ROLL NO: 2K19/PHA/64

NAME: MAHUM MEMON

CLASS: 3RD PROF (2ND SEMESTER)
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
INSTITUTE: FACLUTY OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
SUBMITTED TO: SIR MURAAD SHAH
SUBMITTED BY: 2K19/PHA/64

Q1. TOP TEN PROFESSIONS OF THE WORLD

 1. Autuary
2. Human resource Specialist
3. Market Research Analyst
4. Epidemiologist
5. Occupational Therapist
6. Software Engineer
7. Diagnostic Medical Sonographer
8. Interpreters and Translators
9. Pharmacist
10. Computer System Analyst

Q2. VISION AND MISSION STATEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS

1. UNICEF:

 mission statement: “promotes the rights and wellbeing of every child, in everything
we do.”

Vision Statement: reaching out and touching the lives of children in urgent need. 

2. UNESCO:

Vision: A world where every person has access to relevant, quality education and
lifelong learning.

Mission: To provide support and promote innovative solutions to the challenges faced
 by ministries of education and governments in the complex task of improving equity,
quality, relevance and effectiveness of curriculum, teaching, learning and assessment
processes and outcomes.

3. GOOGLE:

Mission Statement: “organize the world’s information and make it universally

accessible and useful.

Vision Statement: provide an important service to the world-instantly delivering

relevant information on virtually any topic.”

4.GSK

Vision Statement: The opportunity to make a difference to millions of lives every day.

Mission Statement: Help people to do more, feel better, live longer.

5.MICROSOFT:
Mission Statement: Our mission is to empower every person and every organization
on the planet to achieve more.
Vision Statement
Microsoft s corporate vision is to help people and businesses throughout the world realize
their full potential.
6.DOW University:
Vision Statement:To be a pre-eminent academic institution committed to changing and
saving lives.

Mission Statement: Providing outstanding patient centered education, training and clinical
care informed by cutting edge research and innovation generating and disseminating new
knowledge.

7. Mayo Clinic

 Vision: “Mayo Clinic will provide an unparalleled experience as the most trusted

partner for health care.”
 Mission: “To inspire hope and contribute to health and well-being by providing the
best care to every patient through integrated clinical practice, education and research.”
8. Alliance Health
  Vision: Our vision is to be a leader in transforming the delivery of whole person care
in North Carolina’s public sector.
 Mission: Our mission is to improve the health and well-being of the people we serve
by ensuring highly effective, community-based support and care.
9. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

 Vision: “To accelerate progress against catastrophic disease at a global level.”

 Mission: “The mission of St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital is to advance cures,
and means of prevention, for pediatric catastrophic diseases through research and
treatment. Consistent with the vision of our founder Danny Thomas, no child is
denied treatment based on race, religion or a family's ability to pay.”
10. Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB)

 Vision: To be a model institution delivering exceptional service and influential policy

advice to support the development of a thriving currency union.
 Mission: Advancing the good of the people of the currency union by maintaining
monetary and financial stability and promoting growth and development.

Q3: My Mission And Vission Statement:

Mission Statement: As a Pharmacy student my my mission is to get full knowledge

about medicines to provide patients a good health.

Vision: My vision statement is to keep aware the people about taking proper
medications to prevent them from drug poisoning.

Q4. EXPERT SYSTEMS RELATED TO MEDICAL FIELD

1.PIP (Present Illness Program)

The Present Illness Program (PIP) system, developed in 1976, was an early

diagnostic tool designed to emulate clinicians in the evaluation of patients
with edema. [1] It merged facts about the patient with knowledge from a
database to develop a hypothesis about what was afflicting the patient.

The system had four major components:

 a set of patient data

 a long-term memory, the knowledge repository
  a short-term memory, the intersection of patient data and the knowledge
repository
 a supervisor program to filter knowledge and act on patient input.
A clinician would enter patient facts into the system. The supervisor program would then pull
relevant facts into the short term memory and set them as active. Facts related to those just
pulled in were marked as semi-active. Eventually the system would finish aggregating facts it
would then advice the clinician in one of three ways. It would suggest more questions to help
the clinician focus in on the disease in question. It would prompt the user to validate
potentially spurious data. It would provide an alert of potentially spurious data as interpreted
by the patient. One it has exhausted all possible actions it would then generate a hypothesis
about what was afflicting the patient.

Hypothesis are generated by looking at all of the facts, brought in from the knowledge
repository, best fit the case in question. Each fact is coupled with a series of rules which
allow the system to determine if it is a good candidate or not. The likelihood is computed
over the possible candidates and the best scoring hypothesis is reported.

While PIP may not be in high commercial use, certain aspects of its function can be seen in
current daya clinical systems. Specifically it resolved around the concept of automatically
using clinical knowledge repositories to infer information about the patient and take a proper
course of action. Similarly, current day clinical systems can use information on patient
allergens and medications to issue warnings of issuing a hazardous prescription or to generate
reminders to issue useful tests that check for disease. Given this, PIP could be seen as one of
the systems helping to develop the foundation of current clinical decision support systems.

2.AAHEPLP:
This expert system was generated in 1972 and it is used for supporting the
diagnosis of acute abdominal pain, based on analysis and for surgery: using
naïve bayesian approach.

3.NTERNIST I

INTERNIST-I was an expert system designed in the early 1970's to diagnose

multiple diseases in internal medicine by modelling the behaviour of
clinicians. Its form and operation are described, and evaluations of the system
are surveyed. The major result of the project was its knowledge base which
has been used in successor systems for medical education and clinical use. We
also survey the effects of the project through these systems, and conclude that
the most successful of them in the near future is likely to be Quick Medical
Reference (QMR) when used as an "electronic textbook" of medicine.
4.MYCIN
 Work on MYCIN, an expert system for treating blood infections, began at Stanford
University in 1972. MYCIN would attempt to diagnose patients based on reported symptoms
and medical test results. The program could request further information concerning the
patient, as well as suggest additional laboratory tests, to arrive at a probable diagnosis, after
which it would recommend a course of treatment. If requested, MYCIN would explain the
reasoning that led to its diagnosis and recommendation. Using about 500 production rules,
MYCIN operated at roughly the same level of competence as human specialists in blood
infections and rather better than general practitioners.

Nevertheless, expert systems have no common sense or understanding of the limits of their
expertise. For instance, if MYCIN were told that a patient who had received a gunshot wound
was bleeding to death, the program would attempt to diagnose a bacterial cause for the
patient’s symptoms. Expert systems can also act on absurd clerical errors, such as prescribing
an obviously incorrect dosage of a drug for a patient whose weight and age data were
accidentally transposed.
5.EMYCIN

An expert system shell implemented in INTERLISP <103>. EMYCIN is a domainin-

dependent version of MYCIN, a production rule system <192> designed for medical
consultations. Problem-specific knowledge is represented as production rules where the
antecedent is effectively a boolean function of predicates of attribute-object-value triples
and both the condition and action have a certainty value associated with them. Uses
a backward chaining control strategy. Incorporates a sophisticated front-end to handle user
interactions and facilities for explaining how conclusions were reached and answering
questions.

6.ONCOSIN
ONCOCIN is an oncology protocol management system that assists physicians with the
management of outpatients enrolled in experimental cancer chemotherapy protocols.
ONCOCIN was designed for initial implementation in the Stanford Oncology Day Care
Center, where it has been in limited use since May of 1981. The clinic's physicians currently
use the system dally in the management of patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma. This work has allowed us to study physician-computer interaction and to explore
artificial intelligence research issues.
7.K4CARE
In eHealth it is increasingly necessary to develop tele-informatic applications to
support people involved in providing basic medical care (physicians, nurses, patients,
relatives, and citizens in general).The care of chronic and disabled patients involves
life long treatment under continuous expert supervision. Moreover, health care
workers and patients accept that being cared for in hospitals or residential facilities
may be unnecessary and even counterproductive.

From a global view, such patients may saturate national health services and increase
health related costs. The debate over the crisis of financing health care is open and is a
basic political issue for old and new EU member countries and could hinder European
convergence. To face these challenges we can differentiate medical assistance in
 health centres from assistance in a ubiquitous way (Home Care -HC- model); the
latter can undoubtedly benefit from the introduction of ICT.

This project will develop a platform to manage the information needed to guarantee
an ICT Home Care service. It will:
- integrate information of different types and from different sources.
- be integrated with ICT whilst ensuring private and customized data access.
- use ontologies to define the profile of accessing subjects (e.g. physicians, patient)
and objects (e.g. disease, case study).
- have a mechanism to combine and refine the ontologies to personalize the system,
taking into account the way a physician works and the individual patient
characteristics.
- incorporate 'know-how' from geriatric clinical guidelines as Intervention Plans (IP).
- generate IPs from the healthcare centres databases if clinical guidelines do not exist
or are inappropriate for a particular situation.
- configure a knowledge-based decision support tool that can supply eServices to all
subjects involved in the Home Care model.
- extract evidence from real patients and integrate it with published evidence derived
from RCT.
8.The CMDS Medical Diagnosis System:
by Barna Iantovics (2008): [35] In this paper they proposed the idea of a medical
diagnosis multi agent system called CMDS (Contract Net Based Medical Diagnosis
System), which was a hybrid system with human and artificial agent members. The
proposed system solves the medical diagnosis problem by the adaptation [36] of the
cooperative problem solving method, the contract net protocol [37, 38, 39, 40]. The
solution of medical diagnosis problem based on the identified illness (illnesses) and
the associated treatment (treatments) which must be applied to cure the illness
(illnesses). Different difficulties in the medical diagnoses elaborations are analyzed in
[41, 42, 43]. In this paper, a system called Feline [44] which composed of five
autonomous agents (expert systems with some proprieties of the agents) capable with
medical knowledge was proposed. This paper also proposed a general methodology
based on Computer Algebra for creating medical expert systems [45]. This paper also
proposed a Web-centric extension to a previously developed expert system
specialized in the glaucoma diagnosis. For the implementation of the medical expert
systems the CoCoA language is proposed [46]. Here they used Cooperative Medical
Diagnosis Elaboration algorithm to show the problem solving abilities of medical
agents. Advantages of using CMDS System were that the CMDS medical diagnosis
multi agent system can solve medical diagnosis problems using the artificial agents
and physicians abilities and capacities. The medical agents (human being and
artificial) also can learn autonomously from each other during the problems solution
replaying processes. The key idea was to use multi-agent oriented model to solve
several health care related problems by merging and expanding different problem
solving technologies.
9.CARDEXP
AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE: CARDEXP INTRODUCTION E. Kekes, M.
Kakas, J. Aszalos, I. Preda, J. Barcsak, J. Kovacs and Z. Antaloczy postgraduate
Medical School, 2nd Medical Department (Cardiology), and Computing Applications
 and Service Company Expert System Department Budapest, Hungary Ischaemic heart
disease (IHD) is one of the most common causes of death in many countries of the
world. This is why the development of a widely accepted expert system for the
evaluation of the diagnostic and therapeutic decision model of ischaemic heart disease
constitutes a general need. The diagnostic algorithms were based on the case history
and on routine medical methods, such as physical and non-invasive and invasive
cardiological examinations (Diamond et al., 1980; 1983). THE DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT OF IHD In evaluating a patient presenting with chest pain, the case
history, physical examination and the resting ECG are the key-elements in
determining the extent and direction of diagnostic procedures and the possibility of
medical or surgical intervention. The medical aims of our expert system are: 1.
differential diagnosis of chest pain; 2. diagnosis of different forms of IHD; 3. analysis
of heart function; 4. determination of the sequence of diagnostic procedures: and 5.
determination of the optimal therapeutic decisions. Physicians need a systemic
approach to actual clinical problems. Such a strategy ensures the maximum diagnostic
accuracy at minimum risk and expense to the patient. Most cardiologists pursue a line
of questioning to establish whether the actual chest pain is typically cardiac, atypical
or non-cardiac in origin (Greenberg et al., 1984). It is therefore important to determine
the sequence of the steps in the diagnosis of IHD. The first diagnostic step is to
eliminate the chest pain syndrome of non-cardiac origin and to verify the different
forms of cardiac pain.
9.ERMA
Decisions must be taken, often in a very short time, under stress and with reduced or
partial information. In such a context, risk management systems can be a helpful tool.
This communication presents the essential aspects of ERMA (Electronic Risk
Management Architecture) system, a platform based on service oriented architecture
device as a support tool for risk management in emergencies. ERMA consists of a
Decision Making Assistance System (DMAS) which collects data and compares them
with a set of key indicators (Key Indicator System); it proposes the actions to be taken
(Process Management Component). The system is GIS based, so that every single task
can be georeferenced. GIS is also used for mapping the dangerous phenomena (e.g.: a
flood, a toxic cloud). The DMAS is linked to a warning module that enables to develop an
appropriate and massive warning strategy. Both the DMAS and the warning system are
connected to a citizen relationship management system which furthers communication
with the public and channels citizen feedback. The whole system has been tested through
laboratory tests and by using it in two complementary field trials. The results have been
quite satisfactory.
References

1. https://work.chron.com/top-10-careers-world-25613.html
2. https://mission-statement.com/unicef/
3. http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/who-we-are/vision-and-mission
4. https://fourweekmba.com/google-vision-statement-mission-statement/
5. https://pk-consumerhealthcare.gsk.com/en-gb/about-us/profile-of-company/
6. https://www.comparably.com/companies/microsoft/mission
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8. www.clearpointsstatergity.com
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