BODOLAND UNIVERSITY

Post-Graduate Syllabus
Department of Physics

2015-16

KOKRAJHAR -783370
 BODOLAND UNIVERSITY

Syllabus applicable for the students of

Two year M.Sc. Course in Physics
w.e.f. from the Academic year 2015-16

Department of Physics
Bodoland University
Kokrajhar - 783370
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 Semester - 1
PHY-101: Mathematical Physics – I
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Vector spaces and Matrices: Linear vector spaces – Axiomatic definition, linear
independence, bases, dimensionality, orthogonality and completeness, norms, inner products
Hilbert spaces; Matrix representation of linear operators, Different kind of matrices – orthogonal,
unitary and Hermitian matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, diagonalization. (10 lectures)

2. Complex Variables: Recapitulation: Complex numbers, geometrical representation of

complex number, functions of a complex variable – single and multiple-valued function, limit
and continuity; Differentiation – Cauchy-Riemann equations and their applications; Properties of
analytical functions; Complex integrals, Cauchys Integral Formula and its corollaries; Series –
Taylor and Laurent expansion; Classification of singularities; Branch point and branch cut;
Cauchy residue theorem, Applications of residue theorem. (15 lectures)

3. Differential equations and special functions: Series solution and Fuch’s theorem for second
order equation, Bessel, Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre functions/polynomials-their equations,
series solutions, recursion relations, orthogonality, generating functions, associated Legendre
polynomials, Hypergeometric function, Confluent hypergeometric functions, gamma and beta
function. (15 lectures)

4. Elementary probability theory and Statistics: Random variables; binomial, Poisson and
Gauss’ normal distributions, Error propagation, Fitting curves to data, χ2 distribution.
(8 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists – G.B. Arfken

2. Matrices and Tensors in Physics – A.W. Joshi
3. Complex Variables – Murray Spiegel
4. Complex variables and Applications – R.V. Churchill and J.W. Brow
5. Differential Equations – S.L. Ross
6. Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers – W.W. Bell
7. Mathematical Physics– B.S. Rajput & B.D. Gupta
8. Mathematical Methods of Physics – J. Mathews and R.L. Walker
9. Mathematical Physics – P.K. Chattopadhyay
10. Mathematical Physics – H.K Dass

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 Semester - 1
PHY-102: Classical Mechanics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. An overview of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism: Lagrange’s and Hamilton’s

equations-their applications to physical problems, Harmonic oscillator and central force
problems, relativistic forms of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations of motion, covariant
formulation of electromagnetic equations and their Lorentz invariance. (10 lectures)

2. Rigid bodies: Rigid body dynamics, Euler’s theorem, concept of infinitesimal rotation,
Euler’s equation of motion, symmetric top motion. (5 lectures)

3. Canonical transformation: Poisson bracket, Hamilton’s equation in terms of Poisson

bracket, Jacobi’s identity. (6 lectures)

4. Hamilton–Jacobi theory: Hamilton – Jacobi differential equation, application to harmonic

oscillator problem, central force problem. Action–angle variables, application to simple
harmonic oscillator, planetary motion. (10 lectures)

5. Small Oscillations: Theory of small oscillations, normal coordinates, normal modes, coupled
oscillations, diatomic and triatomic molecules. (6 lectures)

6. Fluid dynamics: Perfect fluid motion, Euler’s and Bernouli’s equations, vorticity, Navier-
Stoke’s equation. (6 lectures)

7. Non-linear dynamics and Classical Chaos: Introduction to nonlinear systems, concept of

catastrophe, bifurcation, chaos and strange attractors, fractals, physical examples.
(6 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Classical Mechanics – H.Goldstein

2. Classical Mechanics of Particles and Rigid Bodies – K.C.Gupta
3. Classical Mechanics – S.N. Biswas
4. Classical Mechanics – Rana and Joag
5. Mechanics – Landau and Lifshitz
6. Classical Mechanics – A.K.Raychaudhury
7. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics – R.C.Hibron

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 Semester - 1
PHY-103: Quantum Mechanics - I
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Recapitulation of Basic Concepts: Wave particle duality, Matter waves, group velocity,
phase velocity, wave packet description of a particle, Gaussian wave packet, and uncertainty
principle. Basic postulates of quantum mechanics, concept of probability and probability current
density. (6 lectures)

2. Schrodinger’s Equation and its application: Wave function and its physical interpretation,
Time dependent and time dependent Schrodinger’s equation, application of Schrodinger
equation: Particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, tunnelling through a barrier. (10 lectures)

3. Operator method in Quantum Mechanics: Introduction to linear vector space, Hilbert

space, observables and operators, Dirac notations – Properties of state vectors – Ket and Bra
vectors. Uncertainty principle for two arbitrary operators; One dimensional harmonic oscillator
by operator method. (8 lectures)

4. Time evolution of states: Evolution of states, unitary time evolution operator, Schrodinger’s
and Heisenberg pictures. Heisenberg’s equation of motion and its physical equivalence with the
Schrodinger equation. (5 lectures)

5. Approximation Methods: Time independent perturbation theory: First and second order
corrections to the energy eigenvalues; First order correction to the eigenvector; Degenerate
perturbation theory; Applications to Zeeman Effect, isotopic shift and Stark effect. Variational
methods and examples of hydrogen atom, He-atom, harmonic oscillator (14 lectures)

6. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Concept of four-vectors in special theory of relativity and

covariant forms in four dimensional Minkowski space, natural units and conversion factors;
Klein-Gordon equation and its physical significance. (5 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – David J Griffiths

2. Principles of Quantum Mechanics – R. Shankar (3rd Ed. Springer)
3. Modern Quantum Mechanics – J .J. Sakurai
4. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics –P. A. M. Dirac
5. Quantum Mechanics – N. Zettili
6. The Feynman Lectures on Physics –R. Feynman, R. Leighton and M. Sands
7. Quantum mechanics – A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan
8. Quantum Mechanics – S.N.Biswas
9. Introductory Quantum Mechanics – Richard L. Liboff.
10. Quantum Mechanics –C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu, and F. Lalo.

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 Semester - 1
PHY-104: Electronics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. MOS and CMOS devices and applications: Static & dynamic characteristics, depletion &
enhancement modes, use of the devices in amplifiers and oscillators.
TUNNEL DIODE and APPLICATIONS: Tunneling effect, transfer co-efficient, tunnel diode
characteristics, use of tunnel diode as oscillator and amplifier.
GUNN DIODE and APPLICATIONS: Transferred electron effect, modes of TE oscillations,
Gunn diode in oscillation circuit.
IMPATT / AVALANCHE DIODE and APPLICATIONS: Drift and scattering
velocity, relation between field, current and terminal impedance, equivalent circuit of thediodes
and their use in amplifiers and oscillators.

2. OP-AMP APPLICATIONS : Oscillators: Phase shift, Wien bridge and high frequency and
voltage controlled oscillators, saw tooth generator.
Filters: Active low and high pass filters, Butterworth filter (up to second order)
Analog computation: Solution of differential equation (up to second order), solution of
simultaneous equations.

3.DIGITAL CIRCUITS : Mapping of logic expression and function minimization: SOP, POS
expressions and circuit configurations, Combinational Logic gates, working and configuration of
TTL, DTL, RTL, CMOS , MOSFET , ECL and I2L gates, sequential circuits : RS, JK D and
TFF; register: serial, parallel and shift register-their design, counter: synchronous counter and
design (up to module–10 counter), microprocessor: flow chart, assembly language, solution of
simple problems.

4.SIGNAL TRANSMISSION & DEVICES

Transmission line: Basic conception of transmission of LF and HF in open wire and coaxial
lines, wave equation , characteristic impedance, VSWR, Short and open circuit impedance , λ
matching and stub matching, waveguides: fundamental concepts of signal propagation through a
wave guide, relation between cutoff frequency and waveguide dimension of rectangular
waveguide, antenna : λ/4 dipole, antenna arrays, end fire and broadside.

5.MODULATION AND DE-MODULATION: Amplitude modulation : Bandwidth and

frequency spectra, frequency modulation : narrow band and wide band, power, bandwidth,
improvement of S/N with emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, detection : balanced detector, zero
crossing detector, PLL. PAM: basic principles, baseband binary PAM. PCM: sampling of signal,
quantization of signal uniform and nonuniform, noise and bandwidth.

Books Recommended
1.Modern Digital Electronics -R.P. Jain.
2. Electronic Communication Systems-Kennedy, Davis
3.Microwaves-KC Gupta

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 Semester - 1
PHY-105P: Physics Laboratory and Workshop
Total Credit: 4

List of Experiments:

Optics:
1. To determine the Young's modulus of the material of the rod by Newton's ring method.

Electromagnetism:
2. To determine self inductance of a coil using Anderson bridge.
3. To determine mutual inductance between two coils by Cary Foster method.

Modern Physics:
4. To study the atomic levels with the Frank and Hertz apparatus.

Electronics:
5. Using a 741 IC, (a) Design of an integrator circuit and differentiator circuit (b) Drawing of the
waveform (c) Measurement of the rise and fall time (d) Comparison of the result with theoretical
values
6. To design a class-A amplifier and to measure the efficiency, to convert the circuit to class B
and to measure the efficiency, to discuss why efficiency is high in class B through the
experimental result.
7. To design and study Wein bridge oscillator for a defined band.
8. To measure the pinch-off voltage of FET from characteristic curve.
9. To design an RC-coupled class-A amplifier and (i) Draw the frequency response graph and
find the half power points, (ii) Measure the output impedance of the amplifier, (iii) Measure the
gain bandwidth product.

Physics Workshop Practice:

(i) Machine Workshop
(a) Introduction to Machines in workshop, (b) Introduction to safety rules, (c) Sketches of tools
and equipments, (d) Demonstration of tools and equipments to be used in practical job, (e)
Starting a practical job – To make Nut & Bolt from Mild Steel rod, (d) Operation includes –
Measuring, Hacksaw cutting, Lathe turning, drilling, making hexagonal shape by filling and
thread cutting with dia & Tape.

(ii) Electronics Workshop

(a) Safety precautions, (b) Tools & Equipments, (c) Electronics Components, d) Power Supply
e) Computer Hardware overview)
JOB:
(i) To make a P.C.B. of a regulated Power Supply
(ii) To assemble Transistor Regulated Power Supply
(iii) To assemble IC Regulated Power Supply

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 Semester - 2
PHY-201: Classical Electrodynamics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Maxwell’s Equations: Review of Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic potentials, gauge

transformation, gauge invariance, Lorentz and Coulomb gauge.

Propagation of e.m. waves in free space, non conducting and conducting media, reflection and
transmission at the boundary of two non conducting media, reflection from a metal surface,
propagation of e.m. waves in bounded media, wave guides. (11 lectures)

2. Electrostatic boundary value problems: Poisson and Laplace equations, solution of Laplace
equations in spherical, cylindrical and Cartesian co-ordinates, use of Green’s function
approximation. (5 lectures)

3. Scattering of electromagnetic waves: Scattering of e.m. waves due to free electrons,

Thomson scattering, scattering from bound electrons, Rayleigh scattering and resonance
fluorescence. (5 lectures)

4. Radiation from moving charge: Retarded potential, radiation fields, radiation from a point
charge in motion, Lienard–Wiechart potential, fields of a point charge in motion, power radiated
by a point charge, Larmor formula. (8 lectures)

5. Relativistic Electrodynamics: Four dimensional Lorentz transformation, covariance of

Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic field tensor. (5 lectures)

6. Motion of a charged particles in electromagnetic field: Non relativistic motion of a charged

particle in uniform constant fields, in a slowly varying field, gradient drift, magnetic mirror.
(6 lectures)

7. Plasma Physics: Propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in low pressure ionised gases,
Conductivity of ionised gas, plasma angular frequency, Debye screening length, propagation of
transverse waves in a perfectly conducting fluid embedded in a magnetic field (frozen-in field),
and MHD (Alfven) waves, basic idea of plasma confinement. (8 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics – David J. Griffiths

2. Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory – J. R. Reitz, F.J. Milford and R.W. Christy
3. Electricity and Manetism – M.H. Nayfeh and M.K. Brussel,
4. Classical Electrodynamics – J.D. Jackson
5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics- Vol-II
6. Elementary Plasma Physics–C.L. Longmire
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7. Introduction to Plasma Physics – F.F. Chen
8. Electromagnetic – B B Laud
9. Electrodynamics – Uma Mukherjee
10. Wazed Miah
11. Classical theory of fields - Landau

Semester - 2
PHY-202: Quantum Mechanics - II
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Angular Momentum: The orbital angular momentum operator, general formalism of angular
momentum, matrix representation of angular momentum, eigenfunctions of orbital angular
momentum, angular momentum in differential representation using spherical coordinates,
spherical harmonics; Raising and lowering operators for angular momentum using Bra and Ket
algebra. Spin angular momentum, experimental evidence for spin (Stern-Gerlach Experiment),
spin half and Pauli matrices. Addition of angular momenta and Clebsch-Gordon coefficients.
(16 lectures)

2. Symmetry and Invariance principle and conservation: Symmetry and conservation laws,
Translation in space: conservation of linear momentum, Translation in time: Conservation of
energy, Rotation in space: Conservation of angular momentum, Space Inversion: parity
conservation, Time reversal. (5 lectures)

3. Identical Particles: Meaning of identity and consequences; Symmetric and anti-symmetric

wave functions; Slater determinant; Symmetric and anti-symmetric spin wave functions of two
identical particles; Collisions of identical particles. (4 lectures)

4. Time-dependent Perturbation Theory: Time dependent perturbation theory, interaction

picture; Constant and harmonic perturbations Fermi's Golden rule; Sudden and adiabatic
approximations. (9 lectures)

5. Scattering theory: Differential and total scattering cross-sections, scattering amplitude;

Scattering by spherically symmetric potentials; Partial wave analysis and phase shifts; attractive
or repulsive nature of the potential; Scattering by a rigid sphere and square well; Coulomb
scattering; Born approximation. (8 lectures)

6. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Klein-Gordon equation in the presence of electromagnetic

field and its non-relativistic approximation, Pauli-Schrodinger equation Dirac’s equation for
electron, Dirac equation in the presence of electromagnetic fields and the prediction of spin and
magnetic moment of electron. (6 lectures)

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Books recommended

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – David J Griffiths

2. Modern Quantum Mechanics – J .J. Sakurai
3. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics –P. A. M. Dirac
4. Quantum Mechanics – N. Zettili
5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics –R. Feynman, R. Leighton and M. Sands
6. Quantum mechanics – A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan
7. Quantum Mechanics – S.N.Biswas
8. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics – J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell

Semester - 2
PHY-203: Nuclear Physics - I
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Nuclear Properties: Basic nuclear properties: nuclear size, Rutherford scattering, charge
distribution, nuclear form factor, angular momentum, spin, parity, Magnetic dipole moment and
electric quadrupole moment. (4 lectures)

2. Two nucleon system: Bound State Problem: Deuteron ground state with square well
potential, electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole moments – experimental values. Scattering
problem: Low energy n-p scattering, partial wave analysis, scattering length, magnitude of
scattering length and strength of scattering, significance of the sign of scattering length.
(6 lectures)

3. Model of Nuclear Structure: (a) Nuclear stability, mass parabolas – prediction of stability
against beta decay, stability limits against spontaneous fission. (b) Shell Model: Evidence of
shell structure, magic numbers, effective single particle potentials – square well, harmonic
oscillator, Wood-Saxon with spin orbit interaction, extreme single particle model – its successes
and failures in predicting ground state spin, parity, Nordheim rule. (8 lectures)

4. Nuclear Reactions: (a) Classification, conservation principles, laboratory and cms frame of
reference - energy and angle relationship for non-relativistic cases, kinematics and Q-values,
exo-ergic and endo-ergic reactions, threshold energy. (b) Basic concepts of flux and cross-
sections, attenuation, Coulomb and Rutherford scattering, quantum mechanical and relativistic
effects, extended particles, the compound nucleus hypothesis, Ghoshal experiment. (8 lectures)

5. Nuclear beta decay: Fermi’s theory of beta decay, comparative half-lives and forbidden
decays, Kurie plot, selection rules for Fermi and Gamow-Teller transitions, neutrino physics,
Reins & Cowen experiment, Concept of double beta decay and Majorana neutrino.
(8 lectures)

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6. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Ionization, proportional and GM counters, scintillation
counters. (4 lectures)

7. Elementary particles: Classification of elementary particles and their interactions,

conservation laws, symmetry principles & quantum numbers, strangeness and isospin, Gell-
Mann Nishijima scheme. (8 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Introductory Nuclear Physics – Kenneth S Krane.

2. Introductory Nuclear Physics – Samuel SM Wong.
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2) – SN Ghoshal.
4. Concepts of Nuclear Physics – Bernard L Cohen.
5. Techniques for Nuclear & Particle Physics Experiments – WR Leo

Semester - 2
PHY-204: Condensed Matter Physics – I
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Crystalline Solids: Fundamentals of crystal structure, symmetry operations, point groups and
space groups, X-ray diffraction, reciprocal lattice, atomic scattering factor, geometrical structure
factor. Imperfection in solids, Fick’s law. (10 lectures)

2. Lattice dynamics: Dispersion relations in monoatomic and diatomic linear lattices, normal
modes, phonons. (4 lectures)

3. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties: Complex dc dielectric constant and dielectric loss,
dielectric relaxation, Debye equations, dipole theory of ferroelectric domains,
antiferroelectricity. (5 lectures)

4. Energy bands in solids: Bloch function, Kronig-Penney model, Brillouin zones, effective
mass of charge carriers. Tight binding and Wigner-Seitz method (Only qualitative) (6 lectures.)

5. Semiconductors: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor, number density of carriers in intrinsic

and extrinsic semiconductors, expression for Fermi levels, recombination processes,
photoconductivity, Hall effect in metals and semiconductors. (6 lectures)

6. Magnetic properties: Fundamental concepts, quantum theory of diamagnetism and

paramagnetism, diamagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibilities of free electrons, molecular field
theory of ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, anisotropic energy, electron
paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance, Bloch equations. (8 lectures)

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7. Superconductivity: Thermodynamics of superconducting sate, London equations, coherence
length, idea of BCS theory, flux quantization, Josephson Effect. (6 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics – C. Kittel.

2. Solid State Physics – A.J. Dekker.
3. Introductory Solid State Physics – H.P. Myers.
4. Solid State Physics – N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin.
5. Magnetism in solids – D. H. Martin
6. Physics of Magnetism – S. Chikazumi

Semester – 2
PHY-205P: Physics & Computational Laboratory
Total Credit: 4

List of Experiments:

Optics
1. To determine the minimum number of lines required in given grating for resolution of Na lines
in 1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th (any two) order and hence to find the separation between D lines.
2. Llyod’s mirror

CMP
3. To measure the resistivity and hence the band gap of a semiconductor sample with the use of
four probe apparatus
4. To determine the Hall Constant and mobility of a given semiconductor specimen.

NP
5. To verify inverse square law for gamma rays using GM counter.
6. To determine the plateau of the given GM counter for radioactive radiations and its percentage
slope. Hence study the Statistical Fluctuation of the radiation.

Electronics
7. Using a 741 IC (a) design 1st and 2nd order LP filter, (b) draw the frequency response, (c) find
the roll off rate, (d) determine the gain and cut-off theoretically and practically
8. Solve the given differential equation using Analog Computation
9. Adder, substractor & comparator
10. To construct AND, OR, NOT, XOR, Half Adder and verify with NAND/NOR gates.
11. To design and study Triangle wave generator for a defined band.

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 Programming Lab:
(Total marks: 20)

Computer Programming:
Introduction to the C++, I/O statements, constants, variables, operators, statements and flow
control, functions, array, pointers, Input/output with files.

Basic concept of O/S (e.g. Linux), compiling & debugging of C++ programs.

Students will be required to write small programs involving key concepts of C++ programming
language as outlined above.

Books Recommended
1. Programming with C++ – Ravichandran
2. Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++ – John Hubbard

Semester – 2
(Open Elective-I)
PHY-206E: Experimental techniques in material science
Total Credit: 2

1. Pumps for High Vacuum (HV) and Ultra High Vacuum (UHV):
Important and fields applications of vacuum, Principles of pumping concept, Types of vacuum
pumps: Rotary, Molecular drag, Diffusion, Cryogenic, Getter, Titanium sublimation, Sputter ion,
Orbitron

2. Vacuum Measurements:
Vacuum Gauges: Mc Leod, Thermocouple (Pirani), Penning, Hot cathodeionization (triode
type), Bayard-Alpert Leak detection, Vacuum system design.

3. Low Temperature Technique:

Low temperatures techniques: Refrigeration principle (including thermodynamical aspects) and
low temperature production techniques (Throttling process)

Books recommended
1. Hand Book of Thin Film Technology, Maissel and Glange
2. Vacuum Physics and Techniques, T. A. Delchar, Chapman and Hall
3. Vacuum Technology, A. Roth, (North Holland, Elsevier Science B.V. 1990)
4. High Vacuum Techniques, J. Yarwood, (Chapman and Hall, Londong, 1967)
5. Experimental Principles and Methods below 1K, O. U. Lounasmaa, (Academic
Press, Londonand, New York, 1974)
6. Thermometry at Ultra Low Temperatures, W. Weyhmann
7. Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. II (R. V. Coleman, Academic Press, New
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York and London, 1974)
8. Cryophysics, K. Mendelssohn, Interscience (London, 1960)
Semester – 2
(Open Elective-I)
PHY-207E: Basics of Materials Science
Total Credit: 2

UNIT – I
Introduction to materials science – Classification of engineering materials – Structureproperty
relationships – Stability and metastability – Basic thermodynamic functions and related processes –
Introduction to phase diagrams – Phase rule – Lever rule – One and two components – Solid solution
– Eutectic binary mixtures –Microstructural changes during cooling – Typical phase diagrams and
their applications.
UNIT – II
Introduction to band theory of solids – Classification of metals, insulators and semiconductors –
Forbidden gap– Mechanical properties of materials – Elastic deformation – Fracture – Plastic
deformation Slip – Critical shear stress – Effect of lattice defects on mechanical properties.
UNIT – III
Material preparation and characterization – Different techniques of growing crystals –Melt growth
Growth of thin films Characterisation by Xray and optical methods

Books recommended
1. Material Science and Engineering V. Raghavan, PrenticeHall
2. Material Science and Engineering, W.D.Callistin, John Wiley Sons
3. Hand book of thin film technology, Meissel and Glong, McGraw Hill

Semester - 3
PHY-301: Mathematical Physics – II
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Tensor Analysis: Curvilinear co-ordinate systems, transformation properties of covariant and

contravariant tensors, covariant and contravariant tensors; addition, subtraction, outer product,
inner product and contraction; Symmetric and anti symmetric tensors; Quotient law; metric
tensor; conjugate tensor; Raising and lowering of indices; The Christoffel symbols and their
transformation laws; covariant differentiation of tensors, tensoral expression for Laplacian
operator. (15 lectures)

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2.Partial Differential equations: One-dimensional and two-dimensional (rectangular and
circular) wave equation, separation of variables method, one-dimensional heat transfer equation
(finite and infinite rod), incorporation of initial and boundary conditions, Laplace’s equation and
its solution. (8 lectures)

3. Integral transformation: Fourier transform of Dirac-delta function, Laplace transform,

inverse Laplace transform, shifting theorem, convolution, solution of differential equations using
Laplace transform and Fourier transform. (6 lectures)

4. Integral Equations: General classification of integral equations Voltera and Fredholm

equations of first and second kind. Solution of integral equations: Iterative technique (successive
approximation or Neumann series), separable kernels (degenerate kernel). (7 lectures)

5. Group Theory: Definition of group, subgroup, coset, classes, factor groups, homomorphism,
isomorphism, direct and semi-direct products, group representations – reducible and irreducible
representations; symmetry group, unitary group, Lie groups, SU(2) and SU(3), elements of point
groups and simple applications. (12 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists - G.B. Arfken

2. Vector Analysis and an Introduction to Tensor Analysis – Murray Spiegel
3. Mathematical Physics–H.K Dass
4. Group Theory and its Application to Physical Problems–M. Hamermesh
5. Classical Groups for Physicists–B.G. Wybourne
6. Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics – M. Tinkham
7. Mathematical Methods of Physics – J. Mathews and R.L. Walker
8. Integral Equations - Shanti Swarup

Semester - 3
PHY-302: Atomic and Molecular Physics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

Atomic Physics: (lectures: 15)

Pauli exclusion principle: spectral terms from two equivalent electrons, calculation of Zeeman
pattern, Paschen-Back effect, Stark effect in hydrogen, hyperfine structure and determination of
nuclear spin and nuclear g factors, radiative transition probabilities, line width: Doppler
broadening, natural broadening, collision broadening and Stark broadening.

Molecular Physics: (lectures: 15)

(a) IR spectra: Rotation, vibration and rotation-vibration spectra of diatomic molecules,
selection rules, determination of rotational constants.
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(b) Electronic spectra: Born-Oppenheimer approximation, (i) vibrational structure of electronic
transition, progressions and sequences of vibrational bands, Intensity distribution, Franck-
Condon principle, (ii) rotational structure of electronic transition, band head formation.

(c) Raman spectra: Quantum and classical theory of Raman Effect, Vibrational Raman
spectrum, selection rules, Stokes and anti-Stokes lines, Rotational Raman spectrum, selection
rule.

(d) NMR & ESR spectra: Magnetic properties of nuclei, nuclear resonance, Spin-spin & spin-
lattice interaction, chemical shift, nuclear coupling.

Lasers: (lectures: 15)

Basic elements of laser; properties of laser light: directionality, intensity, monochromaticity,
coherence; spontaneous and stimulated emission: Einstein coefficients; light amplification,
population inversion and threshold condition for laser oscillations; quality factor; optical and
electrical pumping; optical resonator modes of a rectangular cavity; ammonia maser; Ruby, He-
Ne, CO2 and semi conductor laser: excitation mechanism.

Selected applications of laser: Holography and optical communication (basic principles only).

Books recommended

1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra H. E. White.

2. Physics of atoms and molecules B. H. Bransden, C J. Joachain.
3. Modern Atomic Physics (Vol I) – B. Cagnac and J. C. Pabey.
4. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy C. N. Banwell, E. M. McCash.
5. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules (Vol. 1) G. Herzberg.
6. Lasers and Non-linear Optics B. B. Laud.
7. Lasers: Theory and Applications K. Thyagarajan, A. K. Ghatak.
8. Optics – E. Hecht.
9. Optoelectronics – Wilson and Hawkes.

Semester - 3
PHY-303: Numerical Methods and Computation
Total Credit: 4 (2+0+2)

Part – I (Numerical Methods)

1. Introduction: Representation of integers and real numbers in computers, floating point
arithmetic, sources of errors i.e. roundoff and truncation errors. (1 lectures)

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2. Solution to non-linear equations: Isolation of roots of simple equations; general methods for
solving transcendental equations; Newton-Raphson method – advantages and disadvantages;
propagation of errors in each of these methods. (3 lectures)

3. Solution of linear systems: Ax = b: Gauss elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination.

(3 lectures)
4. Interpolation and curve-fitting: Polynomial interpolation using Lagrange's method;
construction of Newton-Gregory forward difference and backward difference tables; error
estimation in these methods; curve-fitting and the principle of least square. (5 lectures)

5. Numerical Integration: Integration as quadrature (or area under the curve); Newton-Cote's
formulae: trapezoidal and Simpson's rule; Gaussian quadrature. (5 lectures)

6. Solution of differential equations: Euler's method for solving first order linear differential
equations (initial value problem): limitations and discussion on its accuracy; Runge-Kutta
method and its comparison with Euler's method; 4th order R-K method. (5 lectures)

Part – II (Computation)
1. Introduction to Unix and C++: Building ANSI c++ program; Data types, Operators and
Expressions; Input and Output streams; Control statements; Functions and program structures;
Arrays; Pointers and strings; Structures and Union; Classes and Objects (10 lectures)

Programming:
1. Solution of nonlinear equations:
(a) Root within an interval using Bisection Method (b) Root near a given point by Newton-
Raphson Method
2. Interpolation methods: Finding the Interpolation value at a point, given a set of table points,
using: (a) Lagrange interpolation representation (b) Newton interpolation representation
3. Curve fitting and regression
(a) Fitting a straight line to a set of data points using method of least squares (b) Fitting a
polynomial curve to a set of data points using method of least squares
4. Problems on numerical integrations by different methods.
(a) Integrating a given function using Trapezoidal rule (b) Integrating a given function using
Simpson’s 1/3 rule (c) Integrating a given function using Gaussian quadrature method
5. Programming on numerical solution of ordinary differential equations.
(a) Using Euler’s method (b) Using Runge-Kutta method
6. Solution of linear systems of equations through matrix methods
(a) Solution of linear systems by determinants (b) Solution of linear systems through matrix
inversion
7. Boundary value and Eigenvalue problem
(a) Determination of Eigenvectors of a system of linear equations (b) Finding eigenvalue and
corresponding eigenvector using power method.
8. Problems on Monte Carlo Technique
(a) Generation of random numbers (b) Monte Carlo evaluation of integrals (c) Determination of
the value of π

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(List of programming given above should be considered as suggestive of the standard. New
problems of similar standard may be added and old problems may be deleted whenever
considered it necessary)

Books recommended

1. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis – S. Sastry

2. Numerical Methods – E. Balagurusamy
3. Computer Oriented Numerical Methods – V. Rajaraman
4. Numerical Recipes – W. Press
5. Programming with C++ – Ravichandran
6. Schaum's Outline of Programming with C++ – John Hubbard

Semester – 3 (Specialization-I)
PHY-304: Nuclear Physics - II
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Nuclear Force: (4L)

Review and general discussion of nuclear force from NN scattering, Origin of Yukawa theory,
and discussion of OPEP potentials.

2. Nuclear Models: (10L)

(i) Shell Model: Review of shell model, electric dipole and quadrupole moments of various
nuclei in the light of extreme single particle shell model (3 lectures) (ii) Collective Model:
Failure of shell model in understanding the excited states of even-even nuclei, dynamics of
collective motion, rotational and vibrational models, Hamiltonian for collective model of a
deformed nucleus – Nilsson model. (7 lectures)

2. Nuclear Reaction: (12L)

(i) Types of Nuclear Reaction, Optical model for elastic scattering, average interaction potential
for nucleon, energy dependence of the potential, imaginary and absorption, analysis of scattering
experiment. (2 lectures) (ii) Direct Reaction: Kinematics of stripping and pick-up reactions,
inelastic scattering, transfer reaction with grazing angle concept, plane wave and distorted wave
Born approximation (DWBA) (4 lectures) (iii) Compound Nucleus Resonance: Breit-Wigner
dispersion formula. Reaction mechanism – compound nucleus, continuum theory of cross
section, statistical theory, evaporation probability. (4L)

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4. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: (15L)
Ionizing Radiation: Ionization and transport phenomena in gases – Avalanche multiplication.
Detector Properties: Detection – Energy measurement – Position measurement, Time
measurement Gas Counters: Ionization chambers – Proportional counters – Multi-wire
proportional counters (MWPC) – Geiger-Muller counters – Neutron detectors. Solid State
Detectors: Semiconductor detectors - Integrating solid state devices - Surface -barrier detectors.
Scintillation counters: Organic and inorganic scintillators – Theory, characteristics and detection
efficiency. High Energy Particle Detectors: General principles - Nuclear emulsions - Cloud
chambers -Bubble chambers - Cerenkov counter. Nuclear Electronics: Analog and digital pulses
-Single pulses - Transient effects in an R-C circuit - Pulse shaping - Linear amplifiers - Pulse
height discriminators - Single channel analyzer -Multi-channel analyzer (MCA).

5. Elementary particle (7L)

Resonance states of Hadrons, Spin and Parity determination of pions and strange particles,
Baryon Spectroscopy, structure of nucleons – Quark model, Properties of quarks and their
classification. Elementary ideas of SU(2) and SU(3) symmetry groups. Introduction to Standard
Model. Weak isospin and color symmetry – Gauge bosons.

Books recommended

1. Nuclear Physics – Roy and Nigam.

2. Introduction to Nuclear Reactions – GR Satchler
3. Structure of the Nucleus – MA Preston & RK Bhaduri.
4. Nuclear Physics – Principles & Applications – John Lilley.
5. Nuclear Physics – Experimental & Theoretical – HS Hans.
6. Nuclear Physics (Vol. I, II, III) – E Segri.
7. Nuclear & Particle Physics – WE Burcham & M Jobes.
8. Introduction to Elementary Particles – David Griffiths
9. Introduction to Nuclear & Particle Physics –A Das & T Ferbel.

Semester – 3 (Specialization-I)
PHY-305: Condensed Matter Physics – II
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Phonon Spectrum
Phonon creation and annihilation operators, elastic scattering of electrons, inelastic scattering by
phonons, inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons including experimental details, inelastic
phonon scattering, normal and umklapp processes.

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2. Optical Properties of Solids
Optical constants, dispersion relation of optical constants from Maxwell’s equations, Kramers-
Kronig relations, optical absorption and emission in semiconductors, exciton absorption,
impurity and interband transitions, luminescence, activators, Frank Condon principle,
photoluminescence and thermoluminescence.

3. Superconductivity
Isotope effect, Frohlich interaction, electron-phonon interaction and BCS theory of
superconductivity, flux quantization in a superconductivity ring, superconducting tunneling-
Giaever and Josephson effects (d.c. and a.c.), superconducting quantum interference device
(SQUID), Ginsburg-Landau theory of the type II superconductivity, high temperature
superconductivity and super conducting magnets.

4. Semiconductor devices:
Metal-semiconductor junctions, Semiconductor homo and heterojunctios, I-V characteristics of
junctions, some optoelectronic devices, photogeneration at p-n junction, photovoltaic effect.

5. Electrons in magnetic field: Magnetoconductivity, cyclotron resonance, Landau levels and

Landau cylinders, de Haas-van Alphen effect, Fermi surface studies.

Books recommended

1. Lattice Dynamics – A. K. Ghatak and L. S. Kothari

2. Theory of Superconductivity – J. R. Schriffer
3. Solid State Physics – A.J. Dekker
4. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics–J. Richard Christman
5. Introduction to Solid State Physics – C.Kittel
6. Solid state theory – W. Harrison
7. Intermediate quantum theory of crystalline solids – A. O. E. Animalu

Semester – 3 (Specialization-I)
PHY-306: High Energy Physics - I
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Introduction to elementary particles and quark model of hadrons: (Lectures 20)

Classification of elementary particles, spin and parity determination of pions and strange
particles, properties of particles: C, P, G-conjugation, Gell-Mann and Nishijima scheme, the
eightfold way classification (Gell-Mann and Neeman classification), quark hypothesis of Gell-
Mann and Zweig, properties and types of quarks, elementary idea of Lie groups, spin SU(2) and
flavour SU(3) symmetry, colour quantum number, hadron wave functions and classification
(spin and flavour), Parton model. Four fundamental interactions and their characteristics in terms

20 | P a g e
of decay lifetimes, strengths, ranges; conservation laws and decay modes, charged leptonic weak
interactions, decay of muon, neutron and charged pions, neutral weak interactions.

2. Quantum Field Theory: (Lectures 28)

Introduction: Concept of fields and field quanta, various kinds of fields and their characteristics,
Inadequacies of quantum mechanics and the necessity of field theory.

Concept of fields, classical fields as generalized coordinates, Lagrangian of a field, Euler-

Lagrange equation, Canonical quantization of a one-dimensional classical system, Fock space,
the method of second quantization;

Canonical quantization of free fields: Real and complex scalar fields, electromagnetic field,
Dirac field;

Interacting fields: Interaction picture, Covariant perturbation theory, S-matrix, Wick’s theorem,
Feynman diagram.

3. Quantum Electrodynamics (QED):

Feynman rules in momentum space, reduction of time-ordered products, Example of actual
calculations: Rutherford, Bhabha, Moeller, Compton, █(−@ + 𝜇^ @−→ 𝜇^ @ + 𝑒^ @𝑒^ )
scattering. Decay and scattering kinematics, Mandelstam variables.

4. Higher order corrections:

One-loop diagrams. Basic idea of regularization and renormalization. Degree of divergence.
Calculation of self-energy of scalar in 𝜙 4 theory using cut-off or dimensional regularization.
Elementary discussions on running couplings and renormalization group.

Books Recommended

1. Introduction to Elementary Particles–David Griffiths

2. Quarks and leptons: An introductory course in Modern Particle Physics–Francis Halzen
& Alan D.Martin
3. Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics– Ta-Pei Cheng & Ling-Fong Li
4. Quantum Field Theory– L.H.Ryder
5. (a) Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (Vol-I , Vol-II)James D.Bjorken and Sidney D.Drell.

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 Semester – 3 (Specialization-I)
PHY-307: Advanced Electronics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1.Information theory
Information , channel and fundamental limits on performance , Random signal , noise in
communication systems , uncertainty , Information and entropy , Average information content
( Entropy ) of symbols in long independent and dependent sequences , Source encoding
theorem , Shanon’s encoding theorem , Shanon-Hartley theorem and Channel capacity.
( Lectures 5)

2. Net work analysis

Network properties of transfer function of linear and lumped system , frequency response , zero
inputand zero state response , System stability , Routh array , Bode plot. ( Lectures 3 )

3. Discrete time signal and systems

Analog filter design : Design aspects of filters Butterworth , Bessel , Chebyshev (Type I), Filter
transformation and frequency scaling. Digital filters : Design aspects of Impulse Response and
Convolution sum , difference equation ,FIR and IIR systems , Stable and Unstable systems. The
Z transform: z transform , delay operator , System function , Stability Criterion , Frequency
response of a system .Structure of Digital Filters. ( Lectures 8 )

4.Combinational and Sequential Logic

Combinational logic design with SSI gates and MSI devices ( TTL , ECL ,MOS, CMOS and I 2 L
gates), threshold voltage , operating speed , power dissipation , noise margin , logic voltage
level, fan in & fan out operations. Fault detection and location by path sensitizing and SPOOF
methods. Synthesis and Design of sequential circuits : Analysis and Synthesis of Synchronous
and Asynchronous circuits , Hazard free asynchronous circuits , sequential machine and flow
chart. (Lectures 5 )

5.Modulation technique for digital communication

Coherent ASK , PSK and FSK, non coherent ASK ,FSK , differential PSK ,bandwidth and power
requirement , M-ary signaling scheme, QPSK , transmitter and receivers. Error control coding
methods , types of errors and codes. ( Lectures 8 )

6.Elements of microwave and opticalcommunication

Circular wave guides, reflection and matching in wave guides. Propagation of optical signal
through fibre. Step index fibre , graded fibre, multipath dispersion in graded fibre and attenuation
in optical fibre. Opto-electronic communication circuits: Transmitter , detector and amplifier
circuits . ( Lectures 7 )

7. Antenna
Horn Antenna its directivity and phase error reflector : cylindrical and doubly curved; lens
22 | P a g e
antenna : single surface dielectric , stepped lenses and metal plate lens antenna , aperture and
field ,Microstrip antenna :cavity model , impedance , radiation pattern. (Lectures 7)

8.Servomechanism and control system

Open loop system, First and Second order system with derivative & integral control , Servomotor
and simple its control circuits. ( Lectures 5 )

Books Recommended:

1. Digital Signal Processing : Principles , Algorithms and Applications – J. Proakis , D.

Manolakis.
2. Electronic Communication Systems –Kennedy and Davis.
3. Digital Circuits and Logic Design : S. C. Lee
4. Digital Logic and Computer Organisation : Rajaram and Radhakrisnan
5. Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing : Rabiner and Gold
7. Network analysis :M.E Van Valkenburg
8. Electronic Communication : D Roddy and J Coolen
9. Digital Communication : J.G .Proakisd
10. Antenna Theory & Design : R.S Elliot.
11. Antennas and Radio wave propagation: Robert E Collin.

Semester – 3 (Practical)
PHY-308P: Specialization Practical
Total Credit: 3 (0+0+3)

List of experiments for Nuclear Physics:

1. To determine the dead time of a GM using single source.

2. To determine the efficiency of a G.M. counter by using a γ-ray source.
3. To study the absorption of beta rays emitted from different radioactive sources from Al, and
hence to find the range-energy relation for beta particles, by Feather’s method.
4.(i) To study the complete spectrum of different gamma sources and to locate the corresponding
photo peak, Compton edge, using NaI(Tl) scintillation counter and single channel analyser and
draw calibration curve.
(ii) To find the resolution R for different energies and hence to draw logR vs. logE curve.
5. (i) To study the complete spectrum of Mn-54, using NaI(Tl) scintillation counter and
multichannel analyser.
(ii) To calibrate and determine the resolution R using the sources Cs-137, Ba-133 and Co-60
taking Na-22 as the unknown source.
6. To create the rough vacuum in a given small stainless steel chamber and find out the
resolution of an SSB detector inserting inside it using 241Am α-source.
7. To determine the average diameter of α-particle tracks in SSNTD.

23 | P a g e
8. To study the “Thorium stars” produced in the nuclear emulsion and to measure the range of
the tracks and to draw energy histograms.
9. To determine the mass of pion by studying π-μ decay in nuclear emulsion.
10. (i) To scan a given nuclear emulsion plate to determine the number of prongs of the stars. To
draw the Nn distributions of the interaction stars and hence calculate the excitation energy of the
interaction.
(ii) To determine the scattering cross-section for interaction.

Note: Minimum number of experiments to be performed is 4

List of experiments for Condensed Matter Physics:

1. To determine the Lande g-factor of electrons by using the ESR set up.
2. To study the temperature dependence of Hall coefficient.
3. To determine magnetoresistance of the supplied material.
4. To determine the (i) Susceptibility arising due to water in the solution of MnCl2 (ii) magnetic
moment of Mn++ ions in terms of Bohr magneton and (iii) the ionic molecular susceptibility of
Mn++ ions by using Quink's method.
5. To study the I-V characteristics of the supplied solar cell and find its spectral response.
6. To determine the transition temperature of the supplied ferroelectric materials. (BaTiO3).
7. To determine the power law dependence of photocurrent on intensity of illumination in a thin
film sample.
8. To measure the transmission and absorption coefficients of a given liquid and a solid thin film
with spectrophotometer.
9. To study the thermoluminescence of F-centres of alkali halides.

Note: Minimum number of experiments to be performed is 6

Semester – 3 (Elective-II)
PHY-309E: Nano Science and Technology
Total Credit: 3 (3+0+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Concept of nanoscale regime, Emergence of nanotechnology, Bottom up and top down

approaches, Challenges of nanotechnology.

2. Quantum wells, wires and dots. Synthesis of metallic, oxide and semiconductor nanoparticles
– Physical: Lithographic, Scanning probe microscope, Melt-spinning, R.F. sputtering, Pulsed
laser deposition, Chemical: Chemical bath deposition, Sol-gel, Vapour deposition.

3. Thin films – Fundamentals of film growth, Method of thin film deposition – Vapour
evaporation, R.F. sputtering, CBD, MBE, Size effects in thin films.
24 | P a g e
4. Carbon nanostructures – Nature of carbon bond, Small carbon clusters, Discovery of C60,
Structure of C60, Larger and smaller fullerenes, Carbon nanotube, Bulk nanostructured materials
and their properties.

5. Methods of measurements – X-ray diffraction, Broadening of diffraction lines, Scherrer

equation, Optical absorption spectra, Basics of electron microscopy –SEM, TEM, AFM,
Photoluminescence, Electrical and magnetic properties.

6. Applications of nanomaterials – Nanoelectronics, Biological applications of nanoparticles,

Band gap engineered quantum devices, Photonic crystals.

Books recommended:

1. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Bharat Bhusan (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004.

2. Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, Guozhong
Cao, Imperial College Press, 2004.
3. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr. and Frank J. Owens, Wiley Interscience,
2003.
4. B. D. Cullity and S. R. Stock, Elements of X-ray Diffractions (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall, 2001.
5. Scanning Electron Microscopy on X-ray Analysis, J. Goldstein, D. Newbury, P. Echlin, D. C.
Joy, Plenum Publisher, 1992.

Semester – 3 (Elective-II)
PHY-310E: Quantum Mechanics - III
Total Credit: 3 (3+0+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. WKB Approximation: Quantisation rule, tunnelling through a barrier, qualitative discussion

of α-decay. (6 lectures)

2. Scattering theory: Laboratory and centre of mass frames, differential and total scattering
cross-sections, scattering amplitude; Scattering by spherically symmetric potentials; Partial wave
analysis and phase shifts; Relation between sign of phase shift and attractive or repulsive nature
of the potential; Scattering by a rigid sphere and square well; Coulomb scattering; Formal theory
of scattering Green's function in scattering theory; Lippman-Schwinger equation; Born
approximation. (12 lectures)

3. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Free particle solution of Dirac equation, physical

interpretation of negative energy state and Dirac hole theory, concept of positron, concept of
antiparticle, non-relativistic approximation of Dirac equation and covariant form of Dirac
equation; Dirac gamma matrices and their properties and trace calculations; covariance and
Lorentz invariance of Dirac equation, bilinear covariant forms. (9 lectures)

25 | P a g e
4. Quantization of fields: Classical and quantum fields equations, quantization of the non-
relativistic Schrodinger equation using commutator and anticommutator relations, quantization
of electromagnetic field, interaction of radiation with matter, transition probability for absorption
and spontaneous and induced emission, elementary concept on renormalization and Lamb shift.
(13 lectures)

5. Path integral Formulation: Feynman's Path, Integral Approach, Dirac Feynman Action
Principle, Equivalence of Feynman and Schrodinger Equations. (5 lectures)

6. Paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics (Qualitative discussion only): Schrondiger's Cat

Paradox, Einstein – Podolosky – Rosen (EPR) Paradox, Bell Inequalities for Hidden variable
theory. (3 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics – David J Griffiths

2. Modern Quantum Mechanics – J .J. Sakurai
2. Principles of Quantum Mechanics – R. Shankar (3rd Ed. Springer)
3. The Principles of Quantum Mechanics –P. A. M. Dirac
4. Quantum Mechanics – N. Zettili
5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics –R. Feynman, R. Leighton and M. Sands
6. Quantum mechanics – A. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan
7. Quantum Mechanics – S.N.Biswas
8. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics – J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell
9. Quarks and Leptons–F. Halzen and A.D. Martin
10. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics – W. Greiner
11. A First Book of Quantum Field Theory – A. Lahiri and P.B. Pal

Semester – 3 (Elective-II)
PHY-311E: Physics of Low Temperature
Total Credit: 3 (3+0+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Superfluidity of liquid He, phases of super fluid He, singlet & triplet state pairing. Production
of low temperature, principles of gas liquefaction, basic thermodynamics, liquefaction cycles,

2. liquefaction and refrigeration systems, liquid nitrogen and liquid Helium plants, storage and
transfer of liquids/gases, heat exchangers, cooling with liquid Helium, dilution refrigerator,

3. Adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic salts, nuclear demagnetisation, heat transfer and

control, thermal contact and isolation, design of cryostats, vacuum techniques and materials for
26 | P a g e
low temperatures.

4. Landau theory, applied superconductivity, Josephson weak link devices, superconducting

switches and amplifiers, computer memory, radiation detectors, high field superconducting
magnets, superconducting machinery, RF superconducting devices, future prospects of research
at low temperatures.

Recommended Books:

1. White, G.K., Experimental Techniques in low temperature physics, 3rd Edition, (Oxford
University Press, USA, 2003)

2. Barren, R., Cryogenic Systems, 2nd Edition, (Oxford University Press, New York, 1985).15
Reference Book(s)

1. Hoare, F.E., Experimental Cryophysics, (Butterworths, London, 1961).

2. Zemansky, H.W., Heat & Thermodynamics, (McGraw Hill,1975).

Semester – 4
PHY-401: Statistical Mechanics
Total Credit: 5 (4+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Classical Statistical mechanics: Statistical basis of Thermodynamics, the micro and macro
states, postulates of equal a priori probability, connection between statistical mechanics and
thermodynamics. Elements of ensemble theory: Micro canonical, canonical and grand canonical
ensembles, partition and grand partition functions, particle density, energy fluctuations in grand
canonical ensemble, equivalence to other ensembles. (15 lectures)

2. Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Basic principle, inadequacy of classical theory, quantum

mechanical ensemble theory, density matrix, ensembles in quantum statistical mechanics.
Maxwell-Bolzman, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, properties of ideal Bose gas system
and ideal Fermi gas system, their equations of state, some applications – Black body radiations,
white dwarf, Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and experimental evidences. (14 lectures)

3. Fluctuations: Thermodynamic fluctuations, Gaussian distribution, random walk and

Brownian motion, approach to equilibrium, Fokker-Planck equation; introduction to non-
equilibrium processes. (7 lectures)

27 | P a g e
4. Phase transition: Formulation of the problem, the theory of Lee and Yang. First and second
order phase transitions; diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism; Liquid Helium, Two
fluid hydrodynamics, second sound, theories of Landau and Feynman (8 lectures)

5. Special topics: Ising model: partition function for one dimensional case; Chemical quilibrium
and Saha ionisation formula. (4 lectures)

Books recommended

1. Statistical mechanics – K. Huang

2. Statistical Mechanics – R. K. Pathria
3. Statistical Mechanics – B. K. Agarwal and M. Eisner
4. Statistical Mechanics – S. K. Singh
5. Statistical Physics – J. K. Bhattacharya
6. Statistical Mechanics – R. Feynman
7. Statistical Physics: L. Landau and E. Lifshitz

Semester – 4 (Specialization-II)
PHY-402: Nuclear Physics – III
Total Credit: 5 (4+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Electromagnetic Interaction with Nuclei (8L)

Multipole expansion of Radiation field, multipolarity, gamma-ray transition probability, Angular
momentum and Parity selection rules. Comparison with experiments, Nuclear Isomerism,
Internal Conversion of gamma-rays, Angular distribution of gamma-rays, Angular correlation in
gamma-gamma–cascade.

2. Nuclear fission and fusion (12 L)

Neutron Physics: Sources of neutron, detection of neutrons, classification of neutrons, slowing
down of neutrons, Age equation, Spontaneous and induced fission, Q-value of fission, fission
barrier, activation energy, condition for spontaneous fission. Characteristics of fission-energy
distribution of fission product, mass distribution, no. of neutrons emitted in fission, fission cross-
section. Bohr-Wheeler theory of fission reaction.
Nuclear fusion: Basic fusion process, characteristics of fusion, thermonuclear fusion &
nucleosynthesis-pp. chain & CNO cycle. Production of elements with A>56 - S & r processes.

28 | P a g e
3. Radiation protection (8L)
Dosimetric units: The Rotentgen, absorbed dose, relative biological effects (RBE), equivalent
dose, effective dose; typical doses from sources in environment; Biological effects: high doses
received in short time, low-level doses; dose limits; shielding; radiation safety in the nuclear
physics laboratory.

4. Applications of nuclear physics (10L)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR): Concept of nuclear magnetic resonance, Resonance
condition, Experimental technique – Purcell and Bloch method, Applications of NMR –
Determination of nuclear spin, Chemical shift;

Mossbauer Effect: Significance of line width and recoil of the nuclei in the emission and
absorption of a gamma photon, Various techniques for overcoming the energy difference
between the emission and absorption line of a gamma photon, Mossbauer effect, Experimental
techniques, Applications of Mossbauer effect – Isomer shift, determination of gravitational red
shift;
Nuclear medicine: diagnostic and therapeutic.

Books recommended

1. Introductory Nuclear Physics – Kenneth S Krane.

2. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2) – SN Ghoshal.
3. Introductory Nuclear Physics – Samuel SM Wong.
4. Techniques for Nuclear & Particle Physics Experiments – WR Leo

Semester – 4 (Specialization-II)
PHY-403: Condensed Matter Physics – III
Total Credit: 5 (4+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Magnetic properties of Solids: Exchange interaction and exchange integral for two-electron
system, Heisenberg Hamiltonian for exchange interaction, relationship between exchange energy
and molecular field, ferromagnetic spinwaves and antiferromagnetic spin waves and their
dispersion relations, magnons, neutron diffraction and antiferromagnetic ordering.

2. Thin Solid Films : Thin films and preparation by thermal evaporation and sputtering method,
condensation, nucleation and growth of thin films, size effect in electrical conductivity: Fuchs
and Sondheimmer theory and comparison with experiments; two dimensional electron gas
(2DEGS) systems, 2DEGS in hetero-structures, energy relationships, integral quantum hall

29 | P a g e
effect (QHE) and fractional quantum hall effect.

3. Nanophysics : Idea of nano-structured materials; Quantum dots and quantum wires, variation
of bandgap of nano-materials with crystalline size; methods of preparation of nano-materials:
ball milling, evaporation, ion beam deposition and chemical method, determination of crystalline
size, electronic, spintronic, photonic, thermal and magnetic properties in nano-scale materials.

4. Quantum mechanical treatment of quantum wells, Widening of bandgap in semiconductor

dots, Strong and weak confinement, Size dependent properties, Size dependent absorption
spectra, Blue shift, Size dependent magnetic properties.

Books recommended:
1. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics: J. R. Christman
2. Magnetism in Solids: D. H. Martin
3. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: S. M. Sze
4. Handbook of Thin Film Technology: L. I. Maissel and R. Glang
5. Physics of Magnetism: Soshin Chikazumi
6. Nanotechnology: Molecularly Designed Materials: Gan-Moog Chow and Kenneth E.
Gonlsaves, American Chemical Society, 1996
7. Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Films: Preparation, Characterization and
Applications: J. H. Ffender (Ed.)
8. Physics of Low Dimensional Semiconductors: John H. Davies

Semester – 4 (Specialization-II)
PHY-404: High Energy Physics - II
Total Credit: 5 (4+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

Gauge Theories: Introducton to Gauge symmetries – global and local gauge transformations,
Abelian group U(1) (QED), Yang-Mills (Non-Abelian) groups – SU(2) (isospin), SU(3)C (QCD).
(8)

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB): Ground state with spontaneous symmetry breaking,
some examples; global symmetry breaking and Goldstone bosons, proof of Goldstone theorem,
local symmetry breaking and Higgs mechanism for giving masses to vector bosons, examples-
U(1), SU(2). (8)

30 | P a g e
Standard Model (SM): Standard model of electroweak unification, gauge bosons W+, W-, Z0,
charged weak current and neutral current, Higgs particle, experimental status. (8)

Beyond Standard Model: (a) Introduction to Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) – SU(5) and
SO(10), and proton decay predictions; (b) Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)
and its extension, its predictions; (c) Introduction to String Theories and Planck scale physics.
(15)

Neutrino physics: Solar and atmospheric neutrino puzzles, theory of neutrino oscillations in
vacuum and medium (MSW mechanism), neutrino masses and leptonic mixings, survey of
various neutrino oscillation experiments, seesaw mechanism for small neutrino masses. (6)

Books recommended

1. Gauge Theory of elementary particle physics -by Ta – Pei Cheng & Ling-Fong Li, (Oxford
University Press, 1983)
2. Quarks and leptons: An introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics, by Francis Halzen &
Alan D. Martin (John Wiley & Sons, 1984)
3. Introduction to Elementary Particles, - by David Griffiths (John Wiley & Sons, 1987)
4. A First Course in String theory, by Barton Zwiebach, (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004)
5. Grand Unified theories, by Graham G. Ross, (Oxford Univ. 1984)
6. Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics – by R.N. Mohapatra & P.B. Pal (World
Scientific, Singapore)

Semester – 4 (Specialization-II)
PHY-405: Optoelectronics
Total Credit: 5 (3+0+2)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Basic Optics
Natural, artificial and specialized light sources, characterization of light sources based on
intensity spectrum, emission, spatial distribution, conversion efficiency. Experimental methods
for studying these characteristics;
Use of optical filters, their disadvantages and necessity and use of monochromatic source, wave
nature of light, reflection and refraction, Snell's law, Total Internal Reflection.

2. Light Sources
31 | P a g e
Study of LEDs: variable band-gap semi material idea of hetero-junction, simple and double
hetero structure light sources, quantum efficiency, internal and external quantum efficiency,
expression for total and internal quantum efficiency, reasons for external quantum efficiency to
be less than internal quantum efficiency, intensity distribution of LED, Lambertial sources,
encapsulation of LEDs, types of LED surfaces and edge emitting, Burus LED.

Study of LASER: LASER as an amplifier of light and necessary conditions for amplification,
special properties of laser: monochromatic, coherent and light power nature, directionality,
divergence and attenuation of LASER beams. Study of 3-level LASER (Ruby LASER), study of
4-level LASER, study of tunable LASER, semiconductor LASER and application of high power,
low power continuous wave and pulsed LASERs.

3. Light Detectors
Idea of light detectors and their basic types, natural and specialised light detectors, type of
specialised light detectors, thermal, quantum light detectors, types of quantum photodetectors,
photo-resistive, photo-voltaic, photo-emissive detectors. Study of quantum detectors – photo-
electric cell, photo-multiplier tube, photo-diode. Important characteristics of light detectors –
ospectral response, viewing angle, efficiency and material used for photo-detectors.

4. Optical Fibre: Theory and Applications

Action of optical fibre as wave guide, advantages of optical fibre communication over normal
medium, necessary conditions for wave-guiding mechanisms of optical fibres. Stepindex and
graded-index fibres, expression for angle of acceptance and cone of acceptance. Numerical
aperture, time dispersion, splicing and fibre connections -- requirements of splicing, practical
methods of splicing; Types of optical fibre connectors, losses in optical fibre communication.
Losses due to fibres: intrinsic and extrinsic losses, intrinsic losses due to atomic scattering and
molecular absorption, expression for loss factor. Extrinsic losses due to mechanical effects,
micro bends, cracks etc. Losses due to connectors, core longitudinal, angular misalignment,
mismatch of rate indices of fibre material etc. Expression for electromagnetic wave guided by
fibre, modes of transmission, dispersion in optical fibres, wavelength and time dispersion,
internodes dispersion.

5. Optical Fibre Systems and Devices

Optical transmitter/receiver circuits, driver circuits for LED, detector circuit design using photo-
diode, photo transistors and fibre choice. Communication over special fibres, DS fibres, NZDS
fibre, integrated optics, slab and strip waveguides and electro-optic devices -- phase shifters,
interferometer modulators. Opto-electronic modulation and switching devices: analog and digital
modulation, electrooptic modulators, optical switching and logic. Opto-electronic integrated
circuits.

6. Measurement on Optical Fibre

Optical fibre experimental set-up, launching light into fibre, detection etc. Fibre attenuation
measurement, dispersion measurement, profile measurement, numerical aperture measurement,
diameter measurement.

Practical [Any 5 experiments to be performed]

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1. Study of characteristics of: (i) Photo-diode , (ii) Photo-transistor
2. Study of characteristics of: (i) LDR (ii) LED
3. Study of characteristics of a solar cell.
4. Study of (i) Analog signal transmission through fibre (ii) Digital signal transmission through
fibre
5. Study of fibre optics voice communication through fibre with different bending losses

Books recommended

1. Optical Electronics: A. K. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan

2. An Introduction to Fibre Optics: A. K. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan
3. Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices: P. Bhattacharya
4. Optoelectronics and Fibre Optics Communication: C. K. Sarka & D. C. Sarkar
5. Fibre Optics Essentials: A. K. Ghatak & K. Thyagarajan

Semester – 4 (Elective-III)
PHY-406E: Physics of Thin Films
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Definition of a thin film, different methods of film preparation: thermal evaporation,

sputtering,chemical methods. Vacuum technology and film preparation by vacuum evaporation.

2. Evaporation theories, vapour sources, substrates and patterns in thin films, deposition of alloys
and compounds, deposition monitoring and control.

3. Film thickness measurement: optical interference methods and other methods, Analytical
techniques for chemical, structural and surface studies.
Nature of thin films: Theories of nucleation: the capillarity and the atomistic model, growth
processes, effects of deposition parameters, structure of films, defects in thin films, epitaxial
films and their growth.

4. Mechanical properties of thin films: adhesion, stress, strain, tensile properties, Electrical
conduction in discontinuous and continuous metal and semiconducting films, theories of size
effect, galvanomagnetic size effect .

5. Optical properties of thin film: optical constants, reflectance, transmittance and absorbance.

6. Magnetism in thin metal films, ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic properties of thin films,
surfaces and interfaces of ferromagnetic metals, spin dependent current, some thin film magnetic
devices

7. Thin film Schottky barrier junction, semiconductor homo and hetero junctions, QHE and
GMR , some thin film devices.
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Books recommended:

1. Handbook of thin film technology, eds. L.I.Maissel and R. Glang

2.Thin Film Phenomena, by K.L.Chopra
3.Magnetism by J. Stohr and H.C. Seigmann
4.The Physics of Thin Film Optical Spectra by O.Stenzel
1. The Physics of low-dimensional semiconductors by John H. Davies

Semester – 4 (Elective-III)
PHY-407E: General Theory of Relativity and Cosmology
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

A: General Theory of Relativity:

Unit 1 : Introduction : (5L)
Limitation of special theory of relativity and need for a relativity theory in non-inertial frames of
reference. Concept of gravitational and inertial mass and the basic postulate of GTR, gravitation
acceleration and their relation to non-inertial frames of reference, principle of equivalence of
principle of general co-variance. Minkowski spce (revision) and Lorentz transformation. Concept
of 4-vector.

Unit 2 : Tensor Algebra: (5L)

Basic tensor algebra, co-variant and contra-variant tensors and their transformation, differential
geometry. The metric tensor and space-time geometry. Affine connection and its relation to
metric tensor, Christoffel sysmbol. The metric tensor and Minkowski tensor, GTR and its
Newtonian approximation.

Unit 3 : Theory of gravitation: (15L)

The geodesic equation, parallel transport and the curvature. Einstein field equation for gravity.
The curvature tensor and Bianchi identities. The Ricci tensor. Gravitational field and isotropic
space-time (metric tensor ). Solution of the field equation in empty space (Schwarzchild
solution), its physical interpretation, and the presence of matter and its relation to curvature.
Tests of GTR- advance of perihelion of Mercury, deflection of light by gravitational field.

B. COSMOLOGY
Unit 1 : Galaxies & Cosmology: (5L)
The fundamental principles of cosmology, geometrical and physical cosmology, the Big Bang
model and early universe. Cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR), anisotropy in the
CMBR, helium synthesis. Extra galactic distance scale, large scale structure of the universe.
Galaxiesclassification of galaxies and their characteristics.

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Unit 2 : Cosmology: (20L)
Gravity as a metric phenomena, Einstein field equation for free space. Schwarzschild solution
and its consequences. The gravitational field equation in a non empty space. Extra galactic
distance scale and Hubble's law. Cosmic distance ladder. Hubble constant, and age of the
universe. Constraints on the models of the universe from high-z and other recent observations.
Gravitational lensing, basic gravitational optics, the CMBR and anisotropy in the CMBR-
observational tests. The Robertson- Walker metric, properties of the Robertson-Walker metric.
Red-shift in the Robertson-Walker metric. The apparent magnitude, red-sift relation, non-static
model of the universe. Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, high Red-shift universe – Gunn-Peterson
effect.

Books recommended (A)

1. Gravitation and Cosmology – S. Weinberg
2. Gravitation – C W Misner, K S Thorne, AND J A Wheeler
3. General Theory of Relativity – P A M Dirac
4. Feynman Lectures on Gravitation

Books recommended (B)

1. Relativistic Astrophysics – Zeldovich and Novikov
2. Introduction to Cosmology – J V Narlikar
3. Gravitation – C W Misner, K S Thorne, and J A Wheeler
4. General Theory of Relativity – P A M Dirac

Semester – 4 (Elective-III)
PHY-408E: Experimental Techniques in Nuclear & High Energy Physics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

1. Passage of radiation through matter: The cross-section, interaction probability in a distance

x, mean free path, surface density units, Energy loss of heavy charged particles by atomic
collisions: Bohr’s calculation, Bethe-Bolch formula, scaling laws of dE/dx, mass stopping
power, limitations of the Bethe-Bloch formula, range; Cherenkov radiation; Energy loss by
electrons and positrons: Collision loss, Bremsstrahlung, critical energy, radiation length;
Multiple Coulomb scattering, Energy straggling; interaction of photons: Photoelectric effect,
Compton scattering, pair production; Interaction of neutrons.

2. Statistics and treatment of the experimental data: Characteristics of probability

distributions: Cumulative distributions, expectation values, mean, variance, the covariance;
Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distribution, chi-square distribution; Systematic and random
errors; Sampling and parameter estimation: the maximum likelihood method, estimators for
Piosson and Gaussian distribution; Applications: Mean and error calculation from a series of
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measurements, confidence limit. Propagation of errors; Curve fitting: Least squares method, non-
linear fits.

3. General characteristics of detectors: Sensitivity, detector response, energy resolution,

detector efficiency, dead time.

4. Ionization detectors: Ionization and transport phenomena in gas, transport of electrons and
ions in gases, Avalanche multiplication, proportional counter.

5. Scintillation detectors: General characteristics, organic and inorganic scintillators, light

output response, detection efficiency.

6. Semiconductor detector: Detector characteristics of Semiconductors, Silicon Surface Barrier

(SSB) Detector, Germinium detectors

7. Specialized detectors: Position sensitive detectors, Multiwire Proportional Chamber

(MWPC), Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC), Time-of-flight (TOF), Time Projection Chamber
(TPC), Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM).

Data Analysis Technique:

(1) Relativistic kinematics: Lorentz transformation, 4-vectors, Collisions, Invariant mass
technique.

(2) ROOT: Basic histogram booking. Generation of Random numbers. Generation of Gaussian,
Poisson, Exponential, Landau, Lorentzian distribution. Fitting histograms, usages and
manipulation of ROOT trees.

Hardware Experiments:
(i) Determination of efficiency of a scintillation detector using coincidence technique.
(ii) Measurement of lifetime of cosmic muon.

Books recommended

1. Techniques for Nuclear & Particle Physics Experiments – WR Leo

2. Introductory Nuclear Physics – Kenneth S Krane.
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2) – SN Ghoshal.
4. Introduction to Elementary Particles – David Griffiths
5. ROOT maulal

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 Semester – 4 (Elective-III)
PHY-409E: Plasma Phyics
Total Credit: 4 (3+1+0)
Total Lecture: 48

(1) Introduction Lectures:

Review of non-relativistic dynamics of charged particles in electro-magnetic field, Plasma – the
forth state of matter, Concept of electron and ion temperature, Debye Length, Cyclotron
Frequency, Larmor radius, Drift velocity of guiding center, Magnetic moment, Magnetic mirror
systems and their relation to the plasma confinement devices.

(2) Magneto-Hydro Dynamics (MHD):

Introduction to ideal MHD systems, Fundamental equations of magneto-hydro dynamic systems,
Diffusion and mobility of charged particles in plasma, Plasma as fluid and MHD equations,
Approximations and linearization of MHD from dimensional considerations, Single fluid MHD
equation.

(3) Waves and instabilities in plasma:

Waves in un-magnetised plasma, Energy transport, Ion acoustic waves and MHD waves, Issue
of plasma stability and the use of normal mode to analyse stability, Interaction between plasma
particles, Perturbation at two fluid interface, Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Kelvin Helmholtz
instability and Jeans instability.

Recommended Text Book:

1.Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion: F. F. Chen.
2.Plasma Physics: R. J. Goldstone & P. H. Rutherford.

Laboratory Works:

High Vacuum system operation for plasma production.

Production of plasma in laboratory by DC/RF discharge.
Measurement of plasma parameters by Electrostatic Probes.
Observation of instability in plasma.

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 Semester – 4
PHY-410P: Advanced Practical (or) Dissertation *
Total Credit: 6

List of advanced practical:

1. Debye-Scherrer, Laue and rotational X-ray photographs.

2. Study of paramagnetic salts by Guoy's balance.
3. Study of colour centers and thermoluminiscence of alkali halides.
4. Magnetoresistance and Hall effect at elevated temperatures.
5. Dielectric constant of insulating and ferroelectric materials at room and elevated temperatures.
6. Growth of semiconducting and insulating materials and polycrystalline thin films and their
characterization.
7. Optical constants of dielectric and metal films.
8. Photoconductivity and deep level transient spectroscopic studies of doped and undoped
semiconducting materials.
9. Study of lifetime of minority carriers of a semiconductor.
10. Differential scanning calorimetry.
11. Study of materials by Mossbauer spectroscopy and positron annihilation technique.
12. Fabrication of Current controller for operation of diode laser.
13. Study of mode characteristics of near infrared diode laser and measurement of atmospheric
oxygen absorption.
14. Measurement of optical properties of a glass plate by laser Fizeau interferometry.
15. Infrared spectra of Urea.

* The students must have to opt either dissertation or advanced practical in the 4 th semester of
M.Sc. Course.

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