AStrutTie Step by Step Tutorial - Deep Beam

AStrutTie Step by Step
Tutorial - Deep Beam
Copyright ¨Ï AStrutTie 2016 by HanGil IT (mail to : astruttie@aroad.co.kr) All Rights Reserved.

AStrutTie Step by Step Tutorial - Deep Beam
Table of contents
1. General Aspects ............................................................................................. 4

Deep Beam - Design Specification .................................................................... 5
AStrutTie Outlines .......................................................................................... 6
2. Direct Modeling .............................................................................................. 8
Beginning Mode ............................................................................................. 9
Creating Element ...................................................................................... 10
Load Define and Loading ........................................................................... 15
Make Structure and Area ........................................................................... 21
Modeling Mode ............................................................................................ 26
ESO ........................................................................................................ 27
Stress Flow .............................................................................................. 34
Truss ...................................................................................................... 35
Load Assign ......................................................................................... 36
Set Restraint ........................................................................................ 38
Create Inner Element ............................................................................ 39
Define Tie Types .................................................................................. 43
Assign Tie Types .................................................................................. 46
Bearing Plate ....................................................................................... 48
Max. Width and Outer Element .............................................................. 49
Assign Strut Types ............................................................................... 52
Truss Analysis and Design Review .......................................................... 54
Report Preview and Save Report ............................................................ 56
3. Template ..................................................................................................... 58
Beginning Mode ........................................................................................... 59
Input of Template .................................................................................... 60
Edit Area and Add Combination ................................................................. 65
Modeling Mode ............................................................................................ 70
ESO ........................................................................................................ 71
Stress Flow .............................................................................................. 72
Truss ...................................................................................................... 73
Max. Width and Outer Element .............................................................. 74
Assign Strut Types ............................................................................... 76
Truss Analysis and Design Review .......................................................... 78
Report Preview and Save file ................................................................. 80
4. Using Dxf .................................................................................................... 82
Beginning Mode ........................................................................................... 83
Import Dxf .............................................................................................. 84
Load Define and Loading ........................................................................... 85
Make Area ............................................................................................... 92
Modeling Mode ............................................................................................ 96
ESO ........................................................................................................ 97
Stress Flow ............................................................................................ 104
Truss .................................................................................................... 105
Load Assign ....................................................................................... 106
Set Restraint and Edit Truss ................................................................. 108
Define Tie Types ................................................................................ 110
Assign Tie Types ................................................................................ 113
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Bearing Plate ...................................................................................... 115

Max. Width and Outer Element ............................................................. 116
Assign Strut Types ............................................................................. 119
Truss Analysis and Design Review ........................................................ 121
Report Preview and Save Report .......................................................... 123
5. Reference - Quick Start for Strut and tie Model Design .................................... 125
Design Steps Using Strut-Tie Model .............................................................. 126
Modeling of Member Geometry .................................................................... 126
Application of Loads ................................................................................... 133
Structural Analysis for ESO & Stress Flow ...................................................... 137
Modeling and Analysis of Truss Model .......................................................... 142
Analysis Results and Structural Design Report ................................................ 149
6. STM information ......................................................................................... 153
What is STM? ............................................................................................. 154
STM design process .................................................................................... 154
Evolutionary Structural Optimization(E.S.O) Method ....................................... 154
7. Design Example .......................................................................................... 154
Design of deep beams subjected to concentrated load (1) ............................... 155
Bridge Pier, Hammerhead Bent Cap, ACI SP273-1 .......................................... 155
8. Output Report ............................................................................................ 155
Design Report (ACI 318-14) – Deepbeam ..................................................... 155
Design Report (AASHTO LRFD) – Deepbeam ................................................. 155
Design Report (Eurocode 2) – Deepbeam ...................................................... 155
Question & Answer ......................................................................................... 155
AStrutTie Homepage ...................................................................................... 155
AStrutTie Online User Manual .......................................................................... 155
Trial Version Request Page .............................................................................. 155
AStrutTie Online Shop .................................................................................... 155
About HanGil IT ............................................................................................. 155
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1. General Aspects
Deep Beam - Design Specification

AStrutTie Outlines
Strut-and-Tie Model Design of Deep Beam using AStrutTie
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Deep Beam - Design Specification

We will proceed with modeling based on Direct Modeling, Using
Dxf, and Template.
Let's look at how to input and use the AStrutTie program through the design of deep beam
using strut-tie model.
Thickness : 0.800m
fck : 24MPa
fy : 300MPa
Unit : kN.m
Code : ACI 318-14
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AStrutTie Outlines
The AstrutTie consists of 7 windows as shown below.
(1) Pull-down Menu & Shortcut Icon Menu Window

Most of the AStrutTie functions can be called in the pull-down menu window. Quick
modeling of a concrete member is possible by using shortcut menus of the shortcut icon
menu window.
(2) Modeling and Result Display Window

In this window, the finite element models for plane solid and truss structures and their
analysis results including compressive principal stress flows, evolutionary structural
optimization, and cross-sectional forces of struts and ties are visualized. The structural
design report (html, Excel) can be previewed and printed in Report tab.
(3) Tree Menu Window

All types of information on the geometry of concrete member, element and node numbers,
boundary and load conditions, and element and node groups are presented in this window.
The list of structural design report is also shown.
(4) View Options Window

The view options regarding the finite element models of plane solid and truss structures,
structural analysis results, and available widths of strut-tie model elements can be set.
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(5) Output Display Window

In this window, the finite element analysis results of plane solid and strut-tie model is
displaced in real time.
(6) Tree Menu Tab Window

The transformations of tree menus (Work, Group, Report) are possible.
(7) Design Code & Unit Selection Window

The design code and unit employed in the strut-tie model design are selected in this
window.
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2. Direct Modeling
Beginning Mode
Modeling Mode
In the Beginning Mode, the design conditions of concrete member including the
geometrical shape, load and boundary conditions, material properties, and load
combinations are fixed.
The design conditions are used in the Modeling Mode and design steps of strut-tie model
method that require the finite element analysis of unreinforced plane concrete and truss
structures.
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Beginning Mode
Creating Elemnet
Load Define and Loading
Make Structure and Area
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Creating Element
- Click [New]
Set ACI 318-14
- Click [Add STM Element]
Input coordinates (0, 0) and enter key. Move is possible with Tab key
Input coordinates (0, 1.400) and enter key
Select on the bottom node (1) of the created member
- Click [F8] key , Ortho On

Move the mouse horizontally and click any point
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[Distance] input 2.5m and enter key.
- Select the created horizontal member by dragging
[Ctrl + C], copy of element

[Ctrl + V], paste of element
Click on the upper node (2) of the vertical member as the reference point of the copied
member
Drag the top horizontal member that was copied
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- Select upper element

Click [Divide]
Choose [Relative distance]

1st, input 0.7
[OK]
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- Select all members created by dragging
Click [Mirror Node or Element]

Click on the upper right side joint and the lower right side joint of the member to specify the
baseline
[Select Mirror Type] dialog - choose [Copy]
- Function Reference
New
A new file is generated by using the function New. Caution is needed since the data
that are not saved can be deleted by using this function.
Add Elements
A finite element is generated by assigning the coordinates of both end points of the
element. More elements are generated by using this function repeatedly.
This function is used in the Beginning Mode and Modeling Mode – Truss.
Copy
The components of finite element model are copied and saved in the clipboard by this
function. The contents saved previously in the clipboard are deleted.
The function is also activated by the shortcut key [ctrl + c].
Paste
The contents saved in the clipboard by the function Cut or Copy are called and pasted
by this function.
When pasting, a reference point must be designated by clicking the mouse or inputting
the coordinates of the reference point.
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The reference point must be located at the smallest values of x- and z-coordinate of the
contents.
The function can also be activated by the shortcut key [ctrl + v].
Divide...
A selected element in the finite element model of truss structure is divided into multiple
elements according to the following three options.
Uniform space: An element is divided into multiple equal-sized elements by typing in

the desired number of elements.
Absolute distance: An element is divided into multiple equal- or unequal-sized
elements by assigning reference point(s).
The number of reference points and generated elements cannot exceed 3 and 4,
respectively.
Relative distance: An element is divided into multiple equal- or unequal-sized elements
by typing in the size ratio(s) ranging 0 to 1.
The size ratio is the length ratio of the generated element to the original element.
The number of size ratios and generated elements cannot exceed 3 and 4,
respectively.
Mirror
The selected elements and nodes are copied and moved symmetrically by this
function.
Prior to selecting the mirror type Move or Copy, a reference line must be determined by
clicking the mouse twice.
https://youtu.be/MacETCnSldE
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1. Load Define
- [Define - Static Load]
Load Name : Dead, Description : Description

Click [OK]
2. Loading
- Select two of the top of the absence by dragging
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Click [Assign - Static Load]
Right-click on the left side of the load starting point
After clicking Static Load, the Element Static Loads (Dialog) appears by clicking the right
button of mouse
when the color of node changes from green to red. And then, loads are assigned by
clicking Add button.
Click [Add]
Choose [Relative]
1 Distance:0.0, Load:-1000
3, 4 Distance:0, Load:0
[OK]
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- Click [Defind - Load Combinations]
Click [Add]
LC01 : Dead=1.0, LC02 : Dead=1.3
Click on the load in the Work Tree and check it on the screen.
[save] - DeepBeam-1.stm
Define - Static Load...
Default types of loads are defined here. More load types can be added.
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Assign - Static Load...
Two methods for applying loads are provided in the program.
1. Node Static Loads

External loads are assigned by clicking ASSIGN-Static Load. After selecting nodes and
elements, the following figure appears.
After clicking Static Load, the Node Static Loads (Dialog) appears by clicking the right
button of mouse. And then, loads are assigned by clicking Add button.
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2. Element Static Loads

After selecting nodes and elements, the following figure appears.
button of mouse when the color of node changes from green to red. And then, loads are
assigned by clicking Add button.
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And then, the direction of load and load type must be selected. Three load types (point
load, uniform load, and trapezoidal load) are available. An example for inputting
trapezoidal load is shown below.
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Load Combinations...
The load combinations that must be considered in the strut-tie model design are defined
here. More load combinations can be added.
Although the number of load combinations can be changed in the DEFINE-Project
Information, it can also be changed here by adding or deleting the combinations.
Caution is needed because the information on the finite element models related to a
certain load combination is removed when the load combination is deleted.
Make Structure and Area
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1. Make Structure
Design - [Create Outer Boundary] click
2. Make Area

Design - [Create Area] click
- Click [Define - Area Properties]

Thickness=0.800m
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Compressive Strength of Concrete (fck)=24MPa,

Elastic Modulus of Concrete (Ec)=27,849MPa
- Click [Defind – General Properties]-Steel Tab

Yield Strength (fy)=300MPa,
Elastic Modulus (Es)=200,000MPa
Create Outer Boundary

The outer boundary of a concrete member is generated by this function. The function is
applicable only in the Beginning Mode. It is not activated when the every boundary line
shaping a concrete member is not connected completely. The outer boundary is created
only once. If another outer boundary is created, the previous outer boundary is deleted.
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Create Area
The area of a concrete member surrounded by its outer boundary is generated by this
function. This function is applicable only in the Beginning Mode.
Area Properties...
The thickness and material properties of a concrete member are assigned here.
General Properties...
The strength reduction factors of strut, tie, and node are assigned here. The sectional and
material properties of reinforcing bars and concrete are also assigned.
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Modeling Mode
ESO
Stress Flow
Truss
- Modeling Mode change

Click [Beginning Mode] → Modeling Mode
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ESO
- Select [ESO] - The function is activated only in Professional Version.
On Work tree, Load Combination : LC01 select to see load and modeling
Select [LC02]
- Click [Project Information]
Mesh size for ESO (m) : 0.1
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- Click [View Options]

Node – On
Node name – Off
Select 5 nodes on the bottom left

Click [Assign Restraints]
Set roller
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Select 5 nodes on the bottom right

Set roller
Select the leftmost joint of the lower part

Set hinge

Node – Off
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- Click [Analysis, Print Options]

Elimination Ratio for ESO : 0.01 → [OK]
- Choose LoadCase : LC01 - 1

Click [Run Model Analysis] - 2
View ESO analysis result - 3
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Project Information...
The necessary information that must be included in the structural design report including
the types of structural analyses (ESO, Stress Flow, Truss), number of load combinations,
and mesh sizes for stress flow and ESO analyses are set here. Caution is needed: when a
check mark in the analysis box is removed, the corresponding previous modeling
information will be deleted.
View Options
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The View Options Window is (de)activated.
Model
The information on the finite element models for plane solid and truss structures is or is not
displayed with variable font sizes and designation methods by clicking True or False in the
View Options Window - Model.
Effective Width/Zone
The available and required widths of struts, ties, and nodal zones are or are not displayed
by clicking True or False in the View Options Window – Effective Width/Zone.
Analysis Result
The finite element analysis results including the cross-sectional forces of truss elements,
compressive principal stress flows of a concrete member, ESO, and nodal zones are or
are not displayed by clicking True or False in the View Options Window – Analysis Result.
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Restraints...
The hinge or roller boundary conditions for the finite element analyses of plane solid and
truss structures are assigned by this function.
Analysis & Print Options...

The problem type, peak strain of concrete and number of incremental load steps for the
finite element material nonlinear analysis of a nodal zone, elimination ratio for the
evolutionary structural optimization of a concrete member, and maximum memory for finite
element analysis are set by this function. The printing options including the convergence
ratio in the iterative finite element analysis of a strut-tie model for determining the cross-
sectional areas of struts and ties are set, too. More structural analysis time is required with
larger incremental load steps or smaller elimination ratio.
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Run Analysis
The executive files for the finite element analyses for ESO, Stress Flow, Truss, and Nodal
Zone are activated by this command. During the execution, nothing can be inputted.
Stress Flow
Tip : The work flow is almost the same as ESO, please refer to ESO.
- Select [Stress Flow]

Select [LC02]
- Project Information - Mesh size for Stress Flow (m) : 0.2

VIEW - View Options Click
Node – On
Node name - Off
[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
[Assign Restraints]
Set hinge
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- [Run Model Analysis]
Truss
- Select [Truss]
- Click [Create Truss From Boundary]

Offset : 0.100 → [OK]
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Create Truss From Boundary
Truss elements for a concrete member, with a certain distance away from its outer and
inner boundaries, are created automatically by this function. The distance, considered as
one-half of the available widths of the truss elements, must be assigned.
Load Assign
- View Option- Boundary Load : True
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Click [Boundary Load to Truss Load]
View Options
Boundary Load To Truss Load

The loads imposed to the finite element model of plane solid structure
in the Beginning Mode are converted to the loads acting on the nodes of a corresponding
strut-tie model.
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To activate this command, the elements and nodes of the strut-tie model must be selected
first.
The converted loads can be modified if necessary.
Set Restraint
- Select the leftmost joint of the lower part
[Assign Restraints]
Set hinge
Select the rightmost joint of the lower part

[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
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Restraints...
Create Inner Element

- [Add Combined Shape] - The function is activated only in Professional Version.
Select 2
Apply to left and right
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- Center-top, bottom member combination
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- Delete – Unnecessary element
- Truss Modeling is complete.
Advanced Elements
Four types of truss element sets shown below are provided to construct a finite element
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model of truss structure quickly and efficiently. This function is used in the Modeling Mode –
Truss and Free Modeling module.
Design Combined Shape

To activate this function, two points, P1 and P2, in the combined shapes shown below must
be clicked after selecting one of the combined shapes. The shape of the element set does
not change regardless of the clicking order of the two points.
Design Bottle Shape

A bottle-shaped element set is generated by this function. To activate this function, two
points, P1 and P2, in the bottle shapes shown below must be clicked after selecting one of
the bottle shapes. The aspect ratio to determine the slopes of inclined elements and the
number of ties limited to 2 must be assigned.
Design Truss Shape

A rectangular-shaped element set is generated by this function. To activate this function,
three points (P1, P2, P3) as shown below must be assigned. The direction of inclined
element is changed according to the input order of the points. The rectangular-shaped
element set is transformed to a trapezoid shape if the Free is selected as the P3 Option.
The number of bays must be inserted.
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Design Arch Shape

An arch-shaped element set is generated by this function. To activate this function, three
points (P1, P2, P3) as shown below must be assigned. The direction of inclined element is
changed according to the input order of the points. The number of bays must be inserted.
Delete
The components of finite element model are deleted by this function. The information
assigned to each component is also deleted. The function of this function can also be
activated by the key [Delete].
Define Tie Types
- Truss members are all created and proceed to tie and strut member settings.
Click [Define Reinforcement Ties]
- Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Upper
Rebar Type = Main Rebar
Main Rebar Type = Top Main Rebar
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Centroid of Rebar (mm) = 100.0

1st Cycle Rebar Diameter = #8
No. of 1st Cycle Number = 8
Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Lower
Main Rebar Type = Bottom Main Rebar
Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Shear
Rebar Type = Shear Rebar
Shear Type = Vertical Shear
Diameter = #10
Number of Legs = 2
Rebar C.T.C (mm) =300
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Tie Types
The steel ties in a strut-tie model represent the main reinforcing bars, shear reinforcing
bars, and supplementary reinforcing bars of a concrete member. Two different types of
reinforcing bars in a horizontal layer and up to 4 vertical layers.
The shear reinforcing bars can be divided into horizontal, vertical, and inclined reinforcing
bars. The information on the shear reinforcing bars is required.
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For the horizontal or vertical supplementary reinforcing bars, the number of legs and layers
must be assigned.
Assign Tie Types

Click [Assign Tie Type]
Choose [Upper] → O.K
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- Select bottom element

Click [Assign Tie Types]
Choose [Lower] → O.K
- Select center element

Choose [Shear] → O.K
Tie Types...
The types of steel ties defined earlier are assigned to the every element of a strut-tie
model. After conducting a finite element analysis of strut-tie model, the elements with
tensile cross-sectional forces must be recognized as the steel ties.
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Element Information
The information on the elements of truss model (strut-tie model) is displayed by this
function. The information includes the node numbers at both ends of element (start node,
end node), assumed available widths at both ends of element (i-width, j-width), area type,
and tie type. The information on the assumed available widths can be modified by this
function.
Bearing Plate
- Select load acting node
Click [Assign Bearing Plates]
Vertical plates
B = 400mm
L = 350mm
T = 50mm
Effective Width = 400mm
[OK]
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Restraints...
Max. Width and Outer Element

Max. Strut/Tie Width – On
Click [Calculate Max. Width ]
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The available widths of all elements in a strut-tie model, calculated automatically by the
program,
are displayed by executing the function DESIGN-Element Information or ASSIGN-Outer
Element.
The available widths can be modified.
- Technical Reference
The protrusion at the top is the max width considering the bearing plate.
If you want to change the max width of a member, you can change it by two methods.
The first is assign of Outer Element, the second is edit of Element Information.
Reducing the maximum width with this function will result in a more secure design, but
overshooting can be over-designed.
- Technical Reference - example

Select Element 5
Click [Outer Element]
I : 247.3
Click [OK ]
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Double Click [No. of Element]

Element 7, I-Width : 0.353
Click [Close ]
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Cal. Max Width

program, are displayed by executing the function DESIGN-Element Information or ASSIGN-
Outer Element. The available widths can be modified.
Assign Strut Types
- Select all element
Click [Assign Strut Types]
Choose [Prismatic Strut] → O.K
Technical Reference
In this example, all struts are set to Prismatic, but you can apply them differently at the
designer's discretion.
An indeterminate truss will show different results depending on the selected strut type.
Define - Strut Types
Default types of concrete struts in a strut-tie model are defined here. More strut types can
be added.
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Assign - Strut Types...

The types of concrete struts defined earlier by DEFINE-Strut Types-Concrete Struts are
assigned to the every element of a strut-tie model after clicking concrete struts one by one.
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Truss Analysis and Design Review
1. Truss Analysis
- Click [Renumbering]
- Click [Run Analysis]
2. Design Review
- Click [Design Review]
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Need to increase the amount of lower rebar.

Lower 1st Cycle Diameter : #9 →[OK]
Click [Design review]
Main Rebar Tie is OK.
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Renumbering
The element and node numbers (of the finite element models of plane solid and truss
structures) that are not in sequential order due to editing of the finite element models are
renumbered by this function. The renumbering is activated automatically in the finite
element analyses.
Run Analysis
Design Review
After the structural analysis of constructed strut-tie model, the design results regarding the
strength verification of struts, ties, and nodal zones can be reviewed.
Define - Tie Types

Report Preview and Save Report
- Move to [Report] tap
Double Click [Report Preview]
Check off : LC02:1.30D → [Preview]
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- rtf, xlsx output are proceed in the same way.
Report Tab
The structural design report can be previewed by clicking the Report in the Tree Menu Tab
Window. The printing options can be selected in the ANALYSIS-Analysis & Printing
Options.
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3. Template
It is able to automatically generate and analyze modeling by inputting specification, load,

set value for strut-tie modeling which is mainly reviewed.
Beginning Mode
Modeling Mode
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Beginning Mode
Input of Template
Edit Area and Add Combination
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Input of Template
Set ACI 318-14
Click [New from Template] - The function is activated only in Template

Module.
Click [DeepBeam]
Enter the same as the screenshot below.
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Dimension Tab
B is thickness of beam.
Bearing Tab
Load Tab
STM setting Tab
Rebar Tab
Result of Template
- Auto modeling of Structure
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- Auto modeling of Truss
If you want to modify element, truss, boundary conditions, etc., please refer to Direct
Modeling - Beginning Mode
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New
New from Template - Deep Beam

Dimension
The dimensions of a deep beam are assigned. The boundary lines of the deep beam
are drawn according to the assigned dimensions. The symbol T is the thickness of the
beam.
Bearing
The information on the bearing plates are assigned here. The information can be
altered in the ASSIGN-Bearing Plates after clicking the strut-tie model node framed by
the bearing plate.
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Load
The vertical loads acting on bearing plates are assigned. After assigning the load
name, it can be altered, added, or deleted in the DEFINE-Static Load. The positive
loads that act to the directions shown in the figure must be assigned.
STM setting
Two reference distances are assigned for the automatic construction of the strut-tie
model for the deep beam.
Rebar
The areas of reinforcing bars assigned to the deep beam are recognized as the steel
tie areas of the strut-tie model for deep beam. The information on the reinforcing bars
can be altered, added, or deleted in the DEFINE-Tie Types-Reinforcement Ties. The
information can be assigned to the elements of the strut-tie model in the ASSIGN-Tie
Types.
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Edit Area and Add Combination

- Click [Defind - Area Properties]

Elastic Modulus of Conctete (Ec)=27,849MPa
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- Click [Defind – General Properties] - Steel Tab

Click [Add]
LC01 : Dead=1.0, LC02 : Dead=1.3
Area Properties...
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Modeling Mode
ESO
Stress Flow
Truss
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ESO
Select [LC02]
When template is used, all load conditions and boundary conditions are automatically
modeled.
- Choose LoadCase : LC01

Click [Run Model Analysis]
View ESO analysis result
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If you want to modify mesh, boundary conditions, etc., please refer to Direct Modeling -
Modeling Mode - ESO
Stress Flow
When Template is used, all load conditions and boundary conditions are automatically
modeled.

Select [LC02]
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If you want to modify mesh, boundary conditions, etc., please refer to Direct Modeling -
Modeling Mode - Stress Flow
Truss
When Template is used,

Truss Modeling, Load Assign, Set Restraint, Create Inner Element, Define Tie Types,
Assign Tie Types, Bearing Plate and boundary conditions are automatically modeled.
If you want to modify Truss Modeling, Load Assign, etc., please refer to Direct Modeling -
Modeling Mode - Truss
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program,
Element.

Select Element 5
I : 247.3
Click [OK ]
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Click [Close ]
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Cal. Max Width

Assign Strut Types
Technical Reference
be added.
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1. Truss Analysis
2. Design Review
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Lower 1st Cycle Diameter : #9 →[OK]
Renumbering
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element analyses.
Run Analysis
Design Review
Define - Tie Types

Report Preview and Save file
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Report Tab
Options.
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4. Using Dxf
Beginning Mode
Modeling Mode
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Beginning Mode
Import Dxf
Make Area
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Import Dxf
- Click [New]
Set ACI 318-14
Load the dxf file you created.

The layer names corresponding to the structures are OUT, IN
The layer name corresponding to truss modeling TRUSS
Only Line accepted
Sample dxf file : http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/DeepBeam-1-

dxf.zip
- Click [Import] - The function is activated only in Professional Version.
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Import DeepBeam-1.dxf (Unzip the DeepBeam-1-dxf.zip)
New
Import...
A drawing file saved as Dxf type is imported by this function. Caution is needed since
the data that are not saved can be deleted by using this function. The function is
activated only in Professional Version.
1. Load Define
- [Defind - Static Load]
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Load Name : Dead, Description : Description

Click [OK]
2. Loading
Click [Assign - Static Load]
Right-click on the left side of the load starting point
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button of mouse
when the color of node changes from green to red. And then, loads are assigned by
clicking Add button.
Click [Add]
Choose [Relative]
3, 4 Distance:0, Load:0
[OK]
Click [Add]
LC01 : Dead=1.0, LC02 : Dead=1.3
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Define - Static Load...
Default types of loads are defined here. More load types can be added.
Assign - Static Load...

External loads are assigned by clicking ASSIGN-Static Load. After selecting nodes and
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elements, the following figure appears.
After clicking Static Load, the Node Static Loads (Dialog) appears by clicking the right
button of mouse. And then, loads are assigned by clicking Add button.

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button of mouse when the color of node changes from green to red. And then, loads are
assigned by clicking Add button.
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Make Area
Design - [Create Area] click
- Click [Defind - Area Properties]

Thickness=0.800m
Elastic Modulus of Conctete (Ec)=27,849MPa
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- Click [Defind – General Properties]-Steel Tab

Create Outer Boundary

The outer boundary of a concrete member is generated by this function. The function is
applicable only in the Beginning Mode. It is not activated when the every boundary line
shaping a concrete member is not connected completely. The outer boundary is created
only once. If another outer boundary is created, the previous outer boundary is deleted.
Create Area
The area of a concrete member surrounded by its outer boundary is generated by this
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function. This function is applicable only in the Beginning Mode.
Area Properties...
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Modeling Mode
ESO
Stress Flow
Truss

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ESO
Select [LC02]
- Click [Project Information]
Mesh size for ESO (m) : 0.1
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Node – On
Node name – Off

Set roller
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Set roller

Set hinge

Node – Off
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- Click [Analysis, Print Options]

Elimination Ratio for ESO : 0.01 → [OK]
- Choose LoadCase : LC01 - 1

Click [Run Model Analysis] - 2
View ESO analysis result - 3
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Project Information...
The necessary information that must be included in the structural design report including
the types of structural analyses (ESO, Stress Flow, Truss), number of load combinations,
and mesh sizes for stress flow and ESO analyses are set here. Caution is needed: when a
check mark in the analysis box is removed, the corresponding previous modeling
information will be deleted.
View Options
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Model
The information on the finite element models for plane solid and truss structures is or is not
displayed with variable font sizes and designation methods by clicking True or False in the
View Options Window - Model.
Effective Width/Zone
The available and required widths of struts, ties, and nodal zones are or are not displayed
by clicking True or False in the View Options Window – Effective Width/Zone.
Analysis Result
The finite element analysis results including the cross-sectional forces of truss elements,
compressive principal stress flows of a concrete member, ESO, and nodal zones are or
are not displayed by clicking True or False in the View Options Window – Analysis Result.
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Restraints...
Analysis & Print Options...

The problem type, peak strain of concrete and number of incremental load steps for the
finite element material nonlinear analysis of a nodal zone, elimination ratio for the
evolutionary structural optimization of a concrete member, and maximum memory for finite
element analysis are set by this function. The printing options including the convergence
ratio in the iterative finite element analysis of a strut-tie model for determining the cross-
sectional areas of struts and ties are set, too. More structural analysis time is required with
larger incremental load steps or smaller elimination ratio.
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Run Analysis
Stress Flow
Tip : The work flow is almost the same as ESO, please refer to ESO.

Select [LC02]
- Project Information - Mesh size for Stress Flow (m) : 0.2

VIEW - View Options Click
Node – On
Node name - Off
[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
[Assign Restraints]
Set hinge
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Truss
- Select [Truss]
For a given load combination, a two-dimensional finite element model for evolutionary
structural optimization, compressive principal stress flows, truss structure, or nodal zone
can be selected in the Modeling Mode. This menu does not function in the Beginning
Mode.
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Load Assign
- View Option- Boundary Load : True

Click [Boundary Load to Truss Load]
View Options
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Boundary Load To Truss Load

The loads imposed to the finite element model of plane solid structure
in the Beginning Mode are converted to the loads acting on the nodes of a corresponding
strut-tie model.
To activate this command, the elements and nodes of the strut-tie model must be selected
first.
The converted loads can be modified if necessary.
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Set Restraint and Edit Truss

- Select the leftmost joint of the lower part
[Assign Restraints]
Set hinge
Select the rightmost joint of the lower part

[Assign Restraints]
Set roller
- Delete – Unnecessary element
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- Truss Modeling is complete.
Restraints...
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Delete
The components of finite element model are deleted by this function. The information
assigned to each component is also deleted. The function of this function can also be
activated by the key [Delete].
Define Tie Types
- Truss members are all created and proceed to tie and strut member settings.
- Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Upper
Main Rebar Type = Top Main Rebar
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Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Lower
Main Rebar Type = Bottom Main Rebar
Click [Add]
Rebar Name = Shear
Rebar Type = Shear Rebar
Shear Type = Vertical Shear
Diameter = #10
Number of Legs = 2
Rebar C.T.C (mm) =300
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Tie Types
The shear reinforcing bars can be divided into horizontal, vertical, and inclined reinforcing
bars. The information on the shear reinforcing bars is required.
For the horizontal or vertical supplementary reinforcing bars, the number of legs and layers
must be assigned.
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Assign Tie Types

Click [Assign Tie Type]
Choose [Upper] → O.K
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- Select bottom element

Choose [Lower] → O.K
- Select center element

Choose [Shear] → O.K
Tie Types...
The types of steel ties defined earlier are assigned to the every element of a strut-tie
model. After conducting a finite element analysis of strut-tie model, the elements with
tensile cross-sectional forces must be recognized as the steel ties.
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Element Information
The information on the elements of truss model (strut-tie model) is displayed by this
function. The information includes the node numbers at both ends of element (start node,
end node), assumed available widths at both ends of element (i-width, j-width), area type,
and tie type. The information on the assumed available widths can be modified by this
function.
Bearing Plate
- Select load acting node
Click [Assign Bearing Plates]
Vertical plates
B = 400mm
L = 350mm
T = 50mm
Effective Width = 400mm
[OK]
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Restraints...

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program,
Element.

Select Element 5
I : 247.3
Click [OK ]
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Click [Close ]
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Cal. Max Width

Assign Strut Types
Technical Reference
be added.
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1. Truss Analysis
2. Design Review
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Lower 1st Cycle Diameter : #9 → [OK]
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Renumbering
element analyses.
Run Analysis
Design Review
Define - Tie Types

Report Preview and Save Report
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Report Tab
Options.
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5. Reference - Quick Start for Strut and tie Model Design
Design Steps Using Strut-Tie Model

Modeling of Member Geometry
Application of Loads
Structural Analysis for ESO & Stress Flow
Modeling and Analysis of Truss Model
Analysis Results and Structural Design Report
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Design Steps Using Strut-Tie Model
In the Beginning Mode, the design conditions of concrete member including the
geometrical shape, load and boundary conditions, material properties, and load
combinations are fixed.
The design conditions are used in the Modeling Mode and design steps of strut-tie
model method that require the finite element analysis of unreinforced plane concrete and
truss structures.
Modeling of Member Geometry
The geometrical shape of concrete member is constructed in the Beginning Mode. The
geometrical shape is constructed by 1) direct drawing, 2) importing a .dxf file, 3) using a
Template. For direct drawing, the functions Add Nodes and Add Elements are used. The
boundary lines and truss model of the concrete member are generated by importing a
.dxf file. The geometrical shape, evolutionary structural optimization, stress flow, and truss
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model can be generated automatically by using a Template.
1. Importation of .dxf file

The geometrical shape of concrete member and truss model generated as .dxf files
by using drawing tools including Autocad can be imported by clicking FILE-Import.
In generating a .dxf file, all drawings must be constructed as lines, and the boundary
of concrete member and truss model must be named as ‘Out' and ‘Truss'
respectively.
By importing a .dxf file, the boundary of concrete member and truss model are
constructed automatically as follows.
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2. Use of Template
The geometrical shape of concrete member and truss model are generated by
clicking FILE-New From Template and selecting one of the provided templates
shown below. The basic information on the geometrical shape including thickness,
width, and height must be input.
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3. Direct Drawing
An example for constructing the boundary of concrete member is illustrated. The
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boundary can be constructed by using the functions Add Nodes or Add Elements. By
clicking DESIGN-Add Elements, the coordinates of end points of lines are input in Edit
Coordination (Dialog) as follows.
1.1 , 1.1 enter

1.9 , 1.1 enter
1.9 , 1.5 enter
1.9 , 1.9 enter
0 , 1.9 enter
0 , 0 enter
0.4 , 0 enter
0.8 , 0 enter
0.8 , 0.8 enter
1.1 , `1.1 enter
Once the boundary is constructed, the boundary must be recognized as the boundary of
plane concrete member by clicking DESIGN-Create Outer Boundary.
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By clicking DESIGN-Create Area, the area surrounded by the outer boundary is set to
designate the information of plane concrete member including member thickness,
compressive strength of concrete, and yield strength of reinforcing bars.
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Application of Loads

External loads are assigned by clicking ASSIGN-Static Load. After selecting nodes
and elements, the following figure appears.
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After clicking Static Load, the Node Static Loads (Dialog) appears by clicking the
right button of mouse. And then, loads are assigned by clicking Add button.

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After clicking Static Load, the Element Static Loads (Dialog) appears by clicking
the right button of mouse when the color of node changes from green to red. And
then, loads are assigned by clicking Add button.
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By repeating the inputting, multiple trapezoidal loads can be input as follows.
The material properties can be altered in Area Properties shown below.
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Structural Analysis for ESO & Stress Flow
The window transforms to the Modeling Mode for numerical structural analysis after
imposing loads on a concrete member. The Modeling Mode consists of ESO, Stress
Flow, and Truss. The finite element model of a concrete member for ESO and Stress
Flow analyses is constructed by using a mesh generator. The mesh size is setup by
clicking DEFINE-Project Information.
Followings are the figures that illustrate the finite element modeling of a concrete
member. After clicking Beginning Mode and selecting Modeling Mode-Stress Flow,
DEFINE-Project Information (Dialog) needs to be activated to alter the mesh size. The
loads inserted by clicking Static Load are switched to nodal forces automatically.
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If the mesh size is changed, the boundary conditions must be updated. For this, the View
Options Window must be activated and Node must be On, as shown below.
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After selecting the nodes on which restraints must be imposed, the boundary conditions
are setup by clicking ASSIGN-Restraints.
An example is shown below.
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And then, by clicking ANALYSIS-Run Analysis the finite element linear elastic analysis is
conducted for checking the compressive principal stress trajectories. The left figure
shown below is an example showing the stress trajectories. In the same way, by clicking
ESO (instead of Stress Flow) and completing the necessary modifications and inputs in
DEFINE-Project Information (Dialog) and ASSIGN-Restraints, the finite element analyses
are conducted for checking the approximate load paths by the evolutionary structural
optimization technique. The right figure shown below is an example showing the results of
the optimization.
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More results of the optimization are shown below.
Modeling and Analysis of Truss Model
After the finite element analyses for the stress trajectories and evolutionary structural
optimization, Truss Model need to be selected. The boundary elements of truss model
are generated based on the outer boundary of concrete member by clicking DESIGN-
Create Truss From Boundary (Dialog). In the dialog, the distance between the
boundary of concrete member and the boundary elements of truss model is set.
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The boundary elements of truss model can be edited depending on designers'

decision. To make the editing easier, the functions Guide Line and Grid are provided.
The orthogonal guide lines are available by clicking F8 key. An example to generate
the boundary elements of truss model by clicking Dynamic Guide Line is shown below.
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Based on the guidelines and by using Add Elements, additional elements of truss
model are generated as shown below.
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The unnecessary elements of truss model are deleted by using Del Key or Delete
functions after selecting the elements.
The external loads assigned in the Beginning Mode are converted to the loads acting
on the generated truss model by clicking ASSIGN-Boundary Load To Truss Load. The
loads on truss model can be input again by designers' decision.
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After selecting the nodes on which restraints must be imposed, the boundary
conditions are setup by clicking ASSIGN-Restraints. The structural analysis on the truss
model is conducted by clicking ANALYSIS-Run Analysis. After the analysis, the results
including element forces are shown on the truss model.
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The compressive principal stress flows or the optimization results obtained earlier can
be overlapped on the truss model by activating VIEW-View Options, as shown below.
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Analysis Results and Structural Design Report
By clicking Design Review after the structural analysis of the truss model, the
information on the cross-sectional forces of struts and ties, required and provided
reinforcements, minimum reinforcements, and strength verifications of struts and nodal
zones is displayed in Truss Design Review window, as shown below.
The strength conditions of concrete struts can be verified visually by executing Max.
Strut/Tie Width and Req. Strut/Tie Width functions in View Options Window. In the
figures shown below, the (grey-colored) maximum widths of tension and compression
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elements are shown in the left, and the maximum and (yellow-colored) required widths
of the elements are shown in the right.
The structural design report can be previewed by double clicking Report article or
clicking Preview while the right button of mouse is clicked. The items that must be
previewed or printed can be selected, as shown below.
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The structural design report is saved (or printed) as a RTF or an Excel file by double
clicking Save as RTF file or Save as Excel file in Report Tab. The report is also saved
by clicking Print while the right button of mouse is clicked. Note that the report can be
saved as an Excel file only if the Microsoft Excel program is installed in the computer.
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6. STM information
What is STM?
http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/category/what-is-stm/
STM design process

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/category/stm-design-process/
Evolutionary Structural Optimization (E.S.O) Method

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/category/eso/
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7. Design Example
Design of deep beams subjected to concentrated load (1)

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/2016/10/27/strut-tie-deep-beam-design-example-1-1/



Bridge Pier, Hammerhead Bent Cap, ACI SP 273-1

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/2017/02/13/design-example-bridge-pier-hammerhead-bent-cap-aci-
sp273-1/
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8. Output Report
Design Report (ACI 318-14) – Deepbeam

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/2016/12/07/design-report-aci-deepbeam/
Design Report (AASHTO LRFD) – Deepbeam

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/2016/12/07/design-report-aashto-deepbeam/
Design Report (Eurocode 2) – Deepbeam

http://astruttie.aroad.co.kr/index.php/2016/12/07/design-report-ec2-deepbeam/
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AStrutTie Step by Step Tutorial - Deep Beam

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AStrutTie Step by Step Tutorial - Deep Beam

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AStrutTie Step by Step

Tutorial - Deep Beam

Copyright ¨Ï AStrutTie 2016 by HanGil IT (mail to : astruttie@aroad.co.kr) All Rights Reserved.

1. General Aspects ............................................................................................. 4

Bearing Plate ...................................................................................... 115

Deep Beam - Design Specification

Strut-and-Tie Model Design of Deep Beam using AStrutTie

Deep Beam - Design Specification

(1) Pull-down Menu & Shortcut Icon Menu Window

(2) Modeling and Result Display Window

(3) Tree Menu Window

(4) View Options Window

(5) Output Display Window

(6) Tree Menu Tab Window

(7) Design Code & Unit Selection Window

- Click [Add STM Element]

Input coordinates (0, 1.400) and enter key

Select on the bottom node (1) of the created member

- Click [F8] key , Ortho On

[Distance] input 2.5m and enter key.

- Select the created horizontal member by dragging

[Ctrl + C], copy of element

- Select upper element

Choose [Relative distance]

- Select all members created by dragging

Click [Mirror Node or Element]

Uniform space: An element is divided into multiple equal-sized elements by typing in

Load Define and Loading

Load Name : Dead, Description : Description

Click [Assign - Static Load]

Right-click on the left side of the load starting point

- Click [Defind - Load Combinations]

Define - Static Load...

Assign - Static Load...

Two methods for applying loads are provided in the program.

1. Node Static Loads

2. Element Static Loads

Make Structure and Area

- Select all members created by dragging

- Click [Define - Area Properties]

Compressive Strength of Concrete (fck)=24MPa,

- Click [Defind – General Properties]-Steel Tab

Create Outer Boundary

- Modeling Mode change

- Select [ESO] - The function is activated only in Professional Version.

- Click [Project Information]

Mesh size for ESO (m) : 0.1

- Click [View Options]

Select 5 nodes on the bottom left

Select 5 nodes on the bottom right

Select the leftmost joint of the lower part

- Click [View Options]

- Click [Analysis, Print Options]

- Choose LoadCase : LC01 - 1

The View Options Window is (de)activated.

Analysis & Print Options...

- Select [Stress Flow]

- Project Information - Mesh size for Stress Flow (m) : 0.2

- [Run Model Analysis]

- Click [Create Truss From Boundary]

- Select two of the top of the absence by dragging

Click [Boundary Load to Truss Load]

Boundary Load To Truss Load

Select the rightmost joint of the lower part