Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino de las Alas Campus
Indang, Cavite

College of Economics, Management and Development Studies

Department of Development Studies

RESEARCH

Submitted to:

Mr. Byl N. Florentino

Instructor

In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the course:

ISAS 65: TERRORISM AND INSURGENCY IN ASIAN POLITICS

Hernandez, Evan Carlo R.

BS International Studies – AS 3-2

1st Semester, A.Y. 2021-2022
THE REIGN OF TERROR, 1793 - 1794 C.E.

Background/brief history

 A group of men within the Assembly decided that France’s management needed to
change. They created different committees to monitor different aspects of society.
The Committee of Public Safety became the most famous of the committees.

Robespierre and his supporters created a new government called the National
Convention. The National Convention declared a ‘Reign of Terror’. They
implemented policies aimed at governing and monitoring the French people.

The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794), generally alluded to as
The Terror, was a period of violence during the French Revolution that was sparked
by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins (moderate republicans)
and the Jacobins (radical republicans), and marked by mass executions of " the
enemies of the revolution." The death toll was in the tens of thousands, with 16,594
guillotine deaths and additional 25,000 summary executions carried out around
France.
Leader

 The period of the Jacobin rule known as the Reign of Terror, under the leadership of
Maximilien Robespierre, was the first time in history that terror became an official
government policy with the stated aim to use violence to achieve a higher political
goal.
Objectives

 Destroy the Ancien Régime, and they wanted to make sure that anyone that
expressed negative ideas or views about the government could be arrested or even
killed. They instilled despair and fear throughout France so that people would be too
scared to oppose them.
Targets

 During this time, anyone who opposed the revolutionary government was
arrested or executed. The guillotine was used to chop the heads off of suspected
traitors. Over 16,000 "enemies" of the state were officially executed over the next
year. Thousands more were beaten to death or died in prison.

Terrorist Activities or Methods

 State-sponsored terrorism by mass executions of “the enemies of the revolution.”

The death toll ranged in the tens of thousands, with 16,594 executed by guillotine
and another 25,000 in summary executions across France.
Outcome
  After a year of harsh rule by Robespierre, many of the revolutionary leaders had had
enough of the Terror. They turned on Robespierre and had him arrested. He was
executed, along with many of his supporters, by guillotine on July 28, 1794.

Critical Analysis/Conclusion

 The Reign of Terror begins with the assassination of King Louis XVI and ends with
the assassination of Maximilian Robespierre, the government's leader, in 1794. Its
objective was to safeguard the advantages obtained during the French revolution.
However, in order to secure freedom, liberty, and fraternity, it eventually established
a dictatorship in which people lived in fear of their lives. People began to doubt if the
revolution was worthy or whether conditions were worse than they had been under
King Louis XVI.

ANARCHO-TERRORISM, MID-19TH TO EARLY 20TH CENTURIES.

Background/brief history

 Anarchism is a social and political movement that opposes structured government

and social hierarchy. The majority of anarchists claim that in the absence of
centralized political structures, such as governments, corporations, legal codes, and
private ownership of land and resources, individuals would create voluntary,
cooperative, and community-based organisations. The anarchist movement has
discussed the utility and morality of violence as a way of fostering anarchy.
Leader

 Leon Czolgosz (American steelworker and anarchist known for the assassination of
President William McKinley, whom he shot on September 6, 1901, in Buffalo, New
York.)
 Santiago Salvador (Spanish anarchist who killed at least twenty people and
wounded 27 others when throwing two bombs into the audience at the Gran Teatre
del Liceo in Barcelona, Spain on November 7, 1893. He was afterwards arrested,
sentenced to death, and executed on November 21, 1894.)
 Luigi Lucheni (was an Italian anarchist and the assassin of Empress Elisabeth of
Austria)
Objectives

 Propaganda by Deed (an idea within anarchist circles that actions such as bombings
and assassinations, not words, would alert the masses to their predicament and
spark revolution). It spurred new monitoring and enforcement practices to combat
what we would now call terrorist violence. It also provided a key justification for the
implementation and expansion of these practices.
Targets

 State leaders
Terrorist Activities or Methods
  Attacks uses of explosives, bombs or dynamite. Other involves mainly incendiary
attacks and unknown weaponry. Unknown weaponry is predominantly kidnapping or
hijacking, both of which are activities where the weaponry is incidental to the act.

Outcome

 Anarchist violence exacerbated public and government concern of so-called left-wing

extremists, precipitating the first Red Scare during the Russian Revolution and World
War I (1915–1918). By the onset of World War II in 1939, however, the anarchist
movement had almost vanished.

Critical Analysis/Conclusion

 Anarchism, socialism, bolshevism, and communism were frequently conflated in the

United States. Although the majority of anarchists, communists, and socialists did not
endorse terrorism, the terms were used to imply the threat of violence in the era's
media. Certain acts claimed to anarchists were carried out by members of different
political organizations. As a result, during periods of anarchist terrorist activity,
socialist and communist organisations faced increasing oppression. Anarchist
violence heightened public and government concern of so-called left-wing extremists,
triggering the first Red Scare during the Russian Revolution and World War I (1915–
1918). By the onset of World War II in 1939, however, the anarchist movement had
practically disintegrated.

DAVID RAPOPORT’S “WAVES” OF TERRORISM.

Background/brief history

 David C. Rapoport’s “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism,” is one of the most
prominent and contentious theories in the subject of terrorism studies. Rapoport
developed his theoretical framework for modern terrorism in the aftermath of the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in the United States, by classifying previously
indistinguishable patterns of political violence into four distinct waves, each lasting a
generation and inspired by anarchism, anti-colonialism, socialism, and religious
fundamentalism. Since 1979, the world has been undergoing a fourth "Religious"
wave, which will peak in 2025 assuming the generational life cycle continues
consistent.
Actor/s

 David C. Rapoport
Objectives

 Rapoport dispels long-held misunderstandings about terrorism as random acts of

uncontrolled violence. His presentation of the wave model to explain international
terrorism patterns uncovers a "clear pattern" in the seemingly chaotic data on
terrorist activities, paving the way for "a critical step toward understanding and
eventually mitigating the risks of terrorism."
  Rapoport’s construction of clearly defined historical phases suggests that terrorism
has always operated along a continuum, representing ongoing power struggles and
long-term tensions between groups within nations.

Methods

 Each wave has its own identity, fear-inducing techniques, and popular political and
religious topics that reflect the culture of an era and define "the ethos of one
generation from another." Each wave begins with a distinct catalyst, usually an
unanticipated international incident that serves as a turning point, exposing
government vulnerabilities and defining new issues or giving older ones "more
significance." All waves share one critical characteristic: they all require a spark in
the form of a major event to rally followers into launching a movement aimed at
altering the political system.
Outcome

 At various points in time, each of the four waves unfolded amid distinct surroundings
of diverse social and political dynamics. Rapoport concentrates his research on these
tensions, the significant events that prompted each wave, the transnational nature of
the waves, and the objectives and strategies of the participating organizations. He
explores the interconnections of five critical components in this process: terrorist
organizations, diaspora communities, nations, sympathetic foreigners, and
supranational organizations.

Critical Analysis/Conclusion

 Religious terrorism has probably been the most lethal and relentless of Rapoport's
four waves. Islamist extremist groups have spent the last two decades directing their
efforts on assaulting the West, and they will battle to maintain relevance in the future
political landscape. While violent religious extremist groups such as al Qaeda and
ISIS are unlikely to fade away in the coming years, their ongoing religious crusades
will be eclipsed by more immediate systemic tensions in the West as governments
struggle to adapt to growing polarization between pro- and anti-globalization
populations.
REFERENCES

Erin Walls, B.A. (2015). Waves of Modern Terrorism: Examining the Past and Predicting the

Future. Retrieved 28 September 2021, from

https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/1043900/Walls_geo
rgetown_0076M_13610.pdf?s

"Introduction to Anarchist Terrorism ." Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources. . Retrieved

September 22, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/energy-government-and-defense-
magazines/introduction-anarchist-terrorism
Maximilien Robespierre | Biography, French Revolution, Reign of Terror, Facts, & Death.
(2021). Retrieved 28 September 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maximilien-Robespierre
Santiago Salvador Franch. (2021). Retrieved 28 September 2021, from
https://amok.fandom.com/wiki/Santiago_Salvador_Franch
Shirk, M. (2019). The Universal Eye: Anarchist “Propaganda of the Deed” and Development
of the Modern Surveillance State. International Studies Quarterly, 63(2), 334-345.
doi:
10.1093/isq/sqy062
The Reign of Terror | Boundless World History. (2021). Retrieved 28 September 2021, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-reign-of-terror/
Anonymous. (2021). Retrieved 28 September 2021, from
https://files.schudio.com/durhamjohnston/files/documents/Y8-_W12_L1-2-
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