© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 1 )

June - 2001

Module-II
ABB Transformation Training
Protection
Power System
 Function of Protective System

• The function of protective equipment is not the preventive one its name

would imply, in that it acts only after a fault has occurred.

• It is the ambulance at the foot of the cliff rather than the fence at the top.

• The system is protected against the possibility of fault by providing

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adequate insulation, proper design and operation.

 Need of the protection

• The protection is needed to remove as speedily as possible any element

of power system in which a fault has developed.
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 Effects of faults

• Interruption in continuous power supply to consumer.

• A risk of damage to the affected equipment.

• A risk of damage to healthy equipment.

• It is likely to cause the individual generators in a power station, or group

of generators in different stations, to loose synchronism and fall out of
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step with consequent splitting of the system.

 Protective Equipment

•CT
•CVT (or PT)
•Relays
•CB (or Fuse)
•Communication Equipment
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 Functions of Protective Equipment

R Y B

CT
RELAYS

BREAKER C1 C2 C3
CB AUXILIARY
SWITCH
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TRIP COIL
+
BATTERY
- SUPPLY
 Functions of Protective Equipment

• CTs and CVTs are continuously measuring currents and voltages

respectively at critical locations in the power system.
• Relays are continuously monitoring the outputs of CTs & CVTs and
take predefined actions if any abnormality occurs.
– The actions may include trip signal to CB and alarm to
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operating personnel.
 Functions of Protective Equipment

• CB acts on receiving trip signal from relay and isolates the

faulty portions of the power system.

• Communication Equipment helps in communicating various measured

signals and trip signals to remote stations for better coordination of
protection of power system.
© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 8 )
 Protective Relay

• A protective relay is an intelligent device which responds to

abnormal conditions in an electrical power system, to control a CB
so as to isolate faulty section of the system, with the
minimum interruption to service.
© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 9 )
 Desirable Qualities of Protective Relay

• Reliability

• Selectivity

• Speed

• Discrimination

• Security
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• Sensitivity
 Desirable Qualities of Protective Relay

• Reliability It should not fail to operate in the event of

fault.

• Selectivity It should identify and isolate the faulty

portion of the system.

• Speed Fault should be cleared as quickly as

possible.
© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 11 )

Total Fault Clearing time = Relay operation time +

CB operation time.
 Desirable Qualities of Protective Relay

• Discrimination It should discriminate between different

types of faults.

• Security It should not operate when it is not

suppose to operate.

• Sensitivity The smallest value of actuating quantity

at which the protection starts operating
© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 12 )

in relation with the minimum value of

fault current in the protected zone.
 Types of Relays

• Electromechanical Relays These relays depend on operating

force of electromagnet and retarding
force of spring.

• Static Relays These relays use semiconductor

devices like Transistors, diodes and
Op-Amps.
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• Microprocessor based Relays These relays use microprocessors

with digital computational
techniques and memory features.
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COIL
Electromagnetic Relay

RING
SHADING

DISK
 Static Relay

TRANSDUCER OR
INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMER
SECONDARIES
D.C. SUPPLIES
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RECTIFIERS AMPLIFIER TRIP

RELAY OUTPUT CIRCUIT
MEASURING DEVICE
CIRCUIT
 p based Relay

CT CB

TRIP
VT

INPUT A/D MICRO

UNIT CONVERTER PROCESSOR

DATA RQST
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SETTING
& DISPLAY

DATA
LOGGER
 Advantages of Microprocessor Based Relays

• Flexibility in programming and selection of characteristics

• Self supervision

• Communication facilities

• History of previous fault can be stored

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 Protective Systems

• Over current protection.

• Distance protection.

• Differential protection.

• Under voltage Protection.

• Under frequency protection.

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 Overcurrent protection

• The protection in which the relay picks up when the magnitude of

current exceeds the pick up level.
• It employs over current relays of following types:
– Instantaneous over current relay.
– Definite time over current relay.
– Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) over current
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relay.
– Directional over current relay.
 Overcurrent Relay

Definite Time
Normal Inverse

IDMT

T
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I
 Distance protection

• The distance protection relay measures the impedance of the system and
base its action upon the magnitude of impedance.

• Mainly used for transmission line protection.

• Requires actuating quantities of voltage and current at one end of the

transmission line.

• Types of distance relays.

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– Impedance relay.

– Mho relay.

– Reactance relay.

– Modified impedance relay.

 Impedance Relay

X X
BLOCK

TRIP
Zrs
1 K3
TRIP R —(—) = |Zrs |
2 -K1
R
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BLOCK
 = Zrs
Impedance Relay Mho Relay
 Impedance Relay

X BLOCK

TRIP
BLOCK
|Zrs|
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TRIP

R R
Modified Impedance Relay Reactance Relay
 Differential Protection

• A differential protection employs a differential relay which responds to a

vector difference between two or more similar electrical quantities.
• Generally used for equipment protection like protection of transformers,
generators and transmission line (with communication equipment).
• A simple differential relay operates erroneously due to non-identical CTs
at two ends.
•
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Hence it is made less sensitive by employing restraining coils in

percentage differential protection system.
 Differential Relay

Gen. Phase
I1 winding I2
• •
• •
If

OC K(I1-I2) Gen. Phase

I1 winding I2
• •
• •
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Differential Relay
If RC
kI1 kI2

Nr/2 Nr/2
N0
K(I1-I2)
OC
Percentage Differential Relay
 Miscellaneous Protections

• Under / Over frequency protection

– This protection is used for generator protection. The under frequency

relay is generally used with combination of df/dt relay for load
shedding.

• Under voltage protection

© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 26 )

– This protection is used to protect system against under voltages.

© INABB Transformation Training Module - II ( 27 )

Thank You