© Ar Service Training (Engineering) Limited ae Advanced Electronics _ ne 4. Semi-Conductors Introduction to Semi-conductors A semi-conductor is a material which possesses an electrical state between that of an insulator and a conductor.Advanced Electron — trong a 66-02-0 Part 66-82-04 ‘Tow is ‘Negati Pa ns : a : e8 Ce particle itis simply the Baa sing cr rt a . i Anole is nota physiol vacates the outer nd remaining after an electro flow. hysical particle because it has a positiyg However, a hole can be treated 8 et agults in the constant recombining charge an ing holes it gives the illusion that the ‘i fe in a half full football stadium, i, people can be seen its apparently moving to ts are representing the valence | it movement of holes . This is known as er supply is© Air Service Training (Engineering) Limited jt Advanced Electronics Part 66-82-04 This is because they have ‘The above atoms are known as “Group 4” materials. four electrons on their outer shell. These are known as “Valence Electrons”.> js shown in Figure 4, petween atoms % med. i 86 = is seat peo leaves; Doping improves the a electron, Jeaving another hoje semi-conductor. ‘grows the valence electrons moving ey ee sated as a result ofthe electrons Processes also exist be “sopeersiomove fom right to left (25 indicated by the arrows), This is often necessar process. Doped semi-conducts Doping involves addit link together with the in 10°) to the semi-co ‘are known as “Covaler ‘As noted earlier, the ein eight valence impurity element is $ ‘a stable crystal missing electron (int The addition of an in number of electrons n crystal lattice ‘There are two types + N-Type Ser = P-Type Ser ‘The N-Type Semi-cond Group 5 materials i doping with the ints valence electrons. bonding occurs. T These donated ele resistance, therefc bonded and free? through the atom low voltage is app with the group 51© Ar Service Training (Engineering) Limited Advanced Electronics Doping improves the ability to transmit and control electrical current through the ‘semi-conductor. Processes also exist to further purify an intrinsic semi-conductor prior to doping. This is often necessary in order to effectively controlmeasure the doping process. Doped semi-conductors are often referred to as “Extrinsic Semiconductors”, involves | Pre Sr arn mers (vsuaraaay eo * As noted earlier, Deseiniy sukea ios hetareleronniestne: The ‘element is rabies stores wit ovat Sarin iaceon oF 8 tothe semi-conductor atom),So© Air Service Training (Engineering) Limited Part 66-82-04 ‘Advanced Electronics ‘As with a conductor, a small number of free electrons are generated because of the influence of heat energy at room-temperature. However, unlike the doping process, forwery electron that is released an unpaired “hole is left behind. As discussed on page 10, these holes will appear to flow in the opposite direction. Overall, as the number of holes generated is small in comparison to the electrons they are classed as minority carriers and give rise to leakage current. It should be noted that this current is negligible in comparison to the main current flow. ! Phosphorus and Arsenic are good examples of group 5 materials used in this | doping process. The P-Type Semi-conductor Group 3 materials are used to provide an extra hole after doping with the ‘intrinsic semi-conductor. These elements have 3 valence electrons. This extra hole for a valence electron already within the intrinsic material. commonly referred to as an “Acceptor”.< k 2. 3 : TI 2 § : ‘semi-conductor. . Th acts as a minority 3 materials used© Air Service Training (Engineering) Limited Part 66-82-04 2, Diodes Advanced Electronics The P-N Junction ‘Atypical junction diode structure is formed using P-type and N-type materials. The P and N-type materials are in contact to form a P-N junction. Under the correct conditions, the holes and electrons are allowed to join. (electron-hole combinations), allowing a current to flow across the junction. ‘As covered in the previous section, the P-type material consists of Holes as the Majority carrier. This means the P-type material is positively charged and will attract any free electrons. 4 The N-type material consists of electrons as the majority carrier. 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