CUS S ee 9 = 6 6m E3% Eug oe o= a Uva n | ol fo} oO a NAG EOGrammar and Punctuation Pupil Book 3 Louis FidgeWilliam Collins’ dream of knowledge for all began with the publication of his first book in 1819. A self-educated mill worker, he not only enriched millions of lives, but also founded a flourishing publishing house. Today, staying true to this spirit, Collins books are packed with inspiration, innovation and practical expertise. They place you at the centre of a world of possibility and give you exactly what you need to explore it. Collins. Freedom to teach. Published by Collins ‘An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers Lic. 77-85 Fulham Palace Road Hammersmith London W6 8JB Browse the complete Collins catalogue at www.collinseducation.com Text © Louis Fidge and Sarah Lindsay 2011 Design and illustrations © HarperCollinsPublishers 2011 Previously published as Collins Primary Grammar and Punctuation, first published 1997; and Collins Focus on Grammar and Punctuation, first published 2002. 10987 ISBN: 978-0-00-741073-6 Louis Fidge and Sarah Lindsay assert the moral right to be identified as the authors. Of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘A Catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Cover template: Laing and Carroll Cover illustration: Julian Mosedale ‘Series design: Neil Adams and Garry Lambert Copy editor: Jean Rustean llustrations: Michael Chariton, Shirley Chiang, Rob Englebright, Gay Galsworthy, Kevin Hopgood, Brett Hudson, Tony Kenyon, Becky Long, Andrew Midgley, ‘Gwyneth Williamson Printed and bound by LEGO. SpA, Italy aah ap id ein cornUnit Parts of speech Types of sentence Verbs (past tense) Auxiliary verbs Adjectives (comparatives and superlatives) Adverbs Apostrophes (contractions) Nouns (singular and plural) Direct speech 10 Pronouns Progress Unit A 11 Sentences (subject, verb and object) 12 Possessive nouns 13 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns 14 Phrases 15 Paragraphs 16 Sentences (subject and verb agreement) 17 Prepositions 18 Clauses 19 Indirect speech 20 Verbs (future tense) Progress Unit B OnNOnhWN = © Page 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 g 40 42 46Grammar is the study of the way we use words to make sentences. Words can be divided into groups called parts of speech. Four parts of speech are nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. The spotted fish swam slowly. This is an adjective. This isanoun. This is a verb. This is an adverb. It describes Anounisa Averb is a word that It tells us more the noun. naming word. _describes actions. about the verb. Getting started 1. Copy these sentences. ; Choose a noun and an adjective to complete each one. a) I could see the fish in the b) The hopped into the pond. ) The small bird flappedits________ because itwas__ 2. Copy these Sentences. i i ‘Choose a verb and an adverb to complete each one. a) The driver his horn and shook his fist b) Megan her sandwiches and drank her drink thirstily. c) The waiter put the tray down when he, our drinks.Now try these anger angry act action clever cleverly beautiful arrive clearly comfort behaviour wide dangerous | | compare roughly expense | delivery able famous | | encourage bad nation | | entrance carefully historic | hatred lucky woollen | noisily pressure ) | faithful ety R elem ole lareiter lt 1. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) have you seen my ring i've lost it ring me up if you find it b) the fly buzzed against the window as it tried to fly out of the room ©) crash the lift broke when i tried to lift the heavy case into it 4) the archaeologist found a large stone inside the stone vase ) tom took the sweet apple but vicky took the sweet 2. In each sentence, underline the two words that are the same. ‘One of the words must be a noun, ‘Above each word: * write a ifit is an adjective + write nif it is a noun + write vif itis a verb. The first one has been done to help you. n v a) Have you seen my ring? I've lost it. Ring me up if you find it.There are four different types of sentence: * statements * questions * commands * exclamations. My pencil is blunt.) «=== This is a statement. A statement is a sentence that gives us information. ii 570) How do 204 | ¢— This is a question. A question tal? B asks something. A question finishes | with a question mark. ia Fez Z sivdown. ) —————" This is a command. A command tells someone to do something. en +———— This is an exclamation. An exclamation La shows that a person feels something Sy strongly. An exclamation finishes with an exclamation mark. Getting start 1. Write a statement to answer each question. a) What is for lunch today? b) What can you see from the window? c) Who is your favourite singer? d) When did it last rain? ) How are you dressed today? f) Where is Paris? 2. Change these statements into questions. The first one has been done to help you. a) Jo often walks Kimberley’s dog. Does Jo often walk Kimberley's dog b) Khayyam’s room is very messy. c) Mrs Saunders smiled at Bethany. d) The dragon was long and thin. @) Andrea is good at art. ) There are no such things as unicorns.Lea aa Uti} 1. These instructions tell you how to make a clay pot. They are commands. Write them in the correct order, then underline all the verbs. Roll the clay into a round ball. 5 erase musk. Heat the kiln to bake your pot. ne ‘Smooth the outside of your pot. a Get a lump of moist clay. Put your dry pot into a kiln. Make a pot shape. 2. Read these exclamations. For each one, write a statement about the person who could be speaking and a statement about what could be happening. a) I'm scared! p b) That’s very strange! ] ©) | can't understand it! d) Oh, no! Not again! ©) Don't ask me! Practise your punctuatio: 4. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) how far is it to the houses of parliament b) bring me my book pencil ruler and crayons jack ©) we are all going to jamaica for our summer holiday d) my house is on fire 2. After each sentence: write s if it is a statement write q if it is a question write ¢ if it is a command write e if it is an exclamation.Verbs written in the present tense tell us what is happening now. Verbs written in the past tense tell us what happened some time ago. ‘The rich man lived The servant came in. ‘The servant was hurrying. in a mansion. He called his servant. i + , = Some verbs add Some verbs change Some verbs change dor ed to make the middle vowel sound completely to make the past tense. to make the past tense. the past tense. live ——» lived come ——=» came is——» was call ——» called Getting started 1. Write the past tense of each of these verbs by changing its middle vowel sound. The first one has been done to help you. a) get > got b) sit ©) give d) sing ) fall ) throw g) hold h) dig i) stick )) sink k) begin ) ride m) grow n) blow 9) swim 2. Copy these sentences, changing the verbs into the past tense. a) hold the baby gently in my arms. b) I dig the garden with a fork. c) I get hot in the sun. d) Ising in the bath. e) I sit in the most comfortable chair. f)_ | ride my bike in the park. g) | swim in the sea. h) I begin my meal with a bowl of soup.Nowtry these 1. Match each verb in Box A with its past tense in Box B. The first one has been done to help you. is » was 2. Copy these sentences. Fill each gap with a verb from Box B. a) Last week my mum___ me anew school uniform. b) The teacher sipatee war that excellent!” c) We working very hard. d) When!___in the tent, !__a torch under my pillow. ¢) Yesterday! my bag at school by mistake. f) Ashort while ago! ___a very bad cold. 9g! up to my bedroom for a bit of peace. Practise your punctuation Pes 4. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) harry sits on the sofa and turns on the television b) the teacher asked who drew that picture ©) the train to paris stops at every station d) i creep up the stairs quietly and frighten my brother ) beth and alice rode their bikes home on saturday 4) stop come here at once @) yesterday we saw lots of interesting things on our trip h) at the shop amy bought some apples pears bananas and grapes 2. Now underline the verbs in each sentence. 3. At the end of each sentence: * write present if the verbs are in the present tense * write past if the verbs are in the past tense.Auxiliary verbs we Sometimes we need an extra verb to help the main verb. These helper verbs are called auxiliary verbs. is looking around the garage. eer. This is an auxiliary verb. It helps the main verb to work properly and to make sense. Getting started Copy these sentences. Choose the correct auxiliary verb from the box to fill each gap. You can only use each auxiliary verb once. ‘can were is do are did have was_—has 4. Jane put a collar and lead on her dog. 2. Amtiaz going to the pet shop today. 3. Bert make his parrot talk. 4 you know how much dinosaurs ate daily? 5. | just visited the vet with my pet rabbit. 6. Last week Ann__not go out because she____not feeling well. 7. Yesterday the kittens rolling on the ground. Today they __ sleeping quietly.Now try these 1. Find ten auxiliary verbs hidden in the puzzle. abdmustefdoesghmay kKnamopqwittrsmight wx yr cou ldelogdJ a1 dag hweanbdqwouldpvsax 2. Use the auxiliary verbs you have found to complete these sentences. You can only use each auxiliary verb once. a) Next week | having a party. Be you marry me?” the prince asked the princess. ) Last week Mum thought she win the Lottery. d) You leave quickly when the fire alarm sounds. e) Ifyou become anyone you wished, who you choose to be? Wee you enjoy your holiday?” the teacher asked. g) Jenny say the alphabet backwards. h) “You go out to play if you like,” said Mrs Bakhtiar. i) How long it take to reach the shops? Practise your punctuation elie 1. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) annis training to be a vet b) the lady was buying potatoes cabbages carrots and onions ©) i should have scored the winning goal but i missed d) one day a spaceship will land on mars e) if i try hard i may get better at spelling f) would you ike a new pair of trainers asked mrs smith g) mrs james saw sharon and said i do like your new top 2. Now underline the auxiliary verb in each sentence.An adjective is a describing word. When we compare two nouns we use a comparative adjective. When we compare three or more nouns we use a superlative adjective. —- £ xr small smaller smallest When the adjective is short, the comparative form usually ends in er. When the adjective is short, the superlative form usually ends in est. SS 5 * Gp! powerful more powerful most powerful When the adjective is long, we use the word more to make the comparative form. When the adjective is long, we use the word most to make the superlative form. Getting started Copy and complete this table. wise wiser wisest big happy beautiful comfortable dangerousNowtry these The adjectives in this table do not follow the rules. good bad | worse worst little | less least U many more most Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives. The first one has been done to help you. 1. bright» brighter > brightest 2. bad 3. delightful 4, funny 5. terrible 6. good 7. pretty 8. little 9. unpleasant 10. many 11. honest 12. wet 18. foolish 14, natural 15. musical 46. light 1. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) mrs turner is rich but mr barnes is richer mrs yates is the richest b) sheep are noisy but cows are noisier cockerels are by far the noisiest of the farm animals ©) one slice of pizza is good two slices of pizza are better the whole pizza is best d) the smith family is very quarrelsome but the brown family is even more quarrelsome the parker family is the most quarrelsome family in our street @) two meals a day is bad one meal a day is worse no meals a day is worst of all 2. Now underline the comparative adjective and circle the superlative adjective in each sentence.Adverbs An adverb is a word that gives more meaning to a verb. The magician waved his Next, a puff of He pulled a rabbit wand mysteriously. smoke appeared. out of the hat An adverb of manner An adverb of time An adverb of place tells us how tells us when tells us where something happened. something happened. something happened. Getting started 4. Copy these sentences. 2. Underline the verb and circle the adverb of manner in each sentence. a) The snow fell thickly. b) Listen carefully. ©) Itrained heavily on the tent. ) [hit the table angrily with my fist. ¢) Sara wrote the letter neatly. 1) A tear slowly trickled down my cheek. @) The cat stretched lazily. h) The dog ate his dinner greedily. ’) Tom threw the ball accurately. }) Slowly the giant stretched his arms and legs. Write five sentences of your own. Use one of these adverbs of time and ‘one of these adverbs of place in each sentence. now tomorrow first always after down everywhere in outside leftLea ta At) Copy this table. Write each adverb from the box in the correct column. Practise your punctuation Ce a Meee 4. Punctuate this paragraph correctly. yesterday i saw two birds busily building their nest they flew backwards and forwards up and down and in and out first they found some twigs next they carefully wove them into a nest they tirelessly pulled and tugged it into shape this. wasnt all they did finally they carefully lined it with moss soon the female bird will lay her eggs 2. Now underline all the adverbs. Above each adverb: * write m if it is an adverb of manner * write tif it is an adverb of time * write p if itis an adverb of place.(7) Apostrophes (contractions) In ‘An apostrophe is a punctuation mark. This is an apostrophe: ’ We use an apostrophe to show that one or more letters are missing. We sometimes join two words together and miss out some letters. We call these words contractions. (To contract means to shorten.) This is a contraction. This is a contraction. I'm is short for | am. We're is short for we are. 'm is short for am 's is short for is ‘Mis short for will ‘ve is short for have ‘re is short for are ‘dis short for would or had Getting started 4. In these words the apostrophe shows a letter is Write them out in full. The first one has been done to help you. a) couldn't could not —_b) haven't ) aren't ¢) isn't e) hasn't f) don't g) can’t h) hadn't i) weren't 2. Choose a contraction from the box to match each pair of words. a) itis b) we are ©) Ihave ) she would e) we will ) whois 9) 1am h) you have i) you are j) would k) we have ) heis rm te td he’s she'd you're we've it’s who's we're you've we'llese 1. Copy these sentences, writing complete words instead of contractions. The first one has been done to help you. a) I've got anew bike. I have got a new bike. b) I'm going to France. c) She's a good swimmer. d) He’s not here. You'll have to check next door. ) We're having a great time. f) I'm sure you'd like it. g) We'll all do it together. h) Itisn’t raining. i) Ihave lots of apples. | don’t need another one. i) We aren't going to get there in time. 2. Copy these sentences, using a contraction in each one. ‘The first one has been done to help you. a) Do not do it! Don't do it! b) I have not got any money. c) The tigers were not very fierce. d) | will call for you later. ) Who is that? f) We have scored two goals. g) | would help if | could. h) They are in bed. Peyicr 2 1. Punctuate this conversation correctly. emma: __ ive got a good joke do you want to hear it edward: i hope its a good one emma: what do you call a camel with three humps edward: i dont know emma: — humphrey edward: thats the worst joke youve ever told me emma: bet you cant think of a better one edward: ill try 2. Now underline all the contractions in the conversation.Nouns (singular and plural) We can write nouns in the singular or the plural. Singular means just one. Plural means more than one. A 0 ; 3 4 w pan ———» pans knife ———» knives potato ——— potatoes Most nouns just take s Many nouns ending in f Many nouns ending in o to change the singular or fe take ves in the plural. take es in the plural. into the plural form. Common exceptions are: Common exceptions are: chiefs, roofs. photos, videos, pianos, hippos. Getting started 1. Write the plural form of each noun. | a) thief b) dog ©) hero d) neighbour e) leaf | f) wife g) echo h) wolf i) letter j) tomato 2. Write the singular form of each noun. a) volcances _b) halves__c) lives d) houses e) dingoes ) loaves @) steps h) cargoes i) dominoes _—j)_ calves 3. Copy these lists of irregular nouns. They do not follow any rules. Match the singular and the plural forms of each noun. Singular Plural woman children & goose feat S S foot women ¢ deer teeth &)) R child deer tooth geeseeae RUT Nouns that are the names of groups of people or things are called collective nouns. For example, a swarm of bees, a team of players. 1. Write a plural noun to go with each collective noun. The first one has been done to help you. a) apack of Wolves b) aherd of c) ateam of d) ashoal of e) a library of f) aswarm of 9g) a forest of h) apile of 2. Write a collective noun to complete each phrase. a) a_______ofbananas b) a of ships c) a_____ of thieves d)a___oftcards 6) a ofsingers f) a of kittens g) a_______ of deer h) a___ of birds Practise your punctua 1. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) this morning the thieves were arrested b) the baker said sam put the loaves on the shelves please ©) are the baked potatoes ready yet d) during the night the leaves fell off the trees e) mr smith the tomatoes you sold me were rotten, 2. Now underline the plural nouns in each sentence. 3. Now write the sentences again, changing the plural nouns into Remember to change the verbs to agree with the nouns.Direct speech When we write down the exact words someone has spoken, we call this direct speech. We use inverted commas to These are inverted comma: k the beginning and end of what the person said. Here are three ways of writing direct speech: Notice the use of commas in all three sentences. ‘The old woman said, “This is for you.” “This is for you,” the old woman said. “This,” the old woman said, “is for you.” h 2 E) \ Getting started Copy these sentences. Put the inverted commas in the correct places. 1. Wait here, the coach said. 2. The boy shouted, Catch the ball. 3. It's my birthday today! shouted Harry. 4, The old lady said, Don’t worry. My dog doesn't bite. 5. I'm going to get an ice cream, the small girl squealed excitedly. 6. Cut down that tree, commanded the woodcutter. 7. I'm lost. Which way is it to Ipswich? enquired the driver. 8 James asked, What time is it? 9, The house is on fire! Get out of here fast! shouted Jenna. 10. I'm hungry. It must be nearly home time, whispered Anna.Nowtry these Copy these sentences. Put the inverted commas in the correct places. 1. Help! shrieked Emma. I'm soaked! 2. Sit down, said the nurse, and I'll be with you shortly. 3. Can | help you? the shopkeeper asked. Is there anything | can show you? 4, Look at this picture! exclaimed Francis. It's really lovely! 5. Quick! Pass the ball! shouted Lee. No one is marking me! 6. I can't come out, explained Indira. I've got too much homework. 7. I dropped my ring somewhere, explained Ann, but | can’t seem to find it. 8. I'll meet you in town, Mrs Turner said, outside the supermarket. 9. You're early, said the waiter. Your table is not ready yet. 10. Don't cry, said Nina’s mum. We can buy another balloon, Practise your punctua Write these conversations as sentences using direct speech. The first one has been done to help you. 1. Samir: _ I'm bored. What shall we do? Emma: _Let’s go to the park. "I'm bored,” said Samir. “What shall we do?” “Let's go to the park,” said Emma. 2. Holly: | like these jeans best. Can | have them? Mum: No, you can’t! I'm not spending all that money on a pair of jeans! 3. Liam: I'm having a new computer game for my birthday. Kelly: Are you? I'd like to try it. 4. Charlie: Are you in the play? I'm going to be the dragon. Zoe: | don't know yet. I'd like to be the queen.Pronouns hw A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Kate lost the needle. She (Kate) could not find it (the needle) anywhere. These are pronouns. They have replaced the nouns Kate and the needle. Getting started Copy these sentences. Choose a pronoun from the box to fill each gap. You can use each pronoun more than once. 1 me myself you yourself yourselves he him himself she her herself it itself we us ourselves they them themselves 1. Ilike these sweets. _are my favourites. Ben put his book down. In the morning could not find anywhere. When Gemma was undressed got into the bath. ; Kerry ran after Sam and me. chased down the path. : The girl listened to her father because thought was right. Don't climb the cliffs or you might hurt When the dog got wet shook all over Jake! : Peter washed until___ was completely clean. 7 The man gave a present to his wife. wrapped before gave to 10. We got top marks in the test. were very pleased with SP Prnearenp‘Two first person pronouns are | and me. If the word is part of the subject of a sentence, use I If it is part of the predicate of a sentence, use me. Notice that you always put yourself last. Copy these sentences, completing each one with / or me. The first two have been done to help you. 4. Will and__I are eating soup and bread. 2, The teacher gave the book to James and_me_. 3. The dog belongs to Jason and 4, My dad and went to the cinema last night. 5. My cat and both like milk. 6. Tom does not like Shannon and 7. Gran spilled her drink over George and 8. My friend and went shopping. 9. Francis invited Richard and to tea. 410. Uncle Bob and enjoy playing football. Practise your punctuatior Lied 4. Punctuate these sentences correctly. a) get up mark or you will be late for school shouted dad b) the bike has a puncture where can i get it mended c) emma likes oranges bananas carrots and peas they are all good for her 4) last night dean and i went to see a film we liked it very much ¢) shall we catch the bus or the train mrs croft asked us ) help an alien has landed it is coming to get me 2. Now underline all the pronouns in each sentence.|. Copy these sentences. Write: * nabove each noun * vabove each verb * adj above each adjective * adv above each adverb. a) The brown dog barked loudly. b) Suddenly an enormous snake appeared. c) The noisy girls chatted excitedly. @) Quietly the burglar crept along the stone path. Copy these sentences. After each sentence, write: * sifitisa statement * cif itis acommand * qifitis a question * e ifitis an exclamation. a) How are you? b) Come here. ¢) 1am going to school. 4d) | feel terrible! Write the past tense of each verb. The first one has been done to help you. a) catch -» caught —b) hug ©) run @) live f) tell 9) swim hb) write =) walk — sj) cut Copy and complete this table. bright brighter e) hold k) dig fF pretty prettiest helpful anxious heavy bad good Copy these sentences. Underline the auxiliary verb in each one. a) The frog can jump very high. b) She must go to the shops. ©) Ben has scored a goal. d) The spacecraft will reach Venus.6. Copy this table. Write each adverb from the box in the correct column. 7. Write the plural form of each noun. a) echo) thief ©) woman d) child —e) potato) wife 8. Complete each phrase with a plural noun or a collective noun. a) a flock of b) a of grapes ©) an army of da of fish e) achoir of fa of cows 9. Complete each sentence with a pronoun. a) | like baked beans. are delicious. b) Ellen took her trainers off. forgot to put in her bag. c) When Edward got home __diid his homework. d) Mr Bryant’s dog was enormous but was quite tame. 10. Complete each sentence with / or me. a) Lauren and are going to school. b) Mrs McDonald gave Matthew and___a drink. ©) My friend and went to the park. d) Our neighbour likes my dog and 11. Write the contraction for these words. a) they will b) sheis c) we have ¢) itis ¢) wouldhave —f)_ he willSentences (subject, verb and object) & Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. ‘Some sentences also have an object. The sun_ is shining. The sun isdrying the washing. subject verb subject verb object The object is the person or thing that is affected by the verb. The object usually comes after the verb in a sentence. Not all verbs can have an object. Getting started 4 1. Think of an object to complete each sentence. The first one has been done to help you. 4, We eek a) The hot sun melted the snow. b) Tracey threw ©) The old man opened d) Like eating : €) The beautiful princess kissed : f) Mymum baked 1 9) Mrs Oliver dusted ‘ h) The jockey mounted i) Meena won : )) Mr Roberts stirred 2. Now underline and mark the subject (s), verb (v) and object (0) in each sentence, The first one has been done to help you. s v ° a) The hot sun melted the snow. 2