Middle East Technical University

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE301: Signals and Systems I

Solutions for Homework 0

October 4, 2019
If you face any problem or mistake please contact Ömer Çayır, ocayir@metu.edu.tr, DZ-10.

 π  π  π  π √
1. (a) 3 exp j + 3 exp −j + exp (jπ) − 4 exp −j + 4j + 2 exp j = ( 3 − 1) + 9j
| {z 2 } | {z 2 } | −1{z } | {z 2 } | {z 6 }
√
3j −3j −4j 3+j

     
(b) √
√2 exp −j π 5√2 exp −j π 2 exp −j π
(1 − j) (5 − 5j) 3 − j 4   4 6
√
= π  π
10j 5 − j5 3 10 exp j 10 exp −j
2 3
1

= exp −j 5π 6
5
1 √

= − 3−j
10
 5   π 5  
(c) 1 1 5π −1 1
√ −√ j = exp −j = exp −j =√ +√ j
2 2 4 4 2 2
 π 
π 6   
π 6
(d) cos − j sin = exp −j = exp (−jπ) = −1
6 6 6

2. We assume that
∞
X zn
exp(z) =
n!
n=0

for any z ∈ C. Let z = jθ,

∞
X (jθ)n (jθ)2 (jθ)3 (jθ)4 θ2 θ3 θ4
exp (jθ) = = 1 + jθ + + + + · · · = 1 + jθ − −j + + ...
n! 2! 3! 4! 2! 3! 4!
n=0

It is clear that even and odd n values correspond to real and imaginary parts, respectively.
∞
X ∞
X
(−1)n (−1)n 2n+1
exp(jθ) = θ2n + j θ
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
n=0 n=0

The Maclaurin series of cosine and sine functions have explicit forms as follows:
∞
X ∞
X
(−1)n 2n (−1)n 2n+1
cos θ = θ sin θ = θ
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
n=0 n=0

Substituting them, we obtain Euler’s formula.

exp (jθ) = cos θ + j sin θ

3. For z = x + jy,
exp(z) = exp(x + jy) = exp(x) exp(jy),
and hence, we can show that the given equality holds by using Euler’s formula.

exp(z) = exp(x)[cos(y) + j sin(y)]

4. (a) On the complex plane, Re is the real axis and Im is the imaginary axis.
Im

Re

n  o

S1 = z Re(z) > 0

(b) Im

Re

n  o

S2 = z Re(z) > 0

i. S1 ⊂ S2 , and S2 includes the imaginary axis, Re(z) = 0.

ii. Sim = {z = x + jy|x = 0} is the set of complex numbers on the imaginary axis, and
S2 = S1 ∪ Sim . We can also relate them as S1 = S2 \ Sim and Sim = S2 \ S1 .
(c) Im

−1 1 Re

n  o

S3 = z  − 1 < Re(z) < 1

(d) Im
1

Re

−1
n  o

S4 = z  − 1 < Im(z) < 1
 (e) Im

1 Re

n  o

S5 = z  |z| < 1

(f) Im

1 2 Re

n  o

S6 = z 1 < |z| < 2

(g) Im

1 Re

n  o

S7 = z  |z| = 1

The set S7 is called the unit circle since it includes the circle of unit radius, i.e., of radius 1.
n  o

i. Sud = z  |z| 6 1 is the set of all complex numbers z with modulus less than or equal
to 1, the closed unit disk.
n  o

ii. S8 = z 0 < |z| 6 1 is the set of all complex numbers z with modulus less than or
equal to 1 except |z| = 0. The set S8 is called the punctured (closed) unit disk since it
includes the unit circle (disk boundary) and a disk with radius 1 except the center of
disk (the hole at the center).

5. (a) Using Euler’s formula, we obtain the Cartesian form as below.

(r exp(jθ))n = (r cos θ + jr sin θ)n

Then, using de Moivre’s formula,

(r cos θ + jr sin θ)n = rn (cos nθ + j sin nθ),

we can show that

(r exp(jθ))n = rn (cos nθ + j sin nθ) = rn exp(jnθ)

for any n ∈ Z.
(b) We can write
(exp(jθ))3 = exp(j3θ) = cos 3θ + j sin 3θ
by using the expression given in part (a) for r = 1. We can also express (exp(jθ))3 as

(exp(jθ))3 = (cos θ + j sin θ)3

= cos3 θ + j3 cos2 θ sin θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ − j sin3 θ
= (cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ) + j(− sin3 θ + 3 cos2 θ sin θ)

by using Euler’s formula and binomial series. Then, we obtain the trigonometric identities

cos 3θ = cos3 θ − 3 cos θ sin2 θ

sin 3θ = − sin3 θ + 3 cos2 θ sin θ

by equating real and imaginary parts of exp(j3θ) and (cos θ + j sin θ)3 .

(c) i. We have rn exp(jnθ) = exp(j2πk) = cos(2πk) + j sin(2πk) = 1 for k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

and n ∈ Z+ .
Hence, rn must have a stable value with nth power changing, and r = 1 (remember that
1a = 1b for any a, b ∈ Z).
2πk
r = 1 =⇒ exp(jnθ) = exp(j2πk) =⇒ θ =
n
We know that the complex exponential exp(jnθ) is identical to exp(jn(θ + 2π)) for
integer n. Hence, we can write the interval of k:
2πk
θ= for n ∈ Z+ and k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1
ii. n

Im Im Im

1 Re 1 Re 1 Re

n=2 n=3 n=4

Im Im

1 Re 1 Re

n=5 n=6
 
φ + 2πk
iii. The n-th roots of an arbitrary complex number w = ρ exp(jφ) are ρ1/n exp j
n
for k = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1.   
 π π 2π
The cube roots of 27j = 27 exp j are zk = 3 exp j + k for k = 0, 1, 2.
2   6 3  
 π 5π 3π
z0 = 3 exp j z1 = 3 exp j z2 = 3 exp j
6 6 2
6. (a) Let S = 1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n . Then, we obtain the identity as below.

S − zS = 1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n − z(1 + z + z 2 + · · · + z n ) = 1 − z n+1

1 − z n+1
S − zS = S(1 − z) = 1 − z n+1 =⇒ S =
1−z
1 − z n+1
∴ 1 + z + z2 + · · · + zn = for any z ∈ C.
1−z
(b) Let z = r exp(jθ), where r = |z| and θ = ∠z, then

lim z n+1 = lim |z|n+1 (exp(jθ))n+1 .

n→∞ n→∞

Provided that |z| < 1, |z|n+1 → 0 as n → ∞. Then, we take the limit of z n+1 and S as
n → ∞ by using the condition |z| < 1.

lim z n+1 = lim |z|n+1 (exp(jθ))n+1 = 0

n→∞ n→∞

1 − z n+1 1 z n+1 1
lim S = lim = lim − lim =
n→∞ 1 − z n→∞ 1 − z n→∞ 1 − z
| {z } 1 − z
n→∞

(c) To derive Lagrange’s trigonometric identity,



1 sin n + 12 θ
1 + cos θ + cos 2θ + · · · + cos nθ = + , (1)
2 2 sin 21 θ

let z = exp(jθ), then use the identity given in part (a).

1 − (exp(jθ))n+1
1 + exp(jθ) + (exp(jθ))2 + · · · + (exp(jθ))n = (2)
1 − exp(jθ)

Using de Moivre’s formula (for r = 1), we can express LHS of (2) in a different way as below.

1 − (exp(jθ))n+1
1 + (cos θ + j sin θ) + (cos 2θ + j sin 2θ) + · · · + (cos nθ + j sin nθ) = (3)
1 − exp(jθ)

If we compare (1) and (3), we observe that the LHS of (1) is identical to the real part of LHS
of (3). To obtain the real part of RHS of (3), we perform some algebraic manipulations.

1
1 − (exp(jθ))n+1 1 − (exp(jθ))n+1 − exp −j 2θ + (exp(jθ))n+ 2
=


 =
1 − exp(jθ) exp j 2θ exp −j 2θ − exp j 2θ 2j sin 12 θ

Then, the real part of RHS of (3) is

( ) 

1 − (exp(jθ))n+1 1 sin n + 12 θ
Re = + ,
1 − exp(jθ) 2 2 sin 12 θ

which is identical to the RHS of (1). Notice that the sine terms in the numerator belong to
real part owing to j term in denominator.
Thus, the real part of LHS and RHS of (3) give Lagrange’s trigonometric identity (1).