Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
ScienceDirect
GF<ALAGFK>9NGJAF?L@=G;;MJJ=F;=G>$?FAK!9LMMKH@=FGE=FGF
GN=J9E9KK?J9N=AF)A=HG[GEA;=.+GD9F<
%TR=> _Q;@GOKCA
'0)2#1*8/34+454''&#)0)+%#-!/+6'23+480(2#%070&%*02<A8%*
0((+%' /0
B
2#%070-#/&
)*(*
H@=FGE=FGFG>?DGOAF?;DGM<KG;;MJJ=<9LL@=:GJ<=JG>+MKR;R9)A=HG[GEA;C9AFL@=NA;AFALQG>)A=HG[GEA;=F=9JJ9;G
KH=;A9DDQ 9LKHJAF?9F<9MLMEFFA?@LK
/@=EGKLHD9MKA:D==PHD9F9LAGFAF;DM<=KGPA<9LAGFG>?9K=GMK+b:=9JAF?;GEHGMF<KOAL@
>GJE9LAGFG>H@GKH@AF=
<AH@GKH@AF=9F<@Q<JG?=F$FL@==FNAJGFE=FLG>N9JA9:D=O9L=J;GF<ALAGFKAF+D=AKLG;=F=K9F<K:=<<=<
:Q (AG;=F= ;D9QK
H@GKH@GJMK ;GFL9AF=< AF :GF= J=EF9FLK G> L@= E9KK ?J9N= AF L@= >GJE G> ;9D;AME @Q<JGPQ9H9LAL= 9DL=JK LG
H@GKH@A<=KAFL@=KM:KGADLG?9K=GMK>GJEKG>H@GKH@GJ@Q<JG?=F;GEHGMF<K/@AKH@=FGE=FGFAK >9NGJ=< :QEA;JGGJ?9FAKEK
S 2013
© /@=ML@GJK+M:DAK@=<:Q DK=NA=J Ltd.
The Authors. Published by Elsevier 'L< Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
.=D=;LAGF9F<H==JJ=NA=OMF<=JJ=KHGFKA:ADALQG>-=;=H
Selection Committee of GEOMED2013.
>=
(MFAJ*RLMJC9F<$:J9@AEL9D9Q
and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing
%*(&+*!&%
1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GEOMED2013.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.112
348 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355
*'/0.'/0/'6#-5#4+0/30(#2
)9LMJ= CFGOK E9FQ DMEAFGMK H@=FGE=F9 L@9L O=J= <=K;JA:=< AF =P@9MKLAF? DAL=J9LMJ= 'G;CF=J
%G@FKLGF
Q=JD==
GJDAKK
=JJ
%G@FKLGF
'QF;@
(AFF9=JL .=QEGMJ
(9KKAEG
/@=K=H9H=JKKL9L=L@9LL@=DA?@LK9HH=9J:QFA?@LK
MKM9DDQGN=JO9L=JDG??=<9J=9K/@=HJ=K=FL=<
@QHGL@=K=K@9N=:==F9LLJA:ML=<LG:MJFAF??9K >JGEGAD<=HGKALK
>AJ=>DA=K
>DQAF?AFK=;LK#.182+3 /0%4+-5%#
.L
DEG >AJ=
HJ=K=F;= G> >MF?A =? -+40%8$' +--5&'/3 #/53 34814+%53
H@GKH@GJ :9;L=JA9
=L; $F L@=
H@=FGE=FGFO9K;9DD=<%9;CbGdbD9FL=JF/@AKL=JE<=K;JA:=K9E9F;9JJQAF?9 D9FL=JF9F<AK;GFF=;L=<OAL@$JAK@
>GDCDGJ= /@= H@=FGE=FGF G> L@= +)/+3 (#4553 @9K ALK HD9;= AF :=DD=KbD=LLJ=K G> .@9C=KH=9J=
A;CAFKGF GJ 2ADEGL
9F<O9K9KM:B=;LG>;GFKA<=J9LAGFKG>E9FQ=JM<AL=K>JGEN9JAGMK;GMFLJA=K)=OLGF9H@QKA;AKL>JGE9E:JA<?=
=;;9JA9;@=EAKL>JGEGDG?F9
=KK=D9"=JE9F9KLJGFGE=J9F<E9L@=E9LA;A9F
&FGJJ9HJG>=KKGJG>H@QKA;K
>JGE&A=N
=L;$LO9KKHGLL=<AFE9FQHD9;=KAFL@=OGJD<AF%GHDAF
(AKKGMJA
9LJGOF(GMFL9AF
)GJL@9JGDAF9
AF(9J>9
/=P9K
AF 'AD=FL@9D;DGK=LGJ=E=F
F=9JLG#=JR:=J?:QL@= DKL=JJAN=J
GN=J"==KL=C9F9DKO9EHKAFL@=
1=R=J=JAN=J:9KAF
=L;6+&' (ADDK
/@AKH@=FGE=FGFO9KG:K=JN=<AF<A>>=J=FL:MLN=JQO=L=FNAJGFE=FLK
EM<<Q<AL;@=K
K=O9?=;9F9DK
O9L=J;GMJK=K9F<9L;=E=L=JA=K$L O9KFGL=<AF=9JDQ9F<D9L=KMEE=JK9F<
EGJ=
G>L=F
AF 9MLMEFK 9L J9AFQ
;9DE 9MLMEF FA?@LK
9DKG 9L <MKC 9F< AF =9JDQ EGJFAF?K 'GO 9LEGKH@=JA; HJ=KKMJ=
MKM9DDQ >9NGMJ=< L@AK H@=FGE=FGF
O@A;@ ;GEEGFDQ 9HH=9J=< :=>GJ= 9 KLGJE <MJAF? ;DGM<Q
J9AFQ
@GL GJ KMDLJQ
O=9L@=J9DKG9>L=J9H=JAG<G>O9JEO=9L@=J9F<=N=F<MJAF?9<=FK=>G?*:K=JN=JKEGKL>J=IM=FLDQ<=K;JA:=L@=
H@=FGE=FGF ;GDGMJK 9K Q=DDGOAK@
J=<<AK@
?J==FbO@AL=
9F< KGE=LAE=K =N=F :DMAK@ /@=J= 9J= L@GK= O@G K9O
Q=DDGO;GDGMJAFL@=;=FLJ=G>L@=H@=FGE=FGF
LMJFAF?H9D=NAGD=L9LL@=LGH9F<LGO9J<:GJ<=JK.GE=;D9AEL@9L
L@AKDA?@L=EALK@=9L )=OLGF
GL@=JKK9QGL@=JOAK= &FGJJ9F<(ADDK
/@=DA?@LAKNAKA:D=<=H=F<AF?GF
L@=HGKALAGFG>9:=@GD<=J>GJ9>=O
K=;GF<K
=N=FMHLGEAFML=K*F=K;D9AEL@9LDA?@LAKH9D=
GL@=JK
K9OAL:JA?@L$LK@=A?@LN9JA=KAF<A>>=J=FLJ=HGJLK>JGELG;E
=N=FMHLG;E9F<L@=DA?@LAK9;GMHD=LAE=K
@A?@=JL@9FOA<=.GE=LAE=KALL9C=K9K@9H=G>9E9FGJ9KH@=J=*;;9KAGF9DDQALOA<=FKLGK@JAFC9EGE=FLD9L=J
9F<;9FKHDALAFLGLOGBMKLLGE=J?=AFLGGF=9?9AF/@= +)/+3(#4553 AKKMK;=HLA:D=LG9AJEGN=E=FL
O@A;@<AEKAL
=9KADQ;;GJ<AF?LG<A>>=J=FLJ=HGJLK
ALEGN=K@GJARGFL9DDQ
;E9:GN=L@=?JGMF<2@=FGF=?=LK;DGK=LGAL
L@=
DA?@LN9FAK@=KGJ
9KKGE=K9Q
eJMFK9O9Qf#GO=N=J
A>QGMEGN=;9J=>MDDQ9F<<GFGLKLAJL@=9AJ
QGM ;9FJ=9;@AL
#9EE
!DG=JA;C=
(AL;@=DD
+=F@9DDGO
"MAD=Q
(ADDK HJGNA<=K L@J==
HGKKA:D= =PHD9F9LAGFK G> L@= H@=FGE=FGF :AGDMEAF=K;=F;=
;@=EADMEAF=K;=F;= 9F< K=D>b;GE:MKLAGF
<O=DDAF?
EGKLGFL@=D9LL=J/@= +)/+3 (#4553 ;GMD<:=9>GJEG>H@GKH@GJ=K;=F;=GJGPA<9LAGFDA?@LCFGOFAF;@=EAKLJQ9KL@=
DMEAFGD DA?@L
GJ E9Q J=KMDL >JGE KHGFL9F=GMK ?9K A?FALAGF /@= DAKL G> >D9EE9:D= ?9K=K AF;DM<=K L@= >GDDGOAF?
E=L@9F= 9 ?9K EAPLMJ= ;GFKAKLAF? G>
E=L@9F= # 9F<
* H@GKH@AF= +# 9 EAPLMJ= G> +# 9F< #.
:MJFAF?OAL@GMLKEGC=GJK;=FL<AH@GKH@AF=+# OAL@>GJE9LAGFG>H@GKH@GJMKH=FL9GPA<=9F<O9L=J9EAPLMJ=
G> +#
#. 9F< # (ADDK HMLK LG 9 IM=KLAGF L@= KAEHD= =PHD9F9LAGF G> K=D>;GE:MKLAGF G> E=L@9F= OAL@
H@GKH@AF= (ADDK
#=HGAFLKL@=<A>>=J=FL;GDGJKG>L@=H@=FGE=FGF:DM=DAC=;GDGJN=JKMK=PH=JAE=FLKOAL@
# 9F<+# :JA?@LDA?@L
KEGC=#=9DKGOJAL=K
9;;GJ<AF?LGGL@=JK eHMJ=H@GKH@AF=<G=KFGL9MLGGPA<AK=GJ
A?FAL= KHGFL9F=GMKDQ *F L@= ;GFLJ9JQ
E9FQ OGJC=JK @9N= FGO ;GF>AJE=< L@9L AL AK KL9:D= =FGM?@ :GL@ LG :=
?=F=J9L=<:Q9F9=JG:A;>=JE=FL9LAGFG>H@GKH@GJMK ;GFL9AFAF?GJ?9FA;E9LL=J9F<LGH=JKAKLAFLJ9;=9EGMFLKAFL@=
9LEGKH@=J=f (ADDK 9LLJA:ML=K L@= :DM= ;GDGJ G> L@= >D9E= J9L@=J LG NGD9LAD= EAPLMJ=K ;GFL9AFAF? ;9J:GF .M;@ 9
;GEHGMF<E9Q:=>GJ=P9EHD=#+# E=L@QDH@GKH@AF=O@A;@<MJAF?9D9:KQFL@=KAKHJGN=KLG:=KHGFL9F=GMKDQ
AF>D9EE9:D= &GKGD9HG>> (9A=J
9KAF?GFJ=K=9J;@KG>9J
L@AKH@=FGE=FGF E9Q:=<=>AF=<9K>GDDGOK
/@= +)/+3(#4553 AK9H9D=
KGE=LAE=K:JA?@L
>DA;C=JAF?
EGKLDQ EGNAF?DA?@LG>=9KADQ >D9EE9:D=?9K=K
G;;MJJAF?
GN=J <9EH 9J=9K
;9MK=< :Q <=;GEHGKALAGF G> GJ?9FA; E9LL=J J=E9AFK G> HD9FLK
9FAE9DK GJ @ME9F ;GJHK=K AF
9FGPA; ;GF<ALAGFK $F L@= J=K=9J;@ ;GF<M;L=< KG >9J
=FNAJGFE=FL ;GF<ALAGFK J=D9L=< LG L@= H@=FGE=FGF O=J= FGL
L9C=F AFLG ;GFKA<=J9LAGF /@AK OGJC HJ=K=FLK L@= ;@=EA;9D <AN=JKALQ G> L@= L=KL 9J=9 9F< K@GOK L@= ;GF<ALAGFK
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 349
>9NGJAF?L@=G;;MJJ=F;=G>KM:B=;LH@=FGE=FGF<<ALAGF9DDQ
GOF@QHGL@=KAKGF@GO )/+3#4553 GJA?AF9L=K@9K
:==FHJ=K=FL=<:9K=<GFL@=J=K=9J;@;GF<M;L=<
*(!#%* &)
'3'#2%*.'4*0&3
FME:=J G> ;@=EA;9D 9F9DQK=K O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG =PHD9AF L@= GJA?AF G> L@= +)/+3 (#4553 AF )A=HG[GEA;= /@=
LQH=KG>K9EHD=KAF;DM<=<KGAD>JGE<A>>=J=FL<=HL@K
HD9FLKMHH=JH9JLG>@9AJb;9H 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/' EGKK
HAF=LJ==J=KAF
:AJ;@LJ==:J9;C=L>MF?MK 0.'3(0.'/4#2+53
9F<9AJ/@=QO=J=L9C=F>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9AF
L@= )A=HG[GEA;= >GJ=KL 9K O=DD 9K >JGE K=N=J9D HD9;=K AF 9 <AKL9F;= G> KGE= E G> L@= ?J9N= LG =P;DM<= ALK
AF>DM=F;= @=EA;9D 9F9DQK=K O=J= ;9JJA=< GML MKAF? 9LGEA; 9:KGJHLAGF KH=;LJGK;GHQ . OAL@ 9F F9DQKL
+=JCAF DE=J9F9DQK=JOAL@9?J9H@AL=<AK@/G<=L=JEAF=;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<KAFL@=KGAD919JA9F
!.?9KbDAIMA<;@JGE9LG?J9H@O9KMK=<F9DQK=KG>?9KAFL@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=O=J=H=J>GJE=<MKAF?9
?9K ;@JGE9LG?J9H@ 19JA9F OAL@ 9F 9MLGbK9EHD=J 9F< !$ 9F< <=L=;LGJK /@= HJ=K=F;= G> :9;L=JA9
GJA?AF9LAF?>JGE9@ME9F<A?=KLAN=KQKL=EAFL@=MF<=J?JGMF<O9L=J>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=O9K;GF>AJE=<:QLQHA;9D
EA;JG:A9DG>9F9DQKAK _Q;@GOKCA
'3'#2%*#2'#
!A?@9F?=KG>L@=?JGMF<O9L=JD=N=DGF<9QK>JGEM?MKLLG(9J;@:=DGOL@=E9KK?J9N=AF)A=HG[GEA;=9F<AF9:GJ=@GD=
GFL@=:9KAKG>O@A;@L@=:9;C?JGMF<O9K<=>AF=<
350 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355
)+#*)%!)+))!&%
*'.+%#-1201'24+'30(4*'$52+#-'/6+20/.'/4
F9LMJ9D?=G;@=EA;9D>=9LMJ=G>L@==FNAJGFE=FLKLM<A=<AK@A?@AJGF9F<E9F?9F=K=;GFL=FLKAFALKKGADb
HHE 9F< b HHE
J=KH=;LAN=DQ GF;=FLJ9LAGFK G> L@=K= =D=E=FLK AF<A;9L= DGF? KL9?F9LAGF G> ?JGMF<O9L=J 9L 9
@A?@ D=N=D .DA?@LDQ @A?@=J ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
:ML DGO=J L@9F L@GK= AF MJ:9F 9J=9K
O=J= FGL=< AF L@= ;9K= G> )A b
HHE
5FbHHE9F<JbHHE/@=KGADK9F9DQK=<;GFL9AF9DKGLJ9;=9EGMFLKG>+:
G
D
J
%9F<!
0FMKM9DDQ@A?@;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
KAEAD9JLGL@GK=LQHA;9DG>
=?
:MKQJG9<K9F<JG9<;JGKKAF?K
;GF;=JF<b
HHE 9F<
LG 9 KE9DD=J <=?J==
M b HHE /@=K= LOG =D=E=FLK E9Q GJA?AF9L= >JGE :MDD=LK MK=< AF L@= E9KK
=P=;MLAGF/@=KGAD9:GN=L@=E9KK?J9N=;GFL9AFKJ=D9LAN=DQ@A?@9EGMFLG>=D=E=FLK;@9J9;L=JAKLA;G>L@=@ME9F
:G<Q)9
9
D
)
+9F<.!A?/@=@A?@;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>+HHE9LL@=<=HL@;EK@GMD<:=FGL=<
/@AK =D=E=FL 9F< AF KM;@ 9EGMFLK <=>AFAL=DQ AK 9KKG;A9L=< OAL@ L@= ;GJHK=K :MJA=< AF L@= E9KK ?J9N= $F L@= KGADK
G;;MJJAF?>9J>JGEL@=?J9N=
H@GKH@GJMKO9KEGKLG>L=F9:K=FL!A?
/@= ;GFL=FL G> KMDH@MJ AF L@= KGAD GN=J L@= E9KK ?J9N= AK LOG LG >GMJ LAE=K @A?@=J L@9F L@9L AF K9EHD=K >JGE
GMLKA<=L@AKHD9;=/@=K9E=AKAFL@=;9K=G>;9D;AME
O@GK=;GFL=FLAKL@J==LAE=K@A?@=JL@9FAFGL@=JHD9;=KAFL@=
>GJ=KL
=?
AF 9EA=FA;= HHE
!A? $F L@= KGAD G> L@= :MJA9D KAL=
KG<AME 9F< ;@DGJAF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
AF;J=9K=OAL@L@=<=HL@/@=;GFL=FLKG>:GL@L@=K==D=E=FLK9J=L@=J=L@J==LAE=K@A?@=JL@9FAFGL@=JHD9;=KAFL@=
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 351
>GJ=KL/@==D=E=FLKG;;MJJAF?AF;GEH9J9:D=9EGMFLKAFKGADKGN=J9F<GMLKA<=L@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9AF;DM<=
=?
D
+:
<
9F<J!A?
!A?GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>)
9
)99F<DAFK=<AE=FLKGN=JE9KK?J9N=K<=HL@E AFN9JAGMK J=?AGFK G>KGML@b=9KL=JF+GD9F<
A>>=J=F;=K AF L@= ;GFL=FLK G> =D=E=FLK AF K9EHD=K >JGE L@= :MJA9D HD9;= 9F< GL@=J HD9;=K @9N= 9DKG :==F
;GF>AJE=<:Q 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/' 9F9DQKAKJ=KMDLK!A?GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>(?
9
D
+:
.
%
J
9F<)AAF
L@AKEGKK9J=;GEH9J9:D=AF9DDL@=K9EHD=K/@=;GFL=FLKG>!=
(F
.A
&AFEGKK>JGEL@=?J9N=9J=9;GMHD=LAE=K
@A?@=J
O@=J=9KL@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>@=9NQ=D=E=FLK
KM;@9K<
5F
M
KDA?@LDQ@A?@=JL@9FL@GK=AFL@=K9EHD=K
>JGEGMLKA<=L@=?J9N=9J=9-=KMDLKG:L9AF=<<MJAF?=P9EAF9LAGFG>HAF=LJ==J=KAF9F<:AJ;@:J9;C=L>MF?A;GF>AJE
L@=LJ=F<AFL@=<AKLJA:MLAGFG>=D=E=FLK>GMF<AF 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/'/@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>+
)
+:9F<!AF
L@=J=KAFL=KL=<O=J=KA?FA>A;9FLDQDGO=JL@9FL@GK=AFL@=E9L=JA9D;GEH9J=<>JGEGMLKA<=L@=?J9N=9J=9!A?
/@=;9MK=E9Q:==PHD9AF=<:Q9<==HJGGLKQKL=EG>HAF=LJ==K$FL@=:J9;C=L>MF?MKK9EHD=K
FAF==D=E=FLK(?
D
J
.A
J
(F
!=
M
5F
=P;DM<AF?:9KA;;GEHGF=FLKG>@ME9F:G<Q
G;;MJAF@A?@=J;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
O@=J=9K
>GMJ%
)A
<
GK@GO;GEH9J9:D=9:MF<9F;=K,M9DAL9LAN=9F9DQK=KG>K=D=;L=<;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<KAFL@=KGAD
>JGEL@=<=HL@;E9DDGO=<;GF>AJEAF?L@==PAKL=F;=G>E9FQ;GEHGMF<K;GFL9AFAF?H@GKH@GJMK)9 +
M+
9+
+D
9#+*
+)
D#+*
&+
+J
6+#7% !A? DKG
E9FQ KMDH@A<=K O=J= FGL=< 9L L@AK
<=HL@)9.
M.
5F.
)A.
&.
+:.
(F.HJ=DAEAF9JQIM9DAL9LAN=9F9DQKAKG>?9KK9EHD=<GN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=
K@GO=< L@= HJ=K=F;= G> #
#J
#%
.*
#
#
#
#
#
+#
#. <<ALAGF9D IM9FLAL9LAN=
9F9DQK=K
EGJ= K=D=;LAN= 9>L=J :9;C?JGMF< =DAEAF9LAGF
AF<A;9L= @A?@ 9EGMFLK G> # 9F< # !A? /@=K=
?9K=K
=KH=;A9DDQ=L@AF=
9J=MFKL9:D=9F<=9KADQJ=D=9K=L@=AJ@Q<JG?=F#Q<JG?=FAK9DKGGF=G>E9AF;GEHGF=FLKG>
352 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355
!A? GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG> )
D
+
9F<)9AFL@=EGKK0-8342+%*5.%0..5/'>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9KG>N9JAGMK J=?AGFK G>KGML@b=9KL=JF
+GD9F<
!A?GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG> )9
)
+
.9F<DAF 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/'
:AJ;@bLJ==:J9;C=L>MF?MK9F<HAF=bLJ==J=KAF>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9
AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KL
!A? GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>?9K=KAFL@=9AJ<MJAF?L@=<9QGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KLG:L9AF=<AF9IM9FLAL9LAN=bK=D=;LAN=9F9DQKAK
9>L=JL@==DAEAF9LAGFG>L@=:9;C?JGMF<
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 353
b #
b #J
b #%
b .*
b #
b #
b #
b #
b #
b +#
b #.
!A?/@=;GEHGKALAGFG>GJ?9FA;?9K=KAFL@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KL
*'%0/&+4+0/3#%%0.1#/8+/)4*' +)/+3(#4553 1*'/0.'/0/
/@= :9;L=JA9 >JGE L@= @ME9F <A?=KLAN= KQKL=E HD9Q 9 KA?FA>A;9FL JGD= AF L@= HJG;=KK=K G> <=;GEHGKALAGF G> L@=
GJ?9FA; E9LL=J$FMF<=J?JGMF<O9L=J9LL@=E9KK?J9N=;GEH9J=<OAL@O9L=J>JGEGMLKA<=L@AK9J=9L@=J=9J=;D=9JDQ
@A?@=J 9EGMFLK G> L@= >GDDGOAF? :9;L=JA9 4#1*8-0%0%%53 KH >9=;9D KLJ=HLG;G;;A >9=;9D ;GDA>GJEK
%&$%&%-'#%*!&%
EGF?L@=;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<K>GMF<AFL@=KGAD
L@=J=9J=
9EGF?GL@=JK
H@GKH@GF;GEHGMF<K
=?
+#%
9F<
H@GKH@A<=K
=?
9+
)9+
M+
&+/@=HJ=K=F;=G><AKKG;A9L=<#.* @9K9DKG:==FHJGN=<MJAF?L@=<9Q
L@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=;GFL9AFKH@GKH@AF=+#
9HGAKGFGMK?9KOAL@>AK@G<GMJ$LK>GJE9LAGFAKHGKKA:D=9K9
J=KMDLG>
J=9;LAGFG>KMDH@MJA;9;A<OAL@9H@GKH@A<=
=?
D+
#
#
#Q<JGDQKAKAFL@=EGAKL9LEGKH@=J=G>H@GKH@A<=KOAL@DA:=J9LAGFG>>J==H@GKH@AF=
:J=9C<GOFG>H@GKH@GF;GEHGMF<KMF<=JAF>DM=F;=G>O9L=JAFLG
9J=KH=;LAN= @9DA<=b@Q<JG?=F9;A<9F<H@GKH@AF=
/@= ?9K G:L9AF=< AF L@=K= J=9;LAGFK ;9F 9DKG AF;DM<= @Q<JG?=F AL O9K >GMF< AF L@= 9AJ K9EHD=K 9K O=DD 9K
<AH@GKH@AF= +#
9 @A?@DQ NGD9LAD=
;GDGMJD=KK DAIMA<
OAL@KLJGF?DQ J=<M;LAN= HJGH=JLA=K AH@GKH@AF= ;9F 9DKG
>GJE<MJAF?L@=J=9;LAGFG>O9L=JOAL@;9D;AMEH@GKH@A<=
9+ #*9*# +#
$F L@= 9AJ 9L 9E:A=FL L=EH=J9LMJ=K
L@= EAPLMJ= G> ?9K=K H@GKH@AF=
@Q<JG?=F
9F< MFKL9:D= <AH@GKH@AF= K=D>b
A?FAL=KAH@GKH@AF=+#ALK=D>AK=KH=;A9DDQMFKL9:D=9F< O@=F;GFL9;LAF? OAL@L@= 9AJ9DKGK=D>bA?FAL=KD=9F
H@GKH@AF=;9FA?FAL=AFL@=9AJ9LJGGEL=EH=J9LMJ=
:MLL@AKHJG;=KK<G=KFGLG;;MJA>L@=J=9J=LJ9;=KG>EGAKLMJ=
.G
L@AKHGKKA:ADALQO9K=P;DM<=<AFL@=;9K=G>L@=A?FAK>9LMMK >JGE)A=HG[GEA;='AIMA<+#HMLAFLGDA?@L:J=9CK
<GOFAFLGJ=<H@GKH@GJMK9F<H@GKH@AF=
+#+# +
/@=H@GKH@GJMKDA:=J9L=<9:KGJ:KH@GKH@AF=9F<>GJEK9KGDA<G>Q=DDGO;GDGMJ9F<N9JA9:D=;GEHGKALAGF+#
<G+#
CFGOF9KKGDA<H@GKH@Gb@Q<JG?=FA=D9\KCA
/@=H@=FGE=FGFG:K=JN=<AF)A=HG[GEA;=AFL@=
E9KK?J9N=9J=9>GJEKHJG:9:DQAF9EGJ=;GEHD=PO9Q$LE9Q:=9;;=HL=<L@9L<=JAN9LAN=KG>H@GKH@AF=GJA?AF9L=
:QKM:KLALMLAF?GF=GJEGJ=G>@Q<JG?=F9LGEKAFL@=+#EGD=;MD=:Q 9DCQD?JGMHGJ9JAD?JGMH
A=AFL@="JA?F9J<
J=9;LAGF/@=9DCQD;GEHGMF<K9J==9KADQ>D9EE9:D=9F<=9KADQGPA<AR=
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 355
"%&,#$%*)
:GN= E=FLAGF=< J=K=9J;@ O9K H=J>GJE=< H9JLA9DDQ <M= LG 9ML@GJdK GOF J=K=9J;@ J=KGMJ;=K
:ML E9AFDQ <M= LG
CAF<F=KK9F< ;GFL9;LKOAL@9F9DQLA;9D;@=EAKLK>JGEE9FQD9:GJ9LGJA=K
=KH=;A9DDQG>L@=%9?A=DDGFA9F0FAN=JKALQ
(%)
A=D9\KCA
+G<KL9OQ;@=EAAFA=GJ?9FA;RF=B2Q<1+2)
L
2O9
A=JF9L
!ARQ;RFG?=G?J9>A;RF=O9JMFCAOQKLYHGO9FA9$?FAK!9LMMKO+MKR;RQ)A=HG[GEA;CA=BAKK=JL9LAGFHJGEGLGJ
<J@9:AFa
"JR=?GJR#9;R=OKCA0+&9JCTO
GJDAKK
2-#9F<:GGCG>0FMKM9D)9LMJ9D+@=FGE=F9F;@GJGGCK
GM:D=<9Q
"9J<=FALQ
)=O4GJC
GJDAKK
2-'A?@LFAF?
9MJGJ9K
FG;LMJF9DDA?@LK
9F<J=D9L=<DMEAFGMKH@=FGE=F9;9L9DG?G>?=GH@QKA;9D9FGE9DA=K/@=
.GMJ;=:GGC+JGB=;L
"D=FJE
(9JQD9F<
=JJ
%.-G;CE=;@9FA;K'MEAFGMKH@=FGE=F99F<L@=AJJ=D9LAGFK@AHLGJG;C>J9;LMJ=)9LMJ=
b
!DG=JA;C=
&'A?@LKAFL@=>GJ=KL9LFA?@L&GKEGK)9;@LDA;@=29D<:=D=M;@LMFI
b
"MAD=Q
- -GK=E9JQ
"/@= F;Q;DGH=<A9G>"@GKLK9F<.HAJALKJ<=<!GJ=OGJ<K:Q/+=JJGLL9F<//9QDGJ!9;LKGF!AD=
$F;GJHGJ9L=<
#9EE
!)9LMJCMF<DA;@=@JGFAC)GJ<O=KL<=MLK;@D9F<K'9F<:M;@ b1D?#9FFGN=J
%G@FKLGF
'A?@L>JGEK=AKEA;O9N=K)9LMJ=
&GKGD9HG>>
"( (9A=J
'*J?9FA;H@GKH@GJMK;GEHGMF<K
NGD2AD=Qb$FL=JK;A=F;=
'G;CF=J
%G@FKLGF
(%.Q=JD==
%E=;@9FAKELG=PHD9AFL@=?=F=J9LAGFG>=9JL@IM9C=DA?@LK)9LMJ=
b
'QF;@
&'ANAF?KLGF
2GDGJ9F<'A?@LAF)9LMJ=F<=<ALAGF9E:JA<?=0FAN=JKALQ+J=KK
(9KKAEG
.$FLJG<MRAGF=9DD=DM;AKAKEA;@=$FLJG<M;LAGFLGK=AKEA;DA?@LK
GDG?F9
.=LL=E:J=b
@LLH
OOOAL9;GEEF=L
,'
=IDA<P8A@LE
(ADDK
2ADDbGbL@=bOAKH@=EAKLJQAFJAL9AF
b
(ADDK
2ADDGL@=OAKHJ=NAKAL=<2=9L@=J
b
(AFF9=JL
( .=QEGMJ
''A?@L9F<GDGJAFL@=*ML<GGJKJ< =<)=O4GJC.HJAF?=J1=JD9?
31$$
(AL;@=DD
%*:K=JN9LAGFKGF$?FAK!9LMMK$?FAK>9LMMKAFGFF=;LA;MLE=JA;9F%GMJF9DG>.;A=F;=
b
)=OLGF
#@AKLGJQG>DMEAF=K;=F;=>JGEL@==9JDA=KLLAE=KMFLADJ<=<(AF=GD9GN=J+M:DA;9LAGFK+=F@9DDGO
+
D9RAF?=9;@$?FAK>9LMMK9L&ALL=JQ+GAFL
(=.;A=F;=
b
_Q;@GOKCA
%2H[QOE9KGO=?G?JG:MF9R9O9JLG]XOQ:J9FQ;@:9CL=JAAAROAVRCTOGJ?9FA;RFQ;@OOG<RA=?JMFLGO=B+JR=?DV<
"=GDG?A;RFQ
_Q;@GOKCA
%2H[QOE9KGO=?G?JG:MF9R9O9JLG]XOQ:J9FQ;@ROAVRCTOGJ?9FA;RFQ;@OOG<RA=?JMFLGO=B$F(5AM[CA=OA;R <
.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;=
ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCA
b
_Q;@GOKCA
%2H[QOOQ:J9FQ;@;E=FL9JRQAE9KGOQ;@?JG:TOR$A$$OGBFQ]OA9LGO=BF9OQKLYHGO9FA=:9CL=JAAOOG<9;@
HG<RA=EFQ;@$F(5AM[CA=OA;R <
.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;=
ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCA
b
_Q;@GOKCA
%'9;@
% &GD:=J
(2QKLYHGO9FA=9EAFGCO9KTO?DA;QFQ
D=M;QFQAARGD=M;QFQOOG<9;@HG<RA=EFQ;@F9;E=FL9JR9;@
RDGC9DARGO9FQ;@OJTaFQ;@]JG<GOAKC9;@+JR=?DV<"=GDG?A;RFQ
b
_Q;@GOKCA
% '9;@
% &GD:=J
(2H[QOHG<[Ga9RE9KGOQEHG;@TOCA=EF9KC[9<;@=EA;RFQOT<?JMFLGOQ;@/@==>>=;LG>
:=<<AF?G>E9KK?J9N=>JGE2GJD<O9J$$GF;@=EA;9D;GEHGKALAGFG>?JGMF<29DL=JK$F(5AM[CA=OA;R <
.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=
REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;=ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCAAF+GDAK@OAL@9F F?DAK@9:KLJ9;L
b