Electrical System

GENERATORS 220 KV 132 KV 33 KV 11 KV

Objectives :

 During the Fault conditions, the

Relays will identify the faulty area and
will isolate the Unhealthy section from
the network.
 Ex : Motor Protection, Generator
Protection, Bus Protection,
Line Protection…
Protective Relaying
Primary Relaying( Main Protection):
Main relay to operate in the event
of faults
Secondary Relaying ( Backup Prot) :
If main relay fails to operate, these
relays will operate and clear the fault.
These relays are generally of time delay and
cause more disturbance to the system
 Primary/Secondary Protection:
G

GENERATORS 220 KV 132 KV 33 KV 11 KV

Protective Relaying

 Relays Requires any of the following

Quantities to operate:
Magnitude ie. Current / Voltage / Power
Frequency ie. Under Freq / Over freq
Phase Angle
Duration ie. Timers
Rate of Change ie. df/dt, dZ/dt
Direction ie. Directional O/C
Harmonics ie. 3rd harmonic
Relay Wiring:
BUS

Breaker
CT

Transformer

PT
Basic Relays
 Current Relays
Instantaneous Over Current Relays
Definite Time Over Current Relay
Inverse Definite Over Current Relay
 Voltage Relays
Under Voltage Relays
Over Voltage Relays
 Impedance Relays
 Reactance Relays
 Differential Relays
Instantaneous Over Current Relay

 This Relay operates when ever the

current exceeds the Set value

 Application : Generator Inter turn,

GT Restricted E/F prot.

 Example : CAG Relay of EE make

 Definite Time Over Current Relay

 This Relay operates when ever the

Current
current exceeds the Set value and Time
that current shall persist for
defined time

 Application : Blocked Rotor &

Protection, Over Load Alarm
etc..

Operation
 Example : CTU Relay of EE make
Inverse Definite Time Over Current Relay

 This Relay operates when

ever the current exceeds
the Set value. The relay
operation time is
t
inversely proportional to
the magnitude of Current

 Application: GT Standby
E/F prot., LT Motor
Prot.
Current

 Example : CDG Relay of EE

make
Over Voltage Relay
 Whenever the Voltage exceeds the
set value, the relay operates.

 Application : Generator Over Voltage

Protection.

 Example : VAG of EE make

Under Voltage Relay
 Whenever the Voltage falls below the
set value, the relay operates.

 Application : Bus Under Voltage

Protection.

 Example : VAGM of EE make

Impedance Relays
 These relays are uses MHO principle.
If the Impedance is less than the Set
Value, the Relay operates. These
Relays are Under Impedance Relays
 Application: Line Protection,
Generator B/U Prot.
 Ex : YCG Relays of EE Make
 Impedance Relay Characteristic.

DIRECTIONAL
NON - DIRECTIONAL
X
X

-R -R R
R

-X -X
Reactance Relays
 If the Reactance is less than the Set
Value, the Relay operates. Generally,
these Relays are Under Reactance
Relays
 Application: Line Protection,
 Ex : XCG Relays of EE Make
Reactance Relays

R
Differential Relays

 If there is any difference of currents,

the relay operates.
 Application :
◼ Transformer Differential
◼ Generator Differential
◼ Bus Bar Differential ….
 Ex : ALSTOM Make DTH Relays
Differential Relays

Ph. Side Neutral Side

CT GEN CT

R
Differential Relays

Primary Secondary
CT CT

R
TRANSMISSION LINE
PROTECTION
 1 2 3 4 5 6

SS - A SS-B SS-C SS-D

 1 2 3 4 5 6

SS - A SS-B SS-C SS-D

• For a Fault at F1:

– CB1 SHOULD TRIP
– CB 2 SHOULD TRIP
 1 2 3 4 5 6

SS - A SS-B SS-C SS-D

• For a Fault at F2:

– CB 3 SHOULD
TRIP
– CB 4 SHOULD
TRIP
 1 2 3 4 5 6

SS - A SS-B SS-C SS-D

• For a Fault at F3:

– CB 5 SHOULD TRIP
– CB 6 SHOULD TRIP
 1 2 3 4 5 6

SS - A SS-B SS-C SS-D

• For a Fault at F3:

– If CB 5 fails to trip
• CB 3 should trip with delay (t1 Sec)
• CB1 should trip if CB 3 also failed (t2 Sec)

Where t1 < t2
 BASICS OF LINE PROTECTION

A B C

For the Breaker at bus ‘A’ (Line “ A – B “) :

Zone –1 : 80 % of the Line A-B with No time
Zone – 2 :Line A-B + 50 % of the Line BC with Time T1
Secs
Zone – 3 : Line A-B + BC+ 25 % of CD with Time T2
Secs
T1 < T2
 Zone Settings

• Zone-1 : 80 % Line Section-AB

» With Time “0” Sec

• Zone-2 : AB + 50 % Adjoining Shortest Line

» With Time “0.3” to “0.5” Sec

• Zone-2 : AB + 120 % Adjoining Short Line

» With Time “0.5” to “1.0” Sec

• Zone-2 : AB + 120 % Adjoining Longest Line

» With Time “1.0” to “1.5” Sec
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINE PROTECTION

A 3-ZONE
PROTECTION
RELAY WITH MHO
CHARACTERISTICS
LOOKS LIKE AS IN
THE FIGURE.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINE PROTECTION

A 3-ZONE
PROTECTION
RELAY WITH
QUADRILATERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
LOOKS LIKE AS IN
THE FIGURE.
Most Likely Faults in Lines are :

ZONE-1 : R-N Y-N B-N R-Y Y-B B-R

ZONE-2 : R-N Y-N B-N R-Y Y-B B-R
ZONE-3 : R-N Y-N B-N R-Y Y-B B-R
 Distance & Others Protection Functions

Power Swing
Distance Blocking Channel Aided
Protection Distance / DEF

Broken Switch on to
Conduct Fault & Trip
or on Reclose
Detectio
n
Negative Directional /
Directional Sequence non Directional
Overcurrent Overcurrent

Breaker Directional /
Failure Under / Over non Directional
Voltage Earth Fault
 Non Protection
Functions
4 Setting Autoreclose and Fault Analysis
Groups Check Sync Tools

Bay Monitoring
& Control Fault Locator

Self Diagnostics &

Commissioning Tools
Measurements

CT / VT
Supervision Communications
Classification of Relays on
Construction
 Types of Relays
• Electromechanical Relays :
– Electromagnetic Attraction
– Electromagnetic Induction
• Static / Microprocessor based Relays :
– Vacuum Tube based relays
– Transistorised and IC Based
– Later Version Uses Microprocessors
• Numerical Relays:
– Micro Computer based
 Electromagnetic Attraction Relays
• Electromagnetic Relays operate by virtue
of a plunger being drawn into a solenoid
or an armature being attracted to the poles
of an electromagnet.
• Such relays can be actuated by ac or dc quantities.
• These Relays are fast as the these have small length of travel
and light moving parts
• They are instantaneous
• Not have directional feature
• Effected by transients
 Electromagnetic Attraction Relays
• Applications :
– Over Current protection
– Differential Protection
– Auxiliary Relays
• Types of relays :
– Hinged Armature type Relay
– Plunger type Electromagnetic Attraction relay
– Polarised moving iron type
Examples : EE Make CAG, DTH ..
 To Trip Coil

Armature

COIL Electromagnet
Hinged Armature Type Relay
 Coil Activating Current
AC / DC

Plunger Type Electromagnetic Attraction relay

 N S

Activating Quantity AC / DC

Polarised Moving Iron Type Attracted Armature Relay

CAG
Relay
CAG Relay
 Electromechanical Relays
Balanced Beam type Relays : Whenever the
operating force is more than restraining force, relay
operates. Spring acts as bias. Ex : Differential
Relay , Impedance Relay

Spring

Trip Contacts

Restraining Operating
Coil Coil
 Electromechanical Relays

• Electromagnetic Induction relays use the

principle of induction motor where by
torque is developed by induction in a
rotor. This operating principle applies
only to relays actuated by ac quantity.
 Electromechanical Relays
• Induction Disc Relays : In this type of the
relay, metallic disc is allowed to move
between two electromagnets. The
electromagnets are energised by AC Current.
• Two popular constructions are available
– Shaded pole Induction disc relay
– Watt hour meter type induction disc relay
 Electromechanical Relays
• Time / current characteristic of induction
relays are inverse type
• More reliable and robust
• Current setting can be changed by changing
number of turns
• Time setting can be changed by adjusting the
length of travel of moving contacts
• Examples : CDG / CDD type relays of EE
Make
CDG
Relay
 Electro
Mechanical
Relays
 Static Relay
DC Supplies

Current /
Voltage inputs

Rectifiers Relay Measuring Amplifiers Output Devices Trip Circiuit

Circuits ( Comparators
Level Detectors, Filters
Voltage stabilisers )
 Static / Micro Processor Based Relays
Advantages :
➢ Low Power consumption
➢ No moving Contacts
➢ No effect of Gravity
➢ Multifunctional Relays
➢ Compactness
➢ Superior Characteristic and accuracy
➢ No effect of Vibration and shocks
➢ Self Supervision
➢ Simplified testing and servicing
➢ Extension of Application by adding suitable modules
 Static / Micro Processor Based Relays

Limitations :
➢Various Auxiliary Voltage requirement
➢Sensitive to Voltage Transients
➢Temperature dependence of static relays
➢High Price
RAZFE
Relay
Microprocessor
Relays DC / DC
Analog Processing Relay Interface
Converter

Current /
A / D Conversion Voltage
Supervision

Time
Digital
Delayed
Processing
Relays

Tripping Indication &

Contacts Signalling
Microprocessor Based RAZOA Relay
 Numerical Relay
Input Elements CPU Module Output Elements

Protection Elements Contact outputs

Contact Inputs <Z, <U, >U, >I....
Input Output Analog outputs
Analog Inputs
Status Status
CT Inputs Remote outputs
Table Table
VT Inputs Logic Gates
Remote inputs

Programming Device Operator Interface

MICOM Numerical Relay
 Front panel
Alarm
Fixed
viewer
function
LEDs Menu browser

User
configurable
Lithium LEDs
battery
Download /
Monitor port

Local Facility for

communications lead seal
 Rear view
Voltage Inputs Digital inputs
1A Common
5A

Power
IRIG-B supply
inputs
Fibre optic DC Field
substation Voltage
communicatio
ns

Digital
Remote
outputs
communications port
Local Communications

⚫ Settings
⚫ Records
⚫ Control
⚫ Measurements
⚫ Commissioning
⚫ Maintenance
⚫ Menu text
 Remote Communications

⚫Courier / K-Bus
⚫ Modbus ⚫ PSCN
⚫ IEC60870-5-103 ⚫ MiCOM S100
⚫ DNP3.0
⚫ MiCOM S10
⚫ ...
RS485 ⚫ MiCOM S1
⚫ PAS&T

LFZP141
 PSL Logic Diagram

100
Any Trip B Dwell Relay Label 20
DDB #294 DDB #019
0

100
Any Trip C Dwell Relay Label 03
DDB #295 DDB #002
0

100
Any Trip C Dwell Relay Label 06
DDB #295 DDB #005
0

Any Trip C
DDB #295
 Comparison of

Distance Protection Relays

 Electro Static Numerical
Feature Mechanic Relay
al Relay Relay

Number of Zone independent Phase 3 3 to 4 5 to 8

and earth fault protection
Mho / Quadrilateral characteristics Fixed Fixed Both
(
Optional)
Over Current Protection NA NA Available
(Instantaneous / Delayed )
Under / Over Voltage protection NA NA Available

Negative sequence protection NA NA Available

Switch On To Fault protection NA Available Available

Trip on Re-close protection Available ** Available Available

**
NA : Not Available; Available ** : With Separate Relay, feature available
 Feature Electro Static Relay Numerical
Mechanical Relay
Relay
Power Swing Blocking Available Available Available
**
Voltage Transformer Supervision Available Available Available
**
Current Transformer Supervision NA NA Available

Broken Conductor detection NA Available Available

**
Circuit Breaker Failure protection Available Available Available
** **
Auto Reclose with Check Available Available Available
synchronism ** **
Instantaneous parameters V / I / W NA NA Available
/ VA / VAR / PF..
Fault / Event / Disturbance NA NA Available
records

NA : Not Available; Available ** : With Separate Relay, feature available

 Feature Electro Static Relay Numerical
Mechanical Relay
Relay
Four setting groups NA NA Available

Distance to fault locator Available ** Available Available

**
Remote serial communication NA NA Available

Watch dog function NA Available Available

Circuit breaker state monitoring NA NA Available

Circuit breaker control NA NA Available

Circuit breaker condition monitoring NA NA Available

Commissioning test facilities NA NA Available

Real time clock synchronization NA NA Available

NA : Not Available; Available ** : With Separate Relay, feature available