A World of Regions

e North
th

Global Divides

th
e Sou t h
Focus on Latin America
 THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

Characteristics of the North Characteristics of the South

1 1/4 of the world's people 1 3/4 of the world's people

2 4/5 of world's income 2 1/5 of world's income

3 Average life expectancy more than 70 years 3 Average life expectancy of 50 years

4 Most people have enough to eat 4 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and malnutrition

5 Most people are educated 5 1/2 of the people have little chance of any
education
Less than 10% of the world's manufacturing
6 Over 90% of the world's manufacturing industry 6 industry

About 96% of the world's spending on research

7 7 4% of the world's research and development
and development
 THE NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

Causes of these inequalities:

h'
The chasm between the 'North' and the 'Sout
Despite enormous global modernization ↪ the availability of natural resources
advances that have lifted many millions of ↪ different levels of health and
people out of absolute poverty, there is education
ountin g evidence that the gap betw een the
m ↪ the nature of a country's economy and
g.
world's richest and poorest nations is growin its industrial sectors
Western Europe's per capita GDP was three ↪ international trading policies and
times more than Africa's in 1820, but it was
thirteen times greater by 2000. Furthermore,
access to markets

Oxfam estimated in 2013 that the world's

↪ how countries are governed and

richest 85 people had the same amount of

international relationships between

wealth as the poorest and most vulnerable countries

half of the population. ↪ conflict within and between countries
↪ a country's vulnerability to natural
hazards and climate change
BRANDT LINE

a graphic representation of the

north-south split

proposed in the 1980s, in the

study North-South: A Programme
for Survival, a.k.a. Brandt Report

Willy Brandt divides the world at around 30°

North latitude
 Modernization Theory
THEORIES
EXPLAINING ↪ to remake the Global
THE DIVIDE South in the image and
likeliness of the First
World/Global North

Dependency Theory

↪ patterns of colonial Post-Development Theory

connections that existed
between the North and South ↪ developing countries
↪ how colonized regions were should create their own
impoverished development plan
First World
Capitalist
Second World a brief chronicle
Communist/
Soviet Union
of three worlds
Third World becoming two
Neither
Capitalist or
Communist
Cold War (First World and
1
Second World countries)
The terms
Asian and African nations
originated during 2
the Cold War Independence
3 Non-Aligned Movement
Global North Formation of the Third World
4
(Latin America joined)
The Cold War ended and the
5
Global South Soviet Union collapsed
Creation of the Global North
6
and Global South
THIRD parallel to the Third State during the
French Revolution (Sauvy, 1952), meaning
world "underprivileged people”

a group of non-alliance countries to the

First and Second World

synonymous with impoverished countries

became inaccurate and outdated as

countries have evolved in economic
Alfred Sauvy status
 Global
South is
global south more than economically
just a disadvantaged
geographical countries
↪ refers to the regions of Latin location
America, Asia, Africa, and Mahler, 2017
Oceania
Mabhena, 2019

↪
“Third World” and “Periphery”
address spaces and captures a
deterritorialized
peoples negatively geography of capitalism’s
impacted by externalities and means
↪ “Global” of the term came contemporary to account for subjugated
from “Globalisation” peoples within the
capitalist borders of wealthier
globalization countries

Mahler, 2017 Mahler, 2017

 Global North in Global South in
Global South Global North

The term "Global South" functions as more

than a metaphor for "underdevelopment."
Dados and Connell, 2012
 difference
rd world and global south
thi

Conceptualized during the Cold War to The new term emerged to avoid the
categorize countries who refused to make "poor" stigma associated with the term
allies with the Capitalist First World and "Third World".
the Communist Second World.

Primarily non-alliance countries or Formerly Third World countries and

countries that were neither First nor impoverished nations
Second World

Aims to counter the superior power of the Carries more weight in resisting
"developed" First World countries dominating forces

Linked with "poor" countries due to the Reflects underdevelopment and

impoverished status of most countries imbalances of economic and political
power between countries

Hierarchical term Empowering term

Worl d Ba nk 's Cou nt ry
on Sy st em High income:
Cla ss if ic at i
$12,476 or more
estic Prod uc t ( GDP)
Gross Dom Upper middle income:
total output of a country $4,036 to $12,475
Lower middle income:
National Inc ome ( GNI)
Gross $1,026 to $4,035
GDP per capita Low income:
$1,025 or less

developed or developing:
classifying countries
Latin America
The Latin American
Experience
After World War II, Latin American countries are
still experiencing underdevelopment:

↪ Serve the interest of the wealthier countries

Little to no resources left for their own

↪ development

Manual labor and export of cheap raw

↪
materials

Rely on wealthier countries for nutrition and

↪ medical aid
 Dependence theory

a condition in which:

economic
development
Global economic Global
South development North
independence

Cardo and Gelato, 1979

the overall concept
of the theory:

↪ rich countries in the core exploit the poor

countries in the periphery

poor countries export primary commodities to

↪
the rich countries, who in turn convert them to
higher value, more expensive products which
they sell back to the poor countries

result:

↪ the poor countries would never earn enough

from what they export, and would never get
out of poverty
In most cases, it was noted that
individuals migrated from their
countries to other regions where the
economy was advanced.

Most of the corporations which are

located in the United States have moved
their services to other countries where
it is cheap to perform their business.
In the globalization aspect, there are
both positive and negative impacts. Most
of the benefits of globalization
correspond to the less developed
countries since; through globalization,
the less developed countries are able to
improve their economic conditions.
The United States also promoted free trade
among its allies during the cold war era.

In this case, free trade referred to the lack

of trade barriers between nations.

Trade barriers were recognized as tariffs that

were imposed on traders.

In the 1930s, the United States made an

attempt to protect the manufacturers who were
trying to survive the Great Depression.