18 Algebraic products | Expand (2x-7)2 | (2x— 7)? = (2x)? + (20) (-7) + (-7)? / > LoD ade Lh \ Expand: 4l (ir-L)? 4S (l0a-9p° 45 (Ca-iP | 42 Ge-1? 44 (4x-3) 46 (4-1)? Expand (7a - 4b)? (7a~4b)®= (7a)*-+ 2(7a) (4b) + (-4b)? ie. (7a 4b)? = 49a" — 56ab + 166 51 (3m-2n)* 53 (a-3b)? 52 (7x-3y)? 54 (m-8n)? The difference between two squares Expand a (a+2)(a-2) b (2x+3)(2x-3) a (a+2)(a—2)=a?-4 b (2e+3)(2x-3)=4x°-9 Expand: 1 (x+4)@-4) 6 (@-7)(a+7) | 2 (6+6)(b-6) Z = (q+10)(q-10) 3 (c-3)(€+3) 8 (x-8)r+8) 4 (x+12)(r-12) 9 (x-NQx+) 53 (x+5)(x-5) 10 (8x+1)@x-1) Expand (3x + 2y)(3x-2y) (x+ 2y) (Bx — 2y) = (3x)? = (2y)? = 9x2 — 4y? 322 mf je oe fake se 4 (7b-2) 48 (5x-3) (Sa ~ 2b)? (Bp -5q)° ae (7a+2)(7a-2) (a-4)(5a+4) (Gx+)(x-) (2a -3)(2a+3) (10m - 1)0m +1)418 Algebraic products Expand: 16 (3x+ 4y)(3x-4y) 19 (7y+32)(7y-32) 22 (1+3x)(1-3x) 17 (2a-5b)(2a+5b) 20 (10a-9b)(10a+9b) 23 (3-5x)(3+5x) 18 (1-2a)(1+2a) 21 = (Sa—4b)(Sa+4b) 24 = (Sm+8n)(Sm-8n) The results from Exercise 18g are very important when written the other way around, ares @—b?=(a+b)(a—b) We refer to this as ‘factorising the difference between two squares’ and we will deal with it in detail in the next chapter. Harder expansions Exercise Simplify (x +2) (+5) + 2x (x+7) Work out the brackets first: (+2) +5) + 2x +7) =x? + 5x4 2x4 10 + 2x? + 14x Collect like terms: =3x2+21x+10 Simplify: 1 (&+3)@+4) +x (+2) 2 x@+6)+@+D +2) 3 (44 Gr+5) +6¢+2) gS shen college terms 4 (@-6)(a-5)+2(a+3) 5 (a—5)(2a+3)-3(@-4) 8 (&+7)(x-5)- 4-3) G (e+3)(C+5) +542) Q (2x+1)(Bx-4) + (2e+3)(Sx-2) Z (3) +4) -3@¢+3) IQ (Sx-2)(3x+5) — (Bx+5)@+2) Expand (xy ~ 2) Gy — 2)? = Gy)? 2 Gy) (2) +27 ier Gy -2)?=22 y? - Qxyz +27 Expand: 11 Gy-3) 14 (8pq+8) 12 (6-pq)? 12 (-yz)? 15 (a-be)* 18 (mn+3) 13° @y+4) 16 (ab-2)? 19 (uv-2w)? 32318 Algebraic products Summary The following is a summary of the most important types of examples considered in this chapter that will be required in future work. 1 2(3x+4)=6x+8 5S (2x+1)(3x+ 2) =6x°+7x4+2 2 («+2)(x+3) =x? + 5x46 6 (2x-1)(3x-2) = 6? -7x+2 3 (x-2)(-3) =x°-Sx+6 7 (2x+1)@Gx-2)=62-x-2 4 (x-2)(+3) =x°+x-6 Note that a_ ifthe signs in the brackets are the same, i.e. both + or both -, whereas b then the number term is + (numbers 2, 3, 5 and 6) if the signs in the brackets are different, i.e. one + and one -, then the number term is — (numbers 4 and 7) the middle term is given by collecting the product of the outside terms in the brackets and the product of the inside terms in the brackets, ie, in 2 the middle term is 3x + 2x or 5x in 3 the middle term is -3x — 2x or -5x in 4 the middle term is 3x— 2x or x in 5 the middle term is 4x + 3x or 7x in 6 the middle term is —4x — 3x or —7x. in 7 the middle term is —4x + 3x or —x. Most important of all we must remember the general expansions: 324 (e+ ay?=x?+ 2ax+a? (x-a)?=2? - 2ax +a? (e+a)(@e-a) =x*-a?Mixed exercises Expand: 1 5@r+2) 2 8p (3q-2r) 3 (8a+b)(2a~5b) 4 (4x+1)@x-5) Expand: 1 4(2-Sx) 8a (2-3a) (4a+3)(3a-11) (&+11)@-9) awn 5S (x+6)(e+10) 6 («-8)(@-12) Select the letter that gives the correct answer. 1 7@-3)= A x-21 2 (&+4)@+6)= A x4 2x4+24 3 &-5)@+2)= A *-7x-10 4 (2x+3)(1-4x) = A 3~-10x-8&? 5 (x+2y)?= A +4xy+y? 6 (4x—3y) (4x4 3y) = A 16x2- 24xy-9y? B 7 (4y+3)(4y-7) (2x+5)(1 - 10x) Ov+22)? 7 (6y-2)(6y+5z) 7x-21 © 7x-3 +4410 © x°4+6x+10 2°-3x-10 © x°+3x-10 3-10x+8? CC 3+10x-82 P+ Dy +4y? C x4dy ty? 16x" — 9y2 C 16x°+9y7 10 10 18 Algebraic products (4y-9)(4y +9) x42) (2a- 7b)? (4a+1)? (Sa-7)? (6s—13y)? D 7x+21 D x°+10x+24 D -3x+10 D 8x*+10x-3 D x+4xy+ 4y? D 16x? + 24xy + 9y 325