LESSON 2: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAM-WORKING STRESS DESIGN

Lists of topics:
1. Types of analysis and Design
2. Types of reinforced concrete design
3. Working stress Design

Learning outcomes: at the end of the lesson, the students can analyze and design a beam
applying concept of working stress design.
TYPES OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
1. Working stress design(WSD) -This is the oldest design approach. Working stress
design is also known as Allowable Stress Design (ASD). In this method, only elastic limit
of the material is utilized in the design. Linear elastic stresses and strains are easy to
understand and evaluate.
In working stress design method, member sizes are workout such that it would not even
reach the yield point. This approach gives relatively large sizes and underutilizes the
capacities. This is the uneconomical and unrealistic approach to design.
2. Ultimate stress design(USD)- Ultimate stress design is also known as Strength Design
Method. It considers the plastic limit of stresses in design. Sections are designed such
that the stress may reach till ultimate point. The non-linear behavior of the material is a
bit difficult to estimate, but this is the realistic approach. It considered the stresses due to
bending in design. Ultimate stress design gives significantly small sizes of member
which leads to economy in design.

3. Limit state method – It is the combination of working stress design and ultimate design
method. In this method of design Ultimate Design strategy is adopted for strength design
such as flexure, shear, bending, creep and fatigue etc. Members are designed such that
materials reach its ultimate point. Since the plastic limit is considered in the design,
chances are the development of more cracks and deflection. So the serviceability of
structure has to be checked against working stresses. Serviceability includes drifts,
deflections and cracks widths.

TYPES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

1. Under reinforced design - is a design in which the steel reinforced is lesser than what is
required for balance condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to
yield although the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further
increased, the steel will continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and
large visible crack in the tensile concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will
give warning to the user of the structure to decrease the load.

2. Balance design - refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in

concrete (with strain of 0.003) and steel and (with strain of fy⁄ Es) are reached
simultaneously once he ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.

3. Over reinforced design - a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what
is required for balanced condition. If the beam is over reinforced, the steel will not
before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the
compression
4. concrete is highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of
the structure.