You are on page 1of 9

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355

/@=J< $FL=JF9LAGF9D"=G?J9H@Q.QEHGKAME " *( 

GF<ALAGFK>9NGJAF?L@=G;;MJJ=F;=G>$?FAK!9LMMKH@=FGE=FGF
GN=J9E9KK?J9N=AF)A=HG[GEA;=.+GD9F<
%TR=> _Q;@GOKCA
'0)2#1*8/34+454''&#)0)+%#-!/+6'23+480(2#%070&%*02<A8%*
0((+%' /0
 B 2#%070-#/&

)*(*
H@=FGE=FGFG>?DGOAF?;DGM<KG;;MJJ=<9LL@=:GJ<=JG>+MKR;R9)A=HG[GEA;C9AFL@=NA;AFALQG>)A=HG[GEA;=F=9JJ9;G
KH=;A9DDQ 9LKHJAF?9F<9MLMEFFA?@LK
/@=EGKLHD9MKA:D==PHD9F9LAGFAF;DM<=KGPA<9LAGFG>?9K=GMK+b:=9JAF?;GEHGMF<KOAL@
>GJE9LAGFG>H@GKH@AF=
<AH@GKH@AF=9F<@Q<JG?=F $FL@==FNAJGFE=FLG>N9JA9:D=O9L=J;GF<ALAGFKAF+D=AKLG;=F=K9F<K:=<<=<
:Q (AG;=F= ;D9QK
 H@GKH@GJMK ;GFL9AF=< AF :GF= J=EF9FLK G> L@= E9KK ?J9N= AF L@= >GJE G> ;9D;AME @Q<JGPQ9H9LAL= 9DL=JK LG
H@GKH@A<=KAFL@=KM:KGADLG?9K=GMK>GJEKG>H@GKH@GJ@Q<JG?=F;GEHGMF<K /@AKH@=FGE=FGFAK >9NGJ=< :QEA;JGGJ?9FAKEK

AF;DM<AF? L@GK= >JGE @ME9F <A?=KLAN= KQKL=E


 KDA?@LDQ 9;A<A; J=9;LAGF G> L@= KGAD HAF= LJ== F==<D=K
 L@= HJ=K=F;= G> @=9NQ
=D=E=FLKAFKGAD9DKG>JGE9EEMFALAGF;9JLJA<?=K
@A?@J=D9LAN=EGAKLMJ=G>L@=9AJ9LFA?@L9F< L@=HJ=K=F;=G>L@=AFN=JKAGF9AJ
D9Q=J

S 2013
© /@=ML@GJK +M:DAK@=<:Q DK=NA=J Ltd.
The Authors. Published by Elsevier 'L< Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
.=D=;LAGF9F<H==J J=NA=OMF<=JJ=KHGFKA:ADALQG>-=;=H
Selection Committee of GEOMED2013.
>=
(MFAJ*RLMJC9F<$:J9@AEL9D9Q
and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing

'8702&3 A?FAK>9LMMK E9KK?J9N= D9F<K;9H=?=G;@=EAKLJQ ;Q;D=G>=D=E=FLK

 %*(&+*!&%

FMF;GEEGFH@=FGE=FGFCFGOF9KL@= +)/+3(#4553 AF'9LAFGJL@=eOADDbGdbL@=bOAKHfAF F?DAK@G;;MJJ=<9L


FA?@LK GN=J 9 E9KK ?J9N= 9L L@= O=KL=JF :GJ<=J G> +MKR;R9 )A=HG[GEA;C9 )A=HG[GEA;= !GJ=KL F=9J J9;GO
+GD9F<AFKHJAF?K9F<9MLMEFK ;;GJ<AF?LGKL9L=E=FLKG>E9FQG:K=JN=JK
9?DGOAF?G:B=;L9HH=9J=<E9AFDQAF
9MLMEF9L<MKCGJFA?@L $LO9KKH@=J=b GJ;A?9JbK@9H=<
KGE=LAE=K:DMJJ=< /@=<A9E=L=JG>L@=G:B=;LO9K9:GML
;E $LO9K;D=9JDQK@AFAF?AFKA<=
=EALLAF?FG@=9L $L9HH=9J=<O@=FL@=9AJO9K<9EH
:ML<A<KG=N=F<MJAF?

GJJ=KHGF<AF?9ML@GJ /=D     >9PFGF=


.#+-#&&2'33 BGRQCOH HD

1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of GEOMED2013.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.112
348 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355

J9AF /@=?DGOAF?G:B=;LO9KEGNAF?@GJARGFL9DDQN=JQKDGODQ9L9@=A?@LG>9:GMLLG E9:GN=L@=?JGMF<9F<


<AK9HH=9JAF?9EGF?L@=OGG<K $>KGE=GF=9LL=EHL=<LG?=L;DGK=LGAL
ALO9K?GAF?9O9Q $LK;GDGMJO9KQ=DDGOAK@b
J=<AFEGKLJ=HGJLK _Q;@GOKCA
MFHM:D 
9DL@GM?@L@=G:B=;LO9K;@9F?AF?ALK;GDGMJK
9F<KGE=H=GHD=K9OL@9LAL
O9K:DM=bNAGD=L

  *'/0.'/0/'6#-5#4+0/30(#2

)9LMJ= CFGOK E9FQ DMEAFGMK H@=FGE=F9 L@9L O=J= <=K;JA:=< AF =P@9MKLAF? DAL=J9LMJ= 'G;CF=J
%G@FKLGF

Q=JD==
  GJDAKK
  
=JJ
  %G@FKLGF
  'QF;@
  (AFF9=JL  .=QEGMJ
 
(9KKAEG
 /@=K=H9H=JKKL9L=L@9LL@=DA?@LK9HH=9J:QFA?@LK
MKM9DDQGN=JO9L=JDG??=<9J=9K /@=HJ=K=FL=<
@QHGL@=K=K@9N=:==F9LLJA:ML=<LG:MJFAF??9K >JGEGAD<=HGKALK
>AJ=>DA=K
>DQAF?AFK=;LK#.182+3 /0%4+-5%#
.L
DEG >AJ=
 HJ=K=F;= G> >MF?A = ? -+40%8$' +--5&'/3 #/53 34814+%53
 H@GKH@GJ :9;L=JA9
 =L;  $F  L@=
H@=FGE=FGFO9K;9DD=<%9;CbGdbD9FL=JF /@AKL=JE<=K;JA:=K9E9F;9JJQAF?9 D9FL=JF9F<AK;GFF=;L=<OAL@$JAK@
>GDCDGJ=  /@= H@=FGE=FGF G> L@= +)/+3 (#4553 @9K ALK HD9;= AF :=DD=KbD=LLJ=K G> .@9C=KH=9J=
 A;CAFKGF GJ 2ADEGL
9F<O9K9KM:B=;LG>;GFKA<=J9LAGFKG>E9FQ=JM<AL=K>JGEN9JAGMK;GMFLJA=K)=OLGF9H@QKA;AKL>JGE9E:JA<?=

=;;9JA9;@=EAKL>JGEGDG?F9
=KK=D9"=JE9F9KLJGFGE=J9F<E9L@=E9LA;A9F
&FGJJ9HJG>=KKGJG>H@QKA;K
>JGE&A=N
=L; $LO9KKHGLL=<AFE9FQHD9;=KAFL@=OGJD<AF%GHDAF
(AKKGMJA
9LJGOF(GMFL9AF
)GJL@9JGDAF9

AF(9J>9
/=P9K
AF 'AD=FL@9D;DGK=LGJ=E=F
F=9JLG#=JR:=J?:QL@= DKL=JJAN=J
GN=J"==KL=C9F9DKO9EHKAFL@=
1=R=J=JAN=J:9KAF
=L;6+&' (ADDK
 /@AKH@=FGE=FGFO9KG:K=JN=<AF<A>>=J=FL:MLN=JQO=L=FNAJGFE=FLK

>GJ =P9EHD= GN=J KO9EHK


 H=9Lb:G?K
 EGGJD9F<K
KO9EHQ E=9<GOK
 JAN=J =E:9FCE=FLK
 J=;=FLDQ >=JLADAR=< KGAD

EM<<Q<AL;@=K
K=O9?=;9F9DK
 O9L=J;GMJK=K9F<9L;=E=L=JA=K $L O9KFGL=<AF=9JDQ9F<D9L=KMEE=JK9F<
 EGJ=
G>L=F
 AF 9MLMEFK 9L J9AFQ
 ;9DE 9MLMEF FA?@LK
 9DKG 9L <MKC 9F< AF =9JDQ EGJFAF?K 'GO 9LEGKH@=JA; HJ=KKMJ=
MKM9DDQ >9NGMJ=< L@AK H@=FGE=FGF
 O@A;@ ;GEEGFDQ 9HH=9J=< :=>GJ= 9 KLGJE <MJAF? ;DGM<Q
 J9AFQ
 @GL GJ KMDLJQ
O=9L@=J9DKG9>L=J9H=JAG<G>O9JEO=9L@=J9F<=N=F<MJAF?9<=FK=>G? *:K=JN=JKEGKL>J=IM=FLDQ<=K;JA:=L@=
H@=FGE=FGF ;GDGMJK 9K Q=DDGOAK@
 J=<<AK@
 ?J==FbO@AL=
 9F< KGE=LAE=K =N=F :DMAK@  /@=J= 9J= L@GK= O@G K9O
Q=DDGO;GDGMJAFL@=;=FLJ=G>L@=H@=FGE=FGF
LMJFAF?H9D=NAGD=L9LL@=LGH9F<LGO9J<:GJ<=JK .GE=;D9AEL@9L
L@AKDA?@L=EALK@=9L )=OLGF

GL@=JKK9QGL@=JOAK= &FGJJ9F<(ADDK
 /@=DA?@LAKNAKA:D=<=H=F<AF?GF
L@=HGKALAGFG>9:=@GD<=J>GJ9>=O


K=;GF<K
=N=FMHLGEAFML=K *F=K;D9AEL@9LDA?@LAKH9D=
GL@=JK
K9OAL:JA?@L $LK@=A?@LN9JA=KAF<A>>=J=FLJ=HGJLK>JGELG;E
=N=FMHLG;E9F<L@=DA?@LAK9;GMHD=LAE=K
@A?@=JL@9FOA<= .GE=LAE=KALL9C=K9K@9H=G>9E9FGJ9KH@=J= *;;9KAGF9DDQALOA<=FKLGK@JAFC9EGE=FLD9L=J
9F<;9FKHDALAFLGLOGBMKLLGE=J?=AFLGGF=9?9AF /@= +)/+3(#4553 AKKMK;=HLA:D=LG9AJEGN=E=FL
O@A;@<AEKAL
=9KADQ ;;GJ<AF?LG<A>>=J=FLJ=HGJLK
ALEGN=K@GJARGFL9DDQ
;E9:GN=L@=?JGMF< 2@=FGF=?=LK;DGK=LGAL
L@=
DA?@LN9FAK@=KGJ
9KKGE=K9Q
eJMFK9O9Qf #GO=N=J
A>QGMEGN=;9J=>MDDQ9F<<GFGLKLAJL@=9AJ
QGM ;9FJ=9;@AL
#9EE
  !DG=JA;C=
  (AL;@=DD
 +=F@9DDGO
  "MAD=Q
   (ADDK  HJGNA<=K L@J==
HGKKA:D= =PHD9F9LAGFK G> L@= H@=FGE=FGF :AGDMEAF=K;=F;=
 ;@=EADMEAF=K;=F;= 9F< K=D>b;GE:MKLAGF
 <O=DDAF?
EGKLGFL@=D9LL=J /@= +)/+3 (#4553 ;GMD<:=9>GJEG>H@GKH@GJ=K;=F;=GJGPA<9LAGFDA?@LCFGOFAF;@=EAKLJQ9KL@=
DMEAFGD DA?@L
 GJ E9Q J=KMDL >JGE KHGFL9F=GMK ?9K A?FALAGF  /@= DAKL G> >D9EE9:D= ?9K=K AF;DM<=K L@= >GDDGOAF?
E=L@9F= 9 ?9K EAPLMJ= ;GFKAKLAF? G>   E=L@9F= #  9F<   * H@GKH@AF= +# 9 EAPLMJ= G> +# 9F< #.
:MJFAF?OAL@GMLKEGC=GJK;=FL<AH@GKH@AF=+# OAL@>GJE9LAGFG>H@GKH@GJMKH=FL9GPA<=9F<O9L=J9EAPLMJ=
G> +#
 #. 9F< #  (ADDK HMLK LG 9 IM=KLAGF L@= KAEHD= =PHD9F9LAGF G> K=D> ;GE:MKLAGF G> E=L@9F= OAL@
H@GKH@AF= (ADDK
 #=HGAFLKL@=<A>>=J=FL;GDGJKG>L@=H@=FGE=FGF:DM= DAC=;GDGJN=JKMK=PH=JAE=FLKOAL@
# 9F<+# :JA?@LDA?@L
KEGC= #=9DKGOJAL=K
9;;GJ<AF?LGGL@=JK eHMJ=H@GKH@AF=<G=KFGL9MLG GPA<AK=GJ
A?FAL= KHGFL9F=GMKDQ  *F L@= ;GFLJ9JQ
 E9FQ OGJC=JK @9N= FGO ;GF>AJE=< L@9L AL AK KL9:D= =FGM?@ :GL@ LG :=
?=F=J9L=<:Q9F9=JG:A;>=JE=FL9LAGFG>H@GKH@GJMK ;GFL9AFAF?GJ?9FA;E9LL=J9F<LGH=JKAKLAFLJ9;=9EGMFLKAFL@=
9LEGKH@=J= f (ADDK 9LLJA:ML=K L@= :DM= ;GDGJ G> L@= >D9E= J9L@=J LG NGD9LAD= EAPLMJ=K ;GFL9AFAF? ;9J:GF .M;@ 9
;GEHGMF<E9Q:=>GJ=P9EHD=#+# E=L@QDH@GKH@AF=O@A;@<MJAF?9D9:KQFL@=KAKHJGN=KLG:=KHGFL9F=GMKDQ
AF>D9EE9:D= &GKGD9HG>>  (9A=J
 9KAF?GFJ=K=9J;@KG>9J
L@AKH@=FGE=FGF E9Q:=<=>AF=<9K>GDDGOK
/@= +)/+3(#4553 AK9H9D=
KGE=LAE=K:JA?@L
>DA;C=JAF?
 EGKLDQ EGNAF?DA?@LG>=9KADQ >D9EE9:D=?9K=K
G;;MJJAF?
GN=J <9EH 9J=9K
 ;9MK=< :Q <=;GEHGKALAGF G> GJ?9FA; E9LL=J J=E9AFK G> HD9FLK
 9FAE9DK GJ @ME9F ;GJHK=K AF
9FGPA; ;GF<ALAGFK  $F L@= J=K=9J;@ ;GF<M;L=< KG >9J
 =FNAJGFE=FL ;GF<ALAGFK J=D9L=< LG L@= H@=FGE=FGF O=J= FGL
L9C=F AFLG ;GFKA<=J9LAGF  /@AK OGJC HJ=K=FLK L@= ;@=EA;9D <AN=JKALQ G> L@= L=KL 9J=9 9F< K@GOK L@= ;GF<ALAGFK
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 349

>9NGJAF?L@=G;;MJJ=F;=G>KM:B=;LH@=FGE=FGF <<ALAGF9DDQ
GOF@QHGL@=KAKGF@GO )/+3#4553 GJA?AF9L=K@9K
:==FHJ=K=FL=<:9K=<GFL@=J=K=9J;@;GF<M;L=<

 *(!#%* &)

 
'3'#2%*.'4*0&3

 FME:=J G> ;@=EA;9D 9F9DQK=K O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG =PHD9AF L@= GJA?AF G> L@= +)/+3 (#4553 AF )A=HG[GEA;=  /@=
LQH=KG>K9EHD=KAF;DM<=<KGAD>JGE<A>>=J=FL<=HL@K
HD9FLKMHH=JH9JLG>@9AJb;9H 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/' EGKK

HAF=LJ==J=KAF
:AJ;@LJ==:J9;C=L>MF?MK 0.'3(0.'/4#2+53
9F<9AJ /@=QO=J=L9C=F>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9AF
L@= )A=HG[GEA;= >GJ=KL 9K O=DD 9K >JGE K=N=J9D HD9;=K AF 9 <AKL9F;= G> KGE=  E G> L@= ?J9N= LG =P;DM<= ALK
AF>DM=F;=  @=EA;9D 9F9DQK=K O=J= ;9JJA=< GML MKAF? 9LGEA; 9:KGJHLAGF KH=;LJGK;GHQ . OAL@ 9F F9DQKL 
+=JCAF DE=J9F9DQK=JOAL@9?J9H@AL=<AK@ /G<=L=JEAF=;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<KAFL@=KGAD919JA9F
!.?9KbDAIMA<;@JGE9LG?J9H@O9KMK=< F9DQK=KG>?9KAFL@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=O=J=H=J>GJE=<MKAF?9
?9K ;@JGE9LG?J9H@ 19JA9F  OAL@ 9F 9MLGbK9EHD=J 9F< !$ 9F<  <=L=;LGJK  /@= HJ=K=F;= G> :9;L=JA9
GJA?AF9LAF?>JGE9@ME9F<A?=KLAN=KQKL=EAFL@=MF<=J?JGMF<O9L=J>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=O9K;GF>AJE=<:QLQHA;9D
EA;JG:A9DG>9F9DQKAK _Q;@GOKCA
 


 '3'#2%*#2'#

MJAF?L@=22$$L@=)9RAKMK=<LG;9JJQGMLE9KK=P=;MLAGFKAF L@=>GJ=KL AF)A=HG[GEA;=O=KLG>9F<;DGK=LG


J9;GO $FL@=?J9N=AFIM=KLAGFKGE=H=GHD=O=J=K@GLGF F< M?MKL

9F<:MJA=<9L9<=HL@G>E /@=
E9KK?J9N=O9K<M?AFK9F<KG>9+D=AKLG;=F=L=JJ9;=>JGEL@=9DLA;?D9;A9LAGFH=JAG< $LAKKALM9L=<AF9<=HJ=KKAGF
:=LO==F<MF=K
;9DD=<&GRA="TJCA:QL@=DG;9DK $FL@=KMJJGMF<AF?KG>L@=:MJA9DHD9;=
KMJ>9;=9F<MF<=J?JGMF<
O9L=JK>DGOOAL@9KE9DD<=K;=FLLG) AFLGL@=JOAFC9KLJ=9E
9JA?@LLJA:ML9JQG>L@= 2AK[9 JAN=J /@=K9F<KG>
L@AK @A?@=J 1AKLMD9 L=JJ9;= 9J= MF<=JD9AF :Q (AG;=F= ;D9QK L@9L HJ=N=FL O9L=J >JGE H=F=LJ9LAF? AFLG <==H=J KLJ9L9
0F<=J?JGMF< O9L=J MF<=J ;=E=L=JQ KALM9L=< AF L@= =FNAJGFE=FL G> K9F<K :=<<=< OAL@ ;D9QK ;GFL9AFK KA?FA>A;9FL
9EGMFLKG>AGFK
GJ?9FA;;GEHGMF<K9F<9EAFG 9;A<K_Q;@GOKCA
  _Q;@GOKCA =L9D
  /@=
9J=9AK;GN=J=<:Q9HAF=>GJ=KLOAL@9F9<EAPLMJ=G>:AJ;@ /@=>GJ=KLAKH=JAG<A;9DDQAFMF<9L=<
O@A;@AKAF<A;9L=<
:Q >9DD=F HAF= 9F< :AJ;@ LJ==K 9K O=DD 9K L@= HJ=K=F;= G> <J9AF9?= <AL;@=K  /@AK LQH= G> >GJ=KL ;GFLJA:ML=K LG
9;A<A>A;9LAGF G> L@= =FNAJGFE=FL H# G> O9L=J >JGE HGGDK 9F< <AL;@=K N9JA=K AF L@= J9F?=  b   /@=J= 9J=
H=JAG<A;9D GK;ADD9LAGFK G> O9L=J AF L@= :MJA9D HD9;=  $F J9AFQ Q=9JK
 L@= ?JGMF<O9L=J L9:D= J9AK=K
 H9JLA;MD9JDQ AF
KHJAF?K9F<9MLMEFK
9F<KL9?F9L=K;DGK=LGL@= KMJ>9;= #9J<H9F@GJARGFK>GMF<9LL@=<=HL@;E @9N=HJGN=<
O9L=JEGN=E=FLKAFL@=9J=9 .M;@;GF<ALAGFK;GFLJA:ML=LGEA?J9LAGFG>;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<KLGO9J<L@=KMJ>9;=

O@=J=L@=QHJ=;AHAL9L= $L O9KG:K=JN=<AF9F<_Q;@GOKCA


MFHM:D 9>L=J9H=JAG<G>AFL=FKAN=J9AFKL@9L
;9MK=<9J9AK=G>L@=MF<=J?JGMF<O9L=JD=N=D (GKLG>L=F
L@AKD=N=DAKGFL@=<=HL@G>;AJ;9 E!A? 

!A?  @9F?=KG>L@=?JGMF<O9L=JD=N=DGF<9QK>JGEM?MKLLG(9J;@:=DGOL@=E9KK?J9N=AF)A=HG[GEA;=9F<AF9:GJ=@GD=
GFL@=:9KAKG>O@A;@L@=:9;C?JGMF<O9K<=>AF=<
350 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355

 )+#*)%!)+))!&%

  *'.+%#-1201'24+'30(4*'$52+#-'/6+20/.'/4

F9LMJ9D?=G;@=EA;9D>=9LMJ=G>L@==FNAJGFE=FLKLM<A=<AK@A?@AJGF9F<E9F?9F=K=;GFL=FLKAFALKKGADb
HHE 9F< b HHE
 J=KH=;LAN=DQ  GF;=FLJ9LAGFK G> L@=K= =D=E=FLK AF<A;9L= DGF? KL9?F9LAGF G> ?JGMF<O9L=J 9L 9
@A?@ D=N=D  .DA?@LDQ @A?@=J ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
 :ML DGO=J L@9F L@GK= AF MJ:9F 9J=9K
 O=J= FGL=< AF L@= ;9K= G> )A b
HHE
5FbHHE9F<JbHHE /@=KGADK9F9DQK=<;GFL9AF9DKGLJ9;=9EGMFLKG>+:
G
D
J
%9F<!
0FMKM9DDQ@A?@;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
KAEAD9JLGL@GK=LQHA;9DG>
= ?
:MKQJG9<K9F<JG9<;JGKKAF?K
;GF;=JF< b 
HHE 9F<
 LG 9 KE9DD=J <=?J==
 M b HHE  /@=K= LOG =D=E=FLK E9Q GJA?AF9L= >JGE :MDD=LK MK=< AF L@= E9KK
=P=;MLAGF /@=KGAD9:GN=L@=E9KK?J9N=;GFL9AFKJ=D9LAN=DQ@A?@9EGMFLG>=D=E=FLK;@9J9;L=JAKLA;G>L@=@ME9F
:G<Q)9
9
D

)
+9F<.!A?  /@=@A?@;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>+ HHE9LL@=<=HL@;EK@GMD<:=FGL=<
/@AK =D=E=FL 9F< AF KM;@ 9EGMFLK <=>AFAL=DQ AK 9KKG;A9L=< OAL@ L@= ;GJHK=K :MJA=< AF L@= E9KK ?J9N=  $F L@= KGADK
G;;MJJAF?>9J>JGEL@=?J9N=
H@GKH@GJMKO9KEGKLG>L=F9:K=FL!A? 

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>=D=E=FLKAFE9KK?J9N=K=<AE=FLK<=HL@ E9F<:9;C?JGMF<K=<AE=FLK<AKL9F;=E


<=HL@ E AFL@=
)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KLF=9JJ9;GO

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>+AFK=<AE=FLKGN=JE9KK?J9N=K<=HL@ E AFN9JAGMK J=?AGFK G>KGML@b=9KL=JF+GD9F<

/@= ;GFL=FL G> KMDH@MJ AF L@= KGAD GN=J L@= E9KK ?J9N= AK LOG LG >GMJ LAE=K @A?@=J L@9F L@9L AF K9EHD=K >JGE
GMLKA<=L@AKHD9;= /@=K9E=AKAFL@=;9K=G>;9D;AME
O@GK=;GFL=FLAKL@J==LAE=K@A?@=JL@9FAFGL@=JHD9;=KAFL@=
>GJ=KL
 = ?
 AF 9EA=FA;=   HHE
 !A?    $F L@= KGAD G> L@= :MJA9D KAL=
 KG<AME 9F< ;@DGJAF= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
AF;J=9K=OAL@L@=<=HL@ /@=;GFL=FLKG>:GL@L@=K==D=E=FLK9J=L@=J=L@J==LAE=K@A?@=JL@9FAFGL@=JHD9;=KAFL@=
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 351

>GJ=KL /@==D=E=FLKG;;MJJAF?AF;GEH9J9:D=9EGMFLKAFKGADKGN=J9F<GMLKA<=L@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9AF;DM<=
= ?
D

+:
<
9F<J!A? 

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>)
9
)99F<DAFK=<AE=FLKGN=JE9KK?J9N=K<=HL@ E AFN9JAGMK J=?AGFK G>KGML@b=9KL=JF+GD9F<

!A?  N=J9?=;GFL=FLKG>AFN=KLA?9L=<;@=EA;9D=D=E=FLKAFL@=>GDDGOAF?HJG>AD=K9E9KKAN=?J9N=9F<L@=HD9;= E9O9QKG;9DD=<


e:9;C?JGMF<f

A>>=J=F;=K AF L@= ;GFL=FLK G> =D=E=FLK AF K9EHD=K >JGE L@= :MJA9D HD9;= 9F< GL@=J HD9;=K @9N= 9DKG :==F
;GF>AJE=<:Q 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/' 9F9DQKAKJ=KMDLK!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>(?
9
D
+:
.
%
J
9F<)AAF
L@AKEGKK9J=;GEH9J9:D=AF9DDL@=K9EHD=K /@=;GFL=FLKG>!=
(F
.A
&AFEGKK>JGEL@=?J9N=9J=9;GMHD=LAE=K
@A?@=J
O@=J=9KL@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>@=9NQ=D=E=FLK
KM;@9K<
5F
M
KDA?@LDQ@A?@=JL@9FL@GK=AFL@=K9EHD=K
>JGEGMLKA<=L@=?J9N=9J=9 -=KMDLKG:L9AF=<<MJAF?=P9EAF9LAGFG>HAF=LJ==J=KAF9F<:AJ;@:J9;C=L>MF?A;GF>AJE
L@=LJ=F<AFL@=<AKLJA:MLAGFG>=D=E=FLK>GMF<AF 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/' /@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>+
)
+:9F<!AF
L@=J=KAFL=KL=<O=J=KA?FA>A;9FLDQDGO=JL@9FL@GK=AFL@=E9L=JA9D;GEH9J=<>JGEGMLKA<=L@=?J9N=9J=9!A? 
/@=;9MK=E9Q:==PHD9AF=<:Q9<==HJGGLKQKL=EG>HAF=LJ==K $FL@=:J9;C=L>MF?MKK9EHD=K
FAF==D=E=FLK(?

D
J
.A
J
(F
!=
M
5F
=P;DM<AF?:9KA;;GEHGF=FLKG>@ME9F:G<Q
G;;MJAF@A?@=J;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
O@=J=9K
>GMJ%
)A
<
GK@GO;GEH9J9:D=9:MF<9F;=K ,M9DAL9LAN=9F9DQK=KG>K=D=;L=<;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<KAFL@=KGAD
>JGEL@=<=HL@;E9DDGO=<;GF>AJEAF?L@==PAKL=F;=G>E9FQ;GEHGMF<K;GFL9AFAF?H@GKH@GJMK)9 +
M+

9+
 +D
 9#+*
 +)
 D#+*
 &+
 +J
 6+#7% !A?    DKG
 E9FQ KMDH@A<=K O=J= FGL=< 9L L@AK
<=HL@)9.
M.
5F.
)A.
&.
+:.
(F. HJ=DAEAF9JQIM9DAL9LAN=9F9DQKAKG>?9KK9EHD=<GN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=
K@GO=< L@= HJ=K=F;= G> #
 #J
 #%
 .*
 #
 #
 #
 #
 #
 +#
 #.  <<ALAGF9D IM9FLAL9LAN=
9F9DQK=K
 EGJ= K=D=;LAN= 9>L=J :9;C?JGMF< =DAEAF9LAGF
 AF<A;9L= @A?@ 9EGMFLK G> # 9F< # !A?    /@=K=
?9K=K
=KH=;A9DDQ=L@AF=
9J=MFKL9:D=9F<=9KADQJ=D=9K=L@=AJ@Q<JG?=F #Q<JG?=FAK9DKGGF=G>E9AF;GEHGF=FLKG>
352 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355

@ME9F:G<Q H=;MD9JALQG>L@AK=FNAJGFE=FLAK9DKG<M=LG9KH=;A>A;c>AK@G<GMJd>=DL:QFGK= /@AKKE=DDAF??9KAK


H@GKH@AF=+#
9;GEHGMF<>JGEL@=?JGMHG>K=N=J9D@Q<JG?=FbH@GKH@GJMK;GEHGMF<K

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG> )
D
+
9F<)9AFL@=EGKK0-8342+%*5.%0..5/'>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9KG>N9JAGMK J=?AGFK G>KGML@b=9KL=JF
+GD9F<

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG> )9
)
+
.9F<DAF 0-8342+%*5.%0..5/'
:AJ;@bLJ==:J9;C=L>MF?MK9F<HAF=bLJ==J=KAF>JGEL@=E9KK?J9N=9J=9
AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KL

!A?  GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>?9K=KAFL@=9AJ<MJAF?L@=<9QGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KLG:L9AF=<AF9IM9FLAL9LAN=bK=D=;LAN=9F9DQKAK
9>L=JL@==DAEAF9LAGFG>L@=:9;C?JGMF<
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 353

 b #
 b #J
b #%

b .*
b #
b #
b #
 b #
 b #
 b +#
 b #.

!A?  /@=;GEHGKALAGFG>GJ?9FA;?9K=KAFL@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=AFL@=)A=HG[GEA;=>GJ=KL


 *'%0/&+4+0/3#%%0.1#/8+/)4*' +)/+3(#4553 1*'/0.'/0/

/@= :9;L=JA9 >JGE L@= @ME9F <A?=KLAN= KQKL=E HD9Q 9 KA?FA>A;9FL JGD= AF L@= HJG;=KK=K G> <=;GEHGKALAGF G> L@=
GJ?9FA; E9LL=J $FMF<=J?JGMF<O9L=J9LL@=E9KK?J9N=;GEH9J=<OAL@O9L=J>JGEGMLKA<=L@AK9J=9L@=J=9J=;D=9JDQ
@A?@=J 9EGMFLK G> L@= >GDDGOAF? :9;L=JA9 4#1*8-0%0%%53 KH  >9=;9D KLJ=HLG;G;;A >9=;9D ;GDA>GJEK

4#1*8-0%0%%53 #-$53 %+&#.+/0%0%%53 ('2.'/4#/3 #%40$#%+--53 $2'6+3 201+/0$#%4'2+#%'/' '+33'2+#


%#4#22*#-+3 #/& "'+--0/'--# 1#265-# :MF<9F;= G> KGE= :9;L=JA9 #%+--+53 %'2'53 4#1*8-0%0%%53 #52'53 9F<
L@=JEGLGD=J9FL ;GDA>GJEK AK KDA?@LDQ @A?@=J AF L@= E9KK ?J9N= 9J=9 9F< L@9L G> -0342+&+5. 1'2(2+/)'/ 9F<
530$#%4'2+5. .024+('25. DGO=J !A?   $F L@= ?JGMF< O9L=J :=DGO L@= E9KK ?J9N=
 J=D9LAN=DQ @A?@=J
;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>E9FQAGFKO9KFGL=<!A?   KH=;A9DDQ@A?@;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>FALJ9L=K9F<H@GKH@9L=KO9K>GMF<
AF J=D9LAGF LG L@= :9;C?JGMF<  (AF=J9DbGJ?9FA; ;GEHD=P=K >GJE=< OAL@AF L@= E9KK ?J9N= 9J=9 AF <=;GEHGKALAGF
HJG;=KK=K K@GMD< 9DKG ;GFL9AF =D=E=FLK <=JAN=< >JGE O=9L@=JAF? :MDD=LK  /@AK HJG:D=E J=IMAJ=K
 @GO=N=J
 EGJ=
KH=;A9DAR=<AFN=KLA?9LAGFK #GJARGFL9D9F< N=JLA;9D<AN=JKA>A;9LAGFG>9EGMFLKG>L@=H@GKH@GJMK;GEHGMF<KAFL@=
MHH=J H9JL G> L@= ?=GDG?A;9D HJG>AD= ;GFLJGDK L@= DG;9LAGF G> L@= +)/+3 (#4553 G;;MJJ=F;=  2=9L@=J ;GF<ALAGFK 9J=
;JM;A9D AF ALK >GJE9LAGF  +9JLA;MD9JDQ AEHGJL9FL >9;LGJK AFNGDN= GN=J9DD EGAKLMJ= G> L@= =FNAJGFE=FL 9K O=DD 9K L@=
HJ=K=F;=G>L@=AFN=JKAGFD9Q=J
O@A;@:MAD<KMH9>L=JJ=D=9KAF?L@=@=9L>JGEL@=KGAD9>L=J9KMFK=L

!A?  EGMFLG>:9;L=JA9AFL@=O9L=JK9EHD=;GF EDL9C=F>JGE9:GJ=@GD=KALM9L=<AFL@=K9F<QKGADG>)A=HG[GEA;=E9KK?J9N= 9F<


>JGE9O=DDK:9;C?JGMF<AF)A=HG[GEA;=<AKL9F;=E
354 Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355

!A?  /@=;GFL=FLKG>K=D=;L=<AGFKAF?JGMF<O9L=JMF<=J9E9KKAN=?J9N=9F<AFL@=<AKL9F;=G>E>JGEAL AF*;LG:=J AF


)A=HG[GEA;=

/@==PAKL=F;=G>KM;@9D9Q=JAFL@=9J=9=P9EAF=<O9KHJGN=<:QA=JF9L  $LGJA?AF9L=<AF<A>>=J=FLLAE=


9F< GF <A>>=J=FL =D=N9LAGF  MJAF? L@= H=JAG< G> J=K=9J;@ >JGE    LADD   
 KM;@ ;9K=K O=J=
;GFKLALMLAF? ;AJ;9   /@AK D9Q=J HJ=N=FLK L@= MHO9J< EGN=E=FL G> 9 ?DGOAF? ;DGM< +)/+3 (#4553  /@= ;DGM<
J=N=9DKHGD9JAR9LAGF>=9LMJ=K<M=LG;@9J9;L=JAKLA;KG>L@=?9K=KAL;GFL9AFK !GJL@AKJ=9KGF
AL>GDDGOK9H=JKGF?GAF?
9O9QGJEGN=KALK=D>9O9QO@=F:QKGE=:G<Q?=LK;DGK=JLG AL&GD:=J
MFHM:D  AJ:J=9L@=KE9Q<A>>MK=L@=;DGM<
9F<ALAKL@=FO@=FALKK@9H=;@9F?=K9F<L9C=KN9JAGMKK@9H=KB9;CbGdbD9FL=JF


  %&$%&%-'#%*!&%

EGF?L@=;@=EA;9D;GEHGMF<K>GMF<AFL@=KGAD
L@=J=9J=
9EGF?GL@=JK
H@GKH@GF;GEHGMF<K
= ?
+#%
9F<
H@GKH@A<=K
= ?
9+
)9+
M+
&+ /@=HJ=K=F;=G><AKKG;A9L=<#.* @9K9DKG:==FHJGN=< MJAF?L@=<9Q

L@=9AJGN=JL@=E9KK?J9N=;GFL9AFKH@GKH@AF=+# 
9HGAKGFGMK?9KOAL@>AK@G<GMJ $LK>GJE9LAGFAKHGKKA:D=9K9
J=KMDLG>
  J=9;LAGFG>KMDH@MJA;9;A<OAL@9H@GKH@A<=
= ?
D+
 # 
#
 
 #Q<JGDQKAKAFL@=EGAKL9LEGKH@=J=G>H@GKH@A<=KOAL@DA:=J9LAGFG>>J==H@GKH@AF=
  :J=9C<GOFG>H@GKH@GF;GEHGMF<KMF<=JAF>DM=F;=G>O9L=JAFLG
9J=KH=;LAN= @9DA<=b@Q<JG?=F9;A<9F<H@GKH@AF=
/@= ?9K G:L9AF=< AF L@=K= J=9;LAGFK ;9F 9DKG AF;DM<= @Q<JG?=F AL O9K >GMF< AF L@= 9AJ K9EHD=K 9K O=DD 9K
<AH@GKH@AF= +#
 9 @A?@DQ NGD9LAD=
 ;GDGMJD=KK DAIMA<
 OAL@KLJGF?DQ J=<M;LAN= HJGH=JLA=K  AH@GKH@AF= ;9F 9DKG
>GJE<MJAF?L@=J=9;LAGFG>O9L=JOAL@;9D;AMEH@GKH@A<=
9+ #*9*# +#
$F L@= 9AJ 9L 9E:A=FL L=EH=J9LMJ=K
 L@= EAPLMJ= G> ?9K=K H@GKH@AF=
 @Q<JG?=F
 9F< MFKL9:D= <AH@GKH@AF= K=D>b
A?FAL=K AH@GKH@AF=+#ALK=D>AK=KH=;A9DDQMFKL9:D=9F< O@=F;GFL9;LAF? OAL@L@= 9AJ9DKGK=D>bA?FAL=K D=9F
H@GKH@AF=;9FA?FAL=AFL@=9AJ9LJGGEL=EH=J9LMJ=
:MLL@AKHJG;=KK<G=KFGLG;;MJA>L@=J=9J=LJ9;=KG>EGAKLMJ=
.G
L@AKHGKKA:ADALQO9K=P;DM<=<AFL@=;9K=G>L@=A?FAK>9LMMK >JGE)A=HG[GEA;= 'AIMA<+#HMLAFLGDA?@L:J=9CK
<GOFAFLGJ=<H@GKH@GJMK9F<H@GKH@AF=
+#+# +
/@=H@GKH@GJMKDA:=J9L=<9:KGJ:KH@GKH@AF=9F<>GJEK9KGDA<G>Q=DDGO;GDGMJ9F<N9JA9:D=;GEHGKALAGF+#
<G+#
CFGOF9KKGDA<H@GKH@Gb@Q<JG?=FA=D9\KCA
 /@=H@=FGE=FGFG:K=JN=<AF)A=HG[GEA;=AFL@=
E9KK?J9N=9J=9>GJEKHJG:9:DQAF9EGJ=;GEHD=PO9Q $LE9Q:=9;;=HL=<L@9L<=JAN9LAN=KG>H@GKH@AF=GJA?AF9L=
:QKM:KLALMLAF?GF=GJEGJ=G>@Q<JG?=F9LGEKAFL@=+#EGD=;MD=:Q 9DCQD?JGMHGJ9JAD?JGMH
A = AFL@="JA?F9J<
J=9;LAGF /@=9DCQD;GEHGMF<K9J==9KADQ>D9EE9:D=9F<=9KADQGPA<AR=
Józef Żychowski / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 120 (2014) 347 – 355 355

"%&,#$%*)

:GN= E=FLAGF=< J=K=9J;@ O9K H=J>GJE=< H9JLA9DDQ <M= LG 9ML@GJdK GOF J=K=9J;@ J=KGMJ;=K
 :ML E9AFDQ <M= LG
CAF<F=KK9F< ;GFL9;LKOAL@9F9DQLA;9D;@=EAKLK>JGEE9FQD9:GJ9LGJA=K
=KH=;A9DDQG>L@=%9?A=DDGFA9F0FAN=JKALQ

(%)

A=D9\KCA
  +G<KL9OQ;@=EAAFA=GJ?9FA;RF=B 2Q< 1 +2)
L 

2 O9


A=JF9L
  !ARQ;RFG ?=G?J9>A;RF=O9JMFCAOQKLYHGO9FA9$?FAK!9LMMKO+MKR;RQ)A=HG[GEA;CA=B AKK=JL9LAGFHJGEGLGJ
<J@9: AFa
"JR=?GJR#9;R=OKCA0+&9JCTO

GJDAKK
2 -  #9F<:GGCG>0FMKM9D)9LMJ9D+@=FGE=F9 F;@GJGGCK GM:D=<9Q
"9J<=FALQ
)=O4GJC
GJDAKK
2 -  'A?@LFAF?
9MJGJ9K
FG;LMJF9DDA?@LK
9F<J=D9L=<DMEAFGMKH@=FGE=F9;9L9DG?G>?=GH@QKA;9D9FGE9DA=K /@=
.GMJ;=:GGC+JGB=;L
"D=FJE
(9JQD9F<
=JJ
% .  -G;CE=;@9FA;K'MEAFGMKH@=FGE=F99F<L@=AJJ=D9LAGFK@AHLGJG;C>J9;LMJ= )9LMJ=

b
!DG=JA;C=
&  'A?@LKAFL@=>GJ=KL9LFA?@L &GKEGK)9;@LDA;@=29D<:=D=M;@LMFI

b
"MAD=Q
-  -GK=E9JQ
 "  /@= F;Q;DGH=<A9G>"@GKLK9F<.HAJALKJ<=<  !GJ=OGJ<K:Q/ +=JJGLL9F</ /9QDGJ !9;LKGF!AD=

$F;GJHGJ9L=<
#9EE
!  )9LMJCMF<DA;@=@JGFAC)GJ<O=KL<=MLK;@D9F<K '9F<:M;@ b1D? #9FFGN=J
%G@FKLGF
   'A?@L>JGEK=AKEA;O9N=K )9LMJ=


&GKGD9HG>>
" (  (9A=J
'  *J?9FA;H@GKH@GJMK;GEHGMF<K
NGD  2AD=Qb$FL=JK;A=F;=
'G;CF=J
  %G@FKLGF
( % . Q=JD==
%   E=;@9FAKELG=PHD9AFL@=?=F=J9LAGFG>=9JL@IM9C=DA?@LK )9LMJ=

b
'QF;@
 & 'ANAF?KLGF
2   GDGJ9F<'A?@LAF)9LMJ= F<=<ALAGF 9E:JA<?=0FAN=JKALQ+J=KK
(9KKAEG
.  $FLJG<MRAGF=9DD=DM;AKAKEA;@=$FLJG<M;LAGFLGK=AKEA;DA?@LK
GDG?F9
.=LL=E:J=b
@LLH OOO AL9;GEE F=L ,' =IDA<P8A @LE
(ADDK
   2ADDbGbL@=bOAKH @=EAKLJQAFJAL9AF

b
(ADDK
   2ADD G L@= OAKHJ=NAKAL=< 2=9L@=J


b
(AFF9=JL
(  .=QEGMJ
'  'A?@L9F<GDGJAFL@=*ML<GGJKJ< =<  )=O4GJC.HJAF?=J1=JD9?
31$$
(AL;@=DD
%  *:K=JN9LAGFKGF$?FAK!9LMMK $?FAK>9LMMKAFGFF=;LA;ML E=JA;9F%GMJF9DG>.;A=F;=


b
)=OLGF
 #  @AKLGJQG>DMEAF=K;=F;=>JGEL@==9JDA=KLLAE=KMFLADJ<=<  (AF=GD9GN=J+M:DA;9LAGFK +=F@9DDGO
 +
 D9RAF?=9;@ $?FAK>9LMMK9L&ALL=JQ+GAFL
(= .;A=F;=

b
_Q;@GOKCA
%  2H[QOE9KGO=?G?JG:MF9R9O9JLG]XOQ:J9FQ;@:9CL=JAAAROAVRCTOGJ?9FA;RFQ;@OOG<RA=?JMFLGO=B +JR=?DV<
"=GDG?A;RFQ



_Q;@GOKCA
%  2H[QOE9KGO=?G?JG:MF9R9O9JLG]XOQ:J9FQ;@ROAVRCTOGJ?9FA;RFQ;@OOG<RA=?JMFLGO=B $F( 5AM[CA=OA;R < 

.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;=
ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCA

b
_Q;@GOKCA
%  2H[QOOQ:J9FQ;@;E=FL9JRQAE9KGOQ;@?JG:TOR$A$$OGBFQ]OA9LGO=BF9OQKLYHGO9FA=:9CL=JAAOOG<9;@
HG<RA=EFQ;@ $F( 5AM[CA=OA;R < 
.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;=
ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCA

b
_Q;@GOKCA
% '9;@
%  &GD:=J
(  2QKLYHGO9FA=9EAFGCO9KTO?DA;QFQ
D=M;QFQAARGD=M;QFQOOG<9;@HG<RA=EFQ;@F9;E=FL9JR9;@
RDGC9DARGO9FQ;@OJTaFQ;@]JG<GOAKC9;@ +JR=?DV<"=GDG?A;RFQ


b 
_Q;@GOKCA
%  '9;@
%  &GD:=J
(  2H[QOHG<[Ga9RE9KGOQEHG;@TOCA=EF9KC[9<;@=EA;RFQOT<?JMFLGOQ;@/@==>>=;LG>
:=<<AF?G>E9KK?J9N=>JGE2GJD<O9J$$GF;@=EA;9D;GEHGKALAGFG>?JGMF<29DL=JK $F( 5AM[CA=OA;R < 
.L9FA 9FLJGHG?=FA;RF=
REA9FQB9CG];AOT<O+GDK;= ZT<^
0FAO=JKQL=LZT<RCAAF+GDAK@OAL@9F F?DAK@9:KLJ9;L

b

You might also like