Q.

1 What is a Census, when was the last one undertaken in Australia and where can you find the rights
of the information that was gathered?
Ans. A census is a process of collecting and recording information about the members of a population.
We mostly use this term for national population and housing population. We can also use this term for
business, agriculture or any other group of people. The origin of word Census is Latin. In the Roman
Republic, the census was a list that contained all adult males who were fit for the army. But in the
present age, the census is the number of people living in a country. The last census was undertaken in
Australia at 9 Aug. 2016. We can collect the information or counting of the people within the boundaries
of the country.
Q.2 What is Market Research?
Ans. Market research is the process of collecting information which helps us to find out if there is a
market for your proposed product or service. The market research helps us to make us wise and
profitable decisions in our business. The basic principle for a successful business is to understand the
demand of customers and how can you profitably fulfill its demand. Sometimes, the enterprisers know
the demand of the people but they do not ask them how they want their demand. In this way, the
enterprisers suffer loss.

Q.3 Describe the 4 different methods of collecting information.

Ans. There are several ways of collecting information. Four of them are given below:
1. Observations: In this method observers directly collect the information from the market.
Practically, observers not only collect direct information but also conduct interviews and surveys using
questionnaires. This task for the observer is difficult, therefore, proper training and supervision is
essential.
2. Interviews:
In this method information is obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators. Interviews are
recorded as notes while talking with the respondents. It is hard job, it needs well trained interviewers.
Even the best attempt of designer cannot expect all possible respondent explanations. A small-scale test
before actual use for data collection will assure better data and avoid wasting time and money.
3. Surveys: It is a good way of collecting a large amount of data. Surveys can be conducted by
electronically, by telephone, by mail or face to face.
Advantages: This method is relatively cheaper. One can conduct survey for many people
in one time, therefore it saves the time also.
Disadvantage: It is difficult to get much detail.
Sometimes difficult to get correct
addresses.
May be problems with interpreting
questions.
Sometimes a problem getting surveys completed and returned.
4. Secondary research:
In this method one can collect information by using information that others have gathered already
through primary research.
Advantages
1. The information already exists and is readily available.
2. It is quick & cheaper.
Limitations
1. The information collected in primary research may lacks specificity or may not exactly match to our
questions.
2. Some external secondary data may be of suspect quality or outdated.
3. In developing countries, Information is not enough due to the lack of primary research conducted in
unpopular markets or due to strict media control.

Q.4 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term Key
Verifying?
Ans. Key Verifying:
Key Verifying is also called Verification or Data Entry Verification. In market research, key verifying is a
process in which two individuals enter identical data to prepare it for processing and analysis.
For paper questionnaires, the answers are entered into a data file twice, the second time by a different
data entry person. The two data files are then checked against each other. Differences are resolved by
checking the source questionnaire.

Q.5 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term Data
processing?
Ans. Data processing:
Data initially obtained must be processed or organized for analysis. For example, information obtained
may be placed into rows and columns in a table format for further process.

Q.6 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Validation?
Ans. Validation is the process in which the data undergoes in cleansing process to ensure that we have
data quality, that is correct and useful.

Q.7 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Judgement sample?
Ans. Judgment sample is a type of arranged sample which is selected based on the opinion of an expert.
In other words, the investigator chooses only those sample items which he feels to be the best
representative of the population with regard to the attributes or characteristics under investigation.

Q.8 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the Boolean
Operators?
Ans.
Boolean operators are the words "AND", "OR" and "NOT". These words are used when combining
descriptive keywords from the information between two or more concepts.
AND:
We use the term AND when combining descriptive keywords from the information between two or more
concepts. For example, we are talking about the people and the business, we will search for people AND
business. The term AND narrows the search.
OR:
OR tells that any of the words that connect the information is acceptable.
This term is helpful when you are accepting one the choices, such as “death penalty” OR “capital
punishment.” The term broadens the search.
NOT:
NOT narrows your search. Use NOT to exclude from your search results.
For example: Be rich NOT the poor.

Q.9 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Ethnography?
Ans. Meaning & Definition: Ethnography is derived from the two Greek words - ethnos means "people,
folk, the nation" and graph means "I write". Therefore Ethnography means the study of people and
cultures in a systematic way. An ethnography represents the way how a group of people live and tells us
about their culture in writing and as graphically. Some of the ethnography groups are Life history,
confessional ethnography, realist ethnography, feminist and critical ethnography.

Q.10 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the Semiotics.
Ans. In Greek the word semiotics means sign. People also use other names like semeiology or
semasiology for semiotics. It is actually the study of symbols and signs. Semiotician is the person who
practices signs or symbols for communication. Signs can be in the form of gestures, images, objects,
words, sounds.

Q.11 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term Focus
group? Ans. Focus group is a union of 8 to 12 people who are collecting the same information or solving
the same problem. These people come together to discuss an already chosen topic. They analyze and get
an opinion of one another on a specific topic for research. Companies use focus groups to collect the
information, reviews or feedbacks to change the quality or appearance of the company. They use that
information for the improvement of the product.

Q.12 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term Mean?
Ans. When we analyze the pieces of information collected, one of the techniques to find the average
results is to find its mean. Mean is the average of numbers or the information. The term mean is used to
describe the central tendency of a large data.

Q.13 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Median?
Ans. If we set a group of some numbers from smallest to largest in a sequence, the median will be the
middle number of the set. If the numbers are odd, the middle number is the median. But if the numbers
are even, the average of the central two values will be the median. For example: in a set{1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7,
9}. The median is simply the middle number that is 5.

Q.14 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Geographic's?
Ans. Gathering and inspecting the information according to the place of the data source or customers
location. Geographic segmentation has a big role in marketing. Companies use the information to know
where they need to increase the advertisement and have more customers in a specific location.

Q.15 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the term
Estimate?
To estimate is like a quick guess. For example, while standing in a classroom you guess the
number of students present in the class. Without knowing the exact number, you guess it means
you estimate it. To estimate something, doesn't mean you give the exact answer. It is like finding
a value that is close enough to the exact number.

Q.16 In relation to research and analysis of information, briefly explain what is meant by the Semiotics.
Ans. In Greek the word semiotics means sign. People also use other names like semeiology or
semasiology for semiotics. It is actually the study of symbols and signs. Semiotician is the person who
practices signs or symbols for communication. Signs can be in the form of gestures, images, objects,
words, sounds.

Q.17 Explain why you would use each of the three basic boolean operators and provide an example for
each. (100 to 200 words)
Ans. Why we use three boolean operators:
1. We use boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to focus a search, particularly when our topic contains
multiple search terms.
2. To connect various pieces of information to find exactly what you're looking for.
Use of AND:
1. Narrow down the results with AND.
2. Represent the relationships between groups, classes, and sets
example: cloning AND humans
The common data in between the two set of information cloning and humans represent the result set for
this search. It is a small set using AND, the combination of two search words cloning and humans. It
narrows the result.
Use of OR:
1. The word OR connects 2 similar concepts.
2. It can widen your findings (synonyms)
example: cloning OR genetics OR reproduction
All 3 data show the result set for this search. It widens the results.
Use of NOT:
1. The word "NOT" is used to exclude anything in the search.
2. Limit the search results, and ignore some of the concepts that indicate your search terms.
example: cloning NOT sheep. It narrows the result.

Q.18 When might it be appropriate to use a focus group?

Ans.
We should use the Focus Group when:
1. We use the Focus group when our research needs, thoughts and feelings.
2. When we need brand preferences.
3. Explore consumer language, issues that you saw from survey research.
4. Understand decision process, factors.
5. When we want to describe through a series of steps.
6. When we want some friendly exchange of remarks between people.
Q.19 When might it be appropriate to use a Judgement sample?
Ans. Judgmental sampling is usually used:
1. When a small number of people are interested in the information.
2. It is the only technique for obtaining information from a very specific group of people.
3. When the researcher knows a reliable professional or authority that he thinks is capable of assembling
a representative sample.
4. When a quick sample is needed and you pick up a sufficiently representative as per your need.

Q.20 Discuss the legal and ethical obligations that relate to workplace information? 100 to 200
Ans. Legal and ethical obligations relating to workplace:

According to the legal and ethical code of conduct, the employees must protect the personal information
during the course of their job. The employee should never use or disclose any sensitive information
including agency's, personal or government information to the third party.
Personal Information - Information regarding individual's religious belief or individual's racial or ethnic
origin, disability, sexual activities or preferences, health status or membership of political association
should be restricted.
Sensitive Information -Information regarding agency's work or business need for access. Sensitive
information includes any type of research data (data that is personally identifiable ), financial donor
information, information concerning employees, or system access passwords.
This information should never be disclosed to any third party without agency's permission

Q.21 Describe the 8 commonly accepted steps of applied research processes ? 500
Ans.

Step 1: Identify the Problem

The first and most important part is to identify the problem. The researcher should study carefully to
find the problem. The research question can be a problem the researcher identifies, some information or
knowledge the researcher needs, or the desire to identify a trend nationally. This is the main part of the
study.
Step 2: Review the Literature
The second step is to review the literature.It is important for the researcher to review the literature
again. This will help the researcher to know more about the problem. The review of literature also tells
the researcher about what studies have been carried out in the past, and how these studies were
organized and what is the result of the study.The information found during this step helps the researcher
to fully understand the importance of the problem.
Step 3: Explain the Problem
Many times the problem identified is too large or narrow. In this step, the researcher clearly explains the
problem. This can be done after the literature has been reviewed. The information found through the
review of literature helps the researcher in clarifying the research.
Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
Terms and concepts are words or phrases that are used in the purpose statement of the study.These
pieces of information need to be clearly defined as they affect the study. Terms or concepts can have
different meanings depending on who is researching the study. To minimize confusion about what the
terms and phrases mean, the researcher must clearly define them for the study.
Step 5: Define the Population
Research projects can focus on a specific group of people, employee evaluations or programs. If a
researcher wants to analyze a specific group of people in the community, he could examine a distinct age
group, or gender, people living in the same area, or a particular ethnic group. There are many options
available to the researcher to precisely choose the group to study.
Step 6: Develop the stepping-stone
The plan for the study can be called stepping-stone or instrumentation plan. This serves as the road for
the entire study.Showing, how, when, and where data will be collected and the data of the study.
Step 7: Collect Data
After the instrumentation plan is completed, the researcher begins the study with the collection of data.
The most useful information needed to answer in research question is collecting the data. Data can be
collected in the form of words, through observations, or from the literature. After the collection of data,
the researcher will be able to do the final step of the process, which is the data analysis.
Step 8: Analyze the Data
Now that the researcher has data to analyze, the research question can be answered. The researcher can
now clearly answer the research question. The results of this analysis reviewed and summarized are
related to the research questions. Then, the data will be researched to determine if the differences are
statistically crucial, in this way the problem can be identified easily.

Q.22 What strategies can be used to identify new sources of information and use them efficiently and
effectively? Address both online and print sources. 500
Ans. Strategies used to identify new sources of information
1. Reference works:
Reference works tells information about a specific topic.Some examples are Oxford Dictionary of
English,encyclopedias, medical reference books,handbooks, electronic reference works and scientific
abstracts.
Reference works are often brief and these are used as a starting point.
2. Notification books:
Nonfiction books gives us in-depth coverage of topic. Some non-fictions books like Travel books,History
books, Manuals,Trade books, biographies, and how-to guides are usually written for a general audience.
3. Periodicles and news sources:
These sources are published at regular intervals—daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Examples are
newspapers, journals,an annual book series,magazines.Some examples of popular periodicles include
Time, People, USA Today.
4. Government publications:
State, local and federal government agencies publish information on a variety of topics. Government
publications include reports, Parliamentary papers, Legislation,Royal Commisions,and Court documents

5. Business and nonprofit organizations:

Businesses and nonprofit organizations produce publications designed to market a product. These
publications include reports, newsletters, advertisements, manuals, brochures, another print
documents.
Sources used may include print sources, such as books and journals,and human sources of information,
such as interviews.
Policies that help writers locate sources effectively include conducting effective keyword searches,
understanding how to use online catalogs and databases, using strategies to narrow web search results.
Writers analyze sources based on how connected they are to the research question and how reliable
their content is.
Scanning sources can help writers determine their topic more clearly.
Writers check the source by asking questions about the type of source (including its audience and
purpose);the source’s currency, and the overall quality of the writing, research, logic, and design in the
source.

Employees who lack motivation don't have the energy to work.There should be tasks like contributing
their ideas for projects or playing different games.This will help the staff to do work happily.To
emphasize, using technology is not just about having computers and an Internet connection in the office.
It's also important to study and utilize different hardware and software solutions that can improve
employee productivity.

Q.23 Explain organisational systems for record keeping and filing, including the potential advantages of
electronic versus manual systems? 150 to 250
Ans:
Some business owners use or prefer manual record keeping system while others prefer electronic record
keeping systems-both systems making it easier to capture information. You should keep certain things in
mind while using manual or electronic record keeping systems, as each has some limitations or
advantages.
Electronic record keeping: Most agency's use electronic record keeping system to produce meaningful
reports.There are many advantages of using electronic record keeping system.

Advantages
1.It helps to record business transactions and payments to employees.
2. An effective way to keep financial records, employee pay records.
3. An easy way to make orders, financial statements, inventory reports.
4. Helps you to know the latest tax rates.
5. It has facilities to email bill to buyers.
6. It keeps your records safe in case of fire or theft.
7. You can backup your files in case of natural disaster.

Manual record keeping: Some business owners prefer to use manual record keeping system. There are
certain advantages of using manual record keeping system.
Advantages
1. A cheap way to keep records
2. The risk of corrupted data is much less.
3.If records are stored in the fire-proof environment there is a less risk of data loss 4.Duplicate copies of
same data are generally avoided
5. It is very helpful if you are not familiar with how accounting software calculates.
6. Keep all original documents and data in correlation

Q.24 What security systems are available for orgnanisational electronic records and electronic
information management? 150 to 250
Ans. There many systems available to keep the records secure:
Make categories of the information depending on the value and confidentiality. Give priority to the data
you want to secure first. Account numbers, personal identification numbers, credit card numbers this
information are needed to be protected first.

1. Identify the confidential information and prioritize them:

The information such as contracts, finances, and customer correlation is the second thing that needs to
be protected.

2. Study current information and determine the risk of leakage:

It is essential to study the current workflows, and see what are the confidential information around an
organization. Determine the risk of leakage deeply. Keep the sensitive information to a certain group of
people.

There are four types of distribution policies:

Customer information
Executive communications
Intellectual property
Employee records
Once these distribution policies are defined, it's essential to implement monitoring and enforcement
points along communication paths.

Step 4: Implement a monitoring and enforcement system. It is important to monitor and enforce policy
adherence for the protection of confidential information assets.

Q.25 List at least six (6) security processes that should be put in place for an organization's manual
records and manual information management?
Ans. Security processes for an organizational manual record:
Key points to consider:
1. The access to the data should be restricted to only those staff who require it
2. The data should be in the cabinets which are properly locked.
3. Be aware of the dangers when you carry the files, these can easily be stolen or lost.
4. Never dispose of confidential information in public places.
5. Always lock your workstation when you leave your workplace.
6. Dispose of your all important information and personal data appropriately.