Q3/TS4: For the three bus system shown in Figure 4.

1, each of three lines has a series impedance

of (0.04+j0.16) p.u. and a total shunt admittance of j0.04 p.u. The specified quantities at different
buses are as following:

Bus Real Load Reactive Real power Reactive power Voltage specification
demand (PD) Load generation generation (QG)
demand (QD) (PG)
1 2 1 Unspecified Unspecified V1=1.05+j0 (slack
bus)
2 1.5 6 0.5 1.0 Unspecified (PQ-bus)
3 0.5 0.5 0 QGS V3 = 1.05 (PV-bus)
The controllable reactive power source is provided at bus 3 with the constraint 0  QG 3  1.5 pu .
Find the load flow solution using NR method, Decoupled Flow Method and fast decoupled flow
method. with a tolerance of 0.01 for power mismatch.
(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
Bus 1 : Slack Bus , 𝑉1 = 1.05 𝑝𝑢, 𝛿1 = 0

Bus 2: PQ bus :

(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑔2 − 𝑃𝑑2 = 0.5 − 1.5 = −1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑔2 − 𝑄𝑑2 = 1.0 − 6.0 = −5.0.

𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉20 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢 𝛿20 = 0

(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
Bus 3: PV bus : 𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑔3 − 𝑃𝑑3 = 0 − 0.5 = −0.5, 𝑄3 = 𝑄𝑔3 − 𝑄𝑑3 = 𝑄𝑔𝑠 − 0.5,

(𝑠𝑝)
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑉3 = 1.05 𝑝𝑢, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝛿30 = 0

Soln.: Step 1: Assemble Y bus

𝑗0.04
Shunt Elements: 𝑦𝑠ℎ = 𝑦120 = 𝑦210 = 𝑦230 = 𝑦320 = 𝑦130 = 𝑦310 = = 𝑗0.02 = 0.02∠900
2

1
Series elements : 𝑦𝑠𝑒 = 𝑦12 = 𝑦23 = 𝑦13 = 0.04+𝑗0.16 = 1.4706 − 𝑗 5.8824 = 6.0634∠−76.960

𝑌11 = 𝑌22 = 𝑌33 = 2 × (1.4706 − 𝑗 5.8824) + 2 × (𝑗0.02) = 2.9412 − 𝑗11.7248

= 12.088∠−75.920

𝑌12 = 𝑌21 = 𝑌13 = 𝑌31 = 𝑌23 = 𝑌32 = −(1.4706 − 𝑗 5.8824) = −1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824
= 6.0634∠104.030

2.9412 − 𝑗11.7248 −1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824 −1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824

𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = [−1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824 2.9412 − 𝑗11.7248 −1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824] = [𝐺𝑖𝑘 + 𝑗𝐵𝑖𝑘 ]
−1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824 −1.4706 + 𝑗5.8824 2.9412 − 𝑗11.7248

Or

12.088∠−75.920 6.0634∠104.030 6.0634∠104.030

𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 = [ 6.0634∠104.030 12.088∠−75.920 6.0634∠104.030 ]
6.0634∠104.030 6.0634∠104.030 12.088∠−75.920
Step 2: Identify the buses and initialise the unknown voltages and phase angles, if any

(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
Bus 1 : Slack Bus , 𝑉1 = 1.05 𝑝𝑢, 𝛿1 =0

Bus 2: PQ bus :

(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑔2 − 𝑃𝑑2 = 0.5 − 1.5 = −1.0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄2 = 𝑄𝑔2 − 𝑄𝑑2 = 1.0 − 6.0 = −5.0.

𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑃𝑄 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉20 = 1.0 𝑝𝑢 𝛿20 = 0

(𝑠𝑝) (𝑠𝑝)
Bus 3: PV bus : 𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑔3 − 𝑃𝑑3 = 0 − 0.5 = −0.5, 𝑄3 = 𝑄𝑔3 − 𝑄𝑑3 = 𝑄𝑔3 − 0.5,

(𝑠𝑝)
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑉 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑉3 = 1.05 𝑝𝑢, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝛿30 = 0

Step 3: Calculate power mismatch vector

𝑃𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |(∑𝑁𝐵
𝑘=1|𝑉𝑘 |{|𝐺𝑖𝑘 |(cos(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 ) + |𝐵𝑖𝑘 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛿𝑖 − 𝛿𝑘 )}) i=2, NB=3

𝑃2𝑐𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉2 | (∑|𝑉𝑘 |{(𝐺2𝑘 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿𝑘 ) + 𝐵2𝑘 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿𝑘 )})

𝑘=1

𝑃2𝐶𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉2 |{(|𝑉1 |𝐺21 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) + 𝐵21 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ))

+ (|𝑉2 |𝐺22 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝐵22 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ))
+ (|𝑉3 |𝐺23 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ))}

=|1.0|{(|1.05|(−1.4706 cos(0 − 0) + 5.8824 sin(0 − 0)) + |1.0|2.9412 cos(0 − 0) +

(−11.7248) sin(0 − 0)) + |1.05|(−1.4706) cos(0 − 0) + (5.8824) sin(0 − 0)} = −0.14706

𝑃3𝐶𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉3 |{(|𝑉1 |𝐺31 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 ) + 𝐵21 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 ))

+ (|𝑉2 |𝐺22 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝐵22 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ))
+ (|𝑉3 |𝐺23 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵23 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 ))}

=[|𝑉3 |{(|𝑉1 |𝐺31 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 ) + 𝐵21 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 )) + (|𝑉2 |𝐺22 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝐵22 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )) +
(|𝑉3 |𝐺23 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵23 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 ))} = 0.0

𝑄2𝐶𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉2 |{(|𝑉1 |𝐺21 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) − 𝐵21 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ))

+ (|𝑉2 |𝐺22 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) − 𝐵22 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ))
+ (|𝑉3 |𝐺23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) − 𝐵23 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ))}

=
𝑠𝑝
∆𝑃2 𝑃2𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃2 (−0.14706) − (−1.0) 0.8529
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝
[ ∆𝑃3 ] = [ 𝑃3 − 𝑃3 ] = [ 0.077 − (−0.5) ] = [ 0.577 ]
∆𝑄2 𝑄 𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑄
𝑠𝑝 − − 0.628 − (−5.0) 4.372
2 2
 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2
|𝑉2 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 ∆𝛿2
∆𝑃2 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 ∆𝛿3
[ ∆𝑃3 ] = |𝑉2 |
∆𝑄2 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 ∆𝑉2
𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 [|𝑉2 |]
|𝑉2 |
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 ]

NR method

∆𝛿2
0.8529 12.059 5.9412 −0.3 ∆𝛿3
[−2.588] = [ −6.153 12.059 −1.4706] ∆𝑉
2
−4.96 −3.0883 0 11.39
[|𝑉2 |]

For Decoupled Flow method

∆𝛿2
0.85 12.059 5.9412 0 ∆𝛿3
[−2.588] = [5.9412 12.059 0 ] ∆𝑉
2
−4.96 0 0 11.39
[|𝑉2 |]

For fast decoupled flow method

∆𝛿2
0.85 −𝐵22 −𝐵23 0
∆𝛿3
[−2.588] = [−𝐵32 −𝐵33 0 ]
∆𝑉2
−4.96 0 0 −𝐵22
[|𝑉2 |]

∆𝛿2
0.85 11.7248 −5.8824 0 ∆𝛿3
[−2.588] = [−5.8824 11.7248 0 ] ∆𝑉
2
−4.96 0 0 11.7248
[|𝑉2 |]

tep 4: Check if max(∆𝑃2 , ∆𝑃3 , ∆𝑄3 ) < 0.01 then stop otherwise go to next iteration.

Max(-0.3,0.5,0.2)=0.5 is not less than 0.01 so go for next iteration.

Step 5: Calculate jaccobian matrix values

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2

|𝑉3 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3
𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3
𝐽𝑎𝑐 = |𝑉3 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3
𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3
|𝑉3 |
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3 ]

𝑃2𝐶𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉2 |{(|𝑉1 |𝐺21 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) + |𝐵21 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ))

+ |𝑉2 ||𝐺22 | cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) + |𝐵22 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ))
+ |𝑉3 ||𝐺23 | cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) + |𝐵23 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )}

𝜕𝑃2
= |𝑉2 |{(−|𝑉1 | 𝐺21 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) + 𝐵21 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 )) − |𝑉2 | 𝐺22 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝐵22 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ))
𝜕𝛿2
− |𝑉3 | 𝐺23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵23 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )} = 40

𝜕𝑃2
= |𝑉2 |{|𝑉3 | 𝐺23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) − 𝐵23 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 )}
𝜕𝛿3

𝜕𝑃2
= |1.0|{|1.0||0| sin(0 − 0) − 10 cos(0 − 0)} = −10
𝜕𝛿3

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕
|𝑉3 | = |𝑉3 | (|𝑉 |(|𝑉1 |𝐺21 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ) + |𝐵21 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 ))
𝜕𝑉3 𝜕𝑉3 2
+ |𝑉2 ||𝐺22 | cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ) + |𝐵22 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿2 ))
+ |𝑉3 ||𝐺23 | cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) + |𝐵23 | sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ))

=|𝑉3 ||𝑉2 | 𝐺23 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵23 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿3 ) = |1.0||1.0||0| cos(0 − 0) + 10 sin(0 − 0) = 0.0

𝑃3𝐶𝑎𝑙 = |𝑉3 |{(|𝑉1 | 𝐺31 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 ) + 𝐵31 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿1 )) + |𝑉2 | 𝐺32 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ) + 𝐵32 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ))
+ |𝑉3 |𝐺33 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 ) + 𝐵33 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿3 )}

𝜕𝑃3
= |𝑉3 |{|𝑉2 | 𝐺32 sin(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 ) − 𝐵23 cos(𝛿3 − 𝛿2 )}
𝜕𝛿2

∆𝛿2
−0.3 20 −10 0 ∆𝛿
3
[ 0.5 ] = [−10 20 0 ] ∆𝑉
3
0.2 0 0 20
[|𝑉3 |]

0.2
∆𝑉3 = = 0.01
20
∆𝛿 20 −10 −0.3
[ 2 ] = 𝑖𝑛𝑣 [ ][ ]
∆𝛿3 −10 20 0.5

∆𝛿2 = , ∆𝛿3 =
 ∆𝛿2
∆𝛿3

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2

|𝑉3 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3 ∆𝛿2
∆𝑃2 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 ∆𝛿3
[ ∆𝑃3 ] = |𝑉3 |
∆𝑄3 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3 ∆𝑉3
𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 [|𝑉3 |]
|𝑉3 |
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉3 ]

Q limits of bus 2 are violated. Treat bus 2 as PQ bus and rewrite the NR formulation as:

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2

|𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 ∆𝛿2
∆𝑃2 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 𝜕𝑃3 ∆𝛿3
|𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |
∆𝑃3 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 ∆𝑉2
[ ]=
∆𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 |𝑉2 |
∆𝑄3 |𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 ∆𝑉3
𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 𝜕𝑄3 [|𝑉3 |]
|𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿3 𝜕𝑉2 𝜕𝑉3 ]

Such that

∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3
∆𝑄2 = 𝑀22 ∆𝛿2 + 𝑀23 ∆𝛿3 + 𝐿22 + 𝐿23
|𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |

∆𝑉2 ∆𝑉3
𝐿22 = ∆𝑄2 − 𝑀22 ∆𝛿2 − 𝑀23 ∆𝛿3 − 𝐿23
|𝑉2 | |𝑉3 |

|𝑉2 | ∆𝑉3
∆𝑉2 = (∆𝑄2 − 𝑀22 ∆𝛿2 − 𝑀23 ∆𝛿3 − 𝐿23 )
𝐿22 |𝑉3 |

In general form

For 𝑖 𝑡ℎ PV bus to be treated as PQ bus then

𝑁𝐵 𝑁𝐵
|𝑉𝑖 | ∆𝑉𝑘
∆𝑉𝑖 = (∆𝑄𝑖 − 𝑀𝑖𝑖 ∆𝛿𝑖 − ∑ 𝑀𝑖𝑘 ∆𝛿𝑘 − ∑ 𝐿𝑖𝑘 )
𝐿𝑖𝑖 |𝑉𝑘 |
𝑘=2 𝑘=𝑁𝑉+1

Fast decoupled

∆𝛿2
−0.3 −𝐵22 −𝐵23 0
∆𝛿3
[ 0.5 ] = [−𝐵32 −𝐵33 0 ]
∆𝑉3
0.2 0 0 −𝐵33
[|𝑉3 |]