Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

MODULE 4

TITLE: Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Issues in Philippine History

TOPIC: Agrarian Reform Policies

TIME FRAME: 2 hours

INTRODUCTION:
The agrarian reform is basically a rectification of the whole agricultural system,
a vital part of the Philippine economy since almost half of the population is working in
the agricultural sector and most of the people live in rural areas. Agrarian reform
reflects on the relationship between development and land allocation to farmers. It also
reflects on the political and economic class character of the ties of production and
consumption in agriculture and associated industries, and how they are connected to
the broader class system. By way of a sincere and substantive agrarian reform, the
Philippine will be able to benefit more from its agricultural resources and raise the
Filipinos in the agricultural sector, who have endured hunger and resentment for the
longest time.
In our attempt to understand the progress of agrarian reform in the Philippines,
we turn our attention to the history of our country, especially our colonial past, in which
we can find the origin of the agrarian struggles that perhaps the country has encountered
still to this day.

OBJECTIVES/INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: In this lesson, learners will be able

to:
a. discuss and explain the definition of agrarian reform;
b. discuss and evaluate the different aspects and objectives of agrarian reform;
c. examine the important details of CARP;
d. outline the historical events of agrarian reform;
e. criticize the different agrarian reform laws and acts in the Philippines; and,
d. make a critical analysis of the success or failure of agrarian reform in the country.

PRE-TEST:
EXPLANATION. Direction: Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. What do you mean by agrarian reform? Why it is important?

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General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

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2. What are the objectives of agrarian reform? Do you think it is possible?
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3. What are the main points of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?
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4. What are the important events that had happened in history regarding agrarian reform
implementation? Give also the corresponding laws and acts that were implemented by
the leaders in the Philippines.
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
Activity 1: Read-Me-Now: Read the following concepts and understand it.
1. Agrarian Reform
125

Start “When land rights are secure, the cycle of poverty is broken.”
here!

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module
Fig. 1 Agrarian reform in the Philippines.
From Philippines: Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program: Free distribution of public
lands? (OPINION), by A. Cohn,
https://landportal.org/news/2017/08/philippine
s-comprehensive-agrarian-reform-program-
free-distribution-public-lands. Copyright 2020
by Land Portal.
2. Aspects of Agrarian Reform
Fig. 2. A farmer plowed his land. From
Redistribution that triggers violence, by T.
Jenkins,
https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/after-27-
years-philippine-land-reform-programme-
has-only-been-enforced-not-quite-80.
Copyright 2015 by Development and
Cooperation.
Socio-Cultural Aspect. The Agrarian Reform has resulted in favorable
socio-cultural changes as follows:
Fig. 3 Association of farmers in the
Philippines. From Building Sustainable
Full Value-chain Agri-based
Cooperative Enterprises in the
Philippines, by Asian Farmers’
Association for Sustainable Rural
Development,
http://asianfarmers.org/building-
sustainable-full-value-chain-agri-based-
cooperative-enterprises-in-the-
philippines/. Copyright 2019 by Asian
Farmers’ Association.
General Education – Readings in Philippine History
Surigao State College of Technology
Agrarian Reform is a redistribution of lands, regardless
of crops or fruits produced, to farmers and regular farmworkers
who are landless, irrespective of tenurial arrangement to include
the totality of factors and support services designed to lift the
economic status of the beneficiaries.
The basic element of the agrarian reform program
includes land reform where measures are taken with respect to the
security of tenure, the abolition of tenancy, the imposition of
ceilings, and many more.
Land Reform is an integrated set of measures designed
to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development
arising out of defects in the agrarian structure.
Economic Aspect. The position of agriculture in the
national economy – although there’s a series of industrial
programs from the government, still our economy relies heavily
on the agricultural sector. It forms the predominant industry in the
Philippines. A large proportion of the total working population is
employed in agriculture and a large percentage contribution to the
gross domestic product (GDP) comes from agriculture. So it is
safe to say that agriculture is the most important component of
economic structure.
One method of motivating the farmers to increase their
production is to make them own the land they till to free them from
the control of the landlords. Agrarian reform was strengthened to
create an economic environment that will encourage farmers to
produce more and market more of what they produce.
a. A change from a self-subsistent mindset to one of surplus for
selling. The farmers started putting all their efforts into the farm
because they own the land.
b. Social order in the farmlands started to improve significantly.
The farmers became more concerned about the need to maintain peace
and stability within the community so that they could continuously
enjoy the increased benefits on the farm.
c. Farmers became more active in practicing leadership roles.
Before, such roles were the monopoly of the landlords. After land
reform, farmers began forming associations and stood on equal footing
with their erstwhile landlords in social gatherings and club meetings.
126
They too began to take active participation in local and national
elections.
Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

d. As land reform enhanced agricultural productivity and consequently

increased net family incomes, the farmers were able to send their
children to school. They widened their contacts with the outside world
through frequent trips to markets and other places.
e. Agrarian reform also promoted a modern outlook among farmers which
includes receptiveness and modern family planning programs and also
awareness of the economic alternatives in the urban and industrial sectors.
Religious Aspect. Based on the biblical teachings God is the owner of
the earth and that he made it all for his children. Food was not made for a few
all possess the God-given right to use and enjoy the fruits of the earth for the
advancement of their lives.
The majority of the Filipino masses are longing for the possession of the
land. Immersed in the chains of poverty they yearned for the ownership of land.
Fig. 4. God as the owner These desires were so strong that resulted in multiple revolts. Sad to say,
of the earth. From Lesson
22: Managing Our however, the Filipinos rarely found any help and support from the church. On
Finances, by UB David, the contrary, some revolts were directly pointed to the lands owned by the
http://ubdavid.org/advanc
ed/practical/practical- church. That’s why the church became the enemy of land reform.
christian22.html.
Copyright 2020 by UB
David & I’ll B Jonathan, 3. The Objectives of Agrarian Reform
Inc.
The main objective was to put an end to conflicts pertaining to land
ownership. Aim to bring about harmony between the rural people and the urban
residents are also called for.
To bringing stability to the political setup of the country is also regarded
as one of the objectives of agrarian reform. The political setup of the country
plays an important role. If there is political unrest, leaders would usually
concentrate on resolving the crisis, instead of dealing with land conflicts.
The socio agrarian reform includes bringing about equality in terms of
opportunities, income as well as wealth.
Agrarian reform programs are primarily designed to facilitate agrarian
reform activities like land acquisition, land distribution, land management, and
encouraging the growth of feasible agrarian reform communities.

4. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

Fig. 5. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program. From Still land reform, by
BusinessMirror Editorial,
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) or
Republic Act 6657 is the redistribution of public and private
agricultural lands to farmers and farm workers who are landless,
irrespective of tenurial arrangement. CARP’S vision is to have
equitable land ownership with empowered agrarian reform
beneficiaries who can effectively manage their economic and social
development to have a better quality of life.
One of the major programs of CARP is Land Tenure
127

https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/05/2 Improvement, which seeks to hasten the distribution of lands to

8/still-land-reform/. Copyright 2020 by
Business Mirror. landless farmers. Similarly, the Department offers Support Services
to the beneficiaries such as infrastructure facilities, marketing

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

assistance programs, credit assistance programs, and technical

Fig. 6. Former President of the
Philippines, Corazon C. Aquino. From
President – Corazon C. Aquino, by
Casting Data,
https://www.castingdata.com/president
-corazon-c-aquino/. Copyright 2020 by
Casting Data.
support programs. Furthermore, the department seeks to facilitate,
resolve cases, and deliver Agrarian Justice.
The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No. 6657
otherwise known as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)
signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988. It is an act
which aims to promote social justice and industrialization, providing
the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes.
Coverage of CARP
Government-owned lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture;
Alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or
suitable for agriculture;
Public domain lands in excess of the specific limits as determined by
Congress; and,
Private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the
agricultural products raised or that can be raised thereon.

Activity 1 OPINIONated! Based on the readings, do you think CARP is

helpful in addressing the problems of the Filipinos in terms of land? Write your
opinion in the space provided. A rubric is provided for your guidance in giving
the points.

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Rubric
2pts Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
4pts Answer is correct but no support is provided.
128

6pts Answer is correct and there is some support.

8pts Answer is correct and the support is developed.
10pts Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

5. History of Agrarian Reform

Fig.7. Barangays in the Philippines. From
The Evolution of Media in the Philippines,
by S. Sambaan,
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-
evolution-of-media-in-the-philippines-
2a6e8df1-0455-4873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56.
Copyright 2020 by Timetoast Timelines.
Fig.8. Maragtas Code. From Top 10 hoaxes
in Philippine history, GMA News Online,
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/newst
v/angpinaka/544140/top-10-hoaxes-in-
philippine-history/story/. Copyright 2020
by GMA News.
The Philippines, even before being colonized by different
countries, already have developed an organization for their
communities. The land owned by these communities is known as
barangay which consists of 30-100 families which is administered
by different chiefs. In these barangays, everyone regardless of
status had access to the land and mutually shared resources with the
rest of the community. They believed in and practiced the concept
of “stewardship” where the relationship between man and nature is
important. Land cultivation was done commonly by kaingin system
or the slash and burn method wherein land was cleared by burning
the bushes before planting the crops or either land was plowed and
harrowed before planting.
On the other hand, food production was intended for family
consumption only at first but later on, neighboring communities were
engaged in barter trade, exchanging their goods with others. Some even
traded their agricultural products with luxury items of some foreign
traders like the Chinese, Arabs, and Europeans. The only recorded
transaction of land sale during that time was the Maragtas Code. This is
the selling of the Panay Island to the ten Bornean datus in exchange for
a golden salakot and a long gold necklace. Although the Code of
Luwaranwas, one of the oldest written laws of the Muslim society which
contains provisions on the lease of cultivated lands, there was no record
of how the lease arrangement was practiced.

Landownership in the Philippines under Spain

When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought with them a
system of pueblo agriculture, where rural communities, often dispersed and
scattered in nature, were organized into a pueblo and given land to cultivate.
Families were not allowed to own their land – the King of Spain owned
the land, and Filipinos were assigned to these lands to cultivate them, and they
paid their colonial tributes to the Spanish authorities in the form of agricultural
products.
Later on, through the Law of the Indies, the Spanish
crown awarded tracts of land to (1) religious orders; (2)
repartamientos for the Spanish military as a reward for their
service; and (3) Spanish encomenderos, those mandated to manage
the encomienda of the lands given to them, where Filipinos worked
and paid their tributes to the encomendero. Filipinos were not given
the right to own land and only worked in them so that they might
Fig. 9. The encomienda system in the Philippines.
129

From Ano ang Ibig Sabihin ng Encomienda at have a share of the crops and pay tribute. The encomienda system
Encomendero Noong Unang Panahon?, by P.
Gomez, https://www.buhayofw.com/ano-ang-ibig- was an unfair and abusive system as “compras y vandalas” became
sabihin-ng-encomienda-at-encomendero-noong-
unang-panahon-5a4b59bb95011#.X7GMgWgzbIU. the norm for the Filipino farmers working the land – they were
Copyright 2013 by Buhay OFW.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

made to sell their products at a very low price or surrender their

products to the encomenderos, who resold this at a profit. Filipinos
in the encomienda were also required to render services to their
encomenderos that were unrelated to farming.
From this encomienda system, the hacienda system developed at the
beginning of the nineteenth century as the Spanish government implemented
policies that would fast track the entry of the colony into the capitalist world.
The economy was tied to the world market as the Philippines became an
exporter of raw materials and an importer of goods. Agricultural exports were
demanded and the hacienda system was developed as a
new form of ownership.
In the 1860s, Spain enacted a law ordering
landholders to register their landholdings, and only those
who knew benefitted from this. Lands were claimed and
registered in other people’s names, and many peasant
families who were “assigned” to the land in the earlier days
Fig. 10. Hacienda system. From What Is the Hacienda of colonization were driven out or forced to come under the
System? A. Cirjak,
https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the- power of these people who claimed rights to the land
hacienda-system.html. Copyright 2020 by World Atlas. because they held a title.
This is the primary reason why revolts in the Philippines were often
agrarian in nature. Before the colonization, Filipinos had communal ownership
of land. The system introduced by the Spaniards became a bitter source of hatred
and discontent for the Filipinos. Religious orders, the biggest landowners in the
Philippines, also became the main source of abuse and exploitation for the
Filipinos, increasing the rent paid by the Filipinos on a whim.
Filipinos fought the Philippine Revolution in a confluence of
motivations, but the greatest desire for freedom would be the necessity of
owning land. Upon the end of the Philippine Revolution, the revolutionary
government would declare all large landed estates, especially the confiscated
friar lands as government property. However, the first Philippine Republic was
short-lived. The entrance of the Americans would signal a new era of
colonialism and imperialism in the Philippines.

Activity 2 As I See It: How the lives of the Filipino people changed after the
colonization of Spain in the Philippines? Write your thoughts in the space
provided. A rubric is provided for your guidance in giving the points.

Rubric
2pts Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
4pts Answer is correct but no support is provided.
6pts Answer is correct and there is some support.
8pts Answer is correct and the support is developed.
130

10pts Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

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Landownership in the Philippines under the Americans

Fig. 11. American colonization in the
Philippines. From Americans in the
Philippines 1944 – 1946, by D. Miller,
https://www.blurb.com/b/2514418-
americans-in-the-philippines-1944-1946.
Copyright 2020 by Blurb.
period; in fact, it even worsened, because there was no limit to the size
The Americans were aware that the main cause of social unrest
in the Philippines was landlessness, and they attempted to put an
end to the deplorable conditions of the tenant farmers bypassing
several land policies to increase the small landholders and distribute
ownership to a bigger number of Filipino tenants and farmers, The
Philippine Bill of 1902 provided regulations on the disposal of
public lands. A private individual may own 16 hectares of land
while corporate landholders may have 1,024 hectares. Americans
were also given rights to own agricultural lands in the country. The
Philippine Commission also enacted Act No. 496 or the Land
Registration Act, which introduced the Torrens system to address
the absence of earlier records of issued land titles and conduct
accurate land surveys. In 1903, the homestead program was
introduced, allowing a tenant to enter into an agricultural business
by acquiring a farm of at least 16 hectares. This program, however,
was limited to areas in Northern Luzon and Mindanao, where
colonial penetration had been difficult for Americans, a problem
they inherited from the Spaniards.
Landownership did not improve during the American
131

of landholdings people could possess and the accessibility of possession

Fig. 12. Land title in the Philippines. From
Philippine Land Title Under United States
was limited to those who could afford to buy, register, and acquire fixed
of America Commonwealth of the
Philippines, F. Pe Benito,
property titles. Not all friar lands acquired by the Americans were given
https://www.flickr.com/photos/francis_ayu
ste_pe_benito/8719551263/. Copyright
2020 by Flickr. General Education – Readings in Philippine History
Learning Module
Fig. 13. The followers of Benigno Ramos and
the Sakdal Uprising. From PhP: Philippine
History in Pictures, PhilHistoryPicts,
https://philhistorypicts.blogspot.com/2015/05/
may-23-1935-sakdalista-uprising.html.
Fig. 14 Biography of
Manuel Quezon. From
Manuel Quezon: President
of Philippines, by The
Editors of Encyclopaedia
Britannica,
https://www.britannica.co
m/biography/Manuel-
Quezon. Copyright 2020 by
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Inc.
Surigao State College of Technology
to landless peasant farmers. Some lands were sold or leased to American
and Filipino business interests. This early land reform program was also
implemented without support mechanisms – if a landless peasant farmer
received land, he only received land, nothing more.
Many were forced to return to tenancy and wealthy Filipino hacienderos
purchased or forcefully took over lands from farmers who could not afford to
pay their debts. The system introduced by the Americans enabled more lands to
be placed under the tenancy, which led to widespread peasant uprisings, such as
the Colorum and Sakdal Uprising in Luzon. Peasants and workers found refuge
from millenarian movements that gave them hope that change could still happen
through militancy.
The Sakdal (or Sakdalista) Uprising was a peasant
rebellion in Central Luzon that lasted for two days, May 2-3,
1935. It was easily crushed by government forces then, but this
historical event tells of the social inequality brought about by
issues in land ownership and tenancy in the country.
The Filipino word sakdal means “accuse,” which is the
title of the newspaper helmed by Benigno Ramos. He rallied
support from Manila and nearby provinces through the
publication, which led to the establishment of the Partido
Sadalista in 1933. They demanded reforms from the
government, such as the abolition of taxes and “equal or
common” ownership of land, among others. They also opposed
the dominant Nacionalista Party’s acceptance of gradual
independence from the United States and instead demanded
immediate severance of ties with America.
For a new party with small clout, they did well in the
1934 general elections, scoring three seats in the House of
Representatives and several local posts. This encouraged them
to attempt an uprising in 1935. Upon being crushed, Ramos fled
to Tokyo and the Partido Sakdalista collapsed.
During the years of the Commonwealth government, the situation
further worsened as peasant uprisings increased and the landlord-tenant
relationship became more and more disparate. President Quezon laid down a
social justice program focused on the purchase of haciendas, which were to be
divided and sold to tenants. His administration also created the National Rice
and Corn Corporation (NARIC) to assign public defenders to assist peasants
in court battles for their rights to the land, and the Court of Industrial Relations
to exercise jurisdiction over disagreements arising from the landowner-tenant
relationship. The homestead program also continued through the National Land
Settlement Administration (NLSA). Efforts toward agrarian reform by the
Commonwealth failed because of many problems such as budget allocation for
132
the settlement program and widespread such as budget allocation for the
settlement program and widespread peasant uprisings. World War II put a halt
General Education – Readings in Philippine History
Learning Module
Fig. 15 Biography of
Manuel Roxas. From
Manuel Roxas: President
of Philippines, The Editors
of Encyclopaedia
Britannica,
https://www.britannica.co
m/biography/Manuel-
Roxas-y-Acuna. Copyright
2020 by Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Inc.
Surigao State College of Technology
to all interventions to solve these problems as the Japanese occupied the
country.
Activity 3 To Be or Not to Be: If you are a tenant at that time, are you willing
to become part of the Sakdal Uprising? Why or why not? Share your thoughts
in the space provided. A rubric is provided for your guidance in giving the
points.
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Rubric
2pts Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
4pts Answer is correct but no support is provided.
6pts Answer is correct and there is some support.
8pts Answer is correct and the support is developed.
10pts Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.
Post-War Interventions Toward Agrarian Reform
Rehabilitation and rebuilding after the war were focused on providing
solutions to the problems of the past. The administration of President Roxas
passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish a 70-30 sharing arrangement between
tenant and landlord, respectively, which reduced the interest of landowners’
loans to tenants at six percent or less. The government also attempted to
redistribute hacienda lands, falling prey to the woes of similar attempts since
no support was given to small farmers who were given lands.
Under the term of President Elpidio Quirino, the Land Settlement Development
133
Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and expand the
resettlement program for peasants. This agency, later on, became the National
General Education – Readings in Philippine History
Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) under the

administration of President Ramon Magsaysay.
Magsaysay saw the importance of pursuing a genuine land reform
program and convinced the Congress, the majority of which were landed elites,
to pass legislation to improve the land reform situation. Republic Act No. 1199
or the Agricultural Tenancy Act was passed to govern the relationship between
landholders and tenant farmers, protecting the tenurial rights of tenants and
enforced tenancy practices. Through this law, the Court of Agricultural
Relations was created in 1955 to improve tenancy security, fix land rentals of
tenanted farms, and resolve land disputes filed by the landowners and peasant
Fig. 16 Biography of
organizations. The Agricultural Tenancy Commission was also established to
Ramon Magsaysay. From administer problems created by the tenancy. The Agricultural Credit and
Ramon Magsaysay:
President of Philippines, Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) was also created mainly to
The Editors of provide warehouse facilities and assist farmers in marketing their products. The
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
https://www.britannica.co administration spearheaded the establishment of the Agricultural and Industrial
m/biography/Ramon-
Magsaysay. Copyright
Bank to provide easier terms in applying for homestead and other farmlands.
2020 by Encyclopaedia NARRA accelerated the government’s resettlement program and
Britannica, Inc.
distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers. It also aimed
to convince members of the Huks, a movement of rebels in Central Luzon, to
resettle in areas where they could restart their lives as peaceful citizens.
Despite a more vigorous effort toward agrarian reform, the situation for
the farmers remained dire since the government lacked funds and provided
inadequate support services for the programs. The landed elite did not fully
cooperate and they criticized the programs.
A major stride in land reform arrived during the term of President
Diosdado Macapagal through the Agricultural Land Reform Code (Republic
Act No. 3844).
Primary Source: Declaration of Policy under RA No. 3844 or
Agricultural Land Reform Code
Source: Section 2. Declaration of Policy – It is the policy of the State:
Fig. 17. Diosdado Macapagal (1) To establish owner-cultivators and the economic family-size farm as
Arroyo. From List of Philippine the basis of Philippine agriculture and, as a consequence, divert landlord
Presidents Backed by Iglesia Ni
Cristo (INC), E. Umbao, capital in agriculture to industrial development;
https://philnews.ph/2015/07/25/list-
of-philippine-presidents-backed-by-
(2) To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from
iglesia-ni-cristo-inc. Copyright 2020 pernicious institutional restraints and practices;
by PhilNews.
(3) To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture
conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes;
(4) To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both
industrial and agricultural wage earners;
(5) To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement
program and public land distribution; and,
134

(6) To make the small farmers more independent, self-reliant, and

responsible citizens, and a source of genuine strength in our democratic
society.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

This Code abolished share tenancy in the Philippines and prescribed a

program to convert tenant-farmers to lessees and later on owner-cultivators. It
also aimed to free tenants from tenancy and emphasize owner-cultivators and
farmer independence, equity, productivity improvement, and public land
distribution. Despite being one of the most comprehensive pieces of land reform
legislation ever passed in the Philippines, Congress did not make any effort to
come up with a separate bill to fund its implementation, despite the fact that it
proved beneficial in the provinces where it was pilot tested.

Agrarian Reform Efforts under Marcos

President Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, enabling him to
essentially wipe out the landlord-dominated Congress. Through his
“technocrats,” he was able to expand executive power to start a “fundamental
restructuring” of government, including its efforts in solving the deep structural
problems of the countryside. Presidential Decree No. 27 or the Code of Agrarian
Reform of the Philippines became the core of agrarian reform during the Marcos
regime.
Fig. 18. Ferdinand E. Marcos. From Primary Source: Presidential Decree No. 27, 21 October 1972
Phl recovers P1.3-B FM Swiss
accounts, G. Ong & H. Flores,
This shall apply to tenant farmers of private agricultural lands primarily
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/ devoted to rice and corn under a system of sharecropping or leader-
2014/02/13/1289757/phl-recovers-
p13-b-fm-swiss-accounts. Copyright tenancy, whether classified as landed estate or not;
2020 by PhilNews. The tenant farmer, whether inland classified as landed estate or not, shall
be deemed the owner of a portion constituting a family-size farm of five
(5) hectares of not irrigated and three (3) hectares if irrigated;
In all cases, the landowner may retain an area of not more than seven (7)
hectares if such landowner is cultivating such area or will now cultivate
it;
For the purpose of determining the cost of the land to be transferred to
the tenant farmer pursuant to this Decree, the value of the land shall be
equivalent to two and one-half (2 ½) times the average harvest of three
normal crop years immediately preceding the promulgation of this
Decree;
The total cost of the land, including interest at the rate of six (6) per
centum per annum, shall be paid by the tenant in fifteen (15) years of
fifteen (15) equal annual amortizations;
In case of default, the amortization due shall be paid by the farmers’
cooperative in which the defaulting tenant-farmer is a member, with the
cooperative having a right of recourse against him;
The government shall guaranty such amortizations with shares of stock
in government-owned and government-controlled corporations;
135

No title to the land owned by the tenant-farmers under this Decree shall
be actually issued to a tenant farmer-farmer unless and until the tenant-

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

farmer has become a full-fledged member of a duly recognized farmer’s

cooperative;
Title to land acquired pursuant to this Decree or the Land Reform
Program of the Government shall not be transferable except by
hereditary succession or to the Government in accordance with the
provisions of this Decree, the Code of Agrarian Reforms and other
existing laws and regulations;
The Department of Agrarian Reform through its Secretary is hereby
empowered to promulgate rules and regulations for the
implementation of this Decree.

“Operation Land Transfer” on lands occupied by tenants

of more than seven hectares on rice and corn lands commences,
and through legal compulsion and improved delivery of
support services to small farmers, agrarian reform seemed to be
Fig. 19. Masagana 99. From VERA FILES | ‘Success’ of
final achievable. Under the rice self-sufficiency program
Masagana 99 all in Imee’s head – UP researchers, M. P. “Masagana ’99,” farmers were able to borrow from banks and
Reyes, J. Ariate, Jr. & L. V. Del Mundo,
https://nordis.net/2020/05/26/article/feature/econ/vera- purchase three-hectare plots of lands and agricultural inputs.
files-success-of-masagana-99-all-in-imees-head-up-
researchers/. Copyright 2020 by Northern Dispatch Media However, the landlord class still found ways to circumvent the
Network, Inc.
law.
Because only rice lands were the focus of agrarian reform, some
landlords only needed to change crops to be exempted from the program, such
as coconut and sugar lands. Lands worked by wage labor were also exempt from
the program, so the landed elite only had to evict their tenants and hired workers
instead. Landlessness increased, which made it all the more difficult for the
program to succeed because landless peasants were excluded from the program.
Many other methods were employed by the elite to find a way to maintain their
power and dominance, which were worsened by the corruption of Marcos and
his cronies who were also involved in the agricultural sector.

Post-1986 Agrarian Reform

The overthrow of Marcos and the 1987 Constitution resulted in a
renewed interest and attention to agrarian reform as President Corazon Aquino
envisioned agrarian reform to be the centerpiece of her administration’s social
legislation, which proved difficult because her background betrayed her – she
came from a family of a wealthy and landed clan that owned the Hacienda
Luisita.
On 22 July 1987, Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and
Fig. 20. Corazon C.
Aquino. From Filipinas Executive Order 229, which outlined her land reform program. In 1988,
who were first in PH
history, by N. Tan,
Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian
https://www.rappler.com Reform Law (CARL), which introduced the program with the same name
136

/newsbreak/iq/filipinas-
first-ph-history. (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or CARP). It enabled the
Copyright 2020 by redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who
Rappler.
were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation and

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

allowed them to retain not more than five hectares. Corporate landowners were,
however, allowed under law to voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital
stock, equity, or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified
beneficiaries instead of turning over their land to the government.
CARP was limited because it accomplished very little during the
administration of Aquino. It only accomplished 22.5% of land distribution in
six years owing to the fact that Congress, dominated by the landed elite, was
unwilling to fund the high compensation costs of the program. It was also mired
in controversy since Aquino seemingly bowed down to the pressure of her
relatives by allowing the stock redistribution option. Hacienda Luisita
reorganized itself into a corporation and distributed stocks to farmers.
Under the term of President Ramos, CARP implementation was speeded
Fig. 21. Fidel V. Ramos. in order to meet the ten-year time frame, despite limitations and constraints in
From Fidel Ramos:
President of Philippines,
funding, logistics, and participation of involved sectors. By 1996, the
by The Editors of Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) distributed only 58.25% of the total
Encyclopaedia
Britannica, area target to be covered by the program. To address the lacking funding and
https://www.britannica.c the dwindling time for the implementation of CARP, Ramos signed Republic
om/biography/Fidel-
Ramos. Copyright 2020 Act No. 8532 in 1998 to amend CARL and extend the program to another ten
by Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Inc.
years.
As President Joseph E. Estrada became the next president after
Ramos, he initiated the enactment of the following law: Executive Order No.
151, September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) that allowed the voluntary
consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated
enterprise that can access long-term capital.
During his administration, President Estrada launched the
Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR
forged into joint ventures with private investors in the agrarian sector to make
Fig. 22.
21. Joseph Ejercito FBs competitive. However, the Estrada administration was short-lived. The
Estrada. From Philippine masses who put him into office demanded his ouster.
Presidents, L. Bridge,
https://www.flickriver.co During the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the agrarian reform
m/photos/intervene/sets/7 program is anchored on the vision “To make the countryside economically
2157621825267971/.
Copyright 2020 by viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social
Flickriver.
equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable
rural development.” She focused on land tenure improvement wherein DAR
will remain vigorous in implementing the land acquisition and distribution
component of CARP. The DAR will improve the land tenure system through
land distribution and leasehold. There is also the provision of support services.
CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included a package
of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services,
irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities, and training and
technical support programs. DAR will transform the agrarian reform
137

Fig. 23. Gloria Arroyo. communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support
From Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo, by On This Day, services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job
https://www.onthisday.co
m/people/gloria-
opportunities in the countryside.
macapagal-arroyo

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module
Fig. 24. Benigno Aquino
III. From Ombudsman
indicts ex-President
Aquino over P72 billion
DAP scam, by E. Caduaya,
https://newsline.ph/top-
stories/2018/06/20/ombuds
man-indicts-ex-president-
aquino-over-p72-billion-
dap-scam/.
Fig. 25. President Rodrigo
Duterte. From Duterte
Apologizes to Obama Over
Past Tirades, Describes
PH-US Ties Under Trump,
by S. Ghaz,
https://philnews.ph/2018/0
9/04/duterte-apologizes-
obama-ph-us-ties-trump/.
Copyright 2020 by
PhilNews.
Surigao State College of Technology
The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched.
These zones consist of one or more municipalities with a concentration of ARC
population to achieve greater agro-productivity. To help clear the backlog of
agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned
adjudicatory boards and introduce a quota system to compel adjudicators to
work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both
farmers and landowners.
After the term of Arroyo, President Benigno Aquino III became the next
president. He vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation Address that he would
complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP), the centerpiece program of the administration of his mother,
President Corazon Aquino. The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned
Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. Apart from the said farm lots, he also promised to
complete the distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural
estates in the country that have escaped the coverage of the program.
Under his administration, the Agrarian Reform Community
Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project were created
to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian
reform areas. Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit
support for crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform
beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’ organizations not qualified
to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.
The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system
for recording and monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial,
regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and close
monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched. Aside from these
initiatives, Aquino also enacted Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011, to
mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and
Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to
develop a National Greening Program in cooperation with other government
agencies.
At present, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte wants to pursue an
“aggressive” land reform program that would help alleviate the life of poor
Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land
distribution. The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian
reform where landless farmers would be awarded undistributed lands under the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Duterte plans to place
almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform.
The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay
under CARP. Under his administration, the DAR created an anti-corruption task
force to investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by
138
officials and employees of the department. The Department also pursues an
“Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice
General Education – Readings in Philippine History
Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of

CARP.

Activity 4 Who’s Who? Based on the readings, choose one president who has
a good program for agrarian reform law. After that, defend your answer. Write
it in the space provided. A rubric is provided for your guidance in giving the
points.

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Rubric
2pts Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
4pts Answer is correct but no support is provided.
6pts Answer is correct and there is some support.
8pts Answer is correct and the support is developed.
10pts Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.

6. Agrarian Reform Laws and Acts in the Philippines

Land Reform Act of 1955 (R.A. 1400) – an act defining a land tenure policy
providing for an instrumentality to carry out the policy and appropriating
funds for its implementation.
The main features of the R.A. 1400 are the following:
a. Reduction of large landholdings and consolidation of smaller, uneconomic
holdings into plots of adequate size.
b. Resettlement of tenants in areas of abundant land.
c. Provision of adequate credit facilities for the small landholders.
139

d. Reduction of rental and interest rates in order to provide security for those
who would remain tenants.
e. Securing land titles for smallholders.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

f. Reform of the property tax structure.

Revised Agricultural Land Reform Code (R.A. 6389) – an act amending

Republic Act 3844, as amended otherwise known as the Agricultural Code
and for other purposes.
Upon pressure of peasant organization demonstrators who picketed for
84 days in front of the legislative building, congress passed further amendments
to the Code. The main features of the new amendments were:
a. Abolition of personal cultivation and conversion to the residential subdivision
as grounds for the ejectment of tenants.
b. Automatic conversion of all share-tenants in the Philippines to leaseholds
tenant with some exceptions and qualifications.
c. Creation of the Department of Agrarian Reform
d. Right of the tenant on land converted to residential subdivisions to demand a
disturbance compensation equivalent to five times the average gross harvest for
the past three agricultural years.
e. Increased financing for the land reform program.
f. Crediting of rentals in favor of the tenant against the just compensation that
he would have to pay in case the land was expropriated by the government for
resale to the tenant.

Lands Covered by the Code

a. Tenanted areas – the areas worked by the tenant-farmer either under the
sharecropping or leasehold.
b. Landed estates – private agricultural lands acquired by the Department of
Agrarian Reform through the Land Bank for redistribution to the tenant both
under the code.
c. Old settlements – projects developed by the Department of Agrarian Reform
from the public domain and are still under its administration and management.
d. Proposed settlements – the estimated areas of the public domain either
earmarked for settlement purposes or have potentials for such purposes.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (R.A. 6657) – an act instituting a

comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and
industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation and other
purposes.
The lands covered by CARL
a. All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or
suitable for agriculture. No reclassification of forest or mineral lands to
agricultural lands shall be undertaken after the approval of this act until
Congress, taking into account ecological, developmental, and equity
140

considerations shall have determined by law, the specific limits of the public
domain.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

b. All lands of the public domain in excess of the specific limits as determined
by Congress in the preceding paragraph.
c. All other lands owned by the government devoted to or suitable for
agriculture.
d. All private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the
agricultural products raised or that can be raised thereon.

Qualified beneficiaries – the lands covered by the CARP shall be distributed

as much as possible to landless residents of the same barangay, or in the
absence thereof, landless residents of the same municipality in the following
order of priority;
a. Agricultural lessees and share tenants
b. Regular farmworkers
c. Seasonal farmworkers
d. Other farmworkers
e. Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
f. Collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries
g. Others directly working on the land

Lands outside the coverage of CARL

a. Lands actually, directly and exclusively used and found to be necessary
for parks, wildlife, forest reserves, reforestation, fish sanctuaries and
breeding grounds, watersheds, and mangroves.
b. National defense camps, school sites, and campuses including
experimental farm stations operated by public or private schools for
educational purposes.
c. Seeds and seedlings research and pilot production centers, church sites,
and convents.
d. Mosque sites and Islamic centers
e. Communal burial grounds and cemeteries, penal colonies, and penal farms
actually worked by the inmates.
f. Government and private research and quarantine centers and all lands 18
percent slope and over, except those already developed.

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms

(CARPER Law) or in other words the R.A. 9700 – an act strengthening the
comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP), extending the acquisition
of all agricultural lands, instituting necessary reforms, amending for the
purpose certain provisions of R.A. 6657, otherwise known as the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, as amended.
Republic Act 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
141

Extension with Reforms or CARPER was signed into law on August 7, 2009,
with the following features:

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

1. Strengthened and improved CARL. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

Law or RA 6657 has not been superseded by AR 9700. It further strengthened
and improved it;
2. The CARPER has a 150 billion budget funded from the Agrarian Reform
Fund and other funding sources;
3. Seven (7) new provisions and 26 reformed provisions;
4. Restored compulsory acquisition and has extended the land acquisition and
distribution component for five years starting July 1, 2009, up to June 30,
2014;
5. Strikes a balance between and among the landowners’ interest, farmers’
interests, and the DAR’s interests as follows:
6. Creation of the Congressional Oversight Committee on Agrarian Reform
(COCAR) to oversee, monitor, and evaluate the progress of CARP
implementation within the five (5) year time frame.

The DAR, in coordination with the Presidential Agrarian Reform

Council (PARC), shall plan and program the final acquisition and
distribution of all remaining unacquired and undistributed agricultural lands
from the effectivity of this Act until June 30, 2014. Lands shall be acquired
and distributed as follows:

Phase One (1 July 2009 – 30 June 2012)

a. All private agri-lands with aggregate landholdings in excess of 50 hectares
which has already been issued notices of coverage (NOC) on or before 10
December 2008;
b. All idle and abandoned lands;
c. All agri-lands which were voluntarily offered to sale but submitted not
later than June 30, 2009;
d. All rice and corn lands under PD 27.

Phase Two:
a. Lands above twenty-four (24) up to fifty (50) hectares which have been
issued a notice of coverage (NOCs) on or before 10 December 2008, to be
completed by 30 June 2012;
b. All remaining private agricultural lands of Los with an aggregate area in
excess of 24 hectares, to be implemented and completed from 1 July 2012 to
30 June 2013.

Phase Three:
a. Lands of landowners with aggregate landholdings in excess of ten (10)
hectares up to 24 hectares – 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013;
142

b. Lands of landowners in excess of retention limit up to ten (10) hectares: 1

July 2013 to 30 June 2014.

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

SELF-EVALUATION:
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Direction: Base on the reading, do you think the agrarian reform is a success or
failure in our country? Write your opinions in the space provided with a minimum of
500 words. A rubric is provided for your guidance in giving the points.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Critical Analysis Review

Attributes Poor
Essay Structure Poor
5pts
Poor: 0-2 points Essay does not have
Fair: 3-4 points introduction, body
Good: 5 points paragraph and
conclusion. There is no
thesis statement. Body
paragraphs are not clear.
Argument/Thesis Poor
15pts
Poor: 0-7 points Writer's stance on the
Fair: 8-11 points argument is not clear.
Good: 12-15 Argument is simple and
Fair Good Total
Fair Good
Essay has and Essay has a clear
introduction and a introduction,
conclusion. Includes conclusion and at
body paragraphs. least three body
Thesis statement is paragraphs.
stated, but not clear. Introduction has
thesis statement.
Paragraphs have topic
sentences. Conclusion
summarizes the point
of the essay.
Fair Good
Writer states argument. Writer clearly states
Argument is somewhat his or her position.
developed. Writer's argument is
143

points not explained. thoughtful, complex

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

Textual Poor
Evidence 5pts
Poor: 0-2 points Evidence is not specific.
Fair: 3-4 points Writer does not include at
Good: 5 points least three pieces of
textual evidence.
Evidence is simple and
not fully explored.
Evidence does not
support the writer's
argument/thesis.
Grammar 5pts Poor
Poor: 0-2 points
Fair: 3-4 points The essay clearly has not
Good: 5 points been edited. There is
numerous spelling,
punctuation errors, and
sentence structure
problems. There are
errors when using MLA
format.
Total
Reference: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=T4B9CC&sp=yes&
Fair
Includes at least three
textual references to
back up thesis, but
they are not thoroughly
explained or examined.
Evidence is not
specific and/or does
not support the writer's
argument/thesis
statement.
Fair
There are few spelling
errors. Student uses
mostly proper
grammar, including
correct punctuation
and sentence structure
in most cases. There
may be errors when
using MLA format.
and thoroughly
explained.
Good
Includes at least three
textual references to
back up thesis. This
evidence is specific,
complex and
thoroughly examined.
Evidence is quoted or
paraphrased and
clearly supports the
writer's argument.
Good
Essay uses correct
grammar, including
spelling, punctuation
and sentence
structure. Sentences
are complete. Student
uses capitalization
where needed.
Citation references
follow the MLA
format. Work has
clearly been edited.

REVIEW OF CONCEPTS:
Agrarian reform is a redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or fruits
produced, to farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, irrespective of tenurial
arrangement to include the totality of factors and support services designed to lift the
economic status of the beneficiaries. There are three aspects of agrarian reform. One is
the economic aspect in which the Philippine economy relies heavily on the agricultural
sector. The second is the socio-cultural aspect that focuses on the socio-cultural changes
that happen to the farmers. The third is the religious aspect that was based on the biblical
teaching of God. The main objective of agrarian reform was to put an end to conflict
pertaining to land ownership.
During the pre-Spanish time, the land was owned by communities that are
known as barangay which consists of 30-100 families which is administered by
different chiefs. Food production was intended for family consumption only at first but
later on, neighboring communities were engaged in barter trade. However, when
144

Spaniards colonized the Philippines, they brought with them a system of pueblo
agriculture. Later on, through the Law of the Indies, the Spanish crown awarded tracts

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

of land to religious orders, repartamientos, and encomenderos. Through this

encomienda system, the hacienda system developed at the beginning of the nineteenth
century. The primary reason why revolts in the Philippines happened was often agrarian
in nature that resulted in the Philippine revolution. After the Spanish colonization,
Americans took over the Philippines. They are aware of the main cause of social unrest
in the Philippines and it was because of landlessness. Thus, they created the Philippine
Bill of 1902 the provided regulations on the disposal of public lands. They also
introduced the Torrens system to address the absence of earlier records of issues land
titles and conduct of accurate land surveys. However, land ownership did not improve
during the American period, in fact, it even worsened. Many were forced to return to
tenancy and wealthy Filipinos hacienderos purchased or forcefully took over lands from
farmers who could not afford to pay their debts. During the years of the Commonwealth
government, the situation further worsened as peasant uprisings increased and the
landlord-tenant relationships became more and more disparate.
During post-war interventions, President Roxas passed Republic Act No. 34 to
establish a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord. President Elpidio
Quirino established the Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) to
accelerate and expand the resettlement program for peasants. In Magsaysay times,
Republic Act No, 1199 or the Agricultural Tenancy Act was passed to govern the
relationship between landholders and tenant farmers. A major stride in land reform
arrived during the term of President Diosdado Macapagal through the Agricultural Land
Reform Code (Republic Act No. 3844). This Code abolished share tenancy in the
Philippines and prescribed a program to convert tenant-farmers to lessees and later on
owner-cultivators. President Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, enabling him to
essentially wipe out the landlord-dominated Congress and create Presidential Decree
No.27. During Corazon Aquino’s time, she issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and
Executive Order 229, which outlined the land reform program. In 1988, Congress
passed Republic Act No. 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL),
which introduced the program with the same name (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program or CARP).
President Ramos continued the CARP and signed Republic Act No. 8532 in
1998 to amend CARL and extend the program to another ten years. When Joseph E.
Estrada became the next president, he initiated the enactment of the following law:
Executive Order No. 151, September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) that allowed the
voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated
enterprise that can access long-term capital. He launched the Magkabalikat Para sa
Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. During the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo, she focused on land tenure improvement wherein DAR will remain vigorous
in implementing the land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The
KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. President Benigno
Aquino III created the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic
145

Support Services (ARCCESS) project. At present, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

would be awarded undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

Program (CARP).

POST-TEST:
EXPLANATION.
Direction: Answer the following questions in the space provided. A rubric is
given for your guidance in giving the points.
1. Do you think agrarian reform is important to implement in the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
2. On what aspects of agrarian reform is helpful to the Filipinos?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
3. What are the important details of agrarian reform in Philippine history?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
4. How would you evaluate the different laws and acts that were implemented in the
Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
146

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

Rubric
1pt Answer is incorrect but there is some correct support.
2pts Answer is correct but no support is provided.
3pts Answer is correct and there is some support.
4pts Answer is correct and the support is developed.
5pts Answer is correct and the support is fully developed.
REFERENCES:

Main References:
Candelaria, J. L. P., Alporha, V. C. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. 84-86 P.
Florentino St., Sta. Mesa Heights, Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc.
Finding primary sources: Evaluating primary & secondary sources. (2020, April 30).
Retrieved from https://library.defiance.edu/c.php?g=334227&p=2243654

Martinez, R. M., Bumidang, J. G., Tayaban, D. B., Battung, J. T., Fragata, R. D.,
Viloria, M. I., Dulay, M. J., Cristobal, J. M. (2018). The Readings in Philippine History.
Rm. 108, Intramuros Corporate Plaza Bldg., Recoletos St., Manila: Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.

Umali, V., Ramos, O., Amvida, M. Maliban, N. (2018). Readings in Philippine History.
No. 185 3F/C Pascual Avenue Brgy. Acacia, Malabon City: Jodeh Publishing

Supplemental References

Asian Farmers’ Association for Sustainable Rural Development. (2015, June

27). BUILDING SUSTAINABLE FULL VALUE-CHAIN AGRI-BASED
COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISES IN THE PHILIPPINES [Photograph]. Asian Farmers’
Association. http://asianfarmers.org/building-sustainable-full-value-chain-agri-based-
cooperative-enterprises-in-the-philippines/
Bridge, L. (n.d.). Philippine Presidents [Photograph]. Flickriver.
https://www.flickriver.com/photos/intervene/sets/72157621825267971/
147

BusinessMirror Editorial. (2018, May 28). Still land reform [Photograph]. Business
Mirror. https://businessmirror.com. ph/2018/05/28/still-land-reform/

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

Caduaya, E. (2018, July 20). Ombudsman indicts ex-President Aquino over P72 billion
DAP scam [Photograph]. News Line Philippines. https://newsline.ph/top-
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https://nordis.net/2020/05/26/article/feature/econ/vera-files-success-of-masagana-99-
all-in-imees-head-up-researchers/

General Education – Readings in Philippine History

Learning Module Surigao State College of Technology

Sambaan, S. (n.d.). The Evolution of Media in the Philippines [Illustration]. Timetoast

Timelines. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolution-of-media-in-the-
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Philippines [Photograph]. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020, August 27). Ramon Magsaysay:
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Top 10 hoaxes in Philippine history. (2015, November 12). [Illustration]. GMA News
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UB David. (n.d.). Lesson 22: Managing Our Finances [Illustration]. UB David & I’ll
B Jonathan, Inc. http://ubdavid.org/advanced/practical/practical-christian22.html
Umbao, E. (2015, July 25). List of Philippine Presidents Backed by Iglesia Ni Cristo
(INC) [Photograph]. PhilNews. https://philnews.ph/2015/07/25/list-of-philippine-
presidents-backed-by-iglesia-ni-cristo-inc

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