methods.
Definition of Terms
Renewable Energy – Energy that comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly
Mechanical Energy – The energy produced by an object due to its motion or position.
Dynamo - A machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy; a generator.
Rotational Energy - Kinetic energy due to the rotation of an object.
Turbine - A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a stream of
fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert the kinetic energy of fluids to
mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a mixture of the two.
Chapter II
FRAMEWORK
In the 21st century, the human consumption of energy sources has changed from
non-renewable to renewable. Unprecedented rapid growth in the renewable energy market has
changed the environment for the energy sector in terms of investment, new capacity, and high
growth rates in developing countries (Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, 2020).
Renewable energy is the fastest growing energy source in the United States, increasing 100
percent from 2000 to 2018. In recent years, globally, the development of hydropower has
skyrocketed. From 2005 to 2015, the overall installed capacity grew by 39 percent, averaging at
nearly 4 percent every year. Hydropower does not only offer clean energy, but also provides
water services (World Energy Council, 2016). It is estimated that 99 percent of the world’s
electricity storage capacity is in the form of hydropower, including pumped storage. This type of
energy stores potential energy that can be kept for a couple of months. On the other hand,
although the use of renewable energy sources is rising fast, as of 2016, China contributes 50% to
the worldwide market for coal and later on transitioned to clean coal technology.
Negative Effects of Using Non-Renewable Energy Sources
The cons of using non-renewable energy outweigh its pros. While there may be a lot
available, it may be easier to find, and it may be more efficient, but the reasons why humans
should stop using non-renewable energy is a lot more because this type of energy source is not
stable to meet the demands of the people and will eventually run out.
The use of non-renewable energy releases carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses into the
atmosphere that are the main contributors to global warming. According to the World Energy
Council (2016) coal currently fuels 40% of the world’s electricity and is forecasted to continue to
supply a strategic share over the next three decades. Various types of fuels release various
Air Pollution
Since the use of non-renewable energy releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, as
mentioned in the previous paragraph. Then, it is inevitable that this type of energy can cause air
pollution. When coal is being used, it releases mercury into the air, which individuals will inhale.
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can also be produced by fossil fuels, both of which may
cause various health issues (Greentumble, 2017). In the US, CO2 emissions from the electric
power sector, calculated in 2015, indicate that 71 percent were attributable to coal. Green Tech
Talk (2019) stated that as more non-renewable energy is burned, the quality of air will continue
to decline, forcing more and more people to otherwise take unnecessary measures to protect their
health.
Water Pollution
Due to the toxic chemicals rising through the air, it will take its part in the water cycle.
This is why Earth occasionally experiences acid rain. Acid rain is when Sulphur and other
various types of chemicals are added into the rain cycle and makes the water more acidic causing
the ecosystem of the place it has poured upon to degrade. Thermal pollution is a type of water
pollution that is caused by the use of fossil fuels such as coal and nuclear energy. Since fossil
fuel and nuclear energy plants need cooling, they use water and when the water is sent back to
the rivers and lakes, the quality of the water is intoxicated, affecting the quality of life in the
Land Pollution
they produce, there are a variety of environmental consequences. Excess soil is discarded in
places near land and water environments greatly affecting the ecosystems. Due to mining, places
are left with poor soil quality and because of the chemicals used, the soil becomes contaminated
or polluted.
Accidents
The use of non-renewable energy has high risks for accidents such as oil spills. In
October 2020, a Venezuelan oil tanker carrying 1.3 million barrels of crude oil 24 miles off
Venezuela, a region home to economically vital marine life, was stuck tilting. This event caused
a huge potential risk that would cost millions of dollars and negatively impact the ecosystem of
the place. Back in 1986, in Chernobyl, a city in Ukraine, a nuclear reactor exploded. It is
considered one of the worst nuclear incidents to ever happen. Thousands of people were affected
due to its radiation, increasing their chances of getting cancer throughout their lifetime. The
radioactive dust reached as far as Sweden and up to this day, the place is still highly radioactive
Using non-renewable energy increases the depletion rates of fossil fuel. Every day the
power supply demand around the world increases with no hints of slowing down or going down.
According to the Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, there is a slight
possibility that we will exhaust the entire non-renewable energy supply in the next 50 years. If
we lose all of our non-renewable energy supply, we as a society might have a hard time
recovering and trying to find other ways to fill the gaps made by the non-renewable energy. We
might have other sources of energy like Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal energy and etc. But it
is not enough to supply the entire worlds demand, according to c2es.org, we only used 18.1% of
renewable energy in 2017, and used 81.9% of non-renewable energy, if we don’t develop new
ways to find renewable energy in the next 50 years the entire world might face a catastrophic
energy crisis.
Abundant Supply
alternative energy will never run out for this energy is voluntarily generated by themselves, thus
considered as sustainable sources of energy. They added that since alternative energy does not
require greater maintenance, it’s cost is lesser than that of the non-renewable energy, too.
Alternative energy, on the other hand, does not have negative effects the same as the
above-stated situations. This type of energy may have disadvantages such as it is not that easy to
find than non-renewable energy and requires greater work but its advantages are to be given
attention to.
Alternative energy does not produce greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. It also
lessens air pollution. Alternative energy does not rely on fossil fuel and by using alternative
energy, the carbon footprint can be reduced. It can also replace carbon-intensive energy sources
such as electricity and can reduce global warming emissions. Alternative energy can reduce
pollution in the air and water emitted by coal and natural gasses which is linked to neurological
damage, heart problems, breathing problems, making alternative energy safe for the environment
Economic Status
Alternative energy can also provide jobs and other economic benefits, unlike fossil fuel
affordable due to its declining and stable prices (Union of Concerned Scientist, 2017). According
to the Union of Concerned (2017) scientist, the American Wind Energy Association (2017) states
that over 100,000 full-time workers has been hired by the wind energy industry in different roles
and maintenance, transportation and logistics, and financial, legal, and consulting services” in
year 2016.
can be converted to electrical energy. There are three distinct phases in converting mechanical
energy to electrical energy. In the first phase, the mechanical energy is transferred to the
transducer by an interfacing mechanism. In the second phase, electrical energy is generated from
the transducer. In the third phase, the collected and conditioned electrical energy is to be either
stored in an energy storage device or to be directly charged to the device that consumes electrical
Analysis (n.d.) states that “in 1831, scientist Michael Faraday discovered that when a magnet is
moved inside a coil of wire, an electric current flows in the wire” and with this discovery, it has
been proven that motors can generate electricity which can be a subject to a substitution of
air—pushes a series of blades mounted on a shaft, which rotates the shaft connected to a
generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy
Turbine Generator
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (2020), “Most of U.S. and
world electricity generation is from electric power plants that use a turbine to drive electricity
generators.” Moving fluid such as water, air, steam, and combustion gases pushes a set of blades
attached to a rotor shaft resulting in the blades to rotate. The mechanical (kinetic) energy of the
East Japan Railway Co. is a major passenger railway based in Japan. They have been
converting kinetic energy to electrical energy through the use of piezoelectricity. According to
Woodford (2019), “Piezoelectricity (also called the piezoelectric effect) is the appearance of an
electrical potential (a voltage, in other words) across the sides of a crystal when you subject it to
mechanical stress (by squeezing it).” The East Japan Railway Co. has been calling this “Ticket
Gate”. The piezoelectric pads are installed under six gates in the Tokyo Station. Each time a
commuter steps through the gate, pressure from the footsteps is turned into 100 milliwatts of
energy — enough to light a 100-watt bulb for 1/1,000 of a second. That can't power the turnstile,
but with 700,000 people using the station every day, JR East is monitoring the project to see
Lightning Packs, LLC is a backpack company that creates backpacks that convert kinetic
energy to electrical energy. The backpack has a steel spring attached to an external frame.
According to So, A., (2007) it works “As the load bounces up and down when you walk, the
motion of the springs gets transduced into power. It's ergonomic, but generating the 7 watts you'd
Lucien Gambarota has created an aerobic equipment that converts kinetic energy to
electrical energy. Dynamos are installed in the internal generator of California Fitness’
Stairmaster, cycling, and elliptical machines. The kinetic energy that the gym-goers puts upon its
equipment is harvested and converted into electricity. According to Steve Clinefelter, President
of California Fitness, “One person has the ability of producing 50 watts of electricity per hour
when exercising at a moderate pace…. If a person spends one hour per day running on the
machine, he/she could generate 18.2 kilowatts of electricity and prevent 4,380 liters of CO2
released per year.” This concept both improves the health of the individual and the environment.
Janicki Omniprocessor
“The Janicki Omni Processor works a little bit like a steam power plant, an incinerator,
and a water filtration system combined - with all three of them working in harmony with one
another (Cashman, 2020).” It is a machine that is similar to the one that the researchers intend to
create, but more. In a way, it is considered as an older sibling of sorts. The Janicki
Omniprocessor consists of three processes and this study focuses on the steam power plant, more
specifically, the self-sustaining side. “The electricity generated is enough to power the cycle of
processes, meaning the Omni Processor [sic] is self-sustaining. And as if that wasn't enough, the
plant also generates additional electricity which can be distributed elsewhere… (Cashman,
2020).” The electrical side of the processor shares similar properties to this project, where it
creates enough electricity to sustain itself as well as excess electricity which can be used to
power other devices. The Omni Processor is a technologic marvel and its existence proves that
there is a need for self-sustaining renewable power supplies. This project is not as large as the
Janicki Omniprocessor, nor is it better, but they do serve the same purpose: for a better
tomorrow.
Theoretical Framework
This section reviews all the theoretical framework relevant to the study to create an
understanding of how the process of using Dc motors affects the solution of searching for a
According to Ravikumar et al. (2017), the use of Dynamo generates electrical signals by
continuously rotating the coil inside and using the magnetic field to convert mechanical twirling
into a pulsing direct current. This process follows the principle of electromagnetic induction
which is the process of using magnetic fields to produce electrical current. The conversion of
mechanical energy to electrical energy is the key concept to the theory of creating a source of
alternative energy that answers the societal problem of non-renewable energy depletion.
The use of Dynamo as alternative source of energy was also shown in the study of
Chakole et al. (2019), stating that “Dynamo can be used to convert mechanical energy to
electrical energy. Alternating current can be produced normally using the dynamo. This current
can power devices, which work on AC directly, can be converted and used for devices working
on DC.” This process is still based on the concept of electromagnetic induction wherein
A study by Baker et al. (1996), examines how an object serves as a supply of mechanical
energy that connects to the motor to produce and transform it into an electrical energy that serves
as a source of electrical current and supply it into the light bulb emitting light and heat for the
environment.
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework by Baker et al. (1996) on their study titled
Conceptual Framework
It is evident that the shortage of the supply of electricity is seen as a problem by the
community, not just today but even before. For years, non-renewable energy has always been the
source of electricity but as the population grows, the supply of electricity becomes short. With
that, alternative energy is seen as a substitute to be able to meet the consumer’s demand.
The focus of this study is determining the significance of alternative energy. Further, different
First, non-renewable energy is the very source of energy but also one of the major contributors
for the emission of greenhouse gases. With this, this study discusses the negative effects of
non-renewable energy to not just the environment but also the people’s health which is
considered to be very detrimental. Further, the effect of overusing non-renewable energy to the
give importance to alternative energy by stating its positive effects to the economy, to the
Lastly, mechanical and electrical energy conversation has been long proven to be an effective
way in producing energy such as electricity. The process of this conversion is expounded in this
study.
The researchers came up with a conceptual model with variables that are significant in this study.
The antecedent variable is the supply or amount of non-renewable energy that leads to using
alternative energy as the independent variable. In addition, this alternative energy is obtained
through mechanical and electrical energy conversion, thus making it the intervening variable.
Since the result of this study is not yet fully determined, the conservation of energy is considered
This study proposed suggestions in using alternative energy rather than non-renewable energy
that has an uncertain supply in the coming days ahead. It shows the positive effects of alternative
energy and the negative effects of non-renewable energy therefore encouraging to embrace
alternative energy rather than non-renewable energy. Below is Figure 2 where the conceptual
model is illustrated.
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researchers talk about the Research Design, Research Environment,
Respondents and Sampling Procedure, Research Instrument, Data Collection Procedure, Data
Analysis Procedure, and Ethical Considerations. The researchers will be discussing how the data
was obtained, what the researchers chose to do with such data, and how the researchers used the
results in terms of the thesis statement gathered from the certain methods that will be further
Research Design
An exploratory research design is defined as "a research problem when there are few or
no earlier studies to refer to or rely upon to predict an outcome (University of South California
Libraries, 2020)." The purpose of this study is to explore the conversion of a self-sustaining
crank-motor generator that uses the basic premise of turning mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The researchers believe that this paper is exploratory because the goals that they have are
the same as an exploratory research: "Well-grounded picture of the situation being developed.
Generation of new ideas and assumptions (University of South California Libraries, 2020)." The
researchers aim to create a better picture of whether or not it is feasible to create a machine that
can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The researchers also have ideas in mind for
the future like turning the machine into a power bank powerful enough to charge a laptop.
Research Environment
The study will be conducted at Silliman University for the reason that the researchers are
enrolled in the said university and it would be efficient for them to conduct this in their own
school. Silliman University is a private school located in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental that
was established on August 28, 1901. Of its overall population of more than 9,000, over 200 are
international students from more than 50 countries in Asia, America, Africa, and Europe.
Granted Full Autonomous Status by the Commission on Higher Education, Silliman offers over
also offers a strong Basic Education program from Early Childhood to Senior High School.
The respondents of this survey will include Silliman University students because students
in the said university are taking up online classes which is essential for the study because it
focuses on clean and reusable energy. Students are the most viable respondents for this study
because of the amount of time and energy they use and consume for school and other activities.
The sampling procedure that the researchers will use is quantitative because the quantitative
sampling procedure will help in measuring data in the form of graphical methods. The total
be able to have a better understanding and information about daily consumption of energy. The
researchers did not choose to have a large number of respondents because this research paper is
exploratory.
Research Instrument
This research will use questionnaires and checklists as their tool to gather data. This
would contain questions about the student’s usage of gadgets such as smartphones, tablets,
laptops, and computers. This would also contain questions about the student’s source of
electricity for their devices, as well as its importance to their lives. The researchers came up with
the questionnaire and checklist with the thought of acquiring data to end up with results that
would complement their thesis as well as with the guidance and approval of Mrs. Granaderos.
For the research procedures, questionnaires were used to survey the target population.
The researchers used questionnaire checklists to gather the data. The researchers constructed
their survey questionnaire checklist with acquiring data in line with the thesis presented. They
did so by formulating questions that would best gather results that they could later use through
analysis and implication to support their argument. With approval from Mrs. Granaderos, the
students through Google Forms. The researchers chose this type of tool to distribute the
questionnaires and checklists because considering the current situation, it is near impossible to
physically hand out the papers to the population the researchers will survey. With the collected
data, the researchers proceeded to tally up the numerical data and formed an analysis and
The analysis of the data will be done through Google Forms. The reason for this is that
Google Forms can convert the data collected from the questionnaires directly into charts that are
easy to read and review. Another possible way of analyzing the data would be by tabulating and
reviewing it in Microsoft Excel. Regardless, to analyze the data the researchers collected, they
Ethical Considerations
A letter would be attached along with the link for the survey stating that the survey is
voluntary and that the respondents can withdraw anytime they want. The respondents' answers
will be treated with the utmost confidentiality and the data will be available exclusively to the
researchers. The identity of the respondent will be anonymous when data is collected and
interpreted. At the end of this study, all questionnaires collected will be erased and deleted
according to the process set by the University Research Ethics Committee of Silliman University.
QUESTIONS
1. How often do you charge your gadgets, your phone, in particular, in a day?
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
7. On a scale of 1-10, with one being the lowest, how severe is the impact of power shortage?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
If yes, what? No
10.Would it be convenient for you to have your own source of electricity during times of power
shortage?
Yes No
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