‫هقذهِ‪:‬‬

‫تطای یازٌیطی ‪ٞ‬ط ظتا٘ی ض‪ٙ‬اذت اغ‪ٔ ٚ َٛ‬ث‪ٙ‬ای آٖ ظتاٖ اِعأیست ‪ٌ ٚ‬طأط یىی اظ اغّی تطیٗ ٔث‪ٙ‬ا‪ٞ‬ای‬
‫یازٌیطی ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی ٔی تاضس‪.‬‬

‫زض ‪ٚ‬الى ظتاٖ آٔ‪ٛ‬ظاٖ ٔی تایست پس اظ یازٌیطی وّٕات ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی ت‪ ٝ‬یازٌیطی ل‪ٛ‬ايس زست‪ٛ‬ضی ایٗ ظتاٖ‬
‫تپطزاظ٘س تا تت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س وّٕات ضا زض و‪ٙ‬اض یىسیٍط ت‪ ٝ‬واض تٍیط٘س ‪ ٚ‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫ٔا ٘یع سًی وطزیٓ زض وتاب اِىتط‪٘ٚ‬یه ٌطأط پای‪ ٝ‬تا پیططفت‪ ،ٝ‬اساسی تطیٗ ٘ىات ٌطأطی ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی ضا‬
‫ٌطزآ‪ٚ‬ضی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ ٚ‬تا تیا٘ی ساز‪ ٚ ٜ‬ضی‪ٛ‬ا ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا ٔثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای لاتُ ف‪ٌ ٟٓ‬أی تطای آٔ‪ٛ‬ظش ل‪ٛ‬ايس زست‪ٛ‬ضی ظتاٖ‬
‫تطزاضیٓ‪.‬‬

‫أیس‪ٚ‬اضیٓ ٔكاًِ‪ ٝ‬ایٗ وتاب اِىتط‪٘ٚ‬یه وٕىی ضایاٖ ت‪ ٝ‬ضٕا ظتاٖ آٔ‪ٛ‬ظاٖ ٌطأی زض ٔسیط یازٌیطی ‪ٞ‬طچ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٟ‬تط‬
‫ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی تى‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫با تشکز‬
‫هجوَعِ آهَسشی ‪englishpersian‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 :‫فـْزســـت‬
‫ فعل‬:‫ فصل اٍل‬
7 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... ‫* فعل چيست؟‬
7 ........................................................................... Active Voice and Passive Voice : 1 ‫* تقسين بٌذي فعل‬
7 ............................................................................................................................................................................................ Active Voice
8 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... Passive voice
10 ............................................. (Main Verbs) ‫( ٍ اصلی‬Helping Verbs) ‫ کوکی‬:2 ‫* تقسين بٌذي فعل‬
11 .......................................................................................................................................................... (Helping Verbs) ‫افعال کوکی‬
11 ......................................................................................................................... (Primary Helping Verbs) ِ‫افعال کوکی اٍلي‬
12 ........................................................................................................................... (Modal Helping Verbs) ‫افعال کوکی کيفی‬
15 .................................................................................................................................................................. (Main Verbs) ‫افعال اصلی‬
17 ....................................................................................................................... (Regular Verbs) ُ‫* ليست افعال با قاعذ‬
23 ................................................................................................................. (Irregular Verbs) ُ‫* ليست افعال بی قاعذ‬

‫ شزط‬:‫ فصل دٍم‬

26 ......................................................................................................................................................... (Conditionals) ‫* شزط ّا‬
26 ...................................................................................................................................... (First Conditional) ‫* اٍليي شزط‬
27 ........................................................................................................................... (Second Conditional) ‫* دٍهيي شزط‬
28 ................................................................................................................................ (Third Conditional) ‫* سَهيي شزط‬
29 ....................................................................................................................................... (Conditional Zero) ‫* شزط صفز‬
30 .................................................................................................................................................................................. ‫* خالصِ شزط ّا‬

‫ سَال‬:‫ فصل سَم‬

31 .......................................................................................... (Basic Question Structure) ‫* ساختار اصلی سَال‬
31 .......................................................................................................... (Basic Question Types) ‫* اًَاع اصلی سَال‬

going to :‫ فصل چْارم‬

33 ........................................................................................................................................................................... (Intention) ‫* قصذ‬
33 .......................................................................................................................................................... (Prediction) ‫* پيش بيٌی‬
33 ..................................... (Present continuous for plan) ‫* سهاى حال استوزاري بزاي بزًاهِ ريشي‬
34 .................................................. (Present Simple for schedule) ‫* سهاى حال سادُ بزاي سهاى بٌذي‬
34 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... ِ‫* خالص‬

3
 ‫‪ ‬فصل پٌجن‪ :‬افعال اسوی‬
‫* افعال اسوی )‪35 ............................................................................................................................................................ (Gerunds‬‬
‫* افعال اسوی بِ عٌَاى فاعل‪ ،‬شی ٍ يا تکويل کٌٌذُ‬
‫)‪35 ........................................................................................ (Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement‬‬
‫* افعال اسوی پس اس حزٍف اضافِ )‪36 ..................................................... (Gerunds after Prepositions‬‬
‫* افعال اسوی پس اس افعال اصلی )‪36 ....................................................... (Gerunds after certain verbs‬‬
‫* افعال اسوی در حالت تاثيز پذيزي )‪37 ....................................................... (Gerunds in Passive sense‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل ششن‪ :‬افعال چٌذ کلوِ اي‬

‫* افعال چٌذ کلوِ اي (افعال عبارتی) )‪38 ...................................................................................... (Phrasal Verbs‬‬
‫* افعال عبارتی )‪38 ......................................................................................................................................... (Phrasal Verbs‬‬
‫* افعال عبارتی جذاشذًی )‪39 ................................................................................. (Separable Phrasal Verbs‬‬
‫* افعال اضافی )‪40 .......................................................................................................................... (Prepositional Verbs‬‬
‫* افعال اضافی ‪ -‬عبارتی )‪40 ........................................................................... (Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل ّفتن‪ :‬سهاى ّا‬

‫گذشتِ (‪)past‬‬
‫* سهاى گذشتِ استوزاري )‪42 ........................................................................................ (Past Continuous Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ استوزاري ‪42 ............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين ‪43 .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري )‪45 .................................................... (Past Perfect Continuous Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري ‪45 ................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چگًَِ اس سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين ‪46 ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى گذشتِ کاهل )‪47 ................................................................................................................ (Past Perfect Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ کاهل ‪47 ......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين ‪48 .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى گذشتِ سادُ )‪49 ................................................................................................................. (Simple Past Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ سادُ ‪49 .....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين ‪50 .....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫حال (‪)present‬‬
‫* سهاى حال استوزاري )‪53 ...................................................................................... (Present Continuous Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى حال استوزاري ‪53 ...................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چِ ٍقت ٍ چزا بايذ اس سهاى حال استوزاري استفادُ کٌين ‪53 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫افعال ‪ ing‬دار را در سهاى حال استوزاري چگًَِ ّجی )‪ (spell‬کٌين ‪55 ...................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري )‪56 .................................................. (Perfect Continuous Tense Present‬‬

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‫ساختار اصلی سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري ‪56 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر اس سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين ‪57 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى حال کاهل )‪58 .............................................................................................................. (Present Perfect Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى حال کاهل ‪58 .............................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫کی ٍ چزا اس سهاى حال کاهل استفادُ کٌين ‪59 .......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ since ٍ for‬در سهاى حال کاهل ٍ تفاٍت ّاي آى ّا ‪61 ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى حال سادُ )‪62 ............................................................................................................... (Simple Present Tense‬‬
‫چطَر اس سهاى حال سادُ استفادُ کٌين ‪62 ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ساختار اصلی سهاى حال سادُ ‪63 ...............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫آيٌذُ (‪)future‬‬
‫* سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري )‪65 .................................................................................... (Future Continuous Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري ‪65 ...............................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چگًَِ اس سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري استفادُ کٌين ‪66 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري )‪67 ................................................ (Future Perfect Continuous Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري ‪67 ...................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر اس سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين ‪68 ....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل )‪68 ............................................................................................................ (Future Perfect Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل ‪68 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چطَر اس سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استفادُ کٌين ‪69 ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* سهاى آيٌذُ سادُ )‪69 ............................................................................................................. (Simple Future Tense‬‬
‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ سادُ ‪70 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫چگًَِ اس سهاى آيٌذُ سادُ استفادُ کٌين ‪71 ........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل ّشتن‪ :‬اسن‬

‫* اسن ّا ‪72 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* اسن ّا چِ ّستٌذ ‪72 ...........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫پاياى اسن ّا )‪72 ......................................................................................................................................................... (Noun Endings‬‬
‫هحل قزارگيزي اسن ّا )‪72 .................................................................................................................... (Position in Sentence‬‬
‫ٍظيفِ اسن ّا )‪73 ................................................................................................................................................................. (Functions‬‬
‫* اسن ّاي شوارا ٍ غيز قابل شوارا )‪73 .................. (Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns‬‬
‫اسن ّاي شوارا ‪73 ............................................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اسن ّاي غيز قابل شوارا ‪75 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اسن ّايی کِ هی تَاًٌذ ّن شوارا ٍ ّن غيز قابل شوارا باشٌذ ‪75 ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫* اسن ّاي هشخص )‪76 .............................................................................................................................. (Proper Nouns‬‬
‫بِ کارگيزي حزٍف بشرگ بزاي اسن ّاي هشخص ‪77 ........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫اسن ّاي هشخص بذٍى ‪77 ................................................................................................................................................................. The‬‬
‫اسن ّاي هشخص با ‪79 .......................................................................................................................................................................... The‬‬
‫* هلکی يا هضاف اليِ )‪80 ................................................................................................................................ (Possessive's‬‬
‫اسن ّاي هشخص (ًام ّا) ‪81 .......................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اسن ّاي جوع بی قاعذُ ‪81 ..........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل ًْن‪ :‬صفت‬

‫* صفت ّا )‪82 .............................................................................................................................................................. (Adjectives‬‬
‫* صفات اشارُ يا هحذٍد کٌٌذُ )‪82 ....................................................................................................... (Determiners‬‬
‫حزٍف تعزيف ‪ ٍ An ، A‬يا ‪83 ........................................................................................................................................................... The‬‬
‫‪84 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. Every ٍ Each‬‬
‫‪84 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... Any ٍ Some‬‬
‫* تزتيب صفات )‪86 ................................................................................................................................. (Adjective orders‬‬
‫صفت قبل اس اسن )‪86 ........................................................................................................................ (Adjective before nouns‬‬
‫صفت بعذ اس فعل )‪87 ............................................................................................................ (verbs Adjective after certain‬‬
‫* صفات هقايسِ اي )‪88 ................................................................................................. (Comparative Adjectives‬‬
‫ساخت صفت هقايسِ اي ‪88 ..........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫طزس بِ کارگيزي صفات هقايسِ اي ‪89 .....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* صفات بزتز )‪90 ..................................................................................................................... (Superlative Adjectives‬‬
‫طزيقِ ساخت صفت بزتز ‪90 .........................................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫طزس استفادُ اس صفات بزتز ‪91 .....................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل دّن‪ :‬ضويز‬

‫* ضويز ّا )‪92 ................................................................................................................................................................ (Pronouns‬‬
‫* ضويز ّاي شخصی )‪92 ............................................................................................................. (Personal Pronouns‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل ياسدّن‪ :‬حزٍف اضافِ‬

‫* ليست حزٍف اضافِ )‪94 ................................................................................................................... (Propositions list‬‬

‫‪ ‬فصل دٍاسدّن‪ :‬هعٌی فعل ّا در سهاى ّاي استوزاري‬

‫* هعٌی فعل ّا در سهاى ّاي استوزاري ‪95 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* افعالی کِ در سهاى ّاي استوزاري بِ کار بزدُ ًوی شًَذ ‪95 ....................................................................................‬‬
‫* افعالی با دٍ هعٌاي هختلف ‪95 .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫* فعل ‪ ٍ be‬سهاى ّاي استوزاري ‪96 ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬فصل اٍل‪ :‬فعل‬

‫* فعل چيست؟‬
‫فًُ ٔ‪ٕٟ‬تطیٗ ترص زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی ٔی تاضس‪ ،‬حتی و‪ٛ‬تا‪ ٜ‬تطیٗ جٕالت زاضای فًُ ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ضٕا ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یس‬
‫یه جّٕ‪ ٝ‬یه وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای ت‪ ٝ‬وٕه فًُ تساظیس؛ ٔثُ‪Stop! :‬‬
‫تطذی اظ افًاَ ا٘جاْ واضی ضا ٔی ضسا٘‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ‪ٔ Action word‬ی ٌ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪ٔ .‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س‪work ٚ run ، fight :‬‬
‫تطذی زیٍط چ‪ٙ‬یٗ ٘یست‪ٙ‬س ‪ًٕٛٔ ٚ‬ال ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ‪ ٚ‬یا ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز چیعی ضا ٔی ضسا٘‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ‪State word‬‬
‫ٔیٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪ٔ .‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س‪belong ، seem ، exist ، be :‬‬
‫یه فًُ ‪ٕٞ‬یط‪ ٝ‬زاضی فايُ است (و‪ٙٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬واض) ٔثاَ‪John speaks English. :‬‬
‫زض ای‪ٙ‬جا ‪ John‬فايُ )‪ speaks ٚ (subject‬فًُ ٔی تاضس‪ .‬ت‪ٙ‬اتطایٗ ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ و‪ ٝ‬افًاَ وّٕاتی‬
‫‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ا ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س فايُ چ‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬س ‪ ٚ‬یا چ‪ٞ ٝ‬ست‪:‬‬
‫‪Action: Renaldo plays football.‬‬
‫‪State: Owen seems kind.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ ٝ‬ای و‪ ٝ‬زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز فًُ ‪ٞ‬ا ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز ایٗ است و‪ ٝ‬افًاَ تط ذالف زیٍط وّٕات (غفات ‪ ،‬لیس ‪ٞ‬ا ‪ ،‬حط‪ٚ‬ف‬
‫اؾاف‪ )... ٚ ٝ‬ضىُ ‪ٞ‬ای ٔرتّفی زاض٘س اٌط چ‪ ٝ‬و‪ ٝ‬اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ا ٘یع زاضای ز‪ٛ٘ ٚ‬و ٔفطز ‪ ٚ‬جٕى (‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ٔ ) S ٜ‬ی تاض‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬
‫ٔثال فًُ ‪( to work‬واض وطزٖ) زاضای پ‪ٙ‬ج ضىُ است‪:‬‬
‫‪to work , work , worked , works , working‬‬

‫* تقسين بٌذي فعل ‪Active Voice and Passive Voice : 1‬‬

‫ز‪ ٚ‬ضىُ ذاظ اظ فًُ ‪ٞ‬ا ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ‪ٔ voice‬ی ٌ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪• Active voice‬‬
‫‪• Passive voice‬‬

‫‪Active Voice‬‬
‫زض اغّة ٔ‪ٛ‬اضز ٔا اظ ‪ active voice‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ ٚ‬تیاٍ٘ط ایٗ است و‪ ٝ‬فايُ )‪ (subject‬يّٕی ضا تط‬
‫ض‪ٚ‬ی ضی یا ٔفً‪ )object( َٛ‬ا٘جاْ ٔی ز‪ٞ‬س‪ ،‬ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cat eats fish.‬‬

‫‪Cat: Subject or Active object.‬‬
‫‪eats: Verb‬‬
‫‪fish: Passive object‬‬
‫زض ای‪ٙ‬جا ٌطت‪( ٝ‬فايُ) يُٕ ذ‪ٛ‬ضزٖ ضا تط ض‪ٚ‬ی ٔا‪ٞ‬ی (ضی) ا٘جاْ ٔی ز‪ٞ‬س‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
 .‫ يُٕ فًُ ضا اظ ضی ٔی ٌیطز‬ٚ ٝ‫ تحت تاثیط ضی لطاض ٌطفت‬ٝ‫ ایٗ فايُ است و‬passive voice ‫زض‬
:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ت‬
Fish are eaten by cats.
Fish: Subject or Active object
are: Auxiliary Verb
eaten: main verb (past participle)
by: ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔیى‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ّٕٝ‫َ اظ ایٗ و‬ًٛ‫ال تطای ًٔطفی ضی ٔف‬ًٕٛٔ
cat: Passive object or Active subject

.‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ذاقط آٖ ساذت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ ضی است و‬active object :ٝ‫٘ىت‬

Passive voice
:‫ ٔی تاضس‬ٜ‫ تسیاض ساز‬passive voice ‫ساذتاض‬
Subject +Auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)

.‫ ٔی تاضس‬helping verb ٖ‫ٕا‬ٞ auxiliary verb ‫ض اظ‬ٛ‫ه‬ٙٔ ‫ق‬ٛ‫زض ساذتاض ف‬

‫ فًُ اغّی ٘یع ٔی‬be ًُ‫ ف‬ٝ‫ز (ٔی زا٘یس و‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ زض غاِة فًُ وٕىی ت‬be ًُ‫ ف‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :‫ضی‬ٚ‫یاز آ‬
:ٓ‫سف زاضی‬ٞ ٚ‫تاضس) ز‬
make continuous tense -1
make the passive -2
:‫فاضسی‬
ُٕ‫ستٍی ي‬ٛ‫ پی‬ٚ ْٚ‫ فًُ اغّی تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ تسا‬ٝ‫ وٕه ت‬.1
ٖ‫ فًُ اغّی تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ تاثیط پصیطی آ‬ٝ‫ وٕه ت‬.2

:َ‫س ٔثا‬ٙ‫چ‬

subject auxiliary verb (to be) main verb (past participle)

Water is drunk by everyone.
100 people are employed by this company.
I am paid in euro.
We are not paid in dollars.
Are they paid in yen?

8
 :ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬passive voice ‫لى اظ‬ٛٔ ٝ‫چ‬

.ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ ز‬ّٜٛ‫ٓ ج‬ٟٔ ‫ ضا‬subject ٖ‫ٕا‬ٞ ‫ یا‬active object ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ •
.ٓ‫اسی‬ٙ‫ ضا ٕ٘ی ض‬passive object ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ •

:َ‫ٔثا‬

subject verb object

‫ یا‬active object ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫جا ٔیر‬ٙ‫زض ای‬
ٖ‫ٓ ٘طا‬ٟٔ ‫ ضا‬President Kennedy President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald.
.ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ز‬
.ٓ‫اسی‬ٙ‫ ضا ٕ٘ی ض‬passive object ‫ ٔا‬My wallet has been stolen. ?

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬by ‫َ اظ ِغت‬ًٛ‫ یا ضی ٔف‬passive object ‫ال تطای ًٔطفی‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ ٌفتی‬ٝ‫ض و‬ٛ‫ٕا٘ك‬ٞ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ظیط ت‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ت‬
He was killed with a gun.

‫ ٘ىطزیٓ؟‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬by ‫ اظ‬ّٕٝ‫چطا زض ایٗ ج‬

ٝ‫ چطا و‬،‫س‬ٙ‫ ضا ایفا ٕ٘ی و‬Active subject ٖ‫ٕا‬ٞ ‫ یا‬Passive object ‫ ٘مص‬gun ‫جا‬ٙ‫ زض ای‬ٝ‫ ایٗ زِیُ و‬ٝ‫ت‬
:‫ز‬ٛ‫ زض اغُ ٔی ض‬.‫ است‬ٜ‫ ضس‬ٜ‫ واضتطز‬ٝ‫سف ضرع زیٍطی ت‬ٛ‫ً ت‬ٙ‫ تف‬ٝ‫ تّى‬ٝ‫ ضا وطت‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ و‬ٜ‫ز‬ٛ‫ً ٘ث‬ٙ‫ایٗ تف‬

He was killed by somebody with a gun.

9
 :Passive voice ‫غطف‬

infinitive to be washed
present It is washed.
past It was washed.
simple
future It will be washed.
conditional It would be washed.
present It is being washed.
past It was being washed.
continuous
future It will be being washed.
conditional It would be being washed.
present It has been washed.
past It had been washed.
perfect simple
future It will have been washed.
conditional It would have been washed.
present It has been being washed.
past It had been being washed.
perfect continuous
future It will have been being washed.
conditional It would have been being washed.

(Main Verbs) ‫( ٍ اصلی‬Helping Verbs) ‫ کوکی‬:2 ‫* تقسين بٌذي فعل‬

:‫٘س‬ٛ‫ تمسیٓ ٔی ض‬ٜ‫ يٕس‬ٝ‫ زست‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٝ‫ا ت‬ٞ ًُ‫ف‬
(Helping Verbs) ‫افًاَ وٕىی‬
(Main verbs) ‫افًاَ اغّی‬

:‫افًاَ وٕىی‬
:‫یس‬ٌٛ ‫ ٔی‬ٚ ٜ‫اضز اتاق ضٕا ضس‬ٚ ‫یس یه ٘فط‬ٙ‫فطؼ و‬
I can.
People must.
The Earth will.

ٗ‫ زِیّص ای‬.‫س؟ لكًا ذیط‬ٙ‫تی تطلطاض و‬ٛ‫ا٘ست تا ضٕا اضتثاـ ذ‬ٛ‫ ضسیس؟ آیا ایٗ ضرع ت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫آیا ضٕا چیعی ٔت‬
‫ ٘مص‬ّٕٝ‫ایٗ افًاَ زض ساذتاض یه ج‬. ‫ایی ٘ساض٘س‬ًٙٔ ‫ز‬ٛ‫زی ذ‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٚ ‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ ایٗ افًاَ افًاَ وٕىی‬ٝ‫است و‬
.‫س‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا ٕ٘ی ضسا‬ٝ‫ایی چیعی ضا ت‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ز ت‬ٛ‫ِی ذ‬ٚ ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ٕی ضا ایفا ٔی و‬ٟٔ

10
‫ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال افًاَ وٕىی ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا افًاَ اغّی ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی ض‪٘ٚ‬س ‪ ٚ‬ت‪ ٝ‬افًاَ اغّی وٕه ٔی و‪ٙٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ٙ‬اتطایٗ جٕالتی و‪ٝ‬‬
‫زض غفح‪ ٝ‬لثُ ٔطا‪ٞ‬س‪ ٜ‬وطزیس ‪ٍٕٞ‬ی ٘الع ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س ‪ ٚ‬تطای وأُ ضسٖ ت‪ ٝ‬یه فًُ وٕىی ٘یاظ زاض٘س‪ .‬زض وُ‬
‫تمطیثا حس‪ٚ‬ز ‪15‬فًُ وٕىی زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز‪.‬‬

‫افًاَ اغّی‪:‬‬
‫حاَ فطؼ و‪ٙ‬یس و‪ٕٞ ٝ‬اٖ ضرع ٔجسزا ‪ٚ‬اضز اتاق ضٕا ضس‪ ٚ ٜ‬تٍ‪ٛ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪I teach.‬‬
‫‪People eat.‬‬
‫‪The Earth rotates.‬‬

‫آیا ایٗ تاض چیعی ٔت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬ضسیس؟ آیا ایٗ ضرع ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ست تا ضٕا ت‪ ٝ‬ذ‪ٛ‬تی اضتثاـ تطلطاض و‪ٙ‬س؟ احتٕاال تّ‪ِٚ ٝ‬ی ٘‪ٝ‬‬
‫ظیاز‪ .‬زِیّص ایٗ است و‪ ٝ‬ایٗ افًاَ افًاَ اغّی ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ ٚ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٟٙ‬ایی ًٔ‪ٙ‬ا ‪ٔ ٚ‬ف‪ٟٔٛ‬ی ضا ٔی ضسا٘‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬اِثت‪ ٝ‬و‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪ٞ‬عاضاٖ فًُ اغّی زاضیٓ‪.‬‬

‫زض ظیط ٔثاَ ‪ٞ‬ایی اظ جٕالت ضا ٔطا‪ٞ‬س‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس‪ .‬ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس و‪ ٕٝٞ ٝ‬جٕالت زاضای فًُ اغّی‬
‫‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ ،‬أا تطذی اظ آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا فًُ وٕىی ٘یع زاض٘س‪.‬‬

‫‪helping verb‬‬ ‫‪main verb‬‬

‫‪John‬‬ ‫‪likes‬‬ ‫‪coffee.‬‬
‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪lied‬‬ ‫‪to me.‬‬
‫‪They‬‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪happy.‬‬
‫‪The children‬‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪playing.‬‬
‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪must‬‬ ‫‪go‬‬ ‫‪now.‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪want‬‬ ‫‪any.‬‬

‫افعال کوکی )‪(Helping Verbs‬‬

‫افًاَ وٕىی ت‪ ٝ‬ذ‪ٛ‬زی ذ‪ٛ‬ز ًٔ‪ٙ‬ایی ٘ساض٘س ‪ِٚ‬ی ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا زض ساذتاض جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ؾط‪ٚ‬ضی است‪ًٕٛٔ .‬ال افًاَ‬
‫وٕىی ضا ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا افًاَ اغّی ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی تطیٓ تا ت‪ ٝ‬افًاَ اغّی وٕه و‪ٙٙ‬س‪ .‬زض وُ حس‪ٚ‬ز ‪15‬فًُ وٕىی ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز‬
‫زاضز و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا ضا ت‪ ٝ‬ز‪ ٚ‬زست‪ ٝ‬تمسیٓ ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬

‫افعال کوکی اٍليِ )‪(Primary Helping Verbs‬‬

‫‪)are ٚ is ، am( To Be .1‬‬

‫‪ to make continuous tense‬تطای ایجاز ظٔاٖ فًُ ت‪ ٝ‬غ‪ٛ‬ضت پی‪ٛ‬ست‪ٔ ٝ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س‪:‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
He is watching TV.
)‫س‬ٙ‫ و‬ّٜٛ‫ زض حاَ ا٘جاْ ج‬ٚ ٝ‫ست‬ٛ‫ض پی‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ وٕه ٔی و‬watching ‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٝ‫ی ت‬ًٙ‫(ی‬

:‫ص پصیطی‬ٙ‫ تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ تاثیط پصیطی یا و‬to make the passive
Small fishes are eaten by big fishes.

:Have .2
:ٜ‫ضت وأُ ضس‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٝ‫ تطای ایجاز ظٔاٖ فًُ ت‬to make perfect tense
I have finished my homework.
)‫س‬ٙ‫ و‬ّٜٛ‫ ج‬ٜ‫ضت يُٕ تٕاْ ضس‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٝ‫س تا ت‬ٙ‫ وٕه ٔی و‬finished ‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٝ‫ی ت‬ًٙ‫(ی‬

Do .3
:ٖ‫فی وطز‬ٙٔ ‫ تطای‬to make negatives
I don't like you.

:ٖ‫اَ پطسیس‬ٛ‫ تطای س‬to make questions

Do you want some coffee?

:‫ تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ تاویس‬to show emphasis

I do want you to pass your exam.

:‫ تطای پطتیثا٘ی اظ فًُ اغّی زض تطذی جٕالت‬to stand for main verbs in some constructions
He speaks faster than she does.

(Modal Helping Verbs) ‫افعال کوکی کيفی‬

‫ تغییط ایجاز‬ّٕٝ‫ای افًاَ اغّی ج‬ًٙٔ ٚ ‫يی زض ویفیت‬ٛ٘ ٝ‫ا٘یٓ ت‬ٛ‫یٓ تا تت‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫اظ افًاَ وٕىی ویفی استفاز‬
:‫س‬ٙٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ای فًُ اغّی اؾاف‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ یا أىاٖ زاضتٗ ضا ت‬ٚ ْٚ‫ ای ِع‬ٌٝ٘ٛ ٝ‫ ایٗ افًاَ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫و‬
can, could
may, might
will, would
shall, should
must

12
 :َ‫ٔثا‬
I can't speak Chinese.
John may arrive late.
Would you like a cup of coffee?
You should see a doctor.
I really must go now.

‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ افًاَ ظیط ت‬ٝ‫ ت‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

need
dare
used to
‫ افًاَ وٕىی‬ٝ‫ا ضثی‬ٞ‫ٖ ٌا‬ٛ‫ چ‬،‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫( ٘یع ٔی‬semi -modal verbs) ‫ وٕىی ویفی‬ٕٝ‫ افًاَ ٘ی‬،َ‫ ایٗ افًا‬ٝ‫ت‬
.‫س افًاَ اغّی‬ٙ٘‫ا ٔا‬ٞ‫ ٌا‬ٚ ٜ‫ویفی يُٕ وطز‬

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ٍاْ استفاز‬ٙٞ ٝ‫ چ‬can ‫اظ فًُ وٕىی ویفی‬

.‫ أىاٖ زاضتٗ چیعی‬ٚ ‫ا٘ایی‬ٛ‫ضز ت‬ٛٔ ‫• تطای غحثت زض‬
.ٖ‫است وطز‬ٛ‫• زضذ‬
.ٖ‫ زاز‬ٜ‫ یا اجاظ‬ٚ ٜ‫است اجاظ‬ٛ‫• زضذ‬

:‫ساذتاض وّی‬
Subject + can + main verb

:ٗ‫ أىاٖ زاضت‬ٚ ‫ا٘ایی‬ٛ‫ضز ت‬ٛٔ ‫ٔثاَ تطای غحثت زض‬

She can drive a car.

:ٖ‫است وطز‬ٛ‫ٔثاَ تطای زضذ‬

Can you put the TV on.
Can you be quiet!

:ٖ‫ زاز‬ٜ‫ یا اجاظ‬ٚ ٜ‫است اجاظ‬ٛ‫ٔثاَ تطای زضذ‬

Can I smoke in this room?
You can smoke in the room.

13
 :ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ٍاْ استفاز‬ٙٞ ٝ‫ چ‬could ‫اظ فًُ وٕىی ویفی‬
.ٝ‫ یا أىاٖ زاضتٗ چیعی زض ٌصضت‬ٚ ‫ا٘ایی‬ٛ‫ضز ت‬ٛٔ ‫• غحثت زض‬
.ٖ‫است وطز‬ٛ‫• زض ذ‬

:‫ساذتاض وّی‬
Subject + could + main verb

:ٝ‫ یا أىاٖ زاضتٗ چیعی زض ٌصضت‬ٚ ‫ا٘ایی‬ٛ‫ضز ت‬ٛٔ ‫ٔثاَ تطای غحثت زض‬
I could swim when I was 5 years old.
My grandmother could speak seven languages.
Could you understand what he was saying?

:ٖ‫است وطز‬ٛ‫ٔثاَ تطای زضذ‬

Could you tell me where the bank is, Please?
Could you send me a catalogue, please?

can ‫ تط اظ‬ٝ٘‫زتا‬ٛٔ ٝ‫ و‬.‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٜ‫است اظ وسی تطای ا٘جاْ واضی استفاز‬ٛ‫ت زضذ‬ٟ‫ ج‬could ‫ال اظ‬ًٕٛٔ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
.‫است‬

)‫زی‬ٟٛ‫ (اِتعاْ ض‬:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫لى استفاز‬ٛٔ ٝ‫ چ‬have to ‫اظ فًُ اغّی‬

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫یٓ اظ ایٗ فًُ استفاز‬ٞ‫ضت چیعی ضا ٘طاٖ تس‬ٚ‫یٓ ؾط‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ •
:َ‫ٔثا‬
Children have to go to school.
In France, you have to drive on the right.

:‫ساذتاض وّی‬
Subject + auxiliary verb + have + infinitive (with to)

:‫ٔثاِی زیٍط‬
I do not have to see a doctor.
I have to see a doctor.
I do have to see a doctor.

.‫ْ تاویس تیطتط تطای زیسٖ زوتط زاضز‬ٛ‫ س‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ْ ایٗ است و‬ٛ‫ْ تا س‬ٚ‫ ز‬ّٕٝ‫ا فطق ج‬ٟٙ‫ت‬

14
 ‫اظ فًُ وٕىی ‪ must‬ت‪ٛٔ ٝ‬لى استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪( :‬اِتعاْ ش‪ٙٞ‬ی)‬
‫• ٔ‪ٙ‬ه‪ٛ‬ض اظ اِتعاْ ش‪ٙٞ‬ی ایٗ است و‪ ٝ‬ا٘جاْ يُٕ ت‪٘ ٝ‬هط ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬الظْ ‪ ٚ‬ؾط‪ٚ‬ضی است ‪ِٚ‬ی زض حاِتی و‪ ٝ‬اظ‬
‫‪ have to‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی وطزیٓ یه اِتعاْ وّی ‪ ٚ‬تطای ‪ ٕٝٞ‬ت‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬
‫ساذتاض وّی‪:‬‬
‫‪Subject + must + main verb‬‬

‫چ‪ٙ‬س ٔثاَ‪:‬‬
‫‪You must visit us soon.‬‬
‫‪I must call my mother tomorrow.‬‬

‫چ‪ٍٙٞ ٝ‬اْ اظ ‪ must not‬یا ‪ mustn't‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬

‫• تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ ٕٔ‪ٛٙ‬يیت چیعی اظ ایٗ فًُ وٕىی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫ساذتاض وّی‪:‬‬
‫‪Subject + must not + main verb‬‬

‫ٔثاَ‪:‬‬
‫‪Passengers must not talk to the driver.‬‬
‫‪Policeman mustn't drink on duty.‬‬
‫)‪Visitors must not smoke. (present‬‬
‫)‪I mustn't forget Tara's Birthday. (future‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬اظ ‪ٕ٘ must not‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تطای ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استفا‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬تایس اظ ساذتاض ‪ٞ‬ای زیٍط استفاز‪ ٜ‬وطز‪:‬‬
‫‪I couldn't park outside the parking.‬‬
‫‪We were not allowed to enter.‬‬

‫افعال اصلی )‪(Main Verbs‬‬

‫افًاَ اغّی ذ‪ٛ‬ز ت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٟٙ‬ایی ضسا٘‪ٙ‬س‪ًٙٔ ٜ‬ا ‪ٔ ٚ‬ف‪ٟٔٛ‬ی ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س (تط ذالف افًاَ وٕىی)‪ٞ .‬عاضاٖ فًُ اغّی زض ظتاٖ‬
‫اٍّ٘یسی ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ٔ ٝ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬اٖ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ضا ت‪ ٝ‬قطق ٔرتّفی زست‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٙ‬سی وطز‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬افًاَ ٔتًسی )‪ ٚ(Transitive‬الظْ )‪:(Intransitive‬‬

‫افًاَ ٔتًسی ٔستمیٕا تا یه ضی سط ‪ ٚ‬واض زاض٘س ‪ِٚ‬ی افًاَ الظْ ای‪٘ ٍٝ٘ٛٙ‬یست‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬تسیاضی اظ افًاَ ٘یع ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‬
‫تست‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای و‪ ٝ‬زض آٖ ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی ض‪٘ٚ‬س الظْ ‪ ٚ‬یا ٔتًسی ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س ٔثُ ‪speak‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
 ‫ٔثاَ‪:‬‬
‫‪Transitive:‬‬
‫‪I saw an elephant.‬‬
‫‪We are watching TV.‬‬
‫‪He speaks English.‬‬

‫‪ٕٞ‬ا٘ك‪ٛ‬ض و‪ٔ ٝ‬طا‪ٞ‬س‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال افًاَ ٔتًسی ت‪ ٝ‬یه اسٓ ‪ ٚ‬یا ت‪ٟ‬تط تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ ت‪ ٝ‬یه ضی اضاض‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙٙ‬س‬
‫و‪ ٝ‬اٌط ٘ثاض‪ٙ‬س فًُ ٘اتٕاْ ٔی ٔا٘س ٔثال زض ٔثاَ ا‪ َٚ‬اٌط ‪ an elephant‬ضا تطزاضیٓ ٔی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ ٚ I saw :‬ایٗ‬
‫س‪ٛ‬اَ پیص ٔی آیس و‪ ٝ‬چ‪ ٝ‬چیعی ضا زیسْ؟ ایٗ ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز ضا تا افًاَ وٕىی اضتثا‪ٍ٘ ٜ‬یطیس چطا و‪ ٝ‬فًُ ‪ see‬یه‬
‫فًُ وأُ ٔی تاضس ت‪ ٝ‬ق‪ٛ‬ض ٔثاَ‪ I see :‬یً‪ٙ‬ی ٔٗ ٔیثی‪ِٚ .ٓٙ‬ی ضٕا ت‪ٞ ٝ‬یچ ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٕ٘ ٝ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یس تا استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ‬
‫افًاَ وٕىی یه جّٕ‪ ٝ‬وأُ تساظیس‪.‬‬

‫‪Intransitive:‬‬
‫‪He has arrived.‬‬
‫‪John goes to school.‬‬
‫‪She speaks fast.‬‬

‫زض ٔثاَ ‪ John goes to school‬چ‪ٙ‬یٗ ت‪٘ ٝ‬هط ٔی ضسس و‪ٔ goes ٝ‬تًسی است چطا و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ school ٝ‬اضاض‪ٜ‬‬
‫ٔی و‪ٙ‬س ‪ِٚ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس و‪ ٝ‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ to school ٝ‬ضا تطزایٓ یً‪ٙ‬ی‪ John goes :‬تاظ ‪ ٓٞ‬جّٕ‪ ٝ‬وأُ‬
‫است‪ .‬پس فًُ ‪ goes‬یه فًُ الظْ ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬س ت‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬افًاَ پی‪٘ٛ‬سی )‪:(Linking Verbs‬‬

‫افًاَ پی‪٘ٛ‬سی ت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٟٙ‬ایی ًٔ‪ٙ‬ایی ٘ساض٘س ‪ ٚ‬تیٗ فايُ ‪ ٚ‬آ٘چ‪ ٝ‬و‪ ٝ‬زضتاض‪ ٜ‬فايُ ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬یس پی‪٘ٛ‬س تطلطاض ٔیى‪ٙ‬س ‪.‬افًاَ‬
‫پی‪٘ٛ‬سی ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال ٘طاٖ ز‪ٙٞ‬س‪ٔ ٜ‬سا‪ٚ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬زٖ‪ ،‬تغییط ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ‪ ٚ‬یا تغییط ٔىاٖ ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬
‫)‪Mary is a Teacher. (Mary =Teacher‬‬
‫)‪Tara is beautiful. (Tara =Beautiful‬‬
‫)‪The sky became dark (Sky > dark‬‬

‫‪ .3‬افًاَ حطوتی ‪ٚ ٚ‬ؾًیتی )‪:(Dynamic and Stative Verbs‬‬

‫تطذی اظ افًاَ یه يُٕ ‪ ٚ‬یا واضی ضا ٔی ضسا٘‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا افًاَ حطوتی ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪ .‬ایٗ افًاَ ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س تا‬
‫‪ continuous tense‬تىاض ض‪٘ٚ‬س‪ .‬افًاَ ‪ٚ‬ؾًیتی تیطتط ٕ٘ایاٍ٘ط ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت‪ٙ‬س تا يُٕ ‪ ٚ‬یا حطوت‪.‬‬
‫ایٗ افًاَ ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال ٕ٘ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س تا ‪ٞ continuous tense‬ا تىاض ض‪٘ٚ‬س‪ٍٔ ،‬ط زض چ‪ٙ‬س حاِت ذاظ و‪ ٝ‬تا تغییط زض‬
‫ًٔ‪ٙ‬ا ٘یع ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬س ت‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 run ، fight ، hit :‫س ٔثاَ اظ افًاَ حطوتی‬ٙ‫چ‬
appear ، hear ، impress ، love ، like :‫ؾًیتی‬ٚ َ‫س ٔثاَ اظ افًا‬ٙ‫چ‬

:(Regular and irregular verbs) ٜ‫ تی لايس‬ٚ ٜ‫ افًاَ تالايس‬.4

ٓ‫ اس‬ٚ(past tense) ٝ‫ تطای ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٜ‫ زض افًاَ تا لايس‬ٝ‫ست و‬ٙ‫ ای‬ٜ‫ تی لايس‬ٚ ٜ‫ا فطق تیٗ افًاَ تا لايس‬ٟٙ‫ت‬
‫غی‬ٛ‫ ذػ‬ٝ‫ حاِت ضىُ ت‬ٚ‫ زض ایٗ ز‬ٜ‫ِی افًاَ تی لايس‬ٚ ‫٘س‬ٛ‫"ذتٓ ٔی ض‬ed" ‫( تا‬past participle) ًَٛ‫ٔف‬
.‫ ٔتغیط٘س‬ٚ ٝ‫٘ساضت‬

(Regular Verbs) ُ‫* ليست افعال با قاعذ‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ فًُ پطواضتطز ضا ٔطا‬600 ‫ زض ظیط‬ٝ‫ز زاضز و‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ًُ‫عاضاٖ ف‬ٞ ‫زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی‬

 accept  allow  applaud  attach

 add  amuse  appreciate  attack
 admire  analyze  approve  attempt
 admit  announce  argue  attend
 advise  annoy  arrange  attract
 afford  answer  arrest  avoid
 agree  apologize  arrive
 alert  appear  ask

 back  beg  boil  brake

 bake  behave  bolt  branch
 balance  belong  bomb  breathe
 ban  bleach  book  bruise
 bang  bless  bore  brush
 bare  blind  borrow  bubble
 bat  blink  bounce  bump
 bathe  blot  bow  burn
 battle  blush  box  bury
 beam  boast  brake  buzz

17
 calculate  choke  compete  count
 call  chop  complain  cover
 camp  claim  complete  crack
 care  clap  concentrate  crash
 carry  clean  concern  crawl
 carve  clear  confess  cross
 cause  clip  confuse  crush
 challenge  close  connect  cry
 change  coach  consider  cure
 charge  coil  consist  curl
 chase  collect  contain  curve
 cheat  color  continue  cycle
 check  comb  copy
 cheer  command  correct
 chew  compare  cough

 dam  deliver  disapprove  dress

 damage  depend  disarm  drip
 dance  describe  discover  drop
 dare  desert  dislike  drown
 decay  deserve  divide  drum
 deceive  destroy  double  dry
 decide  detect  doubt  dust
 decorate  develop  drag
 delay  disagree  drain
 delight  disappear  dream

 earn  end  excite  explain

 educate  enjoy  excuse  explode
 embarrass  enter  exercise  extend

18
 employ  entertain  exist
 empty  escape  expand
 encourage  examine  expect

 face  fetch  flash  force

 fade  file  float  form
 fail  fill  flood  found
 fancy  film  flow  frame
 fasten  fire  flower  frighten
 fax  fit  fold  fry
 fear  fix  follow
 fence  flap  fool

 gather  grab  grin  guard

 gaze  grate  grip  guess
 glow  grease  groan  guide
 glue  greet  guarantee

 hammer  harm  heat  hug

 hand  hate  help  hum
 handle  haunt  hook  hunt
 hang  head  hop  hurry
 happen  heal  hope
 harass  heap  hover

 identify  increase  intend  invite

 ignore  influence  interest  irritate
 imagine  inform  interfere  itch
 impress  inject  interrupt
 improve  injure  introduce
 include  instruct  invent

19
 jail  jog  joke  juggle
 jam  join  judge  jump

 kick  kiss  knit  knot

 kill  kneel  knock

 label  learn  lighten  load

 land  level  like  lock
 last  license  list  long
 laugh  lick  listen  look
 launch  lie  live  love

 man  matter  milk  move

 manage  measure  mine  muddle
 march  meddle  miss  mug
 mark  melt  mix  multiply
 marry  memorize  moan  murder
 match  mend  moor
 mate  mess up  mourn

 nail  need  nod  notice

 name  nest  note  number

 obey  obtain  offer  overflow

 object  occur  open  owe
 observe  offend  order  own

 pack  permit  pop  prevent

 paddle  phone  possess  prick
 paint  pick  post  print

20
 park  pinch  pour  produce
 part  pine  practice  program
 pass  place  pray  promise
 paste  plan  preach  protect
 pat  plant  precede  provide
 pause  play  prefer  pull
 peck  please  prepare  pump
 pedal  plug  present  punch
 peel  point  preserve  puncture
 peep  poke  press  punish
 perform  polish  pretend  push

 question  queue

 race  refuse  remove  rhyme

 radiate  regret  repair  rinse
 rain  reign  repeat  risk
 raise  reject  replace  rob
 reach  rejoice  reply  rock
 realize  relax  report  roll
 receive  release  reproduce  rot
 recognize  rely  request  rub
 record  remain  rescue  ruin
 reduce  remember  retire  rule
 reflect  remind  return  rush

 sack  shiver  soothe  stop

 sail  shock  sound  store
 satisfy  shop  spare  strap
 save  shrug  spark  strengthen
 saw  sigh  sparkle  stretch

21
 scare  sign  spell  strip
 scatter  signal  spill  stroke
 scold  sin  spoil  stuff
 scorch  sip  spot  subtract
 scrape  ski  spray  succeed
 scratch  skip  sprout  suck
 scream  slap  squash  suffer
 screw  slip  squeak  suggest
 scribble  slow  squeal  suit
 scrub  smash  squeeze  supply
 seal  smell  stain  support
 search  smile  stamp  suppose
 separate  smoke  stare  surprise
 serve  snatch  start  surround
 settle  sneeze  stay  suspect
 shade  sniff  steer  suspend
 share  snore  step  switch
 shave  snow  stir
 shelter  soak  stitch

 trot  trace  thaw  talk

 trouble  trade  tick  tame
 trust  train  tickle  tap
 try  transport  tie  taste
 tug  trap  time  tease
 tumble  travel  tip  telephone
 turn  treat  tire  tempt
 twist  tremble  touch  terrify
 type  trick  tour  test
 trip  tow  thank

22
  undress  unite  unpack  use
 unfasten  unlock  untidy

 vanish  visit

 wail  waste  whirl  work

 wait  watch  whisper  worry
 walk  water  whistle  wrap
 wander  wave  wink  wreck
 want  weigh  wipe  wrestle
 warm  welcome  wish  wriggle
 warn  whine  wobble
 wash  whip  wonder

 x-ray

 yawn  yell

 zip  zoom

(Irregular Verbs) ُ‫* ليست افعال بی قاعذ‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ا ضا ٔطا‬ٟ٘‫ زض ظیط پطواضتطز تطیٗ آ‬ٝ‫ ٘یع ظیاز است و‬ٜ‫تًساز افًاَ تی لايس‬

Past Past Past

Base Form Past Simple Base Form
Participle Simple Participle
awake awoke awoken hurt hurt hurt
be was, were been keep kept kept
beat beat beaten know knew known
become became become lay laid laid

23
 begin began begun lead led led
bend bent bent learn learnt learnt
bet bet bet leave left left
bid bid bid lend lent lent
bite bit bitten let let let
blow blew blown lie lay Lain
break broke broken lose lost lost
bring brought brought make made made
broadcast broadcast broadcast mean meant meant
build built built meet met met
burn burnt burnt pay paid paid
buy bought bought put put put
catch caught caught read read read
choose chose chosen ride rode ridden
come came come ring rang rung
cost cost cost rise rose risen
cut cut cut run run run
dig dug dug say said said
do did done see saw seen
draw drew drawn sell sold sold
dream dreamt dreamt send sent sent
drive drove driven show showed shown
drink drank drunk shut shut shut
eat ate eaten sing sang sung
fall fell fallen sit sat sat
feel felt felt sleep slept slept
fight fought fought speak spoke spoken
find found found spend spent spent
fly flew flown stand stood stood
forget forgot forgotten swim swam swum
forgive forgave forgiven take took taken
freeze froze frozen teach taught taught

24
 get got gotten tear tore torn
give gave given Tell told told
go went gone think thought thought
grow grew grown throw threw thrown
hang hung hung understand understood understood
have had had wake woke woken
hear heard heard wear wore worn
hide hid hidden win won won
hit hit hit write wrote written
hold held held

25
 ‫‪ ‬فصل دٍم‪ :‬شزط‬

‫* شزط ّا )‪(Conditionals‬‬
‫زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی چ‪ٙ‬سیٗ ساذتاض ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ضطقی ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪.‬‬
‫ضطـ )‪ (Condition‬یً‪ٙ‬ی ٔ‪ٛ‬لًیت یا چٍ‪ٍ٘ٛ‬ی تسیٗ ًٔ‪ٙ‬ا و‪ ٝ‬اٌط ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ذاغی ضخ تس‪ٞ‬س آٍ٘ا‪٘ ٜ‬تیج‪ ٝ‬ذاغی‬
‫زض پی ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬س زاضت‪.‬‬
‫‪if y =10 then 2y =20‬‬

‫زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی س‪ ٝ‬ضطـ پای‪ٚ ٝ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ ٝ‬اغّة اظ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫ساذتاض ضطـ ‪ٞ‬ا‪:‬‬
‫ساذتاض اغّة ضطـ ‪ٞ‬ا تسیاض ساز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی تاضس‪ .‬ز‪ ٚ‬حاِت وّی ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ ٝ‬اِثت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ایٗ ز‪ ٚ‬حاِت ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ‬
‫وّٕات ظیازی اؾاف‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ ٚ‬یا زض ظٔاٖ ‪ٞ‬ای ٔرتّفی تىاض تث‪ٙ‬سیٓ ‪ِٚ‬ی ساذتاض اغّی آ٘‪ٟ‬ا تسیٗ ٌ‪ ٝ٘ٛ‬است‪:‬‬

‫‪IF‬‬ ‫‪condition‬‬ ‫‪result‬‬

‫‪IF‬‬ ‫‪y =10‬‬ ‫‪2y =20‬‬

‫یا تسیٗ ٌ‪ٝ٘ٛ‬‬

‫‪result‬‬ ‫‪IF‬‬ ‫‪condition‬‬

‫‪2y =20‬‬ ‫‪IF‬‬ ‫‪y =10‬‬

‫* اٍليي شزط )‪(First Conditional‬‬

‫ت‪ ٝ‬ا‪ِٚ‬یٗ ضطـ «أىاٖ ‪ٚ‬الًی» یا "‪٘ "Real Possibility‬یع ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬
‫زض ایٗ حاِت ٔا زضتاض‪ ٜ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬غحثت ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ٔ .‬ا ت‪ ٝ‬یه ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت یا ٔ‪ٛ‬لًیتی ذاظ زض آی‪ٙ‬س‪٘ ٚ ٜ‬تیج‪ ٝ‬آٖ فىط‬
‫ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫ت‪٘ ٝ‬هط ضٕا چطا ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ‪٘ Real Possibility‬یع ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س؟‬
‫ظیطا زض ‪ٚ‬الًیت أىاٖ آٖ ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪ٚ ٝ‬ؾًیت ذاغی و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ٔی ا٘سیطیٓ ضخ ز‪ٞ‬س‪.‬‬
‫فطؼ و‪ٙ‬یس او‪ ٖٛٙ‬غثح است‪ .‬ضٕا زض ذا٘‪ ٝ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ز ٘طستیس‪ .‬تطای ذ‪ٛ‬ز تط٘أ‪ ٝ‬ضیعی وطز‪ ٜ‬ایس و‪ ٝ‬تًس اظ ن‪ٟ‬ط‬
‫ت‪ٙ‬یس تاظی و‪ٙ‬یس‪ِٚ .‬ی ‪ٛٞ‬ا اتطی است‪ .‬احتٕاَ ٔی ز‪ٞ‬یس و‪ ٝ‬تاضاٖ تثاضز‪ .‬ضٕا چ‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس؟‬

‫‪IF‬‬ ‫‪condition‬‬ ‫‪result‬‬

‫‪present simple‬‬ ‫‪WILL + base verb‬‬
‫‪If‬‬ ‫‪it rains‬‬ ‫‪I will stay at home.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫ فىط‬ٚ ‫ا اتطیست‬ٛٞ ‫ِی‬ٚ .‫ است‬ٜ‫ظ تاضا٘ی ٘ثاضیس‬ٛٙٞ ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ فىط ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ضز آی‬ٛٔ ‫ ٔا زاضیٓ زض‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ت‬
‫ؾًیت ٔا اظ‬ٚ ٝ‫یس تطای ٘تیج‬ٙ‫ لثُ ٔی تی‬ٝ‫َ غفح‬ٚ‫ زض جس‬ٝ‫ض و‬ٛ‫ٕاٖ ق‬ٞ .‫ أىاٖ زاضز تاضاٖ تثاضز‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙٙ‫ٔی و‬
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٝ‫ فًُ زض حاِت پای‬ٚ will

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای تیطتطی ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

IF condition result
present simple WILL + base verb
If I see Mary I will tell her.
If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her.
If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad.
If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home?
If it rains tomorrow what will you do?

:‫اٖ تیاٖ وطز‬ٛ‫ ای زیٍط ٘یع ٔی ت‬ٌٝ٘ٛ ٝ‫ق ضا ت‬ٛ‫َ ف‬ٚ‫ای جس‬ٞ َ‫ٔثا‬
result IF condition
WILL +base verb present simple
I will tell Mary if I see her.
He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?
What will you do if it rains tomorrow?

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ ٘یع استفاز‬may ‫ یا‬ٚ shall ، can ٖٛ‫ اظ وّٕاتی چ‬will ‫ جای‬ٝ‫لات ت‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ ٌا‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

(Second Conditional) ‫* دٍهيي شزط‬

.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫" ٔی‬Unreal Possibility" ‫الًی» یا‬ٚ ‫ ایٗ ضطـ «أىاٖ غیط‬ٝ‫ت‬
.ٓ‫ ٔی ا٘سیطی‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ آی‬ٝ‫ظ ت‬ٛٙٞ ‫ ٔا‬،‫ِیٗ ضطـ است‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫اتی ضثی‬ٟ‫ٔیٗ ضطـ اظ ج‬ٚ‫ز‬
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ آٖ فىط ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ٘تیج‬ٚ ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫لًیتی ذاظ زض آی‬ٛٔ ‫ؾًیت یا‬ٚ ‫ یه‬ٝ‫ٔا ت‬
‫س؟‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ ٘یع ٔی‬Unreal Possibility ٖ‫ آ‬ٝ‫ ٘هط ضٕا چطا ت‬ٝ‫ت‬
.‫ ٍٔط تحت ضطایكی ذاظ‬،‫ز ٘ساضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ٓ‫ آٖ ٔی ا٘سیطی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ؾًیتی و‬ٚ ٖ‫الًیت أىاٖ ضخ زاز‬ٚ ‫ظیطا زض‬

27
 ‫ ضسٖ ضٕا زض ترت‬ٜ‫ آیا أىاٖ تط٘س‬.‫و ترت آظٔایی) ضا ٘ساضیس‬ٛ٘ ‫ (یه‬Lottery ‫ ضٕا تّیف‬ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫فطؼ و‬
‫ا٘یس‬ٛ‫ پس ضٕا ٔیت‬.‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ی‬ٟ‫ ت‬Lottery ‫ یه تّیف‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ِی ضایس ضٕا زض آی‬ٚ .ٝ‫ج‬ٚ ‫یچ‬ٞ ٝ‫ز زاضز؟! ت‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫آظٔایی‬
.‫ِی أىاٖ پصیط است‬ٚ ‫الًی ٘یست‬ٚ .‫یا‬ٚ‫ زضست ٔثُ یه ض‬،‫یس‬ٙ‫ فىط و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ضسٖ زض آی‬ٜ‫ تط٘س‬ٝ‫ت‬

IF condition result
past simple WOULD +base verb
If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

‫ زض لسٕت‬ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ؾًیت اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ٖ‫یس تطای تیا‬ٙ‫ق ٔی تی‬ٛ‫َ ف‬ٚ‫ زض جس‬ٝ‫ و‬ٌٝ٘ٛ ٖ‫ٕا‬ٞ
.would ‫ اظ‬will ‫ جای‬ٝ‫ ٘یع ت‬ٝ‫٘تیج‬

:‫ حاِت ٔرتّف‬ٚ‫س ٔثاَ زیٍط زض ز‬ٙ‫چ‬

IF condition result
past simple WOULD +base verb
If I married Mary I would be happy.
If Ram became rich she would marry him.
If it snowed next July would you be surprised?
If it snowed next July what would you do?

result IF condition
WOULD +base verb past simple
I would be happy if I married Mary.
She would marry Ram if he became rich.
Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?
What would you do if it snowed next July?

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬Might ٚ Should ، Could :ٖٛ‫ اظ وّٕاتی چ‬Would ‫ جای‬ٝ‫لات ت‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ ٌا‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.

(Third Conditional) ‫* سَهيي شزط‬

.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫" ٔی‬no Possibility" ‫ ایٗ ضطـ «غیط ٕٔىٗ» یا‬ٝ‫ت‬
‫لًیتی زض‬ٛٔ ٝ‫ ٔا ت‬.‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ـ ت‬ٛ‫ٔیٗ ضطـ ٔطت‬ٛ‫ِی س‬ٚ ‫ز٘س‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ضز آی‬ٛٔ ‫ٔیٗ ضطـ زض‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٚ ٗ‫ِی‬ٚ‫ا‬
.‫ است‬ٜ‫ ضخ ٘ساز‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ فىط ٔی و‬ٝ‫ٌصضت‬

28
 ‫س؟‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ ٔی‬no Possibility ٖ‫ آ‬ٝ‫ ٘هط ضٕا چطا ت‬ٝ‫ت‬
.‫ است‬ٝ‫لت آٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ‫ زیٍط‬ٚ ٜ‫ ضخ ٘ساز‬ٝ‫یٓ زض ٌصضت‬ٙ‫ آٖ فىط ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫لًیتی و‬ٛٔ ‫ظیطا‬
.‫ ٘طسیس‬ٜ‫ِی تط٘س‬ٚ ‫ (ترت آظٔایی) ذطیساضی وطزیس‬Lottery ‫ پیص یه تّیف‬ٝ‫فت‬ٞ ‫ضٕا‬
condition result
Past Perfect WOULD HAVE +Past Participle
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

ٖ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٘یع ٔیت‬might have ٚ should have ، could have ‫ اظ‬would have ‫ جای‬ٝ‫لات ت‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ ٌا‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
.‫ وطز‬ٜ‫استفاز‬
If you had bought a Lottery, you might have won.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ٔثاَ ت‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ت‬

IF condition result
past perfect WOULD HAVE +past participle
If I had seen Mary I would have told her.
If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam their teacher would have been sad.
If it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home?
If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?

result IF condition
WOULD HAVE +past participle past perfect
I would have told Mary if I had seen her
I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday
Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?

(Conditional Zero) ‫* شزط صفز‬

‫ ٔثُ یه حمیمت‬،‫ زضست تاضس‬ٚ ‫ غحیح‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ‫ؾًیت‬ٚ ٝ‫ ٘تیج‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫لتی اظ ضطـ غفط استفاز‬ٚ
‫ب‬ٚ‫ اتفالی ٔی افتس؟ ید ش‬ٝ‫ چ‬.‫یس‬ٙ‫ ضا زاٌ و‬ٝ‫ی تات‬ٞ‫ ٔا‬ٚ ٝ‫ ا٘ساذت‬ٝ‫ی تات‬ٞ‫ا زض ٔا‬ٟ٘‫ آ‬.‫ ٔمساضی ید تطزاضیس‬.‫يّٕی‬
:‫یٗ ٕ٘ی ضس ضٕا تًجة ٔی وطزیس‬ٙ‫ اٌط چ‬.‫ز‬ٛ‫ آب ٔی ض‬ٚ ٜ‫ضس‬

29
 IF condition result
present simple present simple
If you heat ice it melts.

.‫الغیط‬ٚ ‫زش ضا زاضز‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٝ‫ؾًیتی ٘تیج‬ٚ ‫ط‬ٞ ٝ‫ٕیت است ایٗ است و‬ٞ‫ضز ضطـ غفط حائع ا‬ٛٔ ‫ زض‬ٝ‫ ای و‬ٝ‫٘ىت‬

.‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ ٘یع استفاز‬when ‫ا٘یس اظ‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬if ‫ جای‬ٝ‫ ت‬:‫تصوط‬

When I get up late, I miss my bus.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

IF condition result
present simple present simple
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.
If you heat ice does it melt?

result IF condition
present simple if present simple
I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry if I am late for work.
People get hungry if they don't eat.
Does ice melt if you heat it?

‫* خالصِ شزط ّا‬

.‫س‬ٙ‫ ضٕا وٕه ٔی و‬ٝ‫ا ت‬ٞ ‫ زض تجسٓ ضطـ‬ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫زاضی ضا ٔطا‬ٕٛ٘ ‫زض ظیط‬

probability conditional example time

100% zero conditional If you heat ice, it melts. any time
50% first conditional If it rains, I will stay at home. future
10% second conditional If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. future
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought
0% third conditional past
a car.

30
 ‫ سَال‬:‫ فصل سَم‬

(Basic Question Structure) ‫* ساختار اصلی سَال‬

:‫ است‬ٜ‫اَ زض اٍّ٘یسی تسیاض ساز‬ٛ‫ساذتاض اغّی س‬
Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

auxiliary verb subject main verb

Do you like Mary?
Are they playing football?
Will Anthony go to Tokyo?
Have you seen ET?

.‫ افًاَ وٕىی ٘یست‬ٝ‫ ٘یاظی ت‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ ٌصضت‬ٚ ٜ‫ زض ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‬be ًُ‫ تطای ف‬:‫اء‬ٙ‫یه استث‬
Statement: He is German.
Question: Is he German?

(Basic Question Types) ‫* اًَاع اصلی سَال‬

:ٓ‫اَ اغّی زاضی‬ٛ‫و س‬ٛ٘ ٝ‫س‬
.‫ ذیط است‬ٚ ‫اتطاٖ فمف تّی‬ٛ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫( س‬Yes/No Questions) ‫ای تّی ذیط‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫س‬
.‫ا یىسطی اقاليات است‬ٟ٘‫اب آ‬ٛ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫( س‬Question Word Questions) َ‫ا‬ٛ‫ س‬ّٕٝ‫ای و‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫س‬
.‫ست‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫ز س‬ٛ‫اتطاٖ زض ذ‬ٛ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫( س‬Choice Questions) ‫ای ا٘تراتی‬ٞ َ‫ا‬ٛ‫س‬

1. Yes/No Questions

auxiliary verb subject main verb Answer Yes or No

Do you want dinner? Yes, I do.
Can you drive? No, I can't.
Has she finished her work? Yes, she has.
Did they go home? No, they didn't.
)‫ فًُ وٕىی ٘یاظی ٘یست‬ٝ‫ (ت‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ٜ‫اء! ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‬ٙ‫استث‬
Is Anne French? Yes, she is.
Was Ram at home? No, he wasn't.

31
2. Question Word Questions

question Answer
auxiliary verb subject main verb
word Information
Where do you live? In Paris.
When will we have lunch? At 1pm.
Who did she meet? She met Ram.

Because she
Why hasn't Tara done it?
can't.
)‫ فًُ وٕىی ٘یاظی ٘یست‬ٝ‫ (ت‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ٜ‫اء! ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‬ٙ‫استث‬
Where is Bombay? In India.
How was she? Very well.

3. Choice Questions

auxiliary Answer
subject main verb OR
verb In the question
Do you want tea or coffee? Coffee, please.
Will we meet John or James? John.
New She went to
Did she go to London or
York? London.
)‫ فًُ وٕىی ٘یاظی ٘یست‬ٝ‫ (ت‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ٜ‫اء! ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‬ٙ‫استث‬
Is your car white or black? It's black.
Were they $15 or $50? $15.

32
 ‫‪ ‬فصل چْارم‪going to :‬‬

‫* قصذ )‪(Intention‬‬
‫اظ ساذتاض ‪ٍٙٞ going to‬أی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ و‪ ٝ‬حتی لثُ اظ غحثت زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز آٖ لػس ا٘جأص ضا زاضت‪ٝ‬‬
‫تاضیٓ‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪I have won $1,000, I'm going to buy a new TV.‬‬
‫‪When are you going to go on holiday.‬‬

‫* پيش بيٌی )‪(Prediction‬‬

‫ٌا‪ٞ‬ی ا‪ٚ‬لات اظ ‪ going to‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ تا زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬پیص تی‪ٙ‬ی زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیٓ ‪ ٚ‬زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز چیعی‬
‫غحثت ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ و‪ ٝ‬احتٕاَ ضذساز آٖ ظیاز است‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬چ‪ٙ‬س ٔثاَ ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪The sky is very black, it is going to snow.‬‬
‫‪It's 8:30! You're going to miss the train.‬‬

‫اظ ‪٘ will‬یع تطای پیص تی‪ٙ‬ی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ِٚ‬ی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬اضزی و‪ٔ ٝ‬سضوی تطای اثثات آٖ ٘ساضیٓ‪.‬‬
‫‪It will rain tomorrow.‬‬
‫فطؼ و‪ٙ‬یس ٔا ایٗ جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ضا زض حاِی ٌفت‪ ٝ‬ایٓ و‪ٞ ٝ‬یچ ٌ‪ ٝ٘ٛ‬اتطی زض آسٕاٖ ٘ث‪ٛ‬ز‪ٛٞ ٚ ٜ‬ا آفتاتیست‪ .‬پس تطای‬
‫ایٗ پیص تی‪ٙ‬ی ٔسضوی ٘ساضیٓ‪ِٚ ،‬ی چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ٛٞ ٝ‬ا اتطی تاضس ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪It's going to rain tomorrow.‬‬

‫* سهاى حال استوزاري بزاي بزًاهِ ريشي )‪(Present continuous for plan‬‬
‫ٔا اغّة تطای غحثت زضتاض‪ ٜ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬اِثت‪ ٝ‬و‪ ٝ‬زض اغُ ٔا اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ‬
‫استٕطاضی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬الًی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ و‪ ٝ‬يّٕی زض حاَ ا٘جاْ تاضس ‪ِٚ‬ی چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬اظ وّٕات آی‪ٙ‬س‪ٜ‬‬
‫)‪٘ (Future words‬یع استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ ،‬ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ ت‪ٛ‬ا٘ست زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز آی‪ٙ‬س‪٘ ٜ‬یع غحثت و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ٙٔ .‬ه‪ٛ‬ض اظ وّٕات‬
‫آی‪ٙ‬س‪ِ ٜ‬غات ‪ ٚ‬یا يثاضاتی ٘هیط ‪ ٚ next week ، tomorrow‬یا ‪ٔ In June‬ی تاضس‪ .‬وّٕات آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬ضا اظ ض‪ٚ‬ی‬
‫ٔف‪ ْٟٛ‬آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ٔی ت‪ٛ‬اٖ تطریع زاز‪.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ٌ :ٝ‬ا‪ٞ‬ی ا‪ٚ‬لات تیٗ لػس )‪ ٚ (going to‬تط٘أ‪ ٝ‬ضیعی )‪ (plan‬تفا‪ٚ‬تی احساس ٕ٘ی ض‪ٛ‬ز زض ایٗ ٌ‪ٛٔ ٝ٘ٛ‬اضز‬
‫فطلی ٕ٘ی و‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬اظ جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای تا ‪ going to‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ یا اظ حاَ استٕطاضی‪:‬‬
‫‪We're going to paint the bedroom tomorrow.‬‬
‫‪We're painting the bedroom tomorrow.‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس ‪ٍٙٞ‬أی و‪ ٝ‬اظ حاَ استٕطاضی تطای تیاٖ آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس احتٕاَ ضخ زازٖ چیعی‬
‫و‪ ٝ‬زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضزش غحثت ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ تیطتط است‪ ،‬زض ‪ٚ‬الى یه تط٘أ‪ ٝ‬ضیعی غحیح ضس‪ ٚ ٜ‬احتٕاَ ِغ‪ ٛ‬تط٘أ‪ ٝ‬ای و‪ٝ‬‬
‫تا حاَ استٕطاضی تیاٖ ٔی ض‪ٛ‬ز تمطیثا ‪ 90‬زضغس است حاَ آ٘ى‪ ٝ‬ظٔا٘ی و‪ ٝ‬اظ ‪ going to‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ایٗ‬

‫‪33‬‬
 ‫احتٕاَ ت‪ 70 ٝ‬زضغس ٔی ضسس‪.‬‬
‫‪Mary is taking her music exam next year.‬‬
‫‪They can't play tennis with you tomorrow, They're working.‬‬
‫‪We're going to the theatre on Friday.‬‬

‫* سهاى حال سادُ بزاي سهاى بٌذي )‪(Present Simple for schedule‬‬
‫اغّة تطای تیاٖ آی‪ٙ‬س‪ٍٙٞ ٜ‬أی و‪ ٝ‬یه ‪ٚ‬الً‪ ٝ‬لطاض است اتفاق تیفتس (ٔثال زض یه جس‪ َٚ‬ظٔاٖ ت‪ٙ‬سی) اظ حاَ‬
‫ساز‪ ٜ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬احتٕاَ ضذسازٖ‪ :‬تمطیثا ‪ 100‬زضغس‬
‫ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪The train leaves New York at 9 pm tonight.‬‬
‫‪Tomorrow is Thursday.‬‬

‫* خالصِ‬
‫غحثت وطزٖ ‪ ٚ‬ت‪ ٝ‬واض تطزٖ جٕالت زض اٍّ٘یسی ذیّی تیطتط اظ آ٘چ‪ ٝ‬و‪ ٝ‬ت‪٘ ٝ‬هط ٔی ضس‪ٙ‬س ٔ‪ٞ ٟٓ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ٝ‬‬
‫ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ ‪ٍٙٞ‬أی ٔی ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬غحثت و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ ،‬جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی تطیٓ «زیس» ٔا ضا ٘سثت‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪٘ ٜ‬طاٖ ٔی ز‪ٞ‬س‪ٌ ،‬ا‪ٞ‬ا حتی احساسات ضرػی ٔا ضا‪.‬‬

‫زض جس‪ َٚ‬ظیط ت‪ ٝ‬ق‪ٛ‬ض تمطیثی احتٕاَ ضذساز ‪ٞ‬ط یه اظ ساذتاض‪ٞ‬ای شوط ضس‪ ٜ‬ضا ٔالحه‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس‪ .‬ایٗ جس‪َٚ‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬ضٕا وٕه ٔی و‪ٙ‬س و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٟ‬تط زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز ٔف‪ ْٟٛ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬فىط و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬

‫احتوال رخذاد ٍاقعِ قبل‬

‫اس صحبت در هَرد آى بِ‬ ‫ساختار‬ ‫ٌّگام استفادُ‬ ‫هثال‬
‫درصذ‬
‫‪0%‬‬ ‫‪will‬‬ ‫‪no plan‬‬ ‫‪Don't get up .I'll answer the phone.‬‬
‫‪70%‬‬ ‫‪going to‬‬ ‫‪intention‬‬ ‫‪We're going to watch TV tonight.‬‬
‫‪% 90‬‬ ‫حاَ استٕطاضی‬ ‫‪plan‬‬ ‫‪I'm taking my exam in June.‬‬
‫‪% 99.999‬‬ ‫حاَ ساز‪ٜ‬‬ ‫‪schedule‬‬ ‫‪My plane takes off at 6.00am tomorrow.‬‬

‫‪34‬‬
 ‫ افعال اسوی‬:‫ فصل پٌجن‬

(Gerunds) ‫* افعال اسوی‬

،َ‫ (ظٔاٖ حا‬preset participle ‫ یا‬ٚ ‫ آٖ فًُ یا فًُ اسٕی است‬،‫ز‬ٛ‫" ذتٓ ٔی ض‬ing" ‫لتی یه فًُ تا‬ٚ
).‫س‬ٙ‫س غفت يُٕ ٔی و‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬ٝ‫فطٔی اظ فًُ و‬

:‫ز‬ٛ‫س ت‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ذ‬gerunds ‫ال‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ اسٓ استفاز‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ زاض ضثی‬ing ًُ‫ اظ ف‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
Fishing is fun.

.‫ است‬present participle ‫ال‬ًٕٛٔ ،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ یا غفت استفاز‬ٚ ًُ‫ ف‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ زاض ضثی‬ing ًُ‫ اظ ف‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
Anthony is Fishing.
I have a boring teacher.

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ا استفاز‬ٞ gerund ‫ اظ‬ٝ‫ای ٔرتّفی و‬ٞ ‫ش‬ٚ‫ ض‬ٝ‫یٓ زاضت ت‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ی ذ‬ٞ‫زض ایٗ زضس ٍ٘ا‬

ُ‫ شی ٍ يا تکويل کٌٌذ‬،‫* افعال اسوی بِ عٌَاى فاعل‬

(Gerunds as Subject, Object or Complement)
:‫س‬ٙ‫ تاض‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٜ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ یا تىٕیُ و‬ٚ ‫ ضی‬،ُ‫س فاي‬ٙ٘‫ا‬ٛ‫ط اسٕی افًاَ اسٕی ٘یع ٔی ت‬ٞ ‫س‬ٙ٘‫ٔا‬
Smoking costs a lot of money.
I don't like writing.
My favorite occupation is reading.
[Object +Gerund] ‫ زض ایٗ حاِت تٕاْ يثاضت‬.‫ تاضس‬ٝ‫زش یه ضی زاضت‬ٛ‫ا٘س ذ‬ٛ‫س فًُ ٔی ت‬ٙ٘‫ٕا‬ٞ ٚ
:‫ تاضس‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٜ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ یا تىٕیُ و‬ٚ ‫ ضی‬،ُ‫ا٘س فاي‬ٛ‫ٔی ت‬
Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.
I don't like writing letters.
My favorite occupation is reading detective stories.

:‫س‬ٙ‫ تاض‬ٝ‫ز ضا زاضت‬ٛ‫ای ذ‬ٞ )‫غفت‬- ٝ‫اتست‬ٚ( adjective ‫س‬ٙ٘‫ا‬ٛ‫س یه اسٓ ٔی ت‬ٙ٘‫ٕا‬ٞ
The settling of debts.
His drinking of alcohol.
Pointless questioning.
A settling of debts (not settling debts.)
Making "Titanic " was expensive.
The making of "Titanic" was expensive.

35
 (Gerunds after Prepositions) ِ‫* افعال اسوی پس اس حزٍف اضاف‬
ٗ‫ غیط اظ ایٗ ٘إٔى‬ٚ ‫ تاضس‬gerund ُ‫ ضى‬ٝ‫ تایس ت‬،ٓ‫ تىاض تثطی‬ٝ‫یٓ فًّی ضا تًس اظ یه حطف اؾاف‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫اٌط تر‬
.‫است‬
I will call you after arriving at the office.
Please have a drink before leaving.
I am looking forward to meeting you.
Do you object to working late?
Tara always dreams about going on holiday.

‫ پس چطا زض ٔثاَ ظیط پس اظ‬،‫ز ٘ساضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫یچ حاِت ذاغی‬ٞ ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ پس اظ حط‬gerunds ٖ‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫زض ت‬
‫ است؟‬ٜ‫ آٔس‬driving ‫ تاض زیٍط‬ٚ drive ‫ یىثاض‬to
I am used to driving on the left.
I used to drive on the left.
ٚ ‫اٖ ٔػسض‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬to drive ْٚ‫ِی زض ٔثاَ ز‬ٚ ‫ است‬ٝ‫ یه حطف اؾاف‬to َٚ‫ زض حاِت ا‬ٝ‫اب ایٗ است و‬ٛ‫ج‬
.‫ ٘یست‬ٝ‫ تیاٍ٘ط حطف اؾاف‬to ٚ ‫ است‬ٝ‫ واض ضفت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ضیط‬

(Gerunds after certain verbs) ‫* افعال اسوی پس اس افعال اصلی‬

ٝ‫ ضىُ ضیط‬ٝ‫ال ت‬ًٕٛٔ ْٚ‫ زض ایٗ حاِت فًُ ز‬.ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫لات یه فًُ ضا تًس اظ یه فًُ زیٍط ت‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ٌا‬
:‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٜ‫استفاز‬
I want to eat.
:‫ْ تایس فًُ اسٕی تاضس‬ٚ‫ا فًُ ز‬ٟ‫لت‬ٚ ‫ِی تًؿی‬ٚ
I dislike eating.

‫ال زض غاِة‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ا‬ٟ٘‫ فًُ تًس اظ آ‬ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫ زض ظیط ِیستی اظ افًاَ ضا ٔی تی‬.‫ِی تستٍی زاضز‬ٚ‫ فًُ ا‬ٝ‫و ت‬ٛ‫ؾ‬ٛٔ ٗ‫ای‬
:‫ ٔی تاضس‬gerunds
admit - appreciate - avoid - carry on - consider - defer - delay - deny - detest -
dislike - endure - enjoy - escape - excuse - face - feel like - finish - forgive - give up
- can't help - imagine - involve - leave off - mention - mind - miss - postpone -
practice - put off - report - resent - risk - can't stand - suggest - understand

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

She is considering having a holiday.
Do you feel like going out?
I can't stand not seeing you.

36
 :‫٘س‬ٚ‫ واض ض‬ٝ‫ ضىّی ت‬ٝ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ساٖ فطلی ٕ٘ی و‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ َ‫تطذی افًا‬
I like to play tennis.
I like playing tennis.
It started to rain.
It started raining.

(Gerunds in Passive sense) ‫* افعال اسوی در حالت تاثيز پذيزي‬

ًُ‫ زض ایٗ حاِت ف‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬gerund ‫ اظ‬require ٚ want ، need َ‫لات پس اظ افًا‬ٚ‫اغّة ا‬
:‫س‬ٞ‫اسٕی حاِت تاثیط پصیطی ضا ٘طاٖ ٔی ز‬
I have three pants that need washing (needs to be washed).
This letter requires signing (needs to be signed).
The house wants repainting (needs to be repainted).

want ‫ ٔیسا٘یٓ پس اظ‬.‫ یه يثاضت اٍّ٘یسی تطیتا٘یایی ٔی تاضس‬Something wants doing ‫ يثاضت‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
.ٓ‫یسی‬ٛ٘ ‫ال ٔػسض ضا ٔی‬ًٕٛٔ

37
 ‫‪ ‬فصل ششن‪ :‬افعال چٌذ کلوِ اي‬

‫* افعال چٌذ کلوِ اي (افعال عبارتی) )‪(Phrasal Verbs‬‬

‫افًاَ يثاضتی ترطی اظ ٌط‪ ٜٚ‬تعضٌی اظ افًاَ ت‪٘ ٝ‬اْ «افًاَ چ‪ٙ‬س وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای» ٔی تاض‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٌیطی افًاَ چ‪ٙ‬س‬
‫وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای ت‪ ٝ‬ذػ‪ٛ‬ظ زض ٔىإِ‪ ٝ‬تسیاض ضایج ٔی تاضس‪ٔ .‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س‪ ٚ turn on ، pick up :‬یا ‪.get on with‬‬
‫تسیاضی اظ ٔطزْ تطای ضاحتی ت‪ ٝ‬تٕأی ا٘‪ٛ‬او افًاَ چ‪ٙ‬س وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای ‪( Phrasal Verbs‬افًاَ يثاضتی) ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س‬
‫و‪ ٝ‬ضأُ یه فًُ اغّی ت‪ٕٞ ٝ‬طا‪ ٜ‬یه ‪ ٚ‬یا چ‪ٙ‬س ِغت زیٍط است‪ِ .‬غاتی و‪ٕٞ ٝ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا فًُ اغّی ٔی آی‪ٙ‬س ٔی‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س لیس ‪ ٚ‬یا حطف اؾاف‪ ٝ‬تاض‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬
‫٘ىت‪ ٝ‬ای و‪ ٝ‬تایس ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت ایٗ است و‪ Phrasal verbs ٝ‬یا افًاَ يثاضتی ‪ٕٞ‬چ‪ٙ‬اٖ یه فًُ ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬
‫‪ get‬یه فًُ است‪٘ get up ،‬یع یه فًُ ٔی تاضس‪ ،‬و‪ ٝ‬زض ًٔ‪ٙ‬ا تا ‪ٔ ٓٞ‬تفا‪ٚ‬ت‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬پس ت‪ ٝ‬افًاَ يثاضتی ٘یع تایس‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬چطٓ یه فًُ جساٌا٘‪ ،ٝ‬تا ًٔ‪ٙ‬ای جساٌا٘‪ٍ٘ ٝ‬طیست‪.‬‬
‫‪ٕٞ‬ا٘ك‪ٛ‬ض و‪ ٝ‬زض ٔثاَ ظیط ٔالحه‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس‪ ،‬س‪ٛ٘ ٝ‬و فًُ يثاضتی زاضیٓ‪:‬‬

‫‪direct your eyes in You must look before‬‬

‫فعل يك كلمه اي‬ ‫‪look‬‬
‫‪a certain direction you leap.‬‬

‫‪prepositional verbs‬‬ ‫‪Who is looking after‬‬

‫‪look after‬‬ ‫‪take care of‬‬
‫افعال اضافي‬ ‫?‪the baby‬‬

‫‪search for and find‬‬ ‫‪You can look up my‬‬

‫افعال‬
‫‪phrasal verbs‬‬ ‫‪information in a‬‬ ‫‪number in‬‬
‫چند‬ ‫‪look up‬‬
‫افعال عبارتي‬ ‫‪reference‬‬ ‫‪the telephone‬‬
‫كلمه اي‬
‫‪book‬‬ ‫‪directory.‬‬
‫‪phrasal-‬‬
‫‪prepositional‬‬ ‫‪anticipate with‬‬ ‫‪I look forward to‬‬
‫‪look forward to‬‬
‫‪verbs‬‬ ‫‪pleasure‬‬ ‫‪meeting you.‬‬
‫عبارتی ‪ -‬افعال اضافی‬

‫زض ایٗ زضس ٍ٘ا‪ٞ‬ی ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ زاضت ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘‪ٛ‬او افًاَ چ‪ٙ‬س وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای‬

‫* افعال عبارتی )‪(Phrasal Verbs‬‬

‫ساذتاض اغّی افًاَ يثاضتی ت‪ ٝ‬ضىُ ظیط است‪:‬‬
‫‪Verb + Adverb‬‬
‫افًاَ يثاضتی ‪ٔ ٓٞ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س الظْ ‪ٔ ٓٞ ٚ‬تًسی تاض‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
 :‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ٔثاَ اظ افًاَ يثاضتی ت‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ت‬

examples
Phrasal verbs meaning
direct object

get up rise from bed I don't like to get up.

intransitive
He was late because his
phrasal verbs break down cease to function
car broke down.

transitive put off postpone We will have to put off the meeting.
phrasal verbs
turn down refuse They turned down my offer.

(Separable Phrasal Verbs) ‫* افعال عبارتی جذاشذًی‬

ٓٞ ‫ لسٕت فًُ يثاضتی ضا اظ‬ٚ‫ا٘یٓ ز‬ٛ‫ال ٔی ت‬ًٕٛٔ )‫س (یه ضی زاض٘س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ افًاَ يثاضتی ٔتًسی‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:َ‫ ٔثا‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫جسا و‬
They turn down my offer.
They turn my offer down.
.‫ی زاض٘س‬ٟ‫ای ٔطات‬ًٙٔ ٚ ٜ‫ز‬ٛ‫ق غحیح ت‬ٛ‫ ف‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٚ‫ط ز‬ٞ

.ٓ‫ جع جسا وطزٖ فًُ يثاضتی ٘ساضی‬ٝ‫ ای ت‬ٜ‫ ؾٕیط تاضس چاض‬،‫ زض افًاَ يثاضتی ٔتًسی ضی‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬

direct object John switched on. the radio.

These are all
pronouns John switched the radio on. possible.
must go
John switched it on.
between the
two parts of
transitive John switched on. it. This is not possible.
phrasal verbs

‫و پی‬ٛ‫ؾ‬ٛٔ ٗ‫ ای‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٍٝ٘ٛ‫ چ‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ ٘یست‬ٌٝ٘ٛ ٗ‫ تطذی زیٍط ای‬ٚ ‫ اظ آ٘جایی تطذی اظ افًاَ يثاضتی جسا پصیط٘س‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
‫تثطیٓ؟‬
:‫یس زیس‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ایٗ ضىُ ذ‬ٝ‫ جسا پصیط تاضس آٖ ضا ت‬look up ‫س‬ٙ٘‫ یه فًُ يثاضتی ٔا‬ٝ‫ضتی و‬ٛ‫زض غ‬
look (something) up

39
 ُ‫ ضى‬ٝ‫تط است آٖ ضا ت‬ٟ‫ ت‬put off ‫س‬ٙ٘‫ستیس ٔا‬ٞ ‫ زض حاَ یازٌیطی فًُ يثاضتی جسیسی‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :‫از‬ٟٙ‫پیط‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ظیط یاززاضت و‬
put off (something\somebody)

(Prepositional Verbs) ‫* افعال اضافی‬

:‫ساذتاض اغّی افًاَ اؾافی‬
Prepositional + Verb
.‫س زاضت‬ٙٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ تٕأی افًاَ اؾافی ٘یع ضی ٔستمیٕی ذ‬،‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ زاضای یه ضی‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ٖ حط‬ٛ‫چ‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

examples
prepositional verbs meaning
direct object
have faith in the
believe in I believe in God.
existence of
look after take care of He is looking after the dog.
talk about discuss Did you talk about me?
wait for await John is waiting for Mary.

.‫س‬ٙ‫( جسا ضس٘ی ٘یست‬prepositional verbs) َ‫ افًا‬ٍٝ٘ٛٙ‫ای‬

Who is looking after the baby? This is possible.

‫افعال اضافی جذايی ًاپذيزًذ‬
Who is looking the baby after? This is not possible.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ضىُ ظیط یاززاضت و‬ٝ‫تط است آٖ ضا ت‬ٟ‫ فًُ اؾافی جسیس ضا یاز ٔی ٌیطیس ت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :‫از‬ٟٙ‫پیط‬
believe in (something/somebody)
ٝ‫ اِثت‬ٚ ٝ‫ یه ضی زاضت‬ٝ‫ ایس ٘یاظ ت‬ٝ‫ یاز ٌطفت‬ٝ‫ تاضیس فًّی و‬ٝ‫ ذاقط زاضت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ ضٕا وٕه ٔی و‬ٝ‫ایٗ واض ت‬
.‫جای آٖ ٘یع ٔطرع است‬

(Phrasal-Prepositional Verbs) ‫ عبارتی‬- ‫* افعال اضافی‬

:‫ساذتاض وّی‬
Verb + preposition + Adverb

40
 :‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

examples
phrasal -
meaning
prepositional verbs direct object

have a friendly
get on with He doesn't get on with his wife.
relationship with
put up with tolerate I won't put up with your attitude.
look forward to anticipate with pleasure I look forward to seeing you.
run out of use up, exhaust We have run out of eggs.

‫ ایٗ افًاَ ٘یع زاضی یه ضی‬،‫٘س‬ٛ‫ ذتٓ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ تا حط‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ‫ يثاضتی‬- ‫ افًاَ اؾافی‬ٝ‫اظ آ٘جایی و‬
.‫ يثاضتی ٘یع جسایی ٘اپصیط٘س‬- ‫ افًاَ اؾافی‬، )‫ (افًاَ اؾافی‬prepositional َ‫س افًا‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬ٚ ‫ز‬ٛ‫س ت‬ٙٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ذ‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ضىُ ظیط یاززاضت و‬ٝ‫تط است آٖ ضا ت‬ٟ‫ يثاضتی جسیس ضا یاز ٔی ٌیطیس ت‬- ‫ فًُ اؾافی‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :‫از‬ٟٙ‫پیط‬

get on with somebody

‫ یا‬ٚ
run out of something

41
 ‫‪ ‬فصل ّفتن‪ :‬سهاى ّا‬

‫سهاى آيٌذُ‪:‬‬ ‫سهاى حال‪:‬‬ ‫سهاى گذشتِ‪:‬‬

‫آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬ساز‪ٜ‬‬ ‫حاَ ساز‪ٜ‬‬ ‫ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ٜ‬‬
‫آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬استٕطاضی‬ ‫حاَ استٕطاضی‬ ‫ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی‬
‫آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬وأُ‬ ‫حاَ وأُ‬ ‫ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬وأُ‬
‫آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬وأُ استٕطاضی‬ ‫حاَ وأُ استٕطاضی‬ ‫ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬وأُ استٕطاضی‬

‫گذشتِ (‪)past‬‬

‫* سهاى گذشتِ استوزاري )‪(Past Continuous Tense‬‬

‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ استوزاري‬
‫ساذتاض ایٗ ظٔاٖ ت‪ ٝ‬ضىُ ظیط ٔی تاضس‪:‬‬

‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪auxiliary verb (BE‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪main verb‬‬

‫‪conjugated in simple past tense‬‬
‫‪present participle‬‬
‫غطف فًُ زض ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ٜ‬‬
‫‪was‬‬
‫‪base + ing‬‬
‫‪were‬‬

‫زض ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی تطای استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ جٕالت ٔ‪ٙ‬فی تیٗ فًُ وٕىی ‪ ٚ‬فًُ اغّی ‪ not‬اؾاف‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫تطای جٕالت س‪ٛ‬اِی ٘یع جای فايُ ‪ ٚ‬فًُ وٕىی ضا ي‪ٛ‬ؼ ٔی ٕ٘اییٓ‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬

‫‪subject‬‬ ‫‪auxiliary verb‬‬ ‫‪main verb‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬ ‫‪watching‬‬ ‫‪TV.‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪were‬‬ ‫‪working‬‬ ‫‪hard.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪He, she, it‬‬ ‫‪was‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪helping‬‬ ‫‪Mary.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪were‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪joking.‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫‪Were‬‬ ‫‪you‬‬ ‫‪Being‬‬ ‫?‪silly‬‬
‫؟‬ ‫‪Were‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬ ‫‪playing‬‬ ‫?‪football‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
 ‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين‬
‫ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی‪ ،‬ظٔا٘ی ٔطرع زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ضا تیاٖ ٔی و‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬يُٕ لثُ اظ ظٔاٖ ٔطرع ضط‪ٚ‬و ضس‪ِٚ ٜ‬ی‬
‫زض آٖ ظٔاٖ ازأ‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬است‪ .‬فطؼ و‪ٙ‬یس ضٕا زض یه ض‪ٚ‬ظ فیّٕی ضا اظ تّ‪ٛ‬یعی‪ٔ ٖٛ‬طا‪ٞ‬س‪ ٜ‬وطز‪ ٜ‬ایس‪ ،‬و‪ ٝ‬سايت‬
‫‪ٞ‬فت تًس اظ ن‪ٟ‬ط ضط‪ٚ‬و ضس‪ ٚ )7 pm( ٜ‬زض سايت ٘‪ ٝ‬تًس اظ ن‪ٟ‬ط (‪٘ )9 pm‬یع تٕاْ ضس‪ ٜ‬است‪:‬‬

‫‪At 8 pm yesterday, I was watching TV.‬‬

‫‪Past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬
‫‪8 pm‬‬
‫سايت ‪ٞ‬طت تًس اظ ن‪ٟ‬ط ٔطغ‪َٛ‬‬
‫تٕاضای فیّٓ ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ ٜ‬ایس‪.‬‬

‫‪ٍٙٞ‬أی و‪ ٝ‬اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ًٕٛٔ ،‬ال ٔراقة ٔا ٔی زا٘س و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا زضتاض‪ ٜ‬چ‪ ٝ‬ظٔا٘ی‬
‫غحثت ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪I was working at 10 pm last night.‬‬
‫‪They were not playing football at 9am this morning.‬‬
‫‪What were you doing at 8 pm last night.‬‬
‫?‪What were you doing when he arrived‬‬
‫‪She was cooking when I telephoned her.‬‬
‫‪We were having dinner when it started to rain.‬‬
‫‪Ram went home early because it was snowing.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬تطذی اظ افًاَ ٕ٘ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س زض ظٔاٖ ‪ٞ‬ای استٕطاضی ت‪ ٝ‬واض ض‪٘ٚ‬س‪.‬‬
‫ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی تطای ضطح غح‪ ٝٙ‬اظ زاستاٖ (ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال ت‪ ٝ‬تا جعئیات) استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ .‬ضط‪ٚ‬و‬
‫زاستاٖ ٘یع اغّة تا ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی ضط‪ٚ‬و ٔی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪“ James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing‬‬
‫‪hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a‬‬
‫” ‪telephone box...‬‬

‫ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی ‪ +‬ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪:ٜ‬‬

‫اغّة ا‪ٚ‬لات ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی ضا تا ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی تطیٓ‪ .‬اظ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی تطای تیاٖ‬
‫يّٕی ق‪ٛ‬ال٘ی زض ٌصضت‪ ٚ ٝ‬اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ ٜ‬تطای تیاٖ يّٕی و‪ٛ‬تا‪ ٜ‬زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬و‪ ٝ‬زض حیٗ يُٕ ق‪ٛ‬ال٘ی‬
‫ضخ زاز‪ ٜ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬ایٗ ز‪ ٚ‬يُٕ ضا ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تا استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ‪ ٚ when‬یا ‪ while‬ت‪ ٝ‬یىسیٍط ٔطتثف‬
‫و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬
 :ٓ‫ يُٕ زاضی‬ٚ‫زض ٔثاَ ظیط ز‬
1. long action: watching TV (expressed with past continuous tense).
2. short action: telephoned (expressed with simple past tense).

past present future

‫ال٘ی‬ٛ‫يُٕ ق‬
I was watching TV at 8 pm.

8 pm

ٜ‫تا‬ٛ‫يُٕ و‬
You telephoned at 8 pm.

8 pm

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ٓ ٔطتثف و‬ٞ ٝ‫ ت‬when ٖ‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫ا٘یٓ تا ت‬ٛ‫ يُٕ ضا ٔی ت‬ٚ‫ایٗ ز‬

I was watching TV when you telephoned.
ٝ‫ ظً٘ ظزی و‬ٝ‫ی ظٔا٘ی و‬ًٙ‫ ی‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ ظٔاٖ ٘یع اضاض‬ٝ‫يی ت‬ٛ٘ ٝ‫ ت‬when ‫جا‬ٙ‫ زض ای‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫(زلت زاضت‬
)‫ غثح‬8 ٝ‫ٔیط‬

:while ٚ when ‫ اظ‬ٜ‫قطظ استفاز‬

when + short action (simple past tense).
while + long action (past continuous tense).

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ زض ظیط ٔطا‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬while ٚ when ‫ا٘یٓ اظ‬ٛ‫ش ٔی ت‬ٚ‫اض ض‬ٟ‫ چ‬ٝ‫زض وُ ت‬

I was walking past the car when it exploded.

When the car exploded I was walking past it.
The car exploded while I was walking past it.
While I was walking past the car it exploded.

:‫ ا٘س‬ٝ‫اتست‬ٚ ٓٞ ٝ‫ ت‬long action ٚ short action ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ت‬

.‫َ ٔی ا٘جأس‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫س ثا٘ی‬ٙ‫ چ‬،telephoned ،‫َ ٔی وطس‬ٛ‫س سايت ق‬ٙ‫ چ‬watching TV
.‫س وطیس‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫َ ذ‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫عاضْ ثا٘ی‬ٞ ‫س‬ٙ‫ چ‬، exploded ،‫َ ٔی وطس‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫س ثا٘ی‬ٙ‫ چ‬،walking past the car

44
 (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) ‫* سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري‬

auxiliary verb
subject + auxiliary verb HAVE + + main verb
BE
conjugated in simple
past participle present participle
past tense
had been base + ing

‫ تطای ساذت جٕالت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ ضا اؾاف‬not َٚ‫فی زض ایٗ ظٔاٖ تًس اظ فًُ وٕىی ا‬ٙٔ ‫تطای ساذت جٕالت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ؼ و‬ٛ‫َ ضا ي‬ٚ‫ فًُ وٕىی ا‬ٚ ُ‫اِی ٘یع وافیست جای فاي‬ٛ‫س‬

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb

+ I had been working.
+ You had been playing tennis.
- It had not been working well.
- We had not been expecting her.
? Had you been drinking?
? Had they been waiting long?

ٝ‫َ ضا ت‬ٚ‫ فًُ وٕىی ا‬ٚ ُ‫ال فاي‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ وأُ استٕطاضی استفاز‬ٝ‫ اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ِٕٝ‫ زض ٔىا‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ ضس‬ٝ‫ضىُ ذالغ‬
I had been I'd been
you had been you'd been
he had he'd been
she had been she'd been
it had been it'd been
we had been we'd been
they had been they'd been

45
 ‫چگًَِ اس سهاى گذشتِ کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين‬
‫ال٘ی تطی زض‬ٛ‫ تیاٍ٘ط ايٕاَ ق‬ٝ‫ت و‬ٚ‫ وأُ است تا ایٗ تفا‬ٝ‫ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ وأُ استٕطاضی ضثی‬ٝ‫ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬
:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ ٔی تاضس‬ٝ‫ يّٕی زیٍط زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ ٘سثت ت‬ٝ‫ٌصضت‬
Ram started waiting at 9 am. I arrived at 11 am. When I arrived, Ram had been
waiting for two hours.
waiting at 9 am. I arrived at 11 am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for
two hours.
Ram had been waiting for two hours when I arrived.
past present future
Ram starts waiting in
past at 9 am.
9 11

I arrive in past at 11am.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫س ٔثاَ زیٍط ضا ٔطا‬ٙ‫زض ظیط چ‬

John was very tired. He had been running.
I could smell cigarettes. Somebody had been smoking.
Had the pilot been drinking before the crash?

ٝ‫ت و‬ٚ‫س ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ استٕطاضی زا٘ست تا ایٗ تفا‬ٙ٘‫ وأُ استٕطاضی ضا ٔا‬ٝ‫اٖ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٛ‫يی ٔی ت‬ٛ٘ ٝ‫ت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ٔثاَ ظیط ت‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٜ‫ اتفاق افتاز‬ٝ‫يُٕ زض ٌصضت‬

:‫یس‬ٌٛ ‫ ضٕا ٔی‬ٝ‫ ضْ ت‬.‫ ایس‬ٜ‫ ضا ٔاللات وطز‬Ram ‫ز‬ٛ‫ست ذ‬ٚ‫ ز‬11 ‫یس ضٕا زض سايت‬ٙ‫فطؼ و‬
I am angry. I have been waiting for two hours.

:‫ییس‬ٌٛ ‫ز ٔی‬ٛ‫ستاٖ ذ‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٝ‫ظ ضٕا ت‬ٚ‫فطزای آٖ ض‬

Ram was angry. He had been waiting for two hours.

46
 (Past Perfect Tense) ‫* سهاى گذشتِ کاهل‬
‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ کاهل‬
:‫ ضىُ ظیط ٔی تاضس‬ٝ‫ساذتاض ایٗ ظٔاٖ ت‬

subject + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb

conjugated in simple past tense past participle

had V3

ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ اؾاف‬not ،‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٚ had ‫ وأُ تیٗ فًُ وٕىی‬ٝ‫فی زض ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٙٔ ّٕٝ‫تطای ساذتٗ ج‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ؼ ٕ٘ایی‬ٛ‫ فايُ ضا ي‬ٚ ‫اِی وافیست جای فًُ وٕىی‬ٛ‫تطای ساذت جٕالت س‬

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I had finished my work.
+ You had stopped before me.
- She had not gone to school.
- We had not left.
? Had you arrived?
? Had they eaten dinner?

:ٓ‫ ٔی ٕ٘ایی‬ٝ‫ فايُ ضا ذالغ‬ٚ ‫ال فًُ وٕىی‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ وأُ غحثت ٔی و‬ٝ‫ اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ

I had I'd
you had you'd
he had he'd
she had she'd
it had it'd
we had we'd
they had they'd

َ‫ض ٔثا‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ت‬.‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ٘یع ت‬would ‫ تطای فًُ وٕىی‬had ‫ تط‬ٜٚ‫ٓ يال‬ٞ ‘d ٝ‫ ضىُ ذالغ‬ٝ‫ى‬ٙ‫ ای‬ٝ‫٘ىت‬
‫ پی‬ٝ‫ ایٗ ٘ىت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ی فًُ اغّی است و‬ٚ‫ال اظ ض‬ًٕٛٔ ٚ We would ٓٞ ٚ ‫ تاضس‬had We ‫ا٘س‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔی ت‬ٞ we’d
:ٓ‫ٔی تطی‬

47
We had arrived. (past participle)
We would arrive. (base)

‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ زض‬ٝ‫ آٖ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ و‬.‫ ٔی تاضس‬ٝ‫ لثُ اظ يّٕی زیٍط زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ وأُ تیاٍ٘ط يّٕی زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬
.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫( ٔی‬past in past) ٝ‫ٌصضت‬
:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ت‬
The train left at 9 am. We arrived at 9:15 am. When we arrived, the train had
left.
The train had left when we arrived.
past present future
Train leaves in past at 9 am.
9 9.15

We arrive in past at 9:15 am.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
I didn't know who he was. I had never seem him before.
Mary wasn't at home when I arrived. Really? where had she gone?

َ‫ جای ظٔاٖ حا‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ت و‬ٚ‫س ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ زض ٘هطتٍیطیس تا ایٗ تفا‬ٙ٘‫ وأُ ضا ٔا‬ٝ‫ا٘یس ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٛ‫ٔی ت‬
.‫ است‬ٝ‫ٌصضت‬
‫ ضٕا ٔی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ ضئیس ایستٍا‬.‫ ایس‬ٜ‫ لكاض ضسیس‬ٜ‫ ایستٍا‬ٝ‫ غثح ت‬9:15 ‫یس ضٕا سايت‬ٙ‫ فطؼ و‬.ٓ‫ٔثاِی ٔی ظ٘ی‬
:‫یس‬ٌٛ
You are too late. The train has left. (present perfect tense).

:‫ییس‬ٌٛ ‫ز ٔی‬ٛ‫ست ذ‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٝ‫ظ ضٕا ت‬ٚ‫فطزای آٖ ض‬

We were too late. The train had left. (past perfect tense).

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔیى‬ٜ‫( تًس اظ ایٗ افًاَ استفاز‬reported speech) ‫ وأُ تطای ٔىإِات ٌعاضضی‬ٝ‫اغّة اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬
told , said , asked , thought , wondered:

48
He told us that the train had left.
I thought, I had met her before. But I was wrong.
He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
I wondered if I had been there before.
I asked them why they had not finished.

(Simple Past Tense) ُ‫* سهاى گذشتِ ساد‬

.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ ٘یع ٔی‬Preterit ٖ‫ ایٗ ظٔا‬ٝ‫ت‬

ُ‫ساختار سهاى گذشتِ ساد‬

‫ زض ظیط‬.‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ٝ‫ ضا ت‬did ‫ یا فًُ وٕىی‬ٚ ٓ‫یسی‬ٛ٘ ‫ فًُ ضا ٔی‬ٝ‫تطای ساذت ایٗ ظٔاٖ یا ضىُ ٌصضت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ٔطا‬ٜ‫ٖ لايس‬ٚ‫ ٘یع تس‬ٚ ٜ‫ تا افًاَ تالايس‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ٝ‫ایی ضا و‬ٞ َ‫ٔثا‬

V1 V2 V3
base past past participle

work worked worked The past form for

regular
explode exploded exploded all regular verbs
verb
like liked liked ends in -ed.

The past form for

go went gone
Irregular irregular verbs is
see saw seen
verb variable. You need
sing sang sung
to learn it by heart.
You do not need the past
participle form to make the
simple past tense. It is shown
here for completeness only.

:ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ساذتاض جٕالت ٔثثت زض ٌصضت‬

subject + main verb (base)

:ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫فی زض ٌصضت‬ٙٔ ‫ساذتاض جٕالت‬

subject + auxiliary verb (did) + not + main verb (base)

49
 :ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫اِی زض ٌصضت‬ٛ‫ساذتاض جٕالت س‬
auxiliary verb (did) + subject + main verb (base)

،‫ْ ضرع‬ٛ‫ س‬ٝ‫ اضراظ چ‬ٕٝٞ ‫ تطای‬ٚ (is not conjugated) ‫٘ی ٘ساضز‬ٌٛ‫٘ا‬ٌٛ ‫ای‬ٞ ‫ غطف‬did ‫فًُ وٕىی‬
.‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ت‬did ‫ضت‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٝ‫ٍٕی ت‬ٞ ... ٚ ‫َ ضرع‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٝ‫چ‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ت‬work ٚ go ‫ای ظیط تا افًاَ اغّی‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

subject auxiliary verb main verb

I went to school.
+
You worked very hard.
She Did not go with me.
-
We Did not work Yesterday.
Did You go to London?
?
Did they work at home?

‫ غطف ٔی‬،‫ غطف ٕ٘ی ضس‬ٝ‫ و‬did ًُ‫ ضا تط ذالف ف‬be to ًُ‫ ٔا ف‬.‫ز زاضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ to be ًُ‫اء تطای ف‬ٙ‫یه استث‬
‫ ضا‬to be ًُ‫ ف‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ ٗ‫ تط ای‬ٜٚ‫ يال‬.( we were , she/he it , was , you were , I was) ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫و‬
‫ فايُ ضا‬ٚ ًُ‫ا جای ف‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٚ ،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٕ٘ی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬did ‫اِی اظ فًُ وٕىی‬ٛ‫ س‬ٚ ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫ واض ٔی تطیٓ تطای جٕالت‬ٝ‫ت‬
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ؼ ٔی و‬ٛ‫ٓ ي‬ٞ ‫تا‬

subject main verb

I, he/she/it Was here.
+
You, we, they Were in London.
I, he/she/it Was not there.
-
You, we, they Were not happy.
Was I, he/she/it right?
?
Were you, we, they late?

‫چطَر هی تَاًين اس ايي سهاى استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ غحثت ٔی‬ٝ‫ ای زض ٌصضت‬ًٝ‫ال‬ٚ ‫ یا‬ٚ ُٕ‫ ي‬،‫ حاِت‬،‫ؾًیت‬ٚ ‫ ی یه‬ٜ‫ تطای غحثت زضتاض‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬
.‫س ٔست تاضس‬ّٙ‫ ٔست یا ت‬ٜ‫تا‬ٛ‫ا٘س و‬ٛ‫ ٔیت‬ًٝ‫ال‬ٚ .ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫و‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ٔست ضا ٔطا‬ٜ‫تا‬ٛ‫لایى و‬ٚ ‫س ٔثاَ اظ‬ٙ‫ تًس چ‬ٝ‫زض غفح‬

50
 The car exploded at 9:30 am yesterday.
She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
Did you see that car?
past present future

The action is in the past.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫س ٔست ضا ٔالحه‬ّٙ‫لایى ت‬ٚ ‫س ٔثاَ اظ‬ٙ‫جا ٘یع چ‬ٙ‫زض ای‬
I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.
The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
We did not sing at the concert.
Did you watch TV last night?
past present future

The action is in the past.

ْ‫ تٕا‬ٝ‫ٓ ایٗ است و‬ٟٔ ،َ‫ٖ سا‬ٛ‫س ٔیّی‬ٙ‫ یا چ‬ٚ ٜ‫ز‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٝ‫س ثا٘ی‬ٙ‫ چ‬ًٝ‫ال‬ٚ ٝ‫ٓ ٘یست و‬ٟٔ ‫ اغال‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫زلت زاضت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ضا ٔطا‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٜ‫اضز استفاز‬ٛٔ ‫ زض ظیط‬.ٜ‫ضس‬
.ٜ‫ اتفاق افتاز‬ٝ‫ زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ ای و‬ًٝ‫ال‬ٚ
.ٜ‫ض وأُ تٕاْ ضس‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫یسازی و‬ٚ‫ض‬
.)ٓ‫یی‬ٌٛ ‫ یا ٔی‬ٚ( ٓ‫ ضا ٔی زا٘ی‬ًٝ‫ال‬ٚ ٖ‫ یا ٔىاٖ ضخ زاز‬ٚ ٖ‫ٔا ظٔا‬
ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٝ‫ حتٕا تایس اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٚ ‫یٓ حتٕا‬ٙ‫ یا ظٔاٖ ضذساز ضا تیاٖ ٔی و‬ٚ ٖ‫ ٔىا‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
.‫ وطز‬ٜ‫اٖ استفاز‬ٛ‫یچ ظٔاٖ زیٍطی ٕ٘ی ت‬ٞ ‫ اظ‬ٚ ٓ‫ٕ٘ایی‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

He didn't like the movie.
I lived in that house when I was young.
What did you eat for dinner?
John drove to London on Monday.
Mary did not go to work yesterday.
We were not late. (for the train).
Were you angry?

51
 ‫ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس و‪ٍٙٞ ٝ‬أی و‪ ٝ‬زاستا٘ی ضا تًطیف ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ًٕٛٔ ،‬ال ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ ٜ‬ضا ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی تطیٓ‬
‫اِثت‪ٌ ٝ‬ا‪ٞ‬ی ا‪ٚ‬لات تطای تیاٖ یه ٔ‪ٙ‬هط‪ًٕٛٔ( ٜ‬ال ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا جعئیات) اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استٕطاضی ٘یع استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی‬
‫و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ِٚ .‬ی زض تیطتط ٔ‪ٛ‬اضز ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ ٜ‬ضا ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی ٌیطیٓ‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬تى‪ ٝ‬زاستاٖ ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪“ The wind was howling around the hotel [past continuous tense], and the rain‬‬
‫‪was pouring down. The door opened and James Bond entered. He took out his‬‬
‫‪coat, witch was very wet and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down at the‬‬
‫“ …‪corner of the lounge and quietly drank his‬‬

‫اِثت‪ ٝ‬واضتطز ‪ٞ‬ای زیٍطی ٘یع اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ساز‪ٚ ٜ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬ق‪ٛ‬ض ٔثاَ زض ضطـ ‪ٞ‬ا اظ ایٗ ظٔاٖ تطای اضاض‪ٜ‬‬
‫ت‪ ٝ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬

‫‪52‬‬
 ‫حال (‪)present‬‬

‫* سهاى حال استوزاري )‪(Present Continuous Tense‬‬

‫زض اٍّ٘یسی اغّة اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬ایٗ ظٔاٖ تفا‪ٚ‬ت ‪ٞ‬ای ظیازی تا ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‪ٜ‬‬
‫زاضز‪ ،‬چ‪ ٝ‬زض ساذتاض ‪ ٚ‬چ‪ ٝ‬زض واضتطز‪.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی )‪ (present continuous‬ظٔاٖ پیص ض‪٘ٚ‬س‪٘ (progressive tense) ٜ‬یع ٔی‬
‫ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س‪.‬‬

‫ساختار سهاى حال استوزاري‬

‫ساذتاض اغّی ایٗ ظٔاٖ چ‪ٙ‬یٗ است‪:‬‬
‫)‪Subject + auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (base + ing‬‬

‫ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬

‫‪subject‬‬ ‫‪auxiliary verb‬‬ ‫‪main verb‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪am‬‬ ‫‪speaking‬‬ ‫‪to you.‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪You‬‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪reading‬‬ ‫‪this.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪She‬‬ ‫‪is‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪staying‬‬ ‫‪in London.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪We‬‬ ‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪not‬‬ ‫‪playing‬‬ ‫‪football.‬‬
‫?‬ ‫‪Is‬‬ ‫‪he‬‬ ‫‪watching‬‬ ‫?‪TV‬‬
‫?‬ ‫‪Are‬‬ ‫‪they‬‬ ‫‪waiting‬‬ ‫?‪for John‬‬

‫چِ ٍقت ٍ چزا بايذ اس سهاى حال استوزاري استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ٔا اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی تطای غحثت زضتاض‪ٛٔ ٜ‬اضز ظیط استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬
‫• يّٕی و‪ ٝ‬او‪ ٖٛٙ‬زض حاَ ‪ٚ‬ل‪ٛ‬و است‪.‬‬
‫• يّٕی زض آی‪ٙ‬س‪.ٜ‬‬

‫• استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی تطای يّٕی و‪ ٝ‬زض حاَ ‪ٚ‬ل‪ٛ‬و است‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬تطای يّٕی و‪ ٝ‬زلیما االٖ زاضز اتفاق ٔی افتس‪.‬‬
‫‪I am eating my lunch.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬

‫‪The action is happening now.‬‬

‫‪53‬‬
 :‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬
...the pages are turning. ...the candle is burning. ...the numbers are spinning.

‫ٓ زضتط ٔی ٌیطز) زلت‬ٞ ‫ ضا‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ آی‬ٚ ٝ‫و است (لسضی اظ ٌصضت‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ َ‫ٖ ظٔاٖ حاَ زض حا‬ٛٔ‫ پیطا‬ٝ‫ تطای يّٕی و‬.2
.‫ز‬ٛ‫اغّی ًٔیٗ تىطاض ض‬ٛ‫ یا زض ف‬ٚ ‫ٕیطٍی‬ٞ ‫ يُٕ ٘ثایس‬ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫و‬

John is going out with Mary.

past present future

The action is happening

around now.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

Muriel is learning to drive.
I am leaving with my sister, until I find an apartment.

:ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی تطای يّٕی زض آی‬ٜ‫• استفاز‬

ٜ‫ا٘یٓ زضتاض‬ٛ‫( تیافعاییٓ ٔی ت‬future word) ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ آی‬ّٕٝ‫ز (زض ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی) یه و‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫چ‬
، tomorrow ، next :‫س‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ا تطریع ٔی ز‬ٟ٘‫ْ آ‬ٟٛ‫ی ٔف‬ٚ‫ ضا اظ ض‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ وّٕات آی‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٘یع غحثت و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫آی‬
... ٚ week ، in June
‫ ضیعی تطای‬ٝٔ‫ لثُ اظ غحثت تط٘ا‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ آی‬ٜ‫ا ظٔا٘ی اظ حاَ استٕطاضی تطای غحثت زضتاض‬ٟٙ‫ت‬
)ٓ‫ ای‬ٜ‫ ضیعی وطز‬ٝٔ‫ تط٘ا‬ٚ ٝ‫ (تػٕیٓ ٌطفت‬.ٓ‫ تاضی‬ٜ‫ا٘جاْ آٖ يُٕ ضا وطز‬
I am taking my exam next month.
past present future

A firm plan or program The action is in the

exists now. future.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

We're eating in the restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table.
They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
When are you starting your new job?
ٓ‫ تػٕی‬.ٓ‫( زاضتی‬firm plan) ‫ ضیعی زلیك‬ٝٔ‫ یه تط٘ا‬،‫ وطزیس ٔا لثُ اظ غحثت‬ٝ‫ ٔالحه‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ َ‫زض ٔثا‬
.ٝ‫ست‬ٛ‫و پی‬ٛ‫ل‬ٚ ٝ‫ ضیعی لثُ اظ غحثت ت‬ٝٔ‫ تط٘ا‬ٚ ‫ٌیطی‬

54
 ‫افعال ‪ ing‬دار را در سهاى حال استوزاري چگًَِ ّجی )‪ (spell‬کٌين‬
‫ساذتٗ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی و‪ ٝ‬تا افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ ing‬ت‪ ٝ‬فًُ ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬س ت‪ٛ‬ز و‪ًٕٛٔ ٝ‬ال ایٗ يُٕ ت‪ ٝ‬سازٌی ا٘جاْ‬
‫ٔی پصیطز‪ِٚ .‬ی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬اضزی ٔجث‪ٛ‬ضیٓ ساذتاض ٘‪ٛ‬ضتاضی فًُ ضا ا٘سوی تغییط ز‪ٞ‬یٓ‪ .‬تًؿی ا‪ٚ‬لات تایس حطف آذط‬
‫فًُ ضا ز‪ٚ‬تاض ت‪ٛٙ‬یسیٓ ‪ ٚ‬یا حتی تطذی اظ حط‪ٚ‬ف آٖ ضا حصف ٕ٘اییٓ‪.‬‬
‫زض ظیط ل‪ٛ‬ا٘ی‪ٙ‬ی ضا ٔطا‪ٞ‬س‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬ضٕا زض ‪ٞ‬جی وطزٖ ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی وٕه ٔی و‪ٙٙ‬س‪:‬‬

‫افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ ing‬ت‪ ٝ‬فًُ پای‪ٔ( ٝ‬ػسض)‬

‫‪work‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪working‬‬
‫‪play‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪playing‬‬
‫لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬اغّی‬ ‫‪assist‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪assisting‬‬
‫‪see‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪seeing‬‬
‫‪be‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪being‬‬

‫چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬فًُ پای‪ٔ( ٝ‬ػسض) تا حطف تی غسا ‪ +‬حطف غسازاض تاویسی ‪ +‬حطف تی غسا تٕاْ ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ .‬حطف آذط ضا‬
‫ز‪ٚ‬تاض ٔی ٘‪ٛ‬یسیٓ‪.‬‬
‫‪consonant‬‬
‫‪Stop‬‬
‫‪consonant‬‬
‫‪stressed vowel‬‬
‫استث‪ٙ‬اء ا‪َٚ‬‬
‫)‪(vowels = a - e - i - o - u‬‬

‫‪stop‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪stopping‬‬

‫‪run‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪running‬‬
‫‪begin‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪beginning‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس و‪ ٝ‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬سیالب آذط فًُ پای‪ ٝ‬تاویسی ٘ثاضس ایٗ استث‪ٙ‬اء ضا ضأُ ٕ٘ی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬
‫‪open‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪opening‬‬
‫زض غ‪ٛ‬ضتی و‪ ٝ‬فًُ پای‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ie ٝ‬ذتٓ ض‪ٛ‬ز ت‪ ٝ‬جای آٖ ‪ٔ y‬ی ٘‪ٛ‬یسیٓ‪.‬‬
‫استث‪ٙ‬اء ز‪ْٚ‬‬ ‫‪lie‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪lying‬‬
‫‪die‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪dying‬‬
‫اٌط فًُ پای‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬حطف غسازاض ‪ +‬حطف تی غسا ‪ e +‬ذتٓ ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ e ،‬ضا حصف ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫استث‪ٙ‬اء س‪ْٛ‬‬ ‫‪come‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪coming‬‬
‫‪mistake‬‬ ‫>‪--‬‬ ‫‪mistaking‬‬

‫‪55‬‬
 (Perfect Continuous Tense Present) ‫* سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري‬

‫ساختار اصلی سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري‬

:‫ساذتاض اغّی ایٗ ظٔاٖ تسیٗ ضىُ است‬
Subject + auxiliary verb (have, has) + auxiliary verb (been) + main verb (base +
ing)

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

auxiliary auxiliary
subject main verb
verb verb
+ I have been waiting for one hour.
+ You have been talking too much
- It has not been raining.
- We have not been playing football.
? Have you been seeing her?
? Have they been doing their homework?

ٝ‫َ ضا ذالغ‬ٚ‫ فًُ وٕىی ا‬ٚ ُ‫ اغّة فاي‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ استٕطاضی غحثت ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
:ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ضتٗ (غیط ضسٕی) ٘یع ا٘جاْ ٔی ز‬ٛ٘ ‫ال زض‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ ایٗ واض ضا‬ٝ‫ اِثت‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫تّفم ٔی و‬

I have been I've been

You have been You've been
He has been He's been
She has been She's been
It has been It's been
John has been John's been
The car has been The car's been
We have been We've been
They have been They've been

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫س ٔثاَ ضا ٔالحه‬ٙ‫زض ظیط چ‬

I've been reading.
You've been talking too much.

56
 ‫چطَر اس سهاى حال کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين‬
:‫واضتطز زاضز‬ٚ‫ض وّی ایٗ ظٔاٖ ز‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ال اضتثاقی تا ظٔاٖ حاَ زاضز‬ًٕٛٔ ٖ‫ایٗ ظٔا‬
ٜ‫لف ضس‬ٛ‫ یا اذیطا ٔت‬ٚ ٖٛٙ‫ٓ او‬ٞ ٝ‫ يّٕی و‬.1
(An action that has just stopped or recently stopped)
:ٜ‫ اتٕاْ ضسیس‬ٝ‫ٕیٗ حاال ت‬ٞ ‫ یا‬ٚ ‫ تاظٌی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٚ ٜ‫و ضس‬ٚ‫ ضط‬ٝ‫ زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ يّٕی غحثت ٔی و‬ٜ‫ٔا زضتاض‬

I'm tired because I've been running.

past present future

Recent action. Result now.

I'm tired [now], I've been running.

Why are the grasses wet [now]? Has it been raining?
You don't understand [now], because you haven't been listening.

(An action continuing up to now) ٜ‫ پیسا وطز‬ٝٔ‫ تا حاال ازا‬ٝ‫ يّٕی و‬.2
for ٚ since ‫ال تا‬ًٕٛٔ ٝ‫ و‬،‫ زاضز‬ٝٔ‫ظ ٘یع ازا‬ٛٙٞ ٚ ٜ‫و ضس‬ٚ‫ ضط‬ٝ‫ زض ٌصضت‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ يّٕی غحثت ٔی و‬ٜ‫یا ٔا زضتاض‬
.‫ز‬ٛ‫تیاٖ ٔی ض‬

I have been reading for 2 hours.

past present future

Action started in past. Action is continuing now.

I've been reading for two hours. [ I'm still reading now]
We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [ We're still studying now]
How long have you been learning English? [ You are still learning now]
We have not been smoking. [ And we are not smoking now]

‫ زض حمیمت یه‬ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ ساَ استفاز‬6 ‫ یا‬ٚ ٝ‫فت‬ٞ 2 ،ٝ‫ زلیم‬5 ُ‫ ظٔا٘ی ٔث‬ٜ‫ تاظ‬ٜ‫ تطای غحثت زضتاض‬for ‫ٔا اظ‬
.‫ ظٔا٘ی است‬ٜ‫ز‬ٚ‫ٔحس‬

ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٝ‫ث‬ٙ‫ض‬ٚ‫ظ ز‬ٚ‫ یا ض‬ٚ ‫الی‬ٛ‫ یىٓ ج‬، 9 ‫ ظٔاٖ ٔثُ سايت‬ٜ‫ تاظ‬ٜ‫ تطای غحثت زضتاض‬since ‫اظ‬
)‫ (زلت تیطتطی زاضز‬.‫ است‬ٝ‫و زض ٌصضت‬ٚ‫ ضط‬ٝ‫زضحمیمت یه ٘مك‬

57
 for since
a period of time a point in past time
x------------
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

I have been studying for 3 hours.
I have been watching TV since 7pm.
Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
Tara hasn't been visiting us since march.
He has been playing football for a long time.
He has been living in New York since he left school.

.‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٜ‫ای حاَ استفاز‬ٞ ٖ‫ال زض ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ since ‫ِی‬ٚ ‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫اٖ ت‬ٛ‫ط ظٔا٘ی ٔی ت‬ٞ ‫ ضا زض‬for ‫ال‬ًٕٛٔ
.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ ٘یع ٔی‬present perfect progressive ٖ‫ ایٗ ظٔا‬ٝ‫ ت‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

(Present Perfect Tense) ‫* سهاى حال کاهل‬

‫ساختار سهاى حال کاهل‬

:‫ساذتاض اغّی ایٗ ظٔاٖ تسیٗ ضىُ است‬

Subject + auxiliary verb (have) + main verb (past participle)

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ٔثاَ اظ ایٗ ظٔاٖ ت‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ت‬

58
 subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I have seen ET.
+ You have eaten mine.
- She has not been to Rome.
- We have not played football.
? Have you finished?
? Have they done it?

:ُٔ‫یسی زض ظٔاٖ حاَ وا‬ٛ٘ ٝ‫ذالغ‬

ٝ‫ٓ ت‬ٞ ‫ فًُ وٕىی ضا زض‬ٚ ُ‫ال فاي‬ًٕٛٔ ،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ زض غحثت وطزٖ اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ استفاز‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:ٓ‫ی‬ٞ‫ضتٗ ٘یع ا٘جاْ ٔی ز‬ٛ٘ ‫ا زض‬ٞ‫ ایٗ يُٕ ضا ٌا‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ذالغ‬ٚ ْ‫يی ازغا‬ٛ٘

I have I've
You have You've
He has He's
She has She's
It has It's
John has John's
The car has The car's
We have We've
They have They've

ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ت‬be ًُ‫ٓ ف‬ٞ ٚ have ‫ٓ تطای فًُ وٕىی‬ٞ 's ٝ‫ ضىُ ذالغ‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ت‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
‫ی‬ٚ‫و ضا تایس اظ ض‬ٛ‫ؾ‬ٛٔ ٚ‫ ایٗ ز‬.‫ تاضس‬It is eaten ٓٞ ٚ It has eaten ٖ‫ا‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔیت‬ٞ It's eaten َ‫ض ٔثا‬ٛ‫ق‬
.‫ٕیس‬ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٟٛ‫ٔف‬

‫کی ٍ چزا اس سهاى حال کاهل استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ واضتطز‬ٝ‫ض وّی ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ س‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ز زاضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ َ‫ حا‬ٚ ٝ‫ اضتثاقی تیٗ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ٖ‫زض ایٗ ظٔا‬
:‫زاضز‬
(experience) ٝ‫• تجطت‬
(change) ‫• تغییط‬
(continuing situation) )ٝٔ‫ (زض حاَ ازا‬ٝ‫ست‬ٛ‫ؾًیت پی‬ٚ •

59
 ‫‪ .1‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ تطای تجطت‪:ٝ‬‬
‫ٔا اغّة اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ تطای تیاٖ تجطتیاتی زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ٔ .‬ا ٕ٘ی ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ ظٔاٖ ا٘جاْ‬
‫واضی و‪ ٝ‬وطز‪ ٜ‬ایس ضا تف‪ٕٟ‬یٓ ت‪ٟٙ‬ا ٔی ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ ا٘جاْ ‪ ٚ‬یا يسْ ا٘جاْ آٖ ضا تسا٘یٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪I have seen ET.‬‬

‫‪He has lived in Bangkok.‬‬
‫?‪Have you been there‬‬
‫‪We have never eaten caviar.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬

‫يُٕ یا ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ٜ‬‬ ‫‪ ٚ‬اظ آٖ یه تػ‪ٛ‬یط ش‪ٙٞ‬ی زاضْ‬

‫‪The action or state was in the In my head, I have a memory‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪now‬‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ٌصضت‪ :ٝ‬يُٕ زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬اتفاق افتاز‪.ٜ‬‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ظٔاٖ حاَ‪ :‬او‪ ٖٛٙ‬یه تػ‪ٛ‬یط ش‪ٙٞ‬ی اظ آٖ زاضْ‪ ٗٔ .‬چیع‪ٞ‬ایی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز آٖ ضذساز ٔیسا٘ٓ‪ ٗٔ .‬تجطت‪ٝ‬‬
‫وطزْ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ تطای تغییط‪ :‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ تطای غحثت زض تاض‪ ٜ‬تغییط ‪ ٚ‬یا تیاٖ اقاليات‬
‫جسیس (و‪ ٝ‬زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ضخ زاز‪ِٚ ٜ‬ی ٔراقة اظ آٖ تی ذثط است) ٘یع استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫‪I have bought a car.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫زض ‪ٞ‬فت‪ٌ ٝ‬صضت‪ٔ ٗٔ ٝ‬اضی‪ٙ‬ی ٘ساضتٓ‬ ‫‪ِٚ‬ی االٖ ٔاضیٗ زاضْ‬

‫‪John has broken his leg.‬‬

‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫زیط‪ٚ‬ظ پای جاٖ ذ‪ٛ‬ب ت‪ٛ‬ز‬ ‫‪ِٚ‬ی االٖ پایص ضىست‪ٝ‬‬

‫?‪Has the price gone up‬‬

‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫زیط‪ٚ‬ظ لیٕت ‪ٞ‬عاض ت‪ ٗٔٛ‬ت‪ٛ‬ز؟‬ ‫أط‪ٚ‬ظ لیٕت ‪ٞ‬عاض ‪ٞ ٚ‬فتػس ت‪ٝٙٔٛ‬؟‬

‫‪60‬‬
 ‫‪The police have arrested the killer.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫زیط‪ٚ‬ظ لاتُ آظازا٘‪ ٝ‬زض ض‪ٟ‬ط لسْ ٔی ظز‬ ‫‪ِٚ‬ی االٖ زض ظ٘ساٖ است‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ٌصضت‪ٌ :ٝ‬صضت‪ ٝ‬تا حاَ ٔتفا‪ٚ‬ت است (تغییط وطز‪.)ٜ‬‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ظٔاٖ حاَ‪ :‬ظٔاٖ حاَ ٘یع تا ٌصضت‪ٔ ٝ‬تفا‪ٚ‬ت است (تغییط وطز‪.)ٜ‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬آٔطیىایی ‪ٞ‬ا ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ساظ‪ ٜ‬اٍّ٘یسی ‪ٞ‬ا اظ ایٗ ظٔاٖ استفاز‪ٕ٘ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙٙ‬س ‪ًٕٛٔ ٚ‬ال اظ ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی‬
‫و‪ٙٙ‬س ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ‪ :‬یه أطیىایی ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬یس‪ِٚ “Did you have lunch” :‬ی یه اٍّ٘یسی ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫”‪“Have you had lunch‬‬

‫‪ .3‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ تطای تیاٖ ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت پی‪ٛ‬ست‪:ٝ‬‬

‫ایٗ حاِتی است و‪ ٝ‬زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ضط‪ٚ‬و ضس‪ِٚ ٜ‬ی زض ظٔاٖ حاَ ٘یع ازأ‪ ٝ‬زاضز (‪ ٚ‬احتٕاال زض آی‪ٙ‬س‪٘ ٜ‬یع ازأ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ذ‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬س زاضت)‪ .‬زلت و‪ٙ‬یس و‪ ٝ‬یه حاِت )‪ (state‬است ‪ ٚ‬يُٕ )‪٘ (action‬یست‪.‬‬

‫ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال اظ ‪ since ٚ for‬تا ساذتاض ظیط استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬

‫‪I have worked here since June.‬‬

‫‪He has been ill for 2 days.‬‬
‫?‪How long have you known Tara‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬

‫أىاٖ زاضز زض آی‪ٙ‬س‪٘ ٜ‬یع ازأ‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ٝ‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ‪ ٚ‬یا حاِت زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ضخ زاز‪ٜ‬‬ ‫تا حاال ازأ‪ ٝ‬پیسا وطز‪ٜ‬‬
‫تاضس‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ٌصضت‪ٚ :ٝ‬ؾًیت ‪ ٚ‬یا حاِت زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬ضط‪ٚ‬و ضس‪ٜ‬‬

‫اضتثاـ تا ظٔاٖ حاَ‪ :‬تا االٖ ٘یع ازأ‪ ٝ‬پیسا وطز‪ٜ‬‬

‫‪ since ٍ for‬در سهاى حال کاهل ٍ تفاٍت ّاي آى ّا‬

‫ٔا اغّة اظ ‪ since ٚ for‬زض ظٔاٖ حاَ وأُ استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫ٔا اظ ‪ for‬تطای غحثت زضتاض‪ ٜ‬تاظ‪ ٜ‬ظٔا٘ی ٔثُ ‪ 5‬زلیم‪ٞ 2 ،ٝ‬فت‪ ٚ ٝ‬یا ‪ 6‬ساَ استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ ٚ‬زض حمیمت یه‬
‫ٔحس‪ٚ‬ز‪ ٜ‬ظٔا٘ی است‪.‬‬
‫اظ ‪ since‬تطای غحثت زضتاض‪ ٜ‬تاظ‪ ٜ‬ظٔاٖ ٔثُ سايت ‪ ، 9‬یىٓ ج‪ٛ‬الی ‪ ٚ‬یا ض‪ٚ‬ظ ز‪ٚ‬ض‪ٙ‬ث‪ ٝ‬استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ ‪ ٚ‬زض‬
‫حمیمت یه ٘مك‪ ٝ‬ضط‪ٚ‬و زض ٌصضت‪ ٝ‬است‪( .‬زلت تیطتطی زاضز)‬

‫‪61‬‬
 for since
a period of time a point in past time
x------------
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

I have been here for 20 minutes.
I have been here since 9 o'clock.
John hasn't called for six months.
John hasn't called since February.
.‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ای حاَ ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ال فمف تا ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ since ‫ِی‬ٚ ‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫اٖ ت‬ٛ‫ط ظٔا٘ی ٔی ت‬ٞ ‫ ضا تا‬for :ٝ‫٘ىت‬

(Simple Present Tense) ُ‫* سهاى حال ساد‬

‫چطَر اس سهاى حال سادُ استفادُ کٌين‬

:ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫لتی اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‬ٚ ‫ٔا‬

(The action is general) ‫ٔی تاضس‬ٕٛ‫ ي‬ّٕٝ‫• ج‬
I am not fat :ُ‫ٔث‬
.ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ آی‬ٚ َ‫ حا‬،ٝ‫ٕیطٍی زض ظٔاٖ ٌصضت‬ٞ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ یا ت‬ٚ ‫ اتفاق ٔی افتس‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ‫ضز ٘هط‬ٛٔ ُٕ‫• ي‬
)‫س افتاز‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ٓ اتفاق ذ‬ٞ ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ضز ٘هط فمف زض ظٔاٖ جاضی اتفاق ٕ٘ی افتس (زض آی‬ٛٔ ُٕ‫• ي‬
The moon goes round the earth :ُ‫ زضست تاضس (ٔثُ یه حمیمت يّٕی) ٔث‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ‫• يثاضت‬
John drives a taxi.
past present future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

62
 ُ‫ساختار اصلی سهاى حال ساد‬
Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main verb
‫ فًُ اغّی‬+ ‫ فًُ وٕىی‬+ ُ‫فاي‬

:ٟٓٔ ٖٛ٘‫ لا‬ٝ‫س‬

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٕ٘ی و‬ٜ‫ال اظ افًاَ وٕىی استفاز‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ تطای جٕالت ٔثثت‬.1
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ اؾاف‬s ‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٝ‫ یا ت‬ٚ es ‫ فًُ وٕىی‬ٝ‫( ت‬she, it ,he) ‫ْ ضرع ٔفطز‬ٛ‫ تطای س‬.2
.َ‫ا‬ٛ‫ س‬ٚ ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫یٓ حتی تطای جٕالت‬ٙ‫ ٕ٘ی و‬ٜ‫ ٔا اظ افًاَ وٕىی استفاز‬to be ًُ‫ تطای ف‬.3

subject auxiliary verb main verb

I, you, we, they like coffee.
+
He, she, it likes coffee.
I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
-
He, she, it does not like coffee.
Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
?
Does he, she, it like coffee?

!‫ز ٘ساضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫یچ فًُ وٕىی‬ٞ ،‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ت‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ to be ‫ زاضای فًُ اغّی‬ٝ‫ای و‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

subject main verb

I am French.
+ You, we, they are French.
He, she, it is French.
I am not old.
- You, we, they are not old.
He, she, it is not old.
Am I late?
? Are you, we, they late?
Is he, she, it late?

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

I live in New York.
The moon goes round the earth.
John drives a taxi.

63
‫‪We do not work at night.‬‬
‫?‪Do you play football‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬زاضت‪ ٝ‬تاضیس و‪ ٝ‬تا فًُ ‪ ٚ to be‬تا استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تطای ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ‪ٞ‬ایی ٘یع استفاز‪ٜ‬‬
‫و‪ٙ‬یٓ و‪ ٝ‬يٕ‪ٔٛ‬ی ٘یست‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای فًُ ‪ to be‬زض ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‪ ٜ‬ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪ :‬تطذی اظ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا يٕ‪ٔٛ‬ی ‪ٚ‬‬
‫تطذی زیٍط ظٔاٖ حاَ ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪:‬‬
‫?‪Am I right‬‬
‫‪Tara is not at home.‬‬
‫‪You are happy.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ظٔاٖ حاَ است‪.‬‬

‫‪I am not fat.‬‬

‫?‪Why are you so beautiful‬‬
‫‪Ram is tall.‬‬
‫‪past‬‬ ‫‪present‬‬ ‫‪future‬‬

‫‪ٚ‬ؾًیت يٕ‪ٔٛ‬ی است (حاَ ‪ٌ ،‬صضت‪ ٚ ٝ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪)ٜ‬‬

‫چ‪ٙ‬س ٘ىت‪:ٝ‬‬
‫‪ .1‬افًاِی و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٚ z - ss - s - x - sh - ch ٝ‬یا ‪ o‬ذتٓ ٔی ض‪٘ٛ‬س تایس ت‪ ٝ‬آذطضاٖ ‪ es‬اؾاف‪ ٝ‬وطز‪( .‬اِثت‪ ٝ‬تطای‬
‫س‪ ْٛ‬ضرع ٔفطز)‪:‬‬
‫‪She watches TV.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬اٌط فًُ ت‪ ٝ‬حطف ‪ y‬ذتٓ تط‪ٛ‬ز ‪ ٚ‬لثُ اظ ‪ y‬یه حطف تی غسا لطاض تٍیطز‪ ،‬تطای س‪ ْٛ‬ضرع ‪ٞ‬ای ٔفطز حطف‬
‫‪ y‬زض ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ای فًُ ت‪ i ٝ‬تثسیُ ضس‪ ٚ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آٖ ‪ es‬اؾاف‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪He studies.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬زض ای‪ٙ‬جا تحث تط ایٗ ت‪ٛ‬ز و‪ ٝ‬اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‪ ٜ‬تطای ‪ٚ‬ؾًیت ‪ٞ‬ای يٕ‪ٔٛ‬ی ‪ٌ ٚ‬ا‪ٞ‬ا ظٔاٖ حاَ استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی‬
‫ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ِٚ .‬ی واضتطز ‪ٞ‬ای زیٍطی ٘یع اظ ظٔاٖ حاَ ساز‪ٚ ٜ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاض٘س‪ ،‬ت‪ ٝ‬ق‪ٛ‬ض ٔثاَ زض ضطـ ‪ٞ‬ا تا استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ظٔاٖ‬
‫حاَ ساز‪ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬اضاض‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪64‬‬
 )future( ُ‫آيٌذ‬

(Future Continuous Tense) ‫* سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري‬

‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري‬

Subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb BE + main verb

present
invariable invariable
participle
will be base + ing

‫اِی ٘یع وافیست‬ٛ‫ تطای ساذت جٕالت س‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ اؾاف‬not ‫ یه‬be ٚ will ٗ‫ تی‬، ‫فی‬ٙٔ ّٕٝ‫ت ساذت ج‬ٟ‫ج‬
:‫ ٕ٘اییس‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ؼ و‬ٛ‫ ضا ي‬will ٚ ُ‫جای فاي‬

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb

+ I will be working at 10am.

on a beach
+ You will be lying
tomorrow.
- She will not be using the car.
- We will not be having dinner at home.
? Will you be playing football?
? Will they be watching TV?

‫ض اذتػاضی تیاٖ ٔی‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬will ٚ ُ‫یٓ اغّة فاي‬ٙ‫ استٕطاضی غحثت ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ضز ظٔاٖ آی‬ٛٔ ‫ زض‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫و‬
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

65
 :ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔرتػط ٔی و‬won’t ُ‫ ضى‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬not ٚ will ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫تطای جٕالت‬
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not he won't
she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't

. we ٚ I ‫ظ تطای‬ٛ‫ ذػ‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬will ‫ جای‬ٝ‫ ت‬shall ‫الى اظ‬ٛٔ ‫ تطذی‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

‫چگًَِ اس سهاى آيٌذُ استوزاري استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ زض‬ٝ‫ ای و‬ٝ‫ لثُ اظ آٖ ِحه‬،ُٕ‫ ي‬.‫ ٔی تاضس‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ای ٔطرع زض آی‬ٝ‫ استٕطاضی ٔثیٗ يّٕی زض ِحه‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ظٔاٖ آی‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ٔثاَ ظیط ت‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ است‬ٝ‫ ٘یافت‬ٕٝ‫ ذات‬ٝ‫ِی زض آٖ ِحه‬ٚ ٜ‫و ضس‬ٚ‫یٓ ضط‬ٙ‫ضزش غحثت ٔی و‬ٛٔ

Tomorrow I will start work at 2 pm and stop work at 6 pm.

At 4 pm tomorrow, I will be working.

past present future
4 pm
At 4 pm, I will be in the
middle of working.

ٝ‫ضز چ‬ٛٔ ‫ ٔا زض‬ٝ‫ال ٔراقة ٔا ٔیسا٘س و‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ استٕطاضی تیاٖ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ای ضا زض ظٔاٖ آی‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ غحثت ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ظٔا٘ی زض آی‬

I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.

They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
What will you be doing at 10 pm tonight?
What will you be doing when I arrive? [tomorrow]?
She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
We will be having dinner when the film starts.
Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return.

66
 (Future Perfect Continuous Tense) ‫* سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري‬

‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري‬

auxiliary verb auxiliary verb auxiliary verb

subject + + + + main verb
WILL HAVE BE
present
invariable invariable past participle
participle
will have been base + ing

‫اِی‬ٛ‫ تطای ساذت جٕالت س‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ اؾاف‬not ‫ یه‬،have ٚ will ‫فی تیٗ فًُ وٕىی‬ٙٔ ‫تطای ساذت جٕالت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ؼ و‬ٛ‫ ضا ي‬will ٚ ُ‫٘یع وافیست جای فاي‬

auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary

subject main verb
verb verb verb
+ I will have been working for four hours.
+ You will have been travelling for two days.
- She will not have been using the car.
- We will not have been waiting long.
? Will you have been playing football?
? Will they have been watching TV?

ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ض ذالغ‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬will ٚ ُ‫یٓ اغّة فاي‬ٙ‫ وأُ استٕطاضی تیاٖ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٝ‫ ای ضا ت‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:ٓ‫واض ٔی ٌیطی‬
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

67
 :ٓ‫ تىاض ٔی تطی‬won’t ُ‫ ضى‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬not ٚ will ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫تطای ٔرتػط ساظی جٕالت‬
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not he won't
she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't

‫چطَر اس سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استوزاري استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ای‬ِٟ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ای ٔطرع زض آی‬ٝ‫ال٘ی لثُ اظ ٘مك‬ٛ‫ يّٕی ق‬ٜ‫اظ ایٗ ظٔاٖ تطای غحثت زضتاض‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ظیط ت‬
I will have been working here for ten years next week.
He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been travelling for 24 hours.

(Future Perfect Tense) ‫* سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل‬

‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل‬

auxiliary verb
subject + + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb
WILL

invariable invariable past participle

will have V3

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will have finished by 10 am.
+ You will have forgotten me by then.
- She will not have gone to school.
We will not have left.
? Will you have arrived?
? Will they have received it?

68
 ‫ ضا‬have ٚ will ،ُ‫لات فاي‬ٚ‫ تطذی ا‬ٚ will ٚ ُ‫ا فاي‬ٞ‫یٓ ٌا‬ٙ‫ وأُ تیاٖ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٝ‫ ای ضا ت‬ّٕٝ‫لتی ج‬ٚ
:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ذالغ‬
I will have I'll have I'll've
you will have you'll have you'll've
he will have he'll have he'll've
she will have she'll have she'll've
it will have it'll have it'll've
we will have we'll have we'll've
they will have they'll have they'll've

. we ٚ I ‫غا تطای‬ٛ‫ ذػ‬.ٓ‫ واض ٔیثطی‬ٝ‫ ت‬will ‫ جای‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬shall ‫لات‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ ٌا‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

‫چطَر اس سهاى آيٌذُ کاهل استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ ٘یع ٔی‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ زض آی‬ٝ‫ آٖ ٌصضت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ و‬.‫ است‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ لثُ اظ يّٕی زیٍط زضآی‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ وأُ تیاٍ٘ط يّٕی زضآی‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ظٔاٖ آی‬
:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ
The train will leave the station at 9 am. You will arrive at the station at 9:15 am.
So: When you arrive the train will have left.

The train will have left when you arrive.

past present future
Train leaves in future at 9 am.
9 9:15

You arrive in future at 9:15 am.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8 am.
They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
"Marry won't be at home when you arrive". Really? Where will she have gone?

(Simple Future Tense) ُ‫* سهاى آيٌذُ ساد‬

.ٓ‫ ٔی ساظی‬will ‫ اظ فًُ وٕىی ویفی‬ٜ‫ ایٗ ظٔاٖ ضا تا استفاز‬ٝ‫ چطا و‬،‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ ٘یع ٔی‬will ٜ‫ ساز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٝ‫ت‬

69
 ُ‫ساختار سهاى آيٌذُ ساد‬
:‫ ضىُ ظیط است‬ٝ‫ساذتاض ایٗ ظٔاٖ ت‬
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb
invariable base
will V1

‫اِی‬ٛ‫ت ساذت جٕالت س‬ٟ‫ ج‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ اؾاف‬not ‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٚ ‫فی تیٗ فًُ وٕىی‬ٙٔ ‫تطای ساذت جٕالت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ؼ و‬ٛ‫ فًُ وٕىی ضا ي‬ٚ ُ‫٘یع وافیست جای فاي‬

subject auxiliary verb main verb

+ I will open the door.
+ You will finish before me.
- She will not be at school tomorrow.
- We will not leave yet.
? Will you arrive on time?
? Will they want dinner?

:ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ض ذالغ‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ فًُ وٕىی ضا ت‬ٚ ُ‫ واضتطزٖ ایٗ ظٔاٖ اغّة فاي‬ٝ‫ٍاْ ت‬ٙٞ

I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

‫ تا‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ( .ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ذالغ‬not ‫ تا‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ‫ فًُ وٕىی ضا‬،‫ فًُ وٕىی‬ٚ ُ‫ جای فاي‬ٝ‫ ت‬، not ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫زض جٕالت‬
)will ‫تغییط ضىُ زض‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ تًس ت‬ٝ‫ زض غفح‬ٜ‫ای شوط ضس‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

70
 I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not he won't
she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't

‫چگًَِ اس سهاى آيٌذُ سادُ استفادُ کٌين‬

‫ یا‬ٚ ٝٔ‫یچ تط٘ا‬ٞ ‫ لثُ اظ غحثت‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫لتی اظ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٚ : )No Plan( ٝٔ‫ٖ تط٘ا‬ٚ‫• تس‬
ٝ‫ تطای ا٘جاْ واض ت‬ٝٔ‫ یا تط٘ا‬ٚ ٓ‫ تػٕی‬ٝ‫ تّى‬.‫ز ٘ساضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫یٓ آٖ ضا تیاٖ و‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ضز يّٕی و‬ٛٔ ‫تػٕیٕی زض‬
.‫ز ٔی آیس‬ٛ‫ج‬ٛ‫ضز آٖ يُٕ ت‬ٛٔ ‫ٍاْ غحثت زض‬ٙٞ ‫ز زض‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٝ‫ز ت‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٚ ‫ی‬ٕٙ‫ض ؾ‬ٛ‫ق‬
Hold on, I'll get a pen.
I will see, What I can do to help you.
Maybe, we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫ ضا ٘یع لثُ اظ آٖ اؾاف‬to think ًُ‫ ف‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ واضتطزٖ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٝ‫ٍاْ ت‬ٙٞ ‫لات‬ٚ‫اغّة ا‬
I think I'll go to the gym (gymnasium) tomorrow.
I think I'll have a holiday next year.
I don't think I'll buy that car.

‫یچ‬ٞ ‫جا ٘یع‬ٙ‫ زض ای‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫یی أطی زض آی‬ٍٛ‫ تطای پیط‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ا اظ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٞ ‫لت‬ٚ ‫ ٔا ذیّی‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
ٝ‫ت‬. ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫س افتاز ضا تیاٖ ٔی و‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫یٓ اتفاق ذ‬ٙ‫ فىط ٔی و‬ٝ‫ا آٖ چیعی ضا و‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٚ ‫ز ٘ساضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ (ٔحىٓ) لثّی‬ٝٔ‫تط٘ا‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ٔثاَ ت‬ٙ‫چ‬
It will rain tomorrow.
People won't go to the Jupiter before 22nd Century.
Who do you think will get the job?

ٝٔ‫ تط٘ا‬ٚ ‫ حتی تطای تیاٖ تػٕیٕات‬ٜ‫ ساز‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ا٘یٓ اظ ظٔاٖ آی‬ٛ‫ تاضس ٔی ت‬be ‫ فًُ اغّی‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ : be •
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ای لثّی غحثت و‬ٞ
I will be in London tomorrow.
I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
Will you be at work tomorrow.
‫ يثاضت‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ ٖ‫ال اظ ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ ٓ‫ زاضی‬ٜ‫س‬ٙ‫ لػس ا٘جاْ واضی ضا زض آی‬ٚ ‫ ٘یت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ ‫ تاضیس‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ت‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬going to ‫ یا‬ٚ ‫س ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی‬ٙ٘‫ای زیٍطی ٔا‬ٞ

71
 ‫‪ ‬فصل ّشتن‪ :‬اسن‬

‫* اسن ّا‬
‫تًطیف یه اسٓ واض زض‪ٛ‬اضی ٘یست‪ ،‬اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ا اضیاء ‪ ٚ‬اسثاب )‪ ٚ (things‬افًاَ ايُٕ ‪ ٚ‬واض ‪ٞ‬ا ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ٔ .‬ثُ‬
‫‪( food‬غصا)‪ ،‬غصا چیعی است و‪ٔ ٝ‬ا ٔی ذ‪ٛ‬ضیٓ پس اسٓ است‪ .‬یا ‪( Happiness‬ذ‪ٛ‬ضحاِی) چیعی است و‪ٝ‬‬
‫آٖ ضا ٔیر‪ٛ‬ا‪ٞ‬یٓ پس ‪٘ Happiness‬یع اسٓ است ‪ ٚ‬یا ‪( Human being‬ا٘ساٖ ت‪ٛ‬زٖ)‪ ،‬و‪ ٝ‬چیعی است و‪ٝ‬‬
‫ضٕا ‪ٞ‬ستیس‪.‬‬

‫* اسن ّا چِ ّستٌذ‬
‫زض تًطیف ساز‪ ٜ‬اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ا اضراظ‪ٔ ،‬ىاٖ ‪ٞ‬ا ‪ ٚ‬چیع‪ٞ‬ا ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ‪ٞ‬ای ظیط زلت و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪Person: man - woman - teacher - Mary - John.‬‬
‫‪Place: home - office - town - country - America - mosque ...‬‬
‫‪Thing: table - car - banana - money - music - love - dog - monkey‬‬

‫ایطازی و‪ ٝ‬زض تًطیف ف‪ٛ‬ق ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز ایٗ است و‪ٔ ٝ‬ثال وّٕ‪ love ٝ‬زض آٖ تًطیف ٕ٘ی ٌ‪ٙ‬جس‪ .‬تا ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز ای‪ٙ‬ى‪ٝ‬‬
‫‪ ٓٞ love‬اسٓ‪ ٓٞ ٚ ،‬فًُ است‪.‬‬
‫یه ضا‪( ٜ‬وٕی پیچیس‪ ٜ‬تط) زیٍط تطای تطریع اسٓ استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ ٔ‪ٛ‬اضز ظیط است‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬تا استفاز‪ ٜ‬اظ پایاٖ آٖ )‪(it’s Ending‬‬
‫‪ٔ .2‬حُ لطاضٌیطی آٖ )‪(position‬‬
‫‪ٚ .3‬نیف‪( ٝ‬واضوطز) آٖ )‪(functions‬‬

‫پاياى اسن ّا )‪(Noun Endings‬‬

‫چ‪ٙ‬سیٗ ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز پایاٖ ٔطرع تطای وّٕ‪ٚ ٝ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز و‪٘ ٝ‬طاٖ ز‪ٙٞ‬س‪ ٜ‬اسٓ ت‪ٛ‬زٖ اٖ ِغت است‪:‬‬
‫‪ity > nationality‬‬
‫‪ment > management‬‬
‫‪ness > happiness‬‬
‫‪ation > relation‬‬
‫‪hood > childhood‬‬
‫اِثت‪ ٝ‬ایٗ حاِت پایا٘ی تطای تٕأی حط‪ٚ‬ف پایا٘ی غحیح ٘یست ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ‪ spoonful :‬تا ‪ ful‬تٕاْ ٔیط‪ٛ‬ز‬
‫زض حاِی و‪ ٝ‬غفت ‪٘ careful‬یع چ‪ٙ‬یٗ است‪.‬‬

‫هحل قزارگيزي اسن ّا )‪(Position in Sentence‬‬

‫زض اغّة ٔ‪ٛ‬اضز ٔیت‪ٛ‬اٖ اظ ض‪ٚ‬ی ٔ‪ٛ‬لًیتی و‪ ٝ‬یه اسٓ زض جّٕ‪ ٝ‬زاضز آٖ ضا تطریع زاز‪.‬‬
‫اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ا ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال تًس اظ یه غفت اضاض‪ٔ (determiner) ٜ‬ی آی‪ٙ‬س‪ ،‬غفت اضاض‪ٔ ٜ‬ثُ‪،my ،this ،that ،a ،an :‬‬
‫‪... ٚ such‬‬

‫‪72‬‬
a relief
an afternoon
the doctor
this word
my house
such stupidity

:‫س‬ٙ‫س غفت ٔی آی‬ٙ‫ یا چ‬ٚ ‫ال تًس اظ یه‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ا‬ٞ ٓ‫اس‬

a great relief
a peaceful afternoon
the tall Indian doctor
this difficult word
my brown and white house [my brown white house]
such crass stupidity

(Functions) ‫ٍظيفِ اسن ّا‬

:‫ زاض٘س‬ّٕٝ‫ ای ٔطرع زض ج‬ٝ‫نیف‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ ٓ‫اس‬
subject of verb: Doctors work hard.
object of verb: He likes coffee.
subject and object of verb: teachers teach students.

ٚ (pronoun) ‫س ؾٕیط‬ٙ٘‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬ٝ‫ تّى‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ا اسٓ ٘یست‬ٞ ّٕٝ‫( زض ج‬object) ‫سف‬ٞ ٚ (subject) ُ‫ فاي‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ
:‫س‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ تاض‬ٝ‫احسی زاضت‬ٚ ‫ای‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫ی اظ وّٕات ٔی‬ٞٚ‫ ٌط‬ٝ‫ ت‬phrase .‫س‬ٙ‫( تاض‬phrase) ‫یا يثاضت‬
.‫ است‬phrasal verb ‫ یه‬ٝ‫ و‬run down
:ّٕٝ‫زض ج‬
My doctor works hard.
.‫ ٔی تاضس‬my doctor ُ‫ِی فاي‬ٚ ‫ اسٓ است‬doctor ّٕٝ‫و‬

(Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns) ‫* اسن ّاي شوارا ٍ غيز قابل شوارا‬
.‫س‬ٙٙ‫ غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا تًطیف ٔی و‬ٚ ‫زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی اسأی ضا اغّة زض لاِة اسأی ضٕاضا‬
‫اسن ّاي شوارا‬
‫س‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬.ٓ‫ا ضا تطٕاضی‬ٟ٘‫ا٘یٓ آ‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ایی‬ٞ‫ا چیع‬ٟ٘‫ آ‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫اسایی‬ٙ‫ آسا٘ی لاتُ ض‬ٝ‫اسأی ضٕاضا ت‬
‫ تًس‬ٝ‫ زض غفح‬.ٓ‫ تاضی‬ٝ‫زواض زاضت‬ٛ‫سیٗ ذ‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٚ ٚ‫ ز‬، ‫ا٘یٓ یه‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬،ٓ‫زواض ضا تطٕاضی‬ٛ‫ا٘یٓ ذ‬ٛ‫ ٔا ٔی ت‬.‫زواض‬ٛ‫ذ‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫س اسٓ ضٕاضا ضا ٔطا‬ٙ‫چ‬

73
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, liter
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, folk
table, chair, suitcase, bag

:‫س‬ٙ‫( تاض‬plural) ‫ٓ جٕى‬ٞ ٚ (singular) ‫س ٔفطز‬ٙ٘‫ا‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔیت‬ٞ ‫ای ضٕاضا‬ٞ ٓ‫اس‬

My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.

(indefinite article) .ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬an ٚ a ٜ‫ف ٘ىط‬ٚ‫ا٘یٓ اظ حط‬ٛ‫تطای اسأی ضٕاضا ٔی ت‬
A dog is an animal.

:ُ‫ ٔث‬ّٕٝ‫ آٖ یه و‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ‫ز حتٕا تایس‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ضت ٔفطز ت‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٝ‫ اسأی ضٕاضا ت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
.‫ تیایس‬... ٚ my ،this ،the ،a
I want an orange. (not I want orange)
Where is my bottle? (not where is bottle)

ٜ‫ایی لاتُ استفاز‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٚ ٜ‫ز‬ٛ‫ق ٘ث‬ٛ‫ وّٕات ف‬ٝ‫ز ٘یاظی ت‬ٚ‫ واض ض‬ٝ‫ضت جٕى ت‬ٛ‫ غ‬ٝ‫ اسٕی ضٕاضا ت‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ ‫ِی‬ٚ
:‫است‬
I like oranges.
Bottles can break.

:ٓ‫ ٕ٘ایی‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬any ‫ یا‬ٚ some ‫ا٘یٓ اظ‬ٛ‫ای ضٕاضا ٔیت‬ٞ ٓ‫ تا اس‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ
I've got some dollars.
Have you got any pen?

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ای ضٕاضا استفاز‬ٞ ٓ‫ تا اس‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ‫ ٘یع‬many ‫ یا‬ٚ a few ‫ا٘یٓ اظ‬ٛ‫ تط ایٗ ٔیت‬ٜٚ‫يال‬
I've got a few dollars.
I haven't got many pens.

ٓ‫ا٘ی‬ٛ‫ ٔا ٔی ت‬.‫ ٔی تاضس‬person ‫ حاِت جٕى ِغت‬ٚ .‫ای ٔطزْ یه اسٓ ضٕاضا است‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ت‬people :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
:ٓ‫ٔطزْ ضا تطٕاضی‬
There is one person here.
There is three people here.

74
 ‫اسن ّاي غيز قابل شوارا‬
‫اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س یه ٘‪ٛ‬و ٔاز‪ٔ ،ٜ‬ف‪ ٚ ْٟٛ‬یا ‪ٞ‬ط چیع زیٍطی تاضس و‪٘ ٝ‬ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ آٖ ضا ت‪ ٝ‬ترص‬
‫‪ٞ‬ای ٔجعا تمسیٓ و‪ٙ‬یٓ (٘ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ضا تطٕاضیٓ)‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ ٔا ضیط )‪ (milk‬ضا ٕ٘یت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تطٕاضیٓ‪ِٚ .‬ی‬
‫تكطی ‪ٞ‬ای ضیط )‪ (bottles of milk‬لاتُ ضٕاضا است‪ .‬زض ظیط ت‪ ٝ‬چ‪ٙ‬س ٔثاَ اظ اسأی غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا زلت‬
‫و‪ٙ‬یس‪:‬‬
‫‪music, art, love, happiness.‬‬
‫‪advice, information, news.‬‬
‫‪furniture, luggage.‬‬
‫‪rice, sugar, butter, water.‬‬
‫‪electricity, gas, power.‬‬
‫‪money, currency.‬‬

‫ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال تا اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا ٔا٘‪ٙ‬س اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای ٔفطز ضفتاض ٔی ٕ٘اییٓ‪ .‬اظ فًُ ٔفطز ٘یع استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬یى‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪This news is very important.‬‬
‫‪Your luggage looks heavy.‬‬

‫تطای اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال اظ حط‪ٚ‬ف ٘ىط‪ an ٚ a ٜ‬استفاز‪ٕ٘ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ ٕ٘یت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ‬
‫تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪ "an information" :‬یا " ‪ِٚ "a news‬ی ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ اظ حاِت‪ a something of :‬استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫ٔثُ‪:‬‬
‫‪a piece of news.‬‬
‫‪a bottle of water.‬‬
‫‪a grain of rice.‬‬

‫‪ any ٚ some‬ضا ٔیت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا اسأی غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا استفاز‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫‪I've got some money.‬‬
‫?‪Have you got any rice‬‬

‫اظ ‪٘ much ٚ a little‬یع ٔیت‪ٛ‬اٖ ‪ٕٞ‬طا‪ ٜ‬تا اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا استفاز‪ ٜ‬وطز‪:‬‬
‫‪I've got a little money.‬‬
‫‪I haven't got much rice.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا ‪( mass nouns‬اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای جًٕی) ٘یع ٌفت‪ٔ ٝ‬یط‪ٛ‬ز‪.‬‬

‫اسن ّايی کِ هی تَاًٌذ ّن شوارا ٍ ّن غيز قابل شوارا باشٌذ‬

‫ٌا‪ٞ‬ی ا‪ٚ‬لات یه اسٓ ‪ٔ ٓٞ‬یت‪ٛ‬ا٘س ضٕاضا ‪ ٓٞ ٚ‬غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا تاضس‪ .‬اِثت‪ٌ ٝ‬ا‪ٞ‬ا تا تغییطی زض ًٔ‪ٙ‬ی‪.‬‬

‫‪75‬‬
 Countable Uncountable
hair There are two hairs in my coffee! I don't have much hair.
Close the curtain. There's too much
light There are two lights in our bedroom.
light!
It's difficult to work when there is too
noise Shhhh! I thought I heard a noise.
much noise.
Have you got a paper to read I want to draw a picture. Have you got
paper
(= newspaper) some paper?
room Our house has seven rooms. Is there room for me to sit here?
time We had a great time at the party. Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's
work I have no money. I need work!
greatest works.

‫جا٘ی‬ٙ‫ یا ف‬ٚ ‫اٖ آب‬ٛ‫ یه ِی‬ٝ‫ِی اٌط زاضیٓ ت‬ٚ ‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ال غیط لاتُ ضٕاضا‬ًٕٛٔ )... ٚ ٜٟٛ‫ ل‬،‫ا (آب‬ٞ ‫ضیس٘ی‬ٛ٘ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
)ٖ‫ضا‬ٛ‫یٓ (ٔثال زض ضست‬ٙ‫ ضىُ ظیط تیاٖ و‬ٝ‫ا٘یٓ آٖ ضا ت‬ٛ‫یٓ ٔیت‬ٙ‫ضیس٘ی فىط ٔیى‬ٛ٘
Two teas and one coffee please.

(Proper Nouns) ‫* اسن ّاي هشخص‬

،ٖ‫ ٔىا‬،‫ضز یه ضرع‬ٛٔ ‫ ٔا تطای غحثت زض‬ٝ‫ ای (٘أی) است و‬ّٕٝ‫( و‬proper noun) ‫یه اسٓ ٔطرع‬
‫ط ٘أی اسٓ ٘یع‬ٞ ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ت‬.Sony, London, Marie, John :ُ‫ واض ٔی تطیٓ ٔث‬ٝ‫ ت‬... ٚ ٖ‫ساظٔا‬
:‫ ذاغی زاض٘س‬ٜ‫ای ٔطرع لايس‬ٞ ٓ‫ اس‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ اسٓ ٔطرػ‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ای ذاغی‬ٞ ٓ‫ِی فمف اس‬ٚ ‫ست‬ٞ

common noun proper noun

man, boy John
woman, girl Mary
country, town England, London
company Ford, Sony
shop, restaurant Maceys, McDonalds
month, day of the week January, Sunday
book, film War & Peace, Titanic

76
 ‫بِ کارگيزي حزٍف بشرگ بزاي اسن ّاي هشخص‬
‫ وٕپا٘ی‬،ٗ‫ أاو‬،‫ ایٗ ضأُ اسٓ اضراظ‬ٚ .ٓ‫یسی‬ٛ٘ ‫ف تعضي ٔی‬ٚ‫ای ٔطرع ضا تا حط‬ٞ ٓ‫َ اس‬ٚ‫ حطف ا‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ا ٔی تاضس‬ٞ ٜ‫ ٔا‬ٚ ٝ‫فت‬ٞ ‫ای‬ٞ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ ض‬،‫ا‬ٞ
They like John.
I live in England.
She works for Sony.
The last day in January is a Monday.
We saw Titanic in the Odeon Cinema.

The ‫اسن ّاي هشخص بذٍى‬

:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٕ٘ی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫تطای ٘اْ اضراظ اظ حطف تًطیف‬

Bill (not *the Bill)

first names
Hilary
Gates
surnames
Clinton
Bill Gates
full names
Hilary Clinton

:‫ ٘یست‬The ٝ‫ا ٘یاظ ت‬ٞ ‫َ تطای ٘اْ وٕپا٘ی‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ت‬

Renault, Ford, Sony, EnglishClub.com
General Motors, Air France, British Airways
Warner Brothers, Brown & Son Ltd

‫س ٘یاظی‬ٙ‫ تا اسٓ ضرع تیای‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫س چ‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ ضرػی‬ٝ‫ ٔتًّك ت‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ ٖ‫ زض وُ ٔىا‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ ُ‫ت‬ٞ ،‫ا‬ٞ ٜ‫تطای ٔغاظ‬
:‫ ٘یست‬The ٝ‫ت‬

shops Harrods - Marks & Spencer

banks Barclays Bank
hotels - restaurants Steve’s Hotel - Joe’s Café - McDonalds
churches - cathedrals St John’s Church - St Peter’s Cathedral

:‫ ٕ٘ی تاضس‬The ٝ‫ا ٘یع ٘یاظی ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ال تطای اسٓ ٔىا‬ًٕٛٔ

77
 towns Washington (not *the Washington) - Paris - Tokyo
states - regions Texas - Kent - Eastern Europe
countries England - Italy - Brazil
continents Asia - Europe - North America
islands Corsica
mountains Everest

‫ آٖ ضا تا‬،‫ تاضس‬republic ‫ یا‬ٚ states ، kingdom ‫ضی زاضای یىی اظ وّٕات‬ٛ‫ ٘اْ وط‬ٝ‫ضتی و‬ٛ‫ زض غ‬:‫اء‬ٙ‫استث‬
:ٓ‫ تىاض ٔی تطی‬The
states the United States, the US, the United States of America, the USA
kingdom the United Kingdom, the UK
republic the French Republic

.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٕ٘ی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫ لطاض ٌیطز اظ‬... ٚ President ، Doctor ، Mr ‫ لثُ اظ ٘اْ یىی اظ ِغات‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫چ‬
the president - the king President Trump (not *the President Trump)
the captain - the detective Captain Kirk - Detective Colombo
the doctor - the professor Doctor Well - Dr Well - Professor Samii
my uncle - your aunt Uncle Jack - Aunt Jill
Mr - Mrs - Miss Mr Gates (not *the Mr Gates) - Mrs Clinton - Miss Black

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

I wanted to speak to the doctor.
I wanted to speak to doctor Brown.
Who was the president before president Kennedy.

.‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬The ،‫ تیایس ٘یع ٘ثایس‬ٜٛ‫ یا و‬ٝ‫ تا اسٓ زضیاچ‬ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ Mount ‫ یا‬ٚ Lake ٝ‫زض حاِتی و‬

the lake Lake Victoria

the mount Mount Everest

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ظیط ت‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫ت‬

We live beside Lake Victoria. We have a fantastic view across the lake.

78
 :‫ وطز‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫ ٘یع ٘ثایس اظ‬... ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ ‫ پاضن‬،‫ا‬ٞ ٜ‫اض ضا‬ٟ‫ چ‬،ٗ‫ ٔیازی‬،‫ا‬ٞ ٖ‫ ذیاتا‬،‫ا‬ٞ ٜ‫َ تطای جاز‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ت‬

streets etc Oxford Street - Trenholme Road - Fifth Avenue

squares etc Trafalgar Square - Oundle Place - Piccadilly Circus
parks etc Central Park - Kew Gardens

ُ‫ است ٔث‬ٜ‫ تطىیُ ضس‬ّٕٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ یا چ‬ٚ ٚ‫ال اظ ز‬ًٕٛٔ ٟٓٔ ‫ أاوٗ ذیّی‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ ٖ‫اسٓ ساذتٕا‬
‫ واض‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬The ‫ضت ٘یع حطف‬ٛ‫ زض ایٗ غ‬،‫ یا ٔىا٘ی تاضس‬ٚ ‫َ ٘اْ ضرع‬ٚ‫ ا‬ّٕٝ‫ و‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫ چ‬. Kennedy Airport
.ٓ‫ٕ٘ی تطی‬

people Kennedy Airport - Alexander Palace - St Paul’s Cathedral

places Heathrow Airport - Waterloo Station - Edinburgh Castle

The ‫اسن ّاي هشخص با‬

... ٚ state ، kingdom ، republic ُ‫ ٘أطاٖ ضأُ وّٕاتی اظ لثی‬ٝ‫ و‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ال تطای اسأی وط‬ًٕٛٔ
:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ ٘یع استفاز‬The ‫ اظ‬،‫ز‬ٛ‫ٔی ض‬
States the United States of America / the USA
Kingdom the United Kingdom / the UK
Republic the French Republic

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫ا ٘یع اظ‬ٞ ‫س‬ٛ٘‫ الیا‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٞ‫ زضیا‬،‫ا‬ٞ ٜٛ‫ و‬،‫ا‬ٞ ٝ٘‫زذا‬ٚ‫ ض‬،(canals) ‫ا‬ٞ ٜ‫ال تطای اسٓ آتطا‬ًٕٛٔ
canals the Suez Canal
rivers the River Nile / the Nile
seas the Mediterranean Sea / the Mediterranean
oceans the Pacific Ocean / the Pacific

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫ أاوٗ ٘یع اظ‬ٚ ‫ال تطای اسأی جٕى اضراظ‬ًٕٛٔ
people (families, for example) the Clintons
countries the Philippines / the United States
island groups the Virgin Islands / the British Isles
mountain ranges the Himalayas / the Alps

79
 :‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ جٕالت ظیط ت‬ٝ‫ت‬
I saw the Clintons today, It was Bill's birthday.
Trinidad is the largest island in the West Indies.
Mount Everest is in the Himalaya.

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫ای ظیط ٘یع اظ‬ٞ ٓ‫او اس‬ٛ٘‫َ تطای ا‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ت‬
Hotels - restaurants the Ritz Hotel / the Peking Restaurant
Banks the National Westminster Bank
cinemas - theatres the Royal Theatre / the ABC Cinema
museums the British Museum / the National Gallery
buildings the White House / the Crystal Palace
newspapers the Daily Telegraph / the Sunday Post
organizations the United Nations / the BBC / the European Union

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬The ‫٘س ٘یع اظ‬ٛ‫ زضست ٔی ض‬of ‫ تا‬ٝ‫ایی و‬ٞ ٓ‫ال تطای اس‬ًٕٛٔ
The Tower of London.
The Gulf of Fars.
The London School of Economics.
The Bank of France.
The Statue of Liberty.

)‫* هلکی يا هضاف اليِ (حالتی کِ تعلق داشتي بِ شخص يا چيشي را هی رساًذ‬
(Possessive 's)
ٝ‫ز ت‬ٛ‫ اسٓ ٔفطز ت‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫ چ‬،‫ ضرع یا چیع زیٍطی تًّك زاضز‬ٝ‫ چیعی ت‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٞ‫یٓ ٘طاٖ ز‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
:َ‫اٖ ٔثا‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ا يالٔت « ‘ » ضا ٔی افعایی‬ٟٙ‫ز ت‬ٛ‫ اسٓ جٕى ت‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٚ » ’s « ‫ای آٖ يالٔت‬ٟ‫ا٘ت‬
the boy's ball (one boy)
the boys' ball (two or more boys)

one ball more than one ball

one boy the boy's ball the boy's balls
more than one boy the boys' ball the boys' balls

:‫ز‬ٚ‫اٖ تطای یه يثاضت ٘یع تىاض ض‬ٛ‫ تط یه اسٓ ٔی ت‬ٜٚ‫ ٔاِىیت يال‬ٜٛ‫ایٗ ٘ح‬

80
The man next door's mother ( The mother of the man next door )
The Queen of England's dogs.

.‫َ تط است‬ًٕٛٔ » ‘s « ‫ف اس‬ٚ‫ واضتطزٖ آپستط‬ٝ‫ِی ت‬ٚ ‫ وطز‬ٜ‫ز استفاز‬ٛ‫ ٘یع ٔی ض‬of ‫ تطای ٔاِىیت اظ‬ٝ‫اٌطچ‬
The books of my sister
My sister's book

)‫اسن ّاي هشخص (ًام ّا‬

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ا استفاز‬ٞ ٓ‫‘ تطای اس‬s ‫الى اظ‬ٛٔ ‫زض تیطتط‬
This is Mary's car.
Where is Ram's telephone?
Who took Anthony's pen?
I like Tara's hair.

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ال تا آٖ ٔثُ یه اسٓ ٔفطز ضفتاض ٔی و‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ ذتٓ ٔیط‬s ‫ ٘أی تا‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
This is Charles's chair.

ٗ‫ف ای‬ٚ‫ ًٔط‬ٚ ‫ال تطای اسأی لسیٕی‬ًٕٛٔ( .ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ف « ‘ » اؾاف‬ٚ‫ا یه آپستط‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ز زاضز و‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ٖ‫ ایٗ أىا‬ٝ‫اِثت‬
).‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫حاِت ت‬
Who was Jesus' father?

ُ‫اسن ّاي جوع بی قاعذ‬

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫‘ » ایٗ واض ضا ٔی و‬s « ‫ف اس‬ٚ‫ اظ آپستط‬ٜ‫ال تا استفاز‬ًٕٛٔ ٜ‫ای تی لايس‬ٞ ٓ‫تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ ٔاِىیت اس‬

singular noun plural noun

my child's dog my children's dog
the man's work the men's work
the mouse's cage the mice's cage
a person's clothes people's clothes

81
 ‫‪ ‬فصل ًْن‪ :‬صفت‬

‫* صفت ّا )‪(Adjectives‬‬
‫غفت وّٕ‪ ٝ‬ای است و‪ ٝ‬اقاليات تیطتطی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز اسٓ ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ا ٔی ز‪ٞ‬س‪ .‬غفت ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘س لثُ اظ اسٓ ت‪ ٝ‬واض‬
‫ٌطفت‪ ٝ‬ض‪ٛ‬ز‪ٔ .‬ثُ‪ ٚ I like Chinese food :‬یا تًس اظ تطذی افًاَ‪٘ . It is hard :‬ىت‪ ٝ‬ای‪ٙ‬ى‪ٔ ٝ‬یت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تیص اظ‬
‫یه غفت ضا تطای یه اسٓ ت‪ ٝ‬واض تثطیٓ‪A beautiful young French lady :‬‬
‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬غفت‪ٌ ،‬ا‪ٞ‬ا زضٕٗ اسٓ ٘یع ٔی ٌ‪ٛ‬ی‪ٙ‬س چطا و‪ٍٙٞ ٝ‬أی و‪ ٝ‬اظ اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ای زلیك (اسٓ ‪ٞ‬ایی و‪ ٝ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ز ‪ٕٝٞ‬‬
‫اقاليات الظْ ضا زض تط زاض٘س) استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ زیٍط ٘یاظی ت‪ ٝ‬غفت ٘ساضیٓ‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬ي‪ٛٙ‬اٖ ٔثاَ ت‪ ٝ‬جای ٌفتٗ‬
‫‪ٔ A large impressive house‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ ‪. A mansion‬‬

‫* صفات اشارُ يا هحذٍد کٌٌذُ )‪(Determiners‬‬

‫غفات اضاض‪ ٜ‬وّٕاتی ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س اظ لثیُ‪ .the, an, my, some :‬اظ ِحال ٌطأط ٔا٘‪ٙ‬س ‪ٞ ٓٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س‪ ،‬تٕأی آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا‬
‫زض اتتسای یه اسٓ یا يثاضت اسٕی ٔی آی‪ٙ‬س‪ .‬ت‪ ٝ‬ق‪ٛ‬ض ًٕٔ‪ َٛ‬تطای ‪ٞ‬ط اسٓ یا يثاضت اسٕی فمف یه غفت‬
‫اضاض‪ٔ ٜ‬یت‪ٛ‬اٖ ت‪ ٝ‬واض تطز‪.‬‬

‫حط‪ٚ‬ف تًطیف )‪:(Article‬‬

‫‪the ,a, an‬‬

‫غفات ّٔىی (تیاٍ٘ط ٔاِىیت) یا )‪:(Possessive Adjectives‬‬

‫‪their ,my, you, his, her, our‬‬

‫سایط غفات اضاض‪:ٜ‬‬

‫‪every, each‬‬
‫‪neither, either‬‬
‫‪no, any, some‬‬
‫‪most, much, many, more‬‬
‫‪least, little, less‬‬
‫‪fewest, few, fewer‬‬
‫‪whichever, what, whatever, which‬‬
‫‪all, both, half‬‬
‫‪several‬‬
‫‪enough‬‬

‫‪82‬‬
 The ‫ ٍ يا‬An ، A ‫حزٍف تعزيف‬
.‫س‬ٙٙ‫ز ٔی و‬ٚ‫ یه اسٓ ضا ٔحس‬ٝ‫ز و‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ غفاتی ٌفت‬ٝ‫( ت‬Determiner) ٜ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ز و‬ٚ‫ ٔحس‬:‫تًطیف‬
:‫ ظتاٖ اغّی‬ٝ‫ق ت‬ٛ‫تًطیف ف‬
(Determiners are adjective or modifier that limits a noun)

‫ ؟‬the dog ٓ‫یی‬ٍٛ‫ وی تایس ت‬ٚ a dog ٓ‫یی‬ٍٛ‫لى تایس ت‬ٛٔ ٝ‫چ‬
‫ غیط‬ٚ (definite) ٝ‫ ًٔیٗ یا ًٔطف‬ٜٚ‫ ٌط‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٝ‫ا ضا ت‬ٟ٘‫ آ‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ی‬ٌٛ ‫( ٔی‬articles) ‫ف تًطیف‬ٚ‫ حط‬the ٚ a ،an ٝ‫ت‬
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫سی ٔی و‬ٙ‫( تمسیٓ ت‬Indefinite) ٜ‫ًٔیٗ یا ٘ىط‬
Articles
Definite Indefinite
the a , an

ٝ‫ضز یه چیع ت‬ٛٔ ‫لتی زض‬ٚ ٚ ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬The ،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ضز یه چیع ذاظ غحثت ٔی و‬ٛٔ ‫لتی زاضیٓ زض‬ٚ
.ٓ‫ واض ٔی ٌیطی‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬an ‫ یا‬ٚ a ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ٔی غحثت ٔی و‬ٕٛ‫ض ي‬ٛ‫ق‬
ٗ‫اتطای‬ٙ‫ ت‬.‫ز زاضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ٜ‫ا ستاض‬ٞ ٖٛ‫ ٔیّی‬ٚ ٜ‫ زض آسٕاٖ یه ٔا‬.‫اٖ ٔثاَ آسٕاٖ ضا زض ضة زض ٘هط تٍیطیس‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ت‬
:ٓ‫یی‬ٌٛ ‫َ ٔی‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ت‬
I saw the moon last night.
I saw a star last night.

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

the a , an
The capital of France is Paris. I was born in a town.
I have found the book that I lost. John had an omelet for lunch.
Have you cleaned the car? James Bond ordered a drink.
There are six eggs in the fridge. We want to buy an umbrella.
Please switch off the TV when you finish. Have you got a pen?

ْ‫ اظ وسا‬ٝ‫ى‬ٙ‫ ای‬ٚ .ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫ی ت‬ٟ‫ ضا تطای وّٕات ٔطات‬an ٚ the ،a ‫الى‬ٛٔ ‫ ذیّی‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ت‬
.ّٕٝ‫ز و‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٝ٘ ٚ ‫ تستٍی زاضز‬ّٕٝ‫لًیت و‬ٛٔ ٚ ‫ؾًیت‬ٚ ٝ‫یٓ ت‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ضز ٘هط استفاز‬ٛٔ ّٕٝ‫حطف تًطیف تطای و‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ٔثاَ ظیطت‬ٝ‫ت‬
We want to buy an umbrella. )ٓ‫ چتط ذاغی ضا زض ٘هط ٘ساضی‬،‫ط چتطی‬ٞ(
Where is the umbrella? )ٓ‫ ز٘ثاَ آٖ ٔی ٌطزی‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٚ ٓ‫(ٔا یه چتط زاضی‬

83
 .‫س وطز‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ وٕه ذ‬an ٚ the ،a ‫ْ تىاضٌیطی‬ٟٛ‫ ضٕا زض زضن ٔف‬ٝ‫ ایٗ زاستاٖ ت‬،‫ا٘یس‬ٛ‫ ظیط ضا تر‬ٜ‫تا‬ٛ‫زاستاٖ و‬
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that
she liked in a shop. She asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said:
"Do you think the shop will accept a cheque? I don't have a credit card."

Every ٍ Each
‫ط‬ٞ ‫طوس یا‬ٞ ‫ای‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ت‬each .‫ت‬ٚ‫الى تا ا٘سوی تفا‬ٛٔ ‫ زض تطذی‬ٝ‫ی زاض٘س اِثت‬ٟ‫ ًٔا٘ی ٔطات‬every ٚ each
.‫ چیع (وجا) ٔی تاضس‬ٕٝٞ ٚ ‫ وس‬ٕٝٞ ‫ای‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ت‬every ‫ِی‬ٚ ‫ است‬ٝ٘‫ض جساٌا‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫چیع ت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬
Every artist is sensitive.
Each artist sees things differently.
Every soldier saluted as the President arrived.
The President gave each soldier a medal.

:‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ض‬ٝ‫ا٘س لثُ اظ فًُ ت‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬each

The soldiers each received a medal.

:‫ز‬ٚ‫ واض ض‬ٝ‫ ت‬of ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ ٝ‫ا٘س ت‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬each

The president spoke to each of the soldiers.
He gave a medal to each of them.

:‫ وطز‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬each ‫ چیع تایس اظ‬ٚ‫ تطای ز‬.‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫ چیع ت‬ٚ‫اٖ تطای ز‬ٛ‫ ضا ٕ٘ی ت‬every
He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.

:‫یساز چمسض اتفاق ٔی افتس‬ٚ‫ییٓ یه ض‬ٍٛ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ واض ٔی تطیٓ و‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬every
There is a plane to Bangkok every day.
The bus leaves every hour.

.‫٘س‬ٛ‫ زض حاِت ٔفطز غطف ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ٕیط‬ٞ ،‫٘س‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ت‬every ٚ each ‫ تا‬ٝ‫ افًاِی و‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

Any ٍ Some
ٓ‫ یا ٔمساض و‬ٚ ‫چه‬ٛ‫ يسز و‬،ٓ‫ ; یه و‬Some
.ٕٝٞ ‫ یا‬ٚ ٓ‫ یه و‬،‫ ; یىی‬Any
.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫اِی استفاز‬ٛ‫ س‬ٚ ‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫ زض جٕالت‬Any ‫ اظ‬ٚ ‫ زض جٕالت ٔثثت‬Some ‫ال اظ‬ًٕٛٔ

84
 some any example situation
I have some
+ I have $10.
money.
I don't have any I don't have $1 and I don't have $10 and
-
money. I don't have $1,000,000. I have $0.
Do you have any
? Do you have $1 or $10 or $1,000,000?
money?

‫ ٔی‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬Any ٚ Some ‫س‬ٙ٘‫ ٔا‬Somebody/Anybody ٚ Something/Anything ‫ زض وُ اظ‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬

).‫اِی است‬ٛ‫ س‬ٚ ‫ ٔثثت‬،‫فی‬ٙٔ ‫ واض تطزٖ زض جٕالت‬ٝ‫ض ت‬ٛ‫ه‬ٙٔ( .ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫و‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬
He needs some stamps.
I must go. I have some homework to do.
I'm thirsty. I want something to drink.
I can see somebody coming.
He doesn't need any stamps.
I can stay. I don't have any homework to do.
I'm not thirsty. I don't want anything to drink.
I can't see anybody coming.
Does he need any stamps?
Do you have any homework to do?
Do you want anything to drink?
Can you see anybody coming?

:‫فی تاضس‬ٙٔ ّٕٝ‫ای وُ ج‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫لتی زض جٕالت ٔثثت استفاز‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬Any ‫اظ‬
I refused to give them any money. ( I did not give them any money)
She finished the test without any difficulty. ( She did not have any difficulty)

‫اب ٔثثتی ضا‬ٛ‫ ا٘تهاض ج‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ ‫ا‬ٟٙ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ اِثت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫اِی ٘یع استفاز‬ٛ‫ زض جٕالت س‬Some ‫لات اظ‬ٚ‫تطذی ا‬
‫اب ضا‬ٛ‫یٓ ج‬ٙ‫ فىط ٔی و‬ٝ‫اِی ٘یست چطا و‬ٛ‫الًا س‬ٚ ّٕٝ‫ یه ج‬ّٕٝ‫ ج‬ٝ‫اٖ ٌفت و‬ٛ‫ (ٔی ت‬:ٓ‫اظ ٔراقثٕاٖ زاضی‬
)ٓ‫ٔیسا٘ی‬
Would you like some more tea?
Could I have some sugar please?

85
 (Adjective orders) ‫* تزتيب صفات‬
‫ز زاضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ّٕٝ‫ زض ج‬ٝ‫ پای‬ٚ ‫ ٔىاٖ اغّی‬ٚ‫ا ز‬ٞ ‫تطای غفت‬
.ٓ‫ لثُ اظ اس‬.1
.‫ تًس اظ افًاَ اغّی‬.2

adj. noun verb adj.

1 I like big cars.
2 My car is big.

(Adjective before nouns) ‫صفت قبل اس اسن‬

:ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫سیٗ غفت ضا لثُ اظ یه اسٓ ت‬ٙ‫لات چ‬ٚ‫ی ا‬ٞ‫ٌا‬
I like big black dogs.
She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.

‫ا لثُ اظ اسٓ چیست؟‬ٞ ‫تطتیة غحیح لطاضٌیطی غفت‬

)...ٚ ‫ إِٓا٘ی‬،‫س لطٔع‬ٙ٘‫ حمیمت (ٔا‬.2 )... ٚ ‫ ظضت‬،‫س ظیثا‬ٙ٘‫ (ٔا‬ٜ‫ يمیس‬ٚ ‫ ٘هط‬.1 :‫یٗ است‬ٙ‫زضوُ تطتیة چ‬

:(Opinion) ٜ‫ يمیس‬ٚ ‫ ٘هط‬.1

She has a nice French car.

:(Fact) ‫ حمیمت‬.2
She has a nice French car.

:‫ز‬ٛ‫س ت‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ذ‬ٌٝ٘ٛ ٗ‫ تاضیٓ تطتیة غفات تسی‬ٝ‫س غفت حمیمی زاضت‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫چ‬
(origin) ‫ اغّیت‬ٚ (material) ‫سیت‬ٙ‫ ج‬،(color) ً٘‫ ض‬،(shape) ُ‫ ضى‬،(age) ‫َ يٕط‬ٛ‫ ق‬،(size) ٜ‫ا٘ساظ‬

A big old square brown wooden Chinese table.

‫ زض ظیط غفات‬.‫س‬ٙ‫٘س حتی اٌط حمیمی تاض‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ال لثُ اظ سایط غفات ت‬ًٕٛٔ )ٜ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ز و‬ٚ‫ (ٔحس‬ٜ‫غفات اضاض‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ضا ٔطا‬ٜ‫اضاض‬
A , The :(article adjectives) ‫غفات حطف تًطیف‬
my, your, .... : (possessive adjectives) ‫غفات ّٔىی‬
this, that :(demonstrative adjectives) ٜ‫غفات اضاض‬
some, any, few, many :(quantifier adjectives) ‫غفات وٕی‬
one, two, ... :(numbers) ‫ايساز‬

86
 :‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ حمیمی ت‬ٚ ‫ٓ غفات ٘هطی‬ٞ ٚ ‫ زاضز‬ٜ‫ٓ غفت اضاض‬ٞ ٝ‫ ٔثاَ ظیط و‬ٝ‫ت‬
adjectives
fact noun
determiner opinion
age shape color
two nice old round red candles

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫غُ ٔی و‬ٚ ٓٞ ٝ‫ ت‬and ‫ا ضا تا‬ٟ٘‫ واض تثطیٓ آ‬ٝ‫ٓ ت‬ٞ ‫ غفت ضً٘ ضا تا‬ٚ‫یٓ ز‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
Many newspapers are black and white.
She was wearing a long blue an yellow dress.

ٖ‫الى ضٕا تطای ٘طاٖ زاز‬ٛٔ ‫ تطذی‬،‫ٕیطٍی ٘یست‬ٞ ‫ِی‬ٚ ‫ز‬ٛ‫ شوط ضس یه تطتیة وّی ت‬ٝ‫ تطتیة غفاتی و‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ظیط ت‬ِٕٝ‫ ٔىا‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫یس‬ٞ‫ا ضا تغییط ز‬ٞ ٖ‫ا٘یس جای آ‬ٛ‫تاویس تیطتط ٔی ت‬

:َٚ‫ ا‬ِٕٝ‫ٔىا‬
A: " I want to buy a round table. "
B: " Do you want a new round table or an old round table? "

:ْٚ‫ ز‬ِٕٝ‫ٔىا‬
A: " I want to buy an old table. "
B: " Do you want a round old table or a square old table? “

(verbs Adjective after certain) ‫صفت بعذ اس فعل‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬
:(subject+ verb + adjective ) :‫ غفت‬+ ًُ‫ ف‬+ ُ‫فاي‬
Ram is English.
Because she had to wait, she became impatient.
Is it getting dark?
The examination did not seem difficult.
Your friend looks nice.
This towel feels damp.
That new film doesn't sound very interesting.
Dinner smells good tonight.
This milk tastes sour.

87
 ‫* صفات هقايسِ اي )‪(Comparative Adjectives‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬لتی زض ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز ز‪ ٚ‬چیع غحثت ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ٔ ،‬ی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ آٖ ‪ٞ‬ا ضا تا یىسیٍط ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬اظ غفات ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای تطای‬
‫تیاٖ تفا‪ٚ‬ت ‪ٞ‬ای ز‪ ٚ‬چیع استفاز‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬ت‪ٟٙ‬ا تطای ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ز‪ ٚ‬چیع ٔی ت‪ٛ‬اٖ اظ غفات ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای استفاز‪ ٜ‬وطز ٘‪ ٝ‬تیطتط‪.‬‬
‫زض ٔثاَ ظیط ‪ bigger‬ضىُ ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای غفت ‪ٔ big‬ی تاضس‪.‬‬

‫‪A1 A2‬‬
‫‪A1 is bigger than A2.‬‬

‫ساخت صفت هقايسِ اي‬

‫ز‪ ٚ‬ضا‪ ٜ‬تطای ساذت غفت ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز‪:‬‬
‫غفات و‪ٛ‬تا‪ : (adjectives short) ٜ‬قطیم‪ ٝ‬ساذت تا افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ er‬ت‪ ٝ‬آذط غفت‪.‬‬
‫غفات تّ‪ٙ‬س )‪ : (adjective long‬قطیم‪ ٝ‬ساذت تا تىاض تطزٖ ‪.more‬‬
‫‪Short adjectives‬‬
‫غفات یه ترطی (ته سیالتی)‬ ‫‪old, fast‬‬
‫غفات ز‪ ٚ‬ترطی (ز‪ ٚ‬سیالتی) و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ٔی ض‪٘ٛ‬س‪.‬‬ ‫‪happy, easy‬‬
‫لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬قثیًی‪ :‬افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ er‬ت‪ ٝ‬آذط غفت‪.‬‬ ‫‪old > older‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬غفت ت‪ e ٝ‬ذتٓ ٔی ضس وافیست ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ای آٖ ‪ r‬تیافعاییٓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪late > later‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬س‪ ٝ‬حطف آذط غفت ت‪ ٝ‬تطتیة حطف تی غسا‪ ،‬غسازاض ‪ ٚ‬تی غسا‬
‫‪big > bigger‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ ،‬حطف تی غسای آذط ضا ز‪ٚ‬تاض تىطاض ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬اٌط غفت ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ضس‪ i ،‬ضا ت‪ y ٝ‬تثسیُ ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪happy > happier‬‬
‫‪Long adjectives‬‬
‫غفات ز‪ٚ‬سیالتی و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ٕ٘ی ض‪٘ٛ‬س‪.‬‬ ‫‪modern, pleasant‬‬
‫تٕاْ غفت ‪ٞ‬ای س‪ ٝ‬سیالتی ‪ ٚ‬یا تیطتط‪.‬‬ ‫‪expensive, intellectual‬‬
‫‪modern > more modern‬‬
‫لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬قثیًی‪ :‬ت‪ ٝ‬واضٌیطی ‪more‬‬
‫‪expensive > more expensive‬‬

‫استث‪ٙ‬اء‪ :‬زض تثسیُ غفات ظیط ت‪ ٝ‬غفت ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای اظ لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬ذاغی پیط‪ٚ‬ی ٕ٘ی ض‪ٛ‬ز‪:‬‬
‫‪good ≡> better‬‬
‫‪well (healthy) ≡> better‬‬
‫‪bad ≡> worse‬‬
‫‪far ≡> farther/further‬‬

‫‪88‬‬
 :‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬more ‫ یا‬ٚ er ٖ‫ا‬ٛ‫٘س ٔی ت‬ٛ‫ ٘یع ذتٓ ٕ٘ی ض‬y ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫سیالتی و‬ٚ‫ تطای تطذی اظ غفات ز‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
quiet ≡> quieter/more quiet
clever ≡> cleverer/more clever
narrow ≡> narrower/more narrow
simple ≡> simpler/more simple

‫طزس بِ کارگيزي صفات هقايسِ اي‬

ٚ ٝ‫ س‬ٝ٘( ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ چیع غحثت ٔی و‬ٚ‫ زاضیٓ اظ ز‬ٝ‫یٓ و‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ ای استفاز‬ٝ‫ٍأی اظ غفات ٔمایس‬ٙٞ ‫ فمف‬ٚ ‫ٔا فمف‬
)‫یا تیطتط‬

‫ای ظیط‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬،‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ٜ‫ٕطا‬ٞ then ‫( تا‬comparative adjectives) ‫ ای‬ٝ‫اضز غفات ٔمایس‬ٛٔ ‫زض اغّة‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ت‬
John is 1.80 meter. He is tall. But Chris is 1.85 meter. He is taller than John.
America is big. But Russia is bigger.
I want to have a more powerful computer.
Is French more difficult than English?

ٜ‫َ ظیط ٘طاٖ زاز‬ٚ‫ زض جس‬ٝ‫ضی و‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ا ضا ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ا٘یٓ آ‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔطید غحثت ٔی و‬ٚ ٗ‫ ظٔی‬ٜ‫ سیاض‬ٚ‫ ز‬ٜ‫اٌط زضتاض‬
:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ ٔمایس‬ٜ‫ضس‬

Earth Mars
Diameter (km) 12,760 6,790 Mars is smaller than Earth.

Distance from Sun (million km) 150 228 Mars is more distant from the Sun.

A day on Mars is slightly longer than a

Length of day (hours) 24 25
day on Earth.
Moons 1 2 Mars has more moons than Earth.
Surface temperature (°C) 22 -23 Mars is colder than Earth.

‫ أا‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫چیع ضا تا یىسیٍط ٔمایس‬ٚ‫ا ز‬ٟٙ‫ ای ت‬ٝ‫ اظ غفات ٔمایس‬ٜ‫ٍاْ استفاز‬ٙٞ ‫ ٔا‬ٝ‫ زضست است و‬:ٝ‫٘ىت‬
:‫س‬ٙ٘‫ػط تاضس) تاضس ٔا‬ٙ‫ا٘س ضأُ تًساز ظیازی ي‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬ٜٚ‫ط ٌط‬ٞ ٝ‫ (و‬ٜٚ‫ ٌط‬ٚ‫ا٘س ز‬ٛ‫ چیع ٔی ت‬ٚ‫ٕیٗ ز‬ٞ
.ٜٚ‫ی یه چیع تا یه ٌط‬ًٙ‫ ی‬.‫ز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ای ز٘یا ٔمایس‬ٞ ٜٛ‫ضست تا سایط و‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٜٛ‫زض ایٗ ٔثاَ و‬

Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains.

89
 ‫* صفات بزتز )‪(Superlative Adjectives‬‬
‫غفت تطتط تیاٍ٘ط تاالتطیٗ ‪ ٚ‬یا ت‪ٟ‬تطیٗ ویفیت ٔی تاضس‪ .‬اظ ایٗ غفت تطای ٘طاٖ زازٖ ت‪ٟ‬تطیٗ ت‪ٛ‬زٖ یه چیع‬
‫زض تیٗ ٌط‪ٞٚ‬ی اظ چیع‪ٞ‬ا ٔی تاضس‪.‬‬
‫زض ٔثاَ ظیط ‪ biggest‬ضىُ تطتط غفت ‪ٔ big‬ی تاضس‪:‬‬

‫‪A BC‬‬
‫‪A is the biggest.‬‬

‫طزيقِ ساخت صفت بزتز‬

‫‪ٕٞ‬ا٘‪ٙ‬س ساذت غفات ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬ای ز‪ ٚ‬ضا‪ ٜ‬تطای ساذت غفت تطتط ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز زاضز‪:‬‬
‫غفات و‪ٛ‬تا‪ : (short adjectives) ٜ‬قطیم‪ ٝ‬ساذت‪ :‬افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ est‬ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ای غفت‪.‬‬
‫غفات تّ‪ٙ‬س )‪ : (long adjectives‬قطیم‪ ٝ‬ساذت‪ :‬ت‪ ٝ‬واضٌیطی ‪.most‬‬
‫ًٕٔ‪ٛ‬ال لثُ اظ غفت ٘یع ‪ the‬ضا اؾاف‪ٔ ٝ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪Short adjectives‬‬
‫غفات یه ترطی (ته سیالتی)‬ ‫‪old, fast‬‬
‫غفات ز‪ ٚ‬ترطی (ز‪ ٚ‬سیالتی) و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ٔی ض‪٘ٛ‬س‪.‬‬ ‫‪happy, easy‬‬
‫لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬قثیًی‪ :‬افع‪ٚ‬زٖ ‪ est‬ت‪ ٝ‬آذط غفت‪.‬‬ ‫‪old > the oldest‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬غفت ت‪ e ٝ‬ذتٓ ٔی ضس وافیست ت‪ ٝ‬ا٘ت‪ٟ‬ای آٖ ‪ st‬تیافعاییٓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪late > the latest‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬چ‪ٙ‬ا٘چ‪ ٝ‬س‪ ٝ‬حطف آذط غفت ت‪ ٝ‬تطتیة حطف تی غسا‪ ،‬غسازاض ‪ ٚ‬تی غسا‬
‫‪big > the biggest‬‬
‫ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ ،‬حطف تی غسای آذط ضا ز‪ٚ‬تاض تىطاض ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬
‫تغییط‪ :‬اٌط غفت ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ضس‪ i ،‬ضا ت‪ y ٝ‬تثسیُ ٔی و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪happy > the happiest‬‬
‫‪Long adjectives‬‬
‫غفات ز‪ٚ‬سیالتی و‪ ٝ‬ت‪ y ٝ‬ذتٓ ٕ٘ی ض‪٘ٛ‬س‪.‬‬ ‫‪modern, pleasant‬‬
‫تٕاْ غفت ‪ٞ‬ای س‪ ٝ‬سیالتی ‪ ٚ‬یا تیطتط‪.‬‬ ‫‪expensive, intellectual‬‬
‫‪modern > the most modern‬‬
‫لا٘‪ ٖٛ‬قثیًی‪ :‬ت‪ ٝ‬واضٌیطی ‪most‬‬
‫‪expensive > the most expensive‬‬

‫٘ىت‪ :ٝ‬تطای تطذی اظ غفات ز‪ٚ‬سیالتی و‪ ٝ‬ت‪٘ y ٝ‬یع ذتٓ ٕ٘ی ض‪٘ٛ‬س ٔی ت‪ٛ‬اٖ ‪ ٚ est‬یا ‪ most‬ضا ت‪ ٝ‬واض تطز‪:‬‬
‫‪quiet ≡> the quietest/most quiet‬‬
‫‪clever ≡> the cleverest/most clever‬‬
‫‪narrow ≡> the narrowest/most narrow‬‬
‫‪simple ≡> the simplest/most simple‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
 :‫ز‬ٛ‫ی ٕ٘ی ض‬ٚ‫ٖ ذاغی پیط‬ٛ٘‫ ای اظ لا‬ٝ‫ غفت ٔمایس‬ٝ‫ زض تثسیُ غفات ظیط ت‬:‫اء‬ٙ‫استث‬
good ≡> the best
bad ≡> the worst
far ≡> the furthest

‫طزس استفادُ اس صفات بزتز‬

‫ای‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫ یا تیطتط استفاز‬ٚ ‫ چیع‬ٝ‫ی اظ س‬ٞٚ‫ٔا اظ غفت تطتط تطای تیاٖ یه چیع زض یه ٌط‬
:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ظیطت‬
John is 1.75 meter. David is 1.80meter. Chris is 1.85 meter. Chris is the tallest.
Canada, China and Russia are big countries. But Russia is the biggest.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

‫ ٔی‬،ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫( غحثت ٔی و‬Jupiter) ‫ ٔطتطی‬ٚ (mars) ‫ ٔطید‬،(earth) ٗ‫ ظٔی‬ٜ‫ سیاض‬ٝ‫ س‬ٜ‫ زاضیٓ زضتاض‬ٝ‫ا٘چ‬ٙ‫چ‬
:ٓ‫سی‬ٙ‫ واض تث‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ ضس‬ٜ‫َ ظیط ٘طاٖ زاز‬ٚ‫ زض جس‬ٝ‫ و‬ٍٝ٘ٛ٘‫ا٘یٓ غفات تطتط ضا آ‬ٛ‫ت‬

Earth Mars Jupiter

Diameter (km) 12,760 6,790 142,800 Jupiter is the biggest.

Distance from
150 228 778 Jupiter is the most distant from the Sun.
Sun (million km)

Length of day
24 25 10 Jupiter has the shortest day.
(hours)

Moons 1 2 16 Jupiter has the most moons.

Surface temp.
22 -23 -150 Jupiter is the coldest.
(°C)

:ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬the ‫یٓ زیٍط ٘ثایس اظ‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٝ‫زش ٔمایس‬ٛ‫ زاضیٓ یه چیع ضا تا ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ :ٝ‫٘ىت‬
England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest)
My boss is most generous when we get a big order. (not the most generous)

91
 ‫‪ ‬فصل دّن‪ :‬ضويز‬

‫* ضويز ّا )‪(Pronouns‬‬
‫ؾٕیط وّٕ‪ ٝ‬و‪ٛ‬چىی است و‪ ٝ‬زض جّٕ‪ ٝ‬ت‪ ٝ‬جای اسٓ ت‪ ٝ‬واض ٔی ض‪ٚ‬ز (ت‪ ٝ‬اسٓ ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز ٘هط ٔا اضاض‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬س)‬
‫ؾٕیط ‪ٞ‬ا وّٕاتی ‪ٞ‬ست‪ٙ‬س ٔا٘‪ٙ‬س‪he, you, ours, themselves, some, each :‬‬

‫اٌط زض ل‪ٛ‬ايس ظتاٖ ؾٕیط ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز ٕ٘ی زاضت آٍ٘ا‪ٔ ٜ‬جث‪ٛ‬ض ت‪ٛ‬زیٓ زض غحثت ‪ٞ‬ای ذ‪ٛ‬ز اسأی ضا پی زض پی تىطاض‬
‫و‪ٙ‬یٓ‪ .‬ت‪ٔ ٝ‬ثاَ ظیط ت‪ٛ‬ج‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪ ،‬زض ایٗ ٔثاَ فطؼ تط آٖ ت‪ٛ‬ز‪ ٜ‬و‪ ٝ‬ؾٕیط ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز ٘ساضز‪:‬‬
‫‪Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too‬‬
‫‪pompous.‬‬

‫زض غ‪ٛ‬ضتی و‪ ٝ‬تا ‪ٚ‬ج‪ٛ‬ز ؾٕیط ‪ٞ‬ا ٔی ت‪ٛ‬ا٘یٓ تٍ‪ٛ‬ییٓ‪:‬‬

‫‪Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.‬‬

‫* ضويز ّاي شخصی )‪(Personal Pronouns‬‬

‫زض جس‪ َٚ‬غفح‪ ٝ‬تًس ِیست ؾٕایط ضرػی ضا ٔطا‪ٞ‬س‪ٔ ٜ‬ی و‪ٙ‬یس‪ .‬زض ایٗ جس‪ َٚ‬غفات ّٔىی ٘یع آ‪ٚ‬ضز‪ ٜ‬ضس‪ٜ‬‬
‫است‪( .‬تطای س‪ِٟٛ‬ت زض یازٌیطی) تا آ٘‪ٟ‬ا ضا تا ؾٕایط ضرػی ٔمایس‪ ٝ‬و‪ٙ‬یس‪.‬‬

‫وّٕات ٔ‪ٛ‬ضز استفاز‪ ٜ‬زض ایٗ جس‪:َٚ‬‬

‫‪ ; Pronouns‬ؾٕیط ‪ٞ‬ا‬
‫‪ ; Number‬تًساز‬
‫‪ ; Person‬ضرع (ٔ‪ٙ‬ه‪ٛ‬ض ‪ٕٞ‬اٖ ا‪ َٚ‬ضرع ‪ ٚ‬ز‪ ْٚ‬ضرع ‪ٔ ... ٚ‬ی تاضس)‬
‫‪ ; Gender‬ج‪ٙ‬سیت‬
‫‪ ; Subject‬فايُ یا و‪ٙٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬واض‬
‫‪ ; Object‬ضی‬
‫‪ّٔ ; Possessive‬ىی‬
‫‪ ; Reflexive‬اضاض‪ ٜ‬و‪ٙٙ‬س‪ ٜ‬ت‪ ٝ‬فايُ یا ‪ٕٞ‬اٖ ‪subject‬‬
‫‪ ; Possessive adjective‬غفات ّٔىی‬
‫‪ٙٔ ; M‬ه‪ٛ‬ض ٔصوط یا ‪ٕٞ‬اٖ ‪male‬‬
‫‪ٙٔ ; F‬ه‪ٛ‬ض ٔ‪٘ٛ‬ث یا ‪ٕٞ‬اٖ ‪female‬‬

‫‪92‬‬
 pronouns Possessive
number person gender*
subject object possessive reflexive adjectives
1st m/f I me mine myself my
2nd m/f you you yours yourself your
singular m he him his himself his
3rd f she her hers herself her
n it it its itself its
1st m/f we us ours ourselve our
plural 2nd m/f you you yours yourselves your
3rd m/f/n they them theirs themselves their

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

subject She likes homework.
object The teacher gave me some homework.
pronoun possessive This homework is yours.
reflexive John did the homework himself.
possessive adjective The teacher corrected our homework.

93
 ِ‫ حزٍف اضاف‬:‫ فصل ياسدّن‬

(Propositions list) ِ‫* ليست حزٍف اضاف‬

‫ واض‬ٝ‫ ت‬ّٕٝ‫ و‬ٚ‫ تطای تطلطاضی اضتثاـ تیٗ ز‬ٝ‫ز و‬ٛ‫ ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ترطی اظ غحثت ٌفت‬ٝ‫ ت‬proposition :‫تًطیف‬
.‫ز‬ٚ‫ٔی ض‬
‫ا ٔمساض‬ٞ ًُ‫ا یا ف‬ٞ ٓ‫ تا تًساز اس‬ٝ‫ زض ٔمایس‬ٝ‫ اِثت‬ٝ‫ و‬.‫ز زاضز‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ٝ‫ حطف اؾاف‬150 ‫ز‬ٚ‫زض ظتاٖ اٍّ٘یسی حس‬
‫ ٔفطز‬ّٕٝ‫ط و‬ٞ ‫ ٔفطز تیطتط اظ‬ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ ٔا اظ حط‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ٕی‬ٟٔ ‫ وّٕات‬ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ حط‬.‫ ٘هط ٔی ضسس‬ٝ‫٘اچیعی ت‬
ٖ‫ پط واضتطز زض ظتا‬ّٕٝ‫ و‬ٜ‫ جع ز‬in ٚ to ،of ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫زض حمیمت حط‬. ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫زیٍط زض جٕالت استفاز‬
.‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫اٍّ٘یسی‬
‫ تسیاضی اظ‬ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ ت‬ٚ ‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ای ضا ٔطا‬ّٕٝ‫ تىی و‬ٚ ًَٕٛٔ ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫زض ظیط ِیستی اظ حط‬
‫طی‬ٙ‫ زیىط‬ٝ‫طیه ت‬ٞ ‫ واضتطز زلیك‬ٚ ‫ا‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ِكفا تطای پی تطزٖ ت‬.‫س‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ ‫ زاضای ًٔا٘ی ٔرتّفی‬ٝ‫ف اؾاف‬ٚ‫ایٗ حط‬
:‫ ٕ٘اییس‬ًٝ‫ٔطاج‬

aboard besides into than

about between like through
above beyond minus to
across but near toward
after by of towards
against concerning off under
along considering on underneath
amid despite onto unlike
among down opposite until
anti during outside up
around except over upon
as excepting past versus
at excluding per via
before following plus with
behind for regarding within
below from round without
beneath in save
beside inside since

94
 ‫ هعٌی فعل ّا در سهاى ّاي استوزاري‬:‫ فصل دٍاسدّن‬

‫* هعٌی فعل ّا در سهاى ّاي استوزاري‬

‫ز زاض٘س‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ‫ افًاَ زیٍطی ٘یع‬،‫٘س‬ٚ‫ واض ٕ٘ی ض‬ٝ‫ای استٕطاضی ت‬ٞ ٖ‫َ تا ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٝ‫ز زاضز و‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ ًُ‫س ف‬ٙ‫چ‬
ٜ‫ واض تطز‬ٝ‫ای استٕطاضی ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ زض ظٔا‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ ٚ ‫ی‬ًٙٔ ‫٘س یه‬ٚ‫ واض ٔی ض‬ٝ‫ ت‬ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫لتی زض ظٔا‬ٚ ٝ‫و‬
.‫س‬ٙٞ‫ای زیٍطی ٔی ز‬ًٙٔ ‫٘س‬ٛ‫ٔی ض‬

‫* افعالی کِ در سهاى ّاي استوزاري بِ کار بزدُ ًوی شًَذ‬

‫ زض ظیط‬ٝ‫ وّٕاتی ضا و‬.ٓ‫ واض ٕ٘ی تطی‬ٝ‫ای استٕطاضی ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ا ضا زض ظٔا‬ٞ ٖ‫ال آ‬ًٕٛٔ ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ َ‫تطذی اظ افًا‬
:‫ استٕطاضی‬ٝ٘ ٚ ‫ لطاض ٔی ٌیط٘س‬ٜ‫ضز استفاز‬ٛٔ ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫ال زض ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ ‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ٔطا‬
hate - like - love - need - prefer - want - wish - believe - imagine - know - mean -
realize - recognize - remember - suppose - understand - belong - concern -
consist - contain - depend - involve - matter - need - owe - own - possess -
appear - resemble - seem - hear - see

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫س ٔثاَ ت‬ٙ‫ چ‬ٝ‫ت‬

I want a coffee. not I am wanting a coffee.

I don't believe you are right. not I am not believing you are right.
Does this pen belong to you? not Is this pen belonging to you?
It seemed wrong. not It was seeming wrong.
I don't hear anything. not I am not hearing anything.

.ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫ ت‬can ًُ‫ ضا تا ف‬hear ‫ یا‬ٚ see َ‫ال افًا‬ًٕٛٔ ٝ‫ تاضیس و‬ٝ‫ زاضت‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ت‬
I can see someone in the distance. (not I am seeing someone in the distance)
I can't hear you very well. (not I am not hearing you very well)

‫* افعالی با دٍ هعٌاي هختلف‬

‫ای‬ٞ ٖ‫ فمف زض ظٔا‬ٚ ‫ا فمف‬ٞ ٖ‫ای آ‬ًٙٔ ‫ اظ یه‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ت‬ٚ‫ْ ٔتفا‬ٟٛ‫ ٔف‬ٚ ‫ا‬ًٙٔ ٚ‫ زاضای ز‬ٝ‫س و‬ٙ‫ست‬ٞ َ‫تًؿی اظ افًا‬
ُ‫ای استٕطاضی لات‬ٞ ٖ‫ٓ زض ظٔا‬ٞ ٚ ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫ٓ زض ظٔا‬ٞ ‫ای زیٍط‬ًٙٔ ‫ِی‬ٚ ٓ‫ی‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ا٘یٓ استفاز‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬ٜ‫ساز‬
:‫ای ٔرتّف است‬ًٙٔ ٚ‫ زاضای ز‬to think ًُ‫اٖ ٔثاَ ف‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬.‫ ا٘س‬ٜ‫استفاز‬
I think Ricky Martin is sexy.
I am thinking about my homework.

95
 .‫ یا ٘هط زازٖ» ٔی تاضس‬ٚ ٗ‫ض زاضت‬ٚ‫ تا‬،ٗ‫ای «ايتماز زاضت‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ت‬to think ًُ‫َ ف‬ٚ‫زض ٔثاَ ا‬
.‫ای «فىط وطزٖ» است‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ ت‬to think ًُ‫ْ ف‬ٚ‫زض ٔثاَ ز‬
‫ؾًیتی ٔی‬ٚ ‫ یا‬ٚ stative ،‫یا فًاِیتی ٘یست‬ٚ ُٕ‫یچ ي‬ٞ ‫ تیاٍ٘ط‬ٝ‫َ و‬ٚ‫ زض ٔثاَ ا‬to think ًُ‫ای ف‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ت‬
.ٓ‫یی‬ٌٛ
‫ یا ٔتحطن‬ٚ dynamic ،‫ یا فًاِیتی است‬ٚ ُٕ‫ ي‬ٜ‫س‬ٙٙ‫ اِما و‬ٕٝ‫ْ و‬ٚ‫ زض ٔثاَ ز‬to think ًُ‫ای ف‬ًٙٔ ٝ‫ت‬
.ٓ‫یی‬ٌٛ

ٖ‫ِی تطای تیا‬ٚ ،ٓ‫ ٔی ٕ٘ایی‬ٜ‫ استفاز‬ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫یٓ اظ ظٔا‬ٙ‫ؾًیتی ضا تیاٖ و‬ٚ ‫ٔی‬ٟٛ‫یٓ ٔف‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ٔی ذ‬ٝ‫ٍأی و‬ٙٞ
ٝ‫یٓ (تست‬ٙ‫ و‬ٜ‫ای استٕطاضی استفاز‬ٞ ٖ‫ٓ ظٔا‬ٞ ٚ ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫ٓ اظ ظٔا‬ٞ ٓ‫ا٘ی‬ٛ‫ ٔی ت‬،‫ یا فًاِیتی‬ٚ ‫یٓ يّٕیاتی‬ٞ‫ٔفا‬
)‫لًیت‬ٛٔ ٝ‫ت‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫ج‬ٛ‫ای ظیط ت‬ٞ َ‫ ٔثا‬ٝ‫ت‬

Stative sense Dynamic sense

(no real action) (a kind of action)
Simple only Continuous Simple
I will think about this
I think she is beautiful. Be quiet. I'm thinking.
problem tomorrow.
We are considering your job
I don't consider that he is We consider every job
application and will give you our
the right man for the job. application very carefully.
answer in a few days.

This table measures 4x 6 She is measuring the room for a A good carpenter measures
feet. new carpet. his wood carefully.

Does the wine taste I was tasting the wine when I I always taste wine before I
good? dropped the glass. drink it.
Please phone later. We are having We have dinner at 8pm
Mary has three children.
dinner now. every day.

‫ ٍ سهاى ّاي استوزاري‬be ‫* فعل‬

‫ا٘س فًُ اغّی تاضس‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔی ت‬ٞ ٚ (Mary is learning English) ‫ا٘س فًُ وٕىی تاضس‬ٛ‫ٓ ٔی ت‬ٞ be ًُ‫ف‬
:‫اٖ فًُ اغّی‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ت‬،be ًُ‫ ف‬ٝ‫یٓ زاضت ت‬ٞ‫ا‬ٛ‫ی ذ‬ٞ‫جا ٍ٘ا‬ٙ‫( زض ای‬Mary is French)

96
 :ٓ‫یی‬ٌٛ ‫ض ٔثاَ ٔی‬ٛ‫ ق‬ٝ‫ ت‬.ٓ‫ واض ٔی تطی‬ٝ‫اٖ فًُ اغّی ت‬ٛٙ‫ ي‬ٝ‫ ضا ت‬be ًُ‫ ف‬ٜ‫ای ساز‬ٞ ٖ‫ال زض ظٔا‬ًٕٛٔ

London is the capital of UK. ( not London is being the capital of UK)
Is she beautiful? (not Is she being beautiful?)
Were you late? (not Were you being late?)

‫الًی‬ٚ ْٟٛ‫ ٔف‬ٝ‫لًی است و‬ٛٔ ٗ‫ ای‬.ٓ‫ واض تثطی‬ٝ‫ای استٕطاضی ٘یع ت‬ٞ ٖ‫ ضا تا ظٔا‬be ًُ‫ا٘یٓ ف‬ٛ‫لات ٔی ت‬ٚ‫تًؿی ا‬
.(behave or act) .‫ ضفتاض یا واضی تاضس‬،ُٕ‫ ي‬be ًُ‫ف‬

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ و‬ٝ‫َ ظیط ضا تا یىسیٍط ٔمایس‬ٚ‫ز زض جس‬ٛ‫ج‬ٛٔ ‫ای‬ٞ َ‫ٔثا‬

Mary is a careful person.
(Mary is always careful - it's her
nature.)
Is he always so stupid?
(Is that his personality?)
Andrew is not usually selfish.
(It is not Andrew's character to be
selfish.)
John is being careful.
(John is acting carefully now, but maybe he is not
always careful - we don't know.)
They were being really stupid.
(They were behaving really stupidly at that moment.)
Why is he being so selfish?
(Why is he acting so selfishly at the moment?)

:‫یس‬ٙ‫ ٔی و‬ٜ‫س‬ٞ‫ ضا تطای ظٔاٖ حاَ استٕطاضی ٔطا‬be ًُ‫زض ظیط ساذتاض ف‬
I am being
You are being
He, she, it is being
We are being
They are being

.ٓ‫ت لائّی‬ٚ‫" تفا‬to be being sick” ٚ "to be sick” ٗ‫ ٔا تی‬ٝ‫یس و‬ٙ‫یٗ زلت و‬ٙ‫ٕچ‬ٞ
She is sick. )‫ب ٘یست‬ٛ‫ االٖ حاِص ذ‬ٚ‫(ا‬
She is being sick. )ٝ‫ ٔطیؽ ٔیط‬ٜ‫ زاض‬ٚ‫(ا‬

97