Hindawi

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Volume 2018, Article ID 9141964, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9141964

Research Article
Highly Unequal Three-Port Power Divider:
Theory and Implementation

Duolong Wu ,1 Adriana Serban ,2 Magnus Karlsson ,2 and Shaofang Gong2

1
School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2
Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Campus Norrköping, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden

Correspondence should be addressed to Duolong Wu; edlwu@gdut.edu.cn

Received 21 April 2018; Accepted 26 June 2018; Published 19 July 2018

Academic Editor: Flaminio Ferrara

Copyright © 2018 Duolong Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

A three-port power divider consisting of a directional coupler, a Wilkinson power divider, and two transmission lines connected to
them is proposed. Theoretical analysis reveals that highly unequal power division can be achieved by a feedback mechanism of two
transmission lines along with the coupling coefficient of the directional coupler and the power division ratio of the Wilkinson power
divider. The three-port power divider inherits the performance characteristics of high isolation, low reflection coefficients at all
ports, and the minimum number of components. The proposed power divider is designed at 5.8 GHz and fabricated and
evaluated through measurements. It demonstrates that electromagnetic simulation results are in good agreement with
theoretical prediction and measurement results. The three-port power divider is compact in the planar form, so it can be easily
integrated into radio frequency front ends.

1. Introduction [4], complex isolation component [5], and two-section

Two commonly used power dividers are the Wilkinson and
Gysel power dividers, invented in 1960 and 1975, respectively
[1, 2]. The Wilkinson and Gysel power dividers have the
similar performance for their scattering matrices, but there
is a difference in their structures and the later permits higher
power loads than the former. The Wilkinson power divider
with a power division ratio such as 9 : 1 is difficult to be phys-
ically realized in microstrip form because the characteristic
impedance of one branch line is 273.86 Ω. A symmetric cou-
pler with 3 dB coupling coefficient is known as a quadrature
hybrid or a branch line hybrid [3]. We are also facing the
same difficulty as to the Wilkinson power divider that a sym-
metric coupler with the coupling coefficient for more than
8 dB is impractical to be physically constructed utilizing the
microstrip technology.
The Wilkinson power divider and the symmetric coupler
are mostly applied with equal or low power division ratios.
Wilkinson power dividers with parallel RLC components
two-resistor [6] were designed and miniaturized for high-
frequency applications. A typical application for highly
unequal power division is the Doppler radar [7], as illustrated
in Figure 1. The RF input signal is divided into two-way out-
puts, RF output 2 and RF output 3. RF output 2 is further
transmitted through a circulator to the antenna and radi-
ated. Assuming a target moving with a relative velocity ±
ν and with a radar cross section σ, the RF signal will be
scattered by the target and then received by the antenna.
After passing through the circulator, it will enter the radar
receiver front end where it is firstly amplified by a low-
noise amplifier (LNA) module. The two signals, RF output
3 and RF output 4, are then further fed to a mixer. RF
output 3 is used as a reference signal for comparison and fre-
quency downconversion.
One major challenge of accurately processing the infor-
mation carried by the scattered signal at RF output 4 is the
requirement of a good balance between the power levels of
the reference signal and scattered signal [8]. In fact, it is
2 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
Power
RF Circulator
divider
output 2
a1
b2
RF
input
b3
RF RF
output 3 output 4
Figure 1: Simplified block diagram of the front end of a monostatic Doppler radar.
found out with a computation that the signal level of RF
output 3 might be 30 dB higher than that of RF output 4, even
if the power division ratio of the power divider is b2 2
b3 2 = 10 1 and the gain of the LNA module is 30 dB.
A three-port power divider with a power division ratio
of 9 : 1 was reported, including about nine LC elements in
its fabricated sample [9]. A three-port power divider with
a power division ratio of 10 : 1 has been presented with a
Gysel power divider and two coupling structures of filtering
responses [10]. A single-section coupled line coupler can be
designed with the performance of 20 dB coupling factor and
50 dB isolation, but it is best suited for weak coupling and is
a four-port network [3].
There have been some other works reported in the litera-
ture concerning highly unequal power dividers, which would
not be cited here one by one. We may conclude that a three-
port power divider with power division ratios for more than
10 : 1 would be hard to realize in a physical structure, and
their research work would be difficult to implement in engi-
neering designs.
Since the RF amplitude balance of the signals to the
mixer, that is, RF output 3 and RF output 4 in Figure 1, must
be considered in a system design, a highly unequal three-port
power divider is proposed in this paper along with its design
methodology. Moreover, assuming that a good isolation can
be achieved, the proposed power divider could be used with-
out the circulator in Figure 1, which can be used in the micro-
strip form [11]. The paper focuses on theoretical analysis and
design of a highly unequal three-port power divider. To ver-
ify the developed theory and design, the power divider was
fabricated and evaluated through measurements finally. The
resulting demonstrator is very compact when implemented
in the microstrip planar technology and can be integrated
into the entire RF front end including the antenna.
2. Theory
A model of three-port divider with a feedback mechanism
is proposed, which consists of a directional coupler, a Wil-
kinson power divider, and two transmission lines. The
Moving
target
Antenna
𝜎
v
LNA
module
b4
scattering matrix and the maximum power division ratio
for the three-port power divider are then formulated.
2.1. Feedback Model. A schematic of the three-port power
divider with a feedback mechanism is shown in Figure 2.
The power divider consists of four parts, that is, a directional
coupler, a Wilkinson power divider, and two transmission
lines of TL1 and TL2. The numbers 1, 2, 3′, and 4′ are the
input port, the through port, the coupling port, and the iso-
lated port of the directional coupler, respectively. The num-
bers 1′ and both 2′ and 3 are the input port and the output
port of the Wilkinson power divider. The phase delays of
TL1 and TL2 are θ1 = 2πL1 /λg and θ2 = 2πL2 /λg , where L1
is the length of TL1, L2 is the length of TL2, λg is the guide
wavelength, and their characteristic impedances are 50 Ω.
Power supplied to the port 1 is coupled to the port 3′ and
then transferred to the port 1′ through TL1. The output
power at the port 2′ is fed to the port 4′ through TL2. The
functions of TL1 and TL2 are to provide a feedback path,
and a power division ratio for the three-port power divider
is reallocated. In the meanwhile, the output ports of 2 and 3
are the isolated ports.
To take account of reference phases at all ports of the
directional coupler, the scattering matrix of the directional
coupler in Figure 2 is a reciprocal four-port network and
rewritten as SDC [3]
S1 S2
SDC = ,
S2 S1
0 1
S1 = αe jψ1 , 1
1 0
e jψ2 0
S2 = β ,
0 e jψ3
where α and β are the positive reals and satisfy the condition
of α2 + β2 = 1, ψ2 + ψ3 − 2ψ1 = 2n + 1 π, n ∈ N , and N is
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 3

Directional
a1 coupler a2
RF 1 2 RF
input a4′ a3′ output 2
b1 b2
4′ 3′
b4′ b3′
TL2 TL1
a2′
2′ a1′
1′
b2′ R

3 b1′
Wilkinson
power divider

a3 b3

RF
output 3

Figure 2: Schematic of the three-port divider with a feedback mechanism.

an integer. The quantities characterized the symmetric b1′2′ = S3 a1′2′ + S4 a3 ,

coupler are defined as follows: the insertion loss L = −20 log 5
S21 dB, the coupling coefficient C = −20 log S31 dB, and b3′4′ = S2 a12 + S1 a3′4′ ,
the isolation I = −20 log S41 dB. If ψ1 = −π/2 and ψ2 =
ψ3 = −π, it is a symmetric coupler. If α = β = 1/ 2, ψ1 = b12 = S1 a12 + S2 a3′4′ ,
−π/2, and ψ2 = ψ3 = −π, it is a quadrature hybrid. If ψ1 = 6
b3 = ST4 a1′2′ ,
ψ2 = −π/2 and ψ3 = −3π/2, it is an antisymmetric coupler.
The scattering matrix of the Wilkinson power divider in a1′2′ = S5 b3′4 ,
Figure 2 is rewritten as on the same grounds 7
a3′4′ = S5 b1′2′ ,
S3 S4
SWPD = , 2 e−jθ1 0
ST4 0 S5 = 8
−jθ2
0 e
Equations (5) and (7) can be solved simultaneously to
e jϕ1 0 1 give the vectors of a1′2′ and a3′4′
S3 = , 3
1 + K2 1 0 −1 −1
−1
a1′2′ = S−1
5 − S 1 S5 S3 S2 a12 + S5 S1 S5 − S3 S4 a3,
−1 −1 −1
Ke jϕ2 1 a3′4′ = S5 S3 S5 − S1 S2 a12 + S−1
5 − S3 S5 S1 S4 a3
S4 = , 4
1 + K2 0 9
From (6) and (9), the vector of b12 and the variable of
where K 2 = b3 2 / b2′ 2 is a power division ratio of the Wilkin- b3 are found
son power divider, according to the traditional notation. The
−1 −1
transpose of a matrix S4 is denoted by ST4 . The shunt resistor b12 = S1 + S2 S5 S3 S5 − S1 S2 a12
is determined by R = Z 0 K + 1/K [3], where Z 0 is the charac- −1
teristic impedance of transmission lines connected to the + S2 S−1
5 − S3 S5 S1 S4 a3 ,
three ports, generally taken as 50 Ω. If K = 1, the Wilkinson −1
power divider will be the equal-split (3 dB) case. b3 = ST4 S−1
5 − S1 S5 S3 S2 a12
−1 −1 10
2.2. Formulation. Vectors of the incident and reflected waves + ST4 S5 S1 S5 − S3 S4 a3
−1 T
at the ports of the directional coupler are defined as a12 = = S2 S−1
5 − S3 S5 S1 S4 a12
a1 a2 T , a3′4′ = a3′ a4′ T , b12 = b1 b2 T , and b3′4′ = b3′ b4′ T . T
−1
Similarly, two wave vectors of the Wilkinson power divider = S2 S−1
5 − S3 S5 S1 S4 a12
are defined as b1′2′ = b1′ b2′ T and a1′2′ = a1′ a2′ T . The scat-
tering matrix of the three-port power divider is derived Equation (10) can be simplified as the following forms:
4 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

0 S21 S31 70
b12 = a12 + a3 ,
S21 0 0 11 60
b3 = S31 0 a12 ,
50

Power division ratio

2 j θ1 +θ2 −ψ1 −ϕ1
α 1+K e −1
S21 = e jψ1 , 12 40
1 + K 2 e j θ1 +θ2 −ψ1 −ϕ1 −α
30
βKe j θ2 +ψ2 +ϕ2 −ψ1 − 1
S31 = 13
1 + K 2 e j θ1 +θ2 −ψ1 −ϕ1 − α 20

From (11), the scattering matrix of the three-port power 10

divider is determined with S21 and S31
0
0 S21 S31 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
S= S21 0 0 14 TL1 and TL2 phase delay (degree)

S31 0 0 1/K2 = 1 1/K2 = 1/2

1/K2 = 2 1/K2 = 1/3
It shows that the scattering matrix (14) of the three-port 2
1/K = 3
power divider is similar to (2) of the Wilkinson power
divider, where the conditions of S = ST , Sii = 0  i = 1, 2, 3 , Figure 3: Computation on the power division ratio with C = 7 dB,
S23 = 0, and S21 2 + S31 2 = 1 are simultaneously satisfied. ψ1 = −90° , ψ2 = ψ3 = −180° , and ϕ1 = ϕ2 = 115 52° . The power
The power division ratio for the three-port power divider in division ratio is 1/K 2TWD and the TL1 and TL2 phase delay is
Figure 2 is defined θ1 + θ2 .

1 S21 2
α2
= =
K 2TWD S31 2
β2 K 2
1 + K 2 + α−2 − 2α−1
θ1 + θ2 − ψ1 − ϕ1
1 α2 2 divider is K = 1, the maximum of the power division ratio for
max = 1 + K 2 + α−1
K 2TWD β2 K 2
where θ1 + θ2 − ψ1 − ϕ1 = 2n + 1 π, n ∈ N in (16).
2.3. Analysis. In (16), the item of α2 /β2 = b2 2 / b3′ 2 is the
power division ratio of the directional coupler. When the
power division ratio for the directional coupler is b2 2
b3′ 2 = 1 34 1 and that for the Wilkinson power divider is
b2′ 2 b3 2 = 1 1, the power division ratio for the three-
port power divider will be achieved by b2 2 b3 2 = 10 1.
It is concluded that a feedback mechanism for two transmis-
sion lines of TL1 and TL2 is very important to improve the
power division ratio for the three-port power divider.
A special case is considered that the directional coupler
in Figure 2 is a symmetric coupler. We give a computation
on the power division ratios as the following: the symmetric
coupler with C = 7 dB b2 2 / b3′ 2 = 4 , ψ1 = −90° , and ψ2 =
ψ3 = −180° , and the Wilkinson power divider with ϕ1 =
ϕ2 = −115 52° , which is from the simulation result with
Advanced Design System (ADS).
The computation results with MATLAB are shown in
Figure 3 with 1/K 2 = 1, 2, 3, 1/2, 1/3, respectively. Because of
the presence of the minimum length in the physical structure,
the value of θ1 + θ2 is taken from 180° to 540°, that is, the
length of L1 + L2 should be from 0.5 λg to 1.5 λg . The results
reveal that a region of θ1 + θ2 exists to ensure that the power
1 + K 2 cos division ratio of the three-port power divider is more than 10
in the listed values of 1/K 2 . The maximum of the power divi-
, sion ratio occurs at the value of θ1 + θ2 = 450° + ϕ1 = 338 48° ,
15 and the region of θ1 + θ2 for the power division ratio more
than 10 is in a wide range to be used. If the Wilkinson power
, 16 the three-port power divider is 25.65.
3. Implementation
Based on the above theory developed for the highly unequal
three-port power divider, the schematic and layout of a
5.8 GHz power divider were captured using ADS 2015.01,
from Keysight Technologies. A comparison between (7a)
and the circuit simulation with ADS is first given. To verify
the above design, a test sample is fabricated, measured, and
compared with the electromagnetic simulation.
3.1. Schematic. Rogers RO4350B substrate has the dielectric
constant of 3.66, the dissipation factor of 0.0034 at 5.8 GHz
(0.0037 at 10 GHz), the thickness of 1.524 mm, and the cop-
per cladding of 35 μm.
Both the schematic of the test sample and the basic prin-
ciple of the following layout implemented in ADS schematic
are provided in Figure 4, where Term, TL, and Bend are the
stardard components in ADS pallete. The transmission line
of TL1 (see Figure 2) consists of TL16, Bend4, and TL17.
The transmission line of TL2 (see Figure 2) is realized with
TL11, Bend1, TL12, Bend2, TL13, Bend3, and TL14.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 5

Term2 TL18 Symmetric TL10 Term1

L5 = 10.75 L3 = 12.85
coupler

Bend4
TL17 TL11
1.00 1.00 Bend1
TL16
2.00

Wilkinson All impedances: 50 Ω TL12

power divider length unit: mm 8.12

TL15 TL14
L6 = 12.81 1.00
TL13
Bend3 9.07 Bend2
Term3

Figure 4: Schematic of the three-way divider with C = 7 dB and K = 1 in ADS.

W2

RF
input
TL2, L2
L3
W1

A1
Symmetric W4
coupler
L4 L8

W5
A2
L7
R RF
TL1, L1
L5 output 3

Wilkinson
output 2

W3
RF

power divider
B1 B2 L6

Figure 5: Layout of the three-way divider with C = 7 dB and K = 1. The ADS layout exported a DWG format file, which was inserted and
processed in Microsoft Visio.

The symmetric coupler with C = 7 dB and the Wilkinson
power divider with K = 1 were automatically generated and
optimized by the tool of passive circuit of Design Guide in
ADS schematic, respectively. The generated circuit compo-
nents of the symmetric coupler and Wilkinson power divider
were integrated into a three-port power divider in a new
schematic by the model in Figure 2, a new layout was done
by generate/update layout in the ADS schematic, and three
test ports of RF input/output were added to it by three
SMA connectors, Johnson part number 142-0701-801 of
End Launch Jack Receptacle.
3.2. Layout. The microstrip layout of the test sample was
designed in ADS layout at the center frequency of 5.8 GHz,
see Figure 5. The dot-dash lines indicate the microstrip paths
of TL1 and TL2. Reference planes of the symmetric coupler
are A1 and A2 and that of the Wilkinson power divider are
B1 and B2 . The full size is 33 mm × 46 mm fed by 50 Ω
6 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Table 1: Parameters of the three-port power divider. m1

0
Objects Parameters Dimensions (mm)
TL1 L1 5.90
-10
TL2 L2 27.90
RF input L3 12.85

S (dB)
−20
W1 3.40
Symmetric coupler L4 9.40
−30 m1
W2 13.06 S11 = 22.17
S21 = 3.07
L8 4.97 S32 = 20.43

W4 −40
7.70
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Wilkinson power divider L7 13.17
Freq (GHz)
W3 5.12
S11
W5 1.84 S21
RF output 2 L5 10.75 S32

RF output 3 L6 12.81
Figure 7: Amplitudes of the scattering parameters of the Wilkinson
power divider simulated in ADS schematic with K = 1 and R =
100 Ω.
m1
0
m1
200
−10

100
m1
S (dB)

−20 S21SC = −89.81

Phase (degree)

S21WPD = −111.52
0 S31SC = 177.66
−30 m1
S11 = −34.95
S21 = −0.93
S31 = −7.01 −100
S41 = −27.31
−40
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Freq (GHz) −200
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
S11 S31 Freq (GHz)
S21 S41 S21SC
S21WPD
Figure 6: Amplitudes of the scattering parameters of the symmetric S31SC
coupler simulated in ADS schematic with C = 7 dB.
Figure 8: Phases of the scattering parameters of the symmetric
microstrip, and the parameters of the three-port power coupler (SC) and Wilkinson power divider (WPD) simulated in
divider are listed in Table 1. ADS schematic with C = 7 dB, K = 1, and R = 100 Ω.

3.3. Circuit Simulation. Simulation results of the symmetric
coupler and Wilkinson power divider using ADS in the sche-
matics are shown from Figures 6–8.
The parameters of the symmetric coupler are S21 =
−0 93 dB, S3′1 = −7 01 dB, ψ1 = −89 81° , and ψ2 = ψ3 =
−182 34° . We have noticed that there was a phase shift of
5 06° , because of ψ2 + ψ3 − 2ψ1 = −185 06° . The reason is
that all simulations in both Figures 6 and 8 were con-
ducted with the conductor (Cu) copper conductivity of
5 8 × 107 S/m. The parameters of the Wilkinson power
divider are S2′1′ = S31′ = 3 07 dB and ϕ1 = ϕ2 = −111 52° .
The identical phase shift of TL1 and TL2 is θ1 + θ2 =
403 66° . The scattering matrix of the three-port power
divider is S21 = −0 35 dB and S31 = −12 89 dB. It is
found that the power division ratio for the three-port power
divider is 1/K 2TWD = 17 92 at 5.8 GHz in the ADS simulation.
The computation results with MATLAB in Figure 3 are
1/K 2TWD = 18 50 with θ1 + θ2 = 403 66° . Compared with the
ADS simulation, the relative error of 1/K 2TWD is equal to
18 50 − 17 92 /17 92 = 3 2%, although the above theory
is in the ideal conditions without any conductor loss.
In fact, the lengths of two transmission lines of TL1 and
TL2 in the test sample are arbitrarily chosen in the range of
power division ratios being more than 10, only for connec-
tion with both the symmetric coupler and Wilkinson power
divider and can be adjustable to specific applications.
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 7

−2

−4

S (dB)
−6

−8

−10

−12
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Freg (GHz)

SimS21 SimS31
MeaS21 MeaS31

Figure 11: Comparisons of S21 and S31 between the

electromagnetic simulation in ADS and measurement.

14

Figure 9: Fabricated sample of the three-way divider with C = 7 dB, 12

K = 1, and R = 100 Ω.
Power division ratio

10

8
0
6
−10
4

−20 2
S (dB)

−30 0
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
−40 Freg (GHz)

SimPDR
−50 MeaPDR

−60 Figure 12: Comparison of power division ratio (PDR) between the
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 electromagnetic simulation in ADS and measurement. The
Freg (GHz) measured PDR is 13.59 at 5.8 GHz.
SimS11 SimS33
MeaS11 MeaS33
SimS22 SimS32
MeaS22 MeaS32 Figure 12 that the −10 dB bandwidth of the three-port
divider is more than 1 GHz.
Figure 10: Comparisons of S11 , S22 , S33 , and S32 between the
electromagnetic simulation in ADS and measurement.
4. Conclusions
3.4. Experiment. The test sample of the three-port power Theory of the highly unequal three-port power divider with
divider with C = 7 dB and K = 1 was fabricated as shown in a feedback mechanism is presented. The three-port power
Figure 9. All scattering parameters of the above test sample divider can provide with a power division ratio of more
of the three-port power divider are provided in Figures 10 than 10. A high isolation and impedance match are
and 11, where the prefix of “Sim” represents the electro- achieved at all ports. Moreover, it is compact in the planar
magnetic simulation with ADS Momentum Microwave form. The presented theory agrees well with the simulated
and that of “Mea” means the measurement by a Rohde & results using ADS and the measurement results. The
Schwarz vector network analyzer. Power division ratios three-port power divider can be realized in the microstrip
for the above test sample are also obtained for both the form without difficulty and easily integrated into radio fre-
electromagnetic simulation with ADS and measurement quency front ends. This work has completely solved the
results in Figure 12. A fairly good agreement between the problem of limited power division ratios associated with
simulation and measurement is seen. It is also shown in three-port power dividers.
8 International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

Data Availability
All the data used to support the findings of this study are
included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Gustav Knutsson, in the
research group of Communication Electronics, Linköping
University, for fabrication of test samples. This work was
supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of
Guangdong Province under Grant no. 2017A030310063.

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