FOUNDATION ENGINEERING‘Under FarenisBo8, ‘cach Rone, Ameaabed 380 00, Phone : 07) 22041244, 2024342, seus Firat Eaton: 2017 ISBN No, :970-03.98190-76-4 Price : & 200500 copy ‘At tana _roneed byte stor Noa of is publeation may be Freon, res I rslaton ry Yoo 9) Seximoen este etanclpcnpg eta ches lca: very care hes bean hen by he author and pabher ove rect cargiele ‘and tpdtednomaton In aan bare ary omiso, bring mister any te” er might Rave sop magenta [Be sumo notte pubes tte any ge! spans, “yp Setting SHREENATH COMPUTER 1179, Lope, In Hanuman Pot, Acknowledgement : "ak De €.H, Solan, Apliod Mechanics Dearne, SVNIT, Sra, for is able suggestions fr improving the gay of hie wok. T etend my sincere tak wo De ALK: Verma Hess Engaering Dep. BVM enpaeing ales, alah Vianga for is place on varia pect of edt egiering.‘GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY [BRANCH NAME : CIVIL ENGINEERING PREFACE: SUBJECT NAME : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING SUBJECT CODE. 2180609, BE, #8 SEMESTER at vey ch nur nd elie in sensing ein fe booked Foundation pimerng” witen pr he rye of cnr + Coe lu ofthe Gat Telli! Une Sentences! Une: Preaqeiter: |, Gostetniges& Applid Geology (GTAG) Fomdio eprint se of ny ire ad siz 2 Strep of Matias and Sit Mectanies Myce books Sol Mechs’ so “Gatciues a appli reaching nd Examination Scheme 7 cology” hve been well esd by he sud nl is of “Tecting she [Crain sain eat chi egning Two importa char ‘Shli fdio’ ad tt F fe ‘Mis [Peace Mars] Masts ‘Ph oan’ hve en do is vey snp ne With fee [ran [ese I ra santero a [CW NO] ns TF pape p ep el "soy hk Sr HemendbiSbh sd Sh Bip Sa a ith “Team ATUL for making since ees a pobising this ha se "Toal] Moise Ro Terie ours} Wega | Secon of nniatin abd Subsol eplorationtvenigaton | 06 | 18 mae [DER Reta “ype of foundation, Facts ting testo of pe of Fans, stp in shoring pe of nation bs on 5 enditn, Objosnes and paming of explain popam, ‘eh of exploretn-ash ering nd oy ile of ovig, si sampler and soil sanplrsepreseutaive and nbd sping ld pcan ts SPT, SPT, DCPT. Teeon geoph matin, Ba lag dep wring, at inerretion, | Stallow Fosodton + wl] = Insotutio, sien dept, deve teria, des of See fares Detail dy of bearing capsly thoes Pad Rakin, Teri, hempton). rng apes determiation om ™Talng 5 Cole, Femampive bang Gpcly” Salem, ong fst & einai, prise tenet, Propoioing of tng for egal stint, llovable bering rere. Being capacity from iste tots (SPT, SCF, PLATE LOAD), Paco affecting tearing apc of aint ‘ndtion as pe! coda poss, Cnt remrederigi and feb fing. Fling Funan Types of prone he dn INDEX we ‘Capier Name El SELECTION OF FOUNDATION SUB-S0IL EXPLORATION 1 10 6) ile Fowndation Intron, led ster mechan, per of pis ad tie ‘arti, tr inflecing selene ple ths med of Instat ad the oa arying character fr chev tnd gamle os, piesmbjeed wo verted ile od Caring capacity fon sai oral, yi fra (ENR. tnd Hey peostsion et a & pi od tet (5 2911). le rp crying epi, finan sete, Neve owblatoes o problemas ll & Intrsacton Georyutetes w| us Sift harness of exami ting on sch sil, olen and prvetne mesures, Under le arto concept ein & ell isla, Signin charts oft an ies, poles reed mena igo ch scl intedaton to geome ype ad wes, Retining alle «| a ‘Types (pes fei and ig eh retin pes: ctr ‘gry, ngage all bet ple alse pile and esi) TS Coles Code of race for detemlotion of ering cap of hallow foundation 1:65 Code of practice design ad coatucton of ple foun 5291 (Part IV) Mee for sda pert et fxs 18231 Code of prac for strtce invetigatn fr foodntion 18 1892 Code of rate for scars of ulding Shallow Foundon 151904 Code of race fr xeon of stent of fodans 1 808, ‘A. SELECTION OF FOUNDATION 1 tition — 412 Type of ndtion— BA Tpet flow ound 11 Spread ting — 132 Combine ting 133 Sp fotng —~ 134 Raf fondtion 135 Geile fowiton 14 Cais 15 Cafedane 146 Fenton oe il 1B Factor conse in selctn of pf foitog 8 LE Sip in hosing pe of fodtog 28 719 “Fale offounos, recto a ened messues——————— 28 can 112 Planing Sub Sol EplrationPoganme ——— 113g in Sub Sil Exploatons {214 Mets of So Sol Ephen (40 Diet Meth A pg vmSoi Sampling and Types of Sol Sng 215 Prange Bing Cops —1s 1.16 Semple Dist nnn AB 2.16 Settlement of Foundation ——— —109) LIT Types of Soil Samplers. 6 2.16.1 Sources of Settlement of Foundation neem HTT 4.8 Sid Penton Te (SP) nnn 212 Lod Sten At ———— 19 1.19, Static Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) ad 2.163 Immediate Settlement of Cobesive soils —— 112] 120 Dyan Cae Fee Tet (DC) 5H 2164 ted Seat Cbsnes S i ‘121 In-itn Vane Shear Test 6 1216.5 Consolidation Settlement (Se) or Primary Consolidation —- 15] {2122 ropa Meese 9 2166 Acura of Pein Ft Selene 11 128. Lanne 2.167 Proprinng inf Fino Eq Stent 126 Susur Pole 217 Being Copy a. ——_— 135 Sub nesipsion Rp ean 2.- Fars Ang Being opecy x] 1126 Choice of Method of Site Exploration <4 © 2.19 Floating Founatiog am —————$———— 122] ti es ——— a f: _ siatiow rounnsriow wie 221 Being Cnn ty Hoses Mei) 13 : 2.22 Highway Pavements- v ——————— 16] a 7 2.23.1 Types of Pavement ann a Be 2.252 Factors affecting selection of Pavement — ——128| 2.3" Methods of determining bearing capacity ™ 275.3 Function of Pavement Components ———~ 2A Pranl's Anim ad .2:224 Factors to be Considered in Pavement desig, enn AS Renkin hea = 0 say fu tomar Dy eb on 216 Moder of Shear fares. 9 22211 Grp Index (GL) Med ——— 1 27 Temps Beng spy en —— 2232 Calfesa Being Rao (CBR) Mees ———— a BA es 0 Wier Te co Being Cpciy 2233 COR iin Sadr) Mat —————————— 1 29 Bam's Ani 7 224 Desio of Ri ——— 13} 210 18. Code Mathes 22241 TRC Guiting Free Sesh m———————— 211 Be of ayo Long — ” YY — ——————18) 2114 Boel el Foden — ” © Maile choice usm — 29 212 eng Copy fom Sunil Pras ex 9 Ss ee 213 Alloabe Bing rm fr Coben is 10 4 Phi ea es ——————— 1 om3 a = YOUNDATIONS ON PROBLEMATIC SOIL & INTRODUCTION non —an ‘To ceosyxiterics sen m1 32° Nec of Pi Fda au = 2. Chitin of ie tet on tition or 23 ‘AL FOUNDATIONS ON pxomueMATIC sons“ 54 Clsicatn fils tse on Mitel sd Composion 223 35 Chasificaton of Piles tse on etd f sition 24 | -Chsiiaton of Pes tase on te ad crying chrcerise 224 5.7 Fao intuecng he sekation of is 34 le Aceseries — 310 Load cain aps of is 5.11.1 Ste ana le vn sd 5.11.2 State ana le vein cay 2A Nepive Skin Fon \2AS ynaic Formule tel BIE Paseo ttt ml DAS le La Te. : 259 {6 Geo Aton fig as “cn oe rp 31 Stent of le Ge — BF nro 2) SA Urn Ps 321 Unley - 208 Cian leeds al tin 15] 323 Tani Pes — 324 String of Ladin Pe pou —- ° ° © Faerie AY Gener Chatto Exp sl 42 Meciaia of vein 43. Menifonon of Expensive sl. 14 Tren of Expat 465. Foundation oo Expansive sil 46 Colapile si - Charts {661 Hetifoson of clipe is 6 462, Tresinent methods fe clap ily 5 47 Goose A Gotete 422 Gongs 473 Gomentean 475 cecconpaies 6 Fenton f Gees 5G GATT palin es of ects © ere an RETAINING WALLS: a7 Ty 4 taeda 62 Type of Rining walt 53 Facet ating on Renin al 54 Gavi Resining walls: ——sss $59 Dina wall {39.0 Necessary Infration. 50 $9.2 Mahe 59:3 Equlpet ad Aes 594 Species of Bente slay ASS 595 Guie Wale " 596 Stage of const of Diapge Wall —————— 46 59.7 Wall of pest RCC pas 46 $10 Solder ies an giog 46. © san Design Posture nd Proparianing fs Gray Renin all——389 Cate Reining al ————— mn 531 bili f ete Reng al 98 . Design af Court Reining wal. 397 Selection of Foundation Dlg betsy ‘Sub-soil Exploration ample Reining val 9 sheet Pe Waly a ———) SAL ype ste ple wala ta dation 582. Conta Meds 6 ~'S.R3 ree caver shes Pile————————_________4i8 ia camel ‘SAA Camilever sheet pile in eohesinless soi —————————420 13 Types of sallow foundations 585. Caieve set pile Petting ely 24 13 Spread foting 526A het ie wth eet gpat 126 132 Combined tig 5.87 Anchored she pile wth Fe-eath rapper ———————— S88 Desig f Anca rans = Sheet Pile wal 133. Strap toting 134 Raf fonndaion 135 Geile foundation 14 Coons 116 Foundation 0 loose 17 Factors comer in lation ofp foundation 14 Sep in choosing tp of foundation 19 Faire of foundations, prcatons and remedial messres ‘B.SUB-SOIl, EXPLORATION LAL Objet of 112 Planning» St-Sil Exploration Progra 48 Stage in Sab Sot Explorations 1M. Metods of Sabi Exploration” )Tia) Diet Matos 1.142 Bong 115 Soll Sampling aad Types of Sel Sampler Sample Disturbance “ype Sl Samplers ‘Standard Penetration Test SPT) ‘State Cane Penetration Test (SCPT) 120 Dymamie Con Penetration Test OCF) 121 Inale Van Shear Test 1.22 Geophys Methods 128 Borng Lo 124 Subsurface Poe 125 Sub-Sll Investigation Report, 126 Choe of Method ef Site Exploration © rae @) wrmonverion + undon i the lovet prt of «stuctre elow the ground lel which sn ect, cont with be ground and tani al he os the round Maoey of secures fais du lr ofthe funtion (© Purpose of oendaton: 1. Todi the weigh (ad) the secure over ge as as ring doa te Istesty ofa ti tse Below he Sal Beng Canty (SBC) fsbo To sppot the aces. ‘odie he oem od of especialy oe bs “opera «lor and herd ceo orig nd mmr wk “Totak he arcu dep into the od nd hus inane sail, preveting vereing. 6 To oad he subsestan evelyn ts prevent neg etlemet Setacton of ention an un operation 3 @Brvns or rouxoarions: Fowles 4 Sallow Foundation Deep fo Dee >a. 1. Sed foing 1. Pe foundton 2 Combined foting 2 Caisons o wel fdaton 3. Sap fig 5. Cote dems 4 Rao mat futon 5 Getige oudation an ¢ 1 depth of foting(D) Is less than oF equal to with of foxing (Bt eld shallow fondation (tay 20) Dap - ‘Deep foundation 1 dep of ting mor tan he with of ting led dp foundation ~ a = ion and deep foundation + Deep fosdation ‘Shall fonndation af ae of toing i stan ar gual | 1 depo fing ir mor tan wil to the width of foting, He ale | of ting. i ald dep foundation stalow endion,D = 8 p> f.statlow foundation ir provided wins | 2 bearing capacity of sili more and rei bing capacity i valet Deep foundation is provided whe} ‘ewig cal of ai sow or ese tearing capacity i evalable st mare] Staton det ser Ib. eis provided when toad the act | 3. provided when kad ih oft |s. 1 is stable when timbeing to the| 4. It is suitable when simbering tothe] tebe i ponte, trace soy pole s. is ial when ground Wie Table | 5. 1s sual when grand wat te (WI) igh‘ Foundation Engineering [is wtb whe op liners of ai a] onan ad nee ot] 1 is suitable when dew ior and ale, ptt is stable when de ring of foie nt epi. Fadtion wechseln dea | ‘Types of dllow oaintons are, |. Type of doy futons ae = Sa fetng = Pipe futon ~ Cambie footing = Casino wl fondo. ~ Sp fting = Cofer dans, = Raf foundation = riage fost — 13 TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS : “Tis othe mos common tp of Fundtin sd cob nid sing ope exci. This ‘or of onion spatial er a depth po 5 m and is somal convene! svoe te ‘ste ble They a ao known a pen unos ‘Verus pesf sallow funds we 1 SpredSostig Aa eandton 2. Combine tng SG fntion 3. Sap fxg 1. Spread Footings + a ase of send fags te base of fing i mie der 40 1 te he od oer wider rex asia pe of spend tings ae 2° Reinforced conc ong, (Be ved ach tings Cohan figs 1 Wal footings « (ee. 2015) ‘A sad fsing fr conimeas wal i alle wal fing o rip footing, ‘Thee ae wo yet of mal Frings Single wall ting witoot masouy oes. (©) Wl fotig wih moar off. (GrawrizwourooTme _ p)sTEPreDWaLFOOTNG i. L(a): wa FOOTING ‘Wists wal crit ods o when th fearing cpu of ll vey ih simple sti oting as sown ni 1 (A) provid. The wal ely re one conc tase Ab of clean cnet (BCC) of uniform ites nt esha 15cm is proved {elon wal any eve he depth fhe concrete ad shoul eer Be es than is projection ‘yond he wall ase . ‘When the wal cris hey ad, when te safe bing capaci of si es he tase with ried wil be more te 29). a tht te, oil provide sony fs acre ae ped lo hel i tanto coc See 1. (8) Fi. 1.10): wate FooTINGtn plaes wht he walls ae sted ea Jos and th ering aos fe si stom ih wal fing dst shove wil work ot be msi sie I sch cabs ts ale to povie fred const tings Below the wall This appeal es he ‘Shome of sucnry nok in foting a depth of Bl concrete ands sich proves to te ‘Cotumial A7 to 8 cn ik od let srt i ually povided blow he eno Ym 2 verted arch footing ‘Ta ype of costo is wed on of sis 1 ee he dep of eto. ‘eof he devin in his ype of contraction i tat he ed umes mast be 0g xh 1 sit he utd pss cased bythe ach action. owe, wih the abst of infoed xment cone over rch cnsion i rely dove tee dis ‘Selection of Foundation and Sub-Sl Exploration Fog (lated ting) = ‘Thay ar wed to spot india columns. They canbe ete of stepped pe oF retina he one ase In ese fay de cok, el eifrcenet ovis In th the dein i concrete Bed General, 15 em fet i vied on ler of ent nef ck many alu a fit fm ic rove on al he ur ‘ie in ela er, Refer i 1 ‘The forng of eer oane may ea als gach, or slapd sawn i iS & EGS be de as (fe Li . a ‘A conned fing spprts no clams. muy be retin pez ss, ‘A Combine footing is provided (1) When he clus ate 0 hf heh tat hind tings woud vr.. Foundation Engineering When he pope Hoe iw coef one aim tat vapid Fsting woul econ hme whe hep eit iin the propery ne “he ction of cent fei of clem els an the ceo! oF the Fig should sic. 134 Raft Foundation + ‘Aft or mat fodaion i ag sh spponing# mb of columns nd wal ander the ete cto a ge prof th strc ‘Arf foundaton table unde the folowing iets: the allowable sll 133 strap Footing (ee. 2015) ep (or cave) ting ons of 0 ited tings comet wih stat snp eee showin igure. The stg coect the to ots sh that hey eave (2) When the cota and wal se 0 close that thet individual footings would neue The tp spy a a comecting bu ad does not he ay it econ, The aan api signed sii beam (4) Whe he vation |} a ‘Asp tings more soni hn ei ong when th allowa ipesure ta the foes ow individual al ‘slaty hgh ad the datos fence th eal inte oo (6) When fondeon sis won ooo omogensous and there ae chances, of afferent —[= $$ {faiin Feainening 135 riage Foundation 7 selection of Foundation and Sub Sol Exploration a “This OF of fentin wad net Rey Fd fa sl cols 10 saving low bearing omer This te of araegenet ois deep extn: ad proves eco he bs 0 ec he tens of presse ‘rage foundation is made up of Rollo! Seo Jit (RS), known a wilge Beams oven singe dob tart dbl er argent the op eri alpen fie bso er The rile Ren el in postion by 20 mm di pacer bars 25mm ta pipe eprsos.Generly minima cece of em i kt even he griige beams ‘Sar povie fy fo lacing concrete, I odro pote the teas agsin corn 2 ‘Sinz cover of 10 cm i keto he sider fhe extealBeams as wl a koe the rer lange of tp In cate wer ashe cnet oer ands the shook emir tan 15120 em, LA CAISSONS : “The tm xno is dried fromthe French word cise mening ox. 16 9 Box ke acre, ound etna, which suk om he arc fet Tn ornate 0 “ome dese depth itis wed forte puro of pling otic inert poston une {ype of eons + a ox exo (Open cine orwell, Patent cons (open atop and (open at 9) (cose a op Soe toon) sad bonom) sep at som) a is ott Ste aie yin (A) Dor exinons ‘nox exon strong ater gt vel open a tp and led toto is ae of inbred conte el “This cason is ul on Ind en asc and ted ope it where i i kt ‘ston Sch pe of eion Kb hte Bearing seat is arable a show Sth, find wre ode ae nt very hen© Condos favourable fo the comeruton of box cans (0) Excetin for pears he tof fundion eid, The edo oxmdton ‘2 be prvi rare oud. (©) The velo of flow of wae is slow 0 8 ge sabty 1 he exon asin (©) Thebes tia ote noah ans pone ode ut his tri nd farm level ing sce The cet of wate i shot 68 mes. (© Open eainans or wells ‘An open cision i box of tine, ince cone es or mony which soe he op and atthe on. sue a bulla nd ig ono. Open aos we ho cle wl foundations, Section of Foundation and Sub-Sel Exeration 3 “Thy ae wd on snd of Yering rat ae oS hd We im it aise for eg depth blow the ace. Tay form the mos common Sper of dep Foun for bie © Shapes of wale: The common of wall shapes re (©) Single caer (©) Drbied (©) Rectang (0 Tinkomgon (©) Twin cer (@) Tinccgoel (@)Dandwel (ecru) Rosana (@ Tw Creer (abo wt (@)Dabe-D (0100 CO (anc (©The choice of partaar shape depends apon te flowing fetor (0) The dimension tte ofthe pro abner 0) The ee of sinking (0) The cos of inking nd sheng (4) he veto nd ronal Fre tng on te wel (5) The cmos of ik sd i aig inking3 u Foundation Eginering Tn ease of hr spn ies op abou 8 mh bt ape fr fandaion well te single clr wp t 6 m dato ectagonl. Th mia sof cicsar wel sold te 151m The muna sie of single wel shld ene 9 nfo conere Sng and 6 sm fea bk masonry sting (© Well components and thi fection: ‘Theimala components of wel andion me 2 ox 3. Sting 4. Baten pag | 5. Top rg Cc 1. Sad filing cet oe ing ge It roves a empante | step lge 1 ct the sil blow dig pene tiking operation aay consists fo il tee ng of se 150 om L Cub +h vo fl pepe. Dan] sSiking i act a6 an etnsin of cating Bae cut dae and abo provi pot oe wll SS sting and baton pag ie er Ski = tf he oad el elo ae op of RCC. of me M 20. Sinn: ithe main by fe wl, ao serves two pups Hae 6 elem rng inking sca meer ‘ots te na tei low afer. Te ning my cows of ck maser + info coset. The iss feng sould tb le than 45 em, 4 Boriom pug: The boon ig of ence a be dein oan epvad ad qu 10 the sips mis ef wight ofthe htm pl and snd SS Top plog Ke serves shar fr bing wll cap. 6 Well cap twtr te tae fom pi the wel tlw, filing + 1 eases 8 porn ofl fo wll ap ote bom pg ‘Ssecton of Foundation and Sub Sol Exlration po (©) Wa snking operations: (0) face of el sinking on ry grands an open craton pt lf met above ‘nk iran, fra sconce rote the of he wll en ‘snd re mae 12) The wel sting soul el nial st eh fst? mony (6) The well i sank by exaing mati fm ise the cur Excavation fe ail Snide the wall an be done By sening down wok nie the wll Whe he et of ate insite he welcomes moe ten oe as te eatin i hen cated out by «dee (4) Tacoma thine skin tna thes he wg fhe wl dato ‘wojny, akon! lang Koown a henge” i appli ca the well. The Samoa compiz of on i snd hast. mpd on tinker pen, (©) Paging othe water om ii thew i ete when he wl hs gone dep enough Clete dewatering sold at bellowed wen the wall is en sik > ‘oat 10 m depth. Sinking ewer shal te dose by gating. cicling at npg kee. nase the wll sing snk in snd satis ck up tol esse eloped on i ot erie eee comely by fos jt of water on (©) When he wel bot has ach te Sse et fre sinking of wel oped ‘A concrete lg (li vile atthe Batam. The ators mae tow Shaped so a obese woh ation ‘Afr having paged te wel a i to, the ities ofthe wel fied with sac The wel prvi wih top pag fen ocr ad wel cp of RCC. A pier scons othe wall ap. (© Preamatlcasons A prams caso rope tt ad od tp, Thi walt eatin whe tint posi adpt wal Tey ae mle when the de of wate i more than 12% sn macnn eho wer up 1035 ‘The exe fare of «poetic cio i that compres i ed 0 renve ate to he working chamber te Hoo sl te funtion wok cared ety sondions.> Foundation Engineering Th a at bil weno er wing camber, the reo a 0 chars pt just igh ht fer tat ep Howe, the minum presi Tinie fromthe cones of bah of pronto wok sie th chamber. Noma, the erable rsa under wich aa an work i ied to 035 Winn. — (© Pacematc canon ens + “The workers woking under compres ai inie te working camber sue ein ‘ope of dzase when they rem 1 mophrc pres. This ese it Anown 25 canon lean or exon disease. The main symptoms of he ia ae (0) ines ‘Selection of Foundation and Sub-Sll Exploration y (2) dole vison 18) beatae (4) ole sei (©) ln nese. ‘Whe a ensue ocomgreai ige i as absorbed lng wih xy ‘by te dave sof the pros. The open i died by boo wie nog is hep in stspenson asi oo able in aod. When te presi of air seb, He e frcwe the ion comet a cern al, th econ of presse is pot pate ‘wpe wll ot be ale to cme oat nthe fom of gs. Bu i wil frm the babe a “ioc prs of tty len 1 can snes. Ihe buble ae ltd in ois, hey wil emse vet pai in joints hey ae deelopedin pi orca, wl es a pangs cr dah repetely. “The flowing preculons shoald be ake to avld the canon she (0) No per should wk fr more tho hi ina dy (2) The dation of hit shoul ot exceed 12 ours (@) The temperate of the working chamber shoul be mnie! 25% (There of campeon and éconpreson sll be poet onto (6) Persons with song ess, etl low ood resi an good cio hut be enpojed ca he work (6 The main ls sold te welvetied (0) A medic camber mest povided just nar the side of wrk (Use of loo rinks should Ye poi 15) COFFERDAMS + ‘Acofodam is npr ste whish i bitin a er, ake ee © remove war ‘om an area and make poset cry onthe esaiaon Wack der reo dy nit. Clfrdams ae suaily rgued for pecs sch as dens, dss nd constton ot epee and abet (© Requirement of» coferdam (0) The cfedam shold be easly wait. (2) shold be genera consrct t sit of work. (0) The dina it of fea ho each at he ol cont of eons, ainance ad ping sium =Foundation Engineering (@) ond be sale aust bang vain nd ailing, under the ode an © Caer ot eotedams Foling rth sof fdas \-7To fin pile ving operons LOY To place giles sd af fanions. ATT cost foundations of es nd abut of dg, dams, oes ABT encase pce fr th renova of shen esl 15) To provide a woking ptm fr fe olin bulings when water ie met with ‘The selection typeof eoferdam depends upon the following factors () The area toh ptt by ard, x eal ae or «rae (2) The deh of mer be Gal with, shallow depth o dep eth (0) The psibily of veteppig by Boas, ere (4) The este f bel which the afd i 19 4 prin ner or a ‘pervious er (©) Woy of fowing wate (The posit of sour de tretinoin cd bythe contain of ceria (©), The aaiabiiy of emsesion materia athe vy of eof wok (© Trporation isn © types of cotertam + ‘The folowing ae sme of te como pes of sans 3 Ean ctf 2 Roki cteton 3 Real xb ote “> Single wal ord = Dovble wal cote “6 Call coffee aren cotter: ‘isis the single form of aa estily cosas ofan atc eneest boi and te are to be eal. Ris consid in lic: whe the dh of water is at ‘Selection of Foundation and Sub-Si xporaton 10 ‘moh 5 13 © 1m and he ey of flow ow. Theo of embankment told abou Tm above the water Rock eterdam 10 the depth of water oe eit he rbekent of coffe i fender of 1 5 3m, soe ore wed fo theca. Thi constriction i ade ely eon2» Foundation tnginening is easy ale ake nary eae An impervious per of ah an tote eof the cofetan, which aks pervs 3 Rockit e oferdam : Ackil co cote s compel of inbr exit Aci frmner of wean oneal nd eos bers aid inserts cure, The ct re pen he Do de ed wi kor gel rent. Ti es silty oh ei apis overtiing a ig Fo thi ype of eofidan, llonng endian se vob (0) The orig pce int ® (0) The depth of water i ih (€) The cure of water ssi (©) There a dang of versie (© Tire ssl ty ‘Selection of Foundation and Sub Sl Exploration a a ied bg fd ae sce i idea uti sof eects eres he stil afer, Aer he fram i nasa, be water te econ ae is mgt the constuction wok ae op | I | == ~~ Sige wal cotter This eof cote i dn ples whe he eto beni very sl at ‘he dp of water ere, 45 mT les Know guide pi fs rien ‘epithe fem oun below te rie be. Depending upon the vec of fw of we, the ene a cen spacing ofthe piles may ay tween 1.8m fo 4m. Longines cal waks we th foe oe ide pe at ital tance pa sh i fel or wood a tee die ito the Hebe along the was a te secre the es by ote Theses he wo fe ae bey ss 16117: SINGLE WALLED COFFERDAM close a larger area is eseaily the same as tat of single-wal coferdam, except ofl ‘ne wlio wl wih gap bere ued ll lng the Bosiry ofthe pce 1 te coed This per of coferdan canbe wd in et of wae po 12‘The clllr oa sma fel het le. sot wed for dewatering ge ces in places whee te dept of water may be fhe cdr of 18 2 ‘They ae 0 Ope (©) Cite pe of ar cofedam ©) Disha te slr cfedan Foundation Engineering FI. 1.19 DUPHRAGM CELULAR correRDAM 1.1.20 CREWAR CLLLAR COFFEROAM Tr coe of ccc tia, i of cop se ed yk ou aon infor Thai fhe a oy 250m me apf 0045 hei sxc wh ce fas iene bern on dca Ir Ger Cotes nce of phragm cellar oferta, srs of as we cette sight cost allt. The ais of asi geerlly mae eu wo the dace betwee th ns al, Wa ‘sarin te eso athe ad rou al ren qe Af cele en fe edd thy we hd ihe ge ey ase cell a proximately th ame at 7 saferdam i + temporary race ‘ame er ase ad mat blo cry on the sonercion wal ner reseahly ry conto Ty Gaon i box he sis, rad oF rectangsar, which is sunk fiom the ace of eer water FInd 1 se eset eth sted fr te purpon of placing don ncoret postion ner watea». Foundation Engineering selection of Foundation and Sub-Soll Exploration a FF Gam ts ama ae SHAE Gl opr rv] 7 FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SLECTON OF TPE OF FORTIN ‘Semen tc ero] bom se mann Cora = =a ten nm el pg i }. my | tn mtd == fret hated ate anon | ma a rd ht ak stint hw my ot oe longo pn ofr pred ten wok ‘sae ad et owt Ware set pk can be den easy cofferdane a prefered eins ae prefered 6. Box cxisos are ued fr ak wats], Coan re ed fr th conan sad a wal fondo of pie sd brent of ‘pen cissons (well) re wed foe the| ides, ams, cs foundstons of piers and sbamens of wees 114 FOUNDATIONS ON 100SE 01 oe il fil) sl dw oni gad nro eh Hs ti on fi ne be paed nr tof cel op Sach lh i fin ening eso ng ara ght ing Sconce gt pres ning Ex aa hn a ‘Spe len ap Tat yo ied fon perpen | Folie pm wet oe is ton | (0) Rt dns ny eae pe ff bed aie a | ‘eae ep set ny be noe | © tpt of madeap pond we, ho fom ch pa sed | cone ere | (Tae twig pdt pes yb welt orci | Cent in gatas ey rin (fora of ge ig af oman my be prvi Ot her a trier saa th weve ge soeEa Foundation Engineering ‘Bel ee so aro sete ase, Blow sang be Ge of wdtion is eset avy the sal eons nd he a properties a tes ‘The flowing factors ast the seton of pri pe of foundaion Dr Aype of swcre BY Magritte of od {DY Sabai contin 1B? Cost of saperracare ‘Where the snc Jats we bay rata gil pile fenatins we prvi. Fe ler src sw finda he ied sing, wll tig, clu tig ae roid Fo oriybulings uo Fur storey Beit, sped clu fing ae Bat mastered bins pl fons we der wep wel nn il ops ae provided. Tore funded the ie of milena sabe pe of sin, ‘tsetins offen sei conins ae pres in Fig 121. tis essed hate sutures misery ne, cameo: Dens nd up to pa depth provides 2 gpd eng ston for sped fing with tei dees sovered by cnsdesion of posible eosin sou. Dep fotos sch at ile my be eu eny i wpe ny shuns aces ae preset. cose): Sil being slo frm hy, send tings ae stitictory fr coment ‘Pies reread ely iwi or my eher uns oes prs Case): ‘The wpe fm if) clay satum provides 8 sity being ston fora pred Sesngs oly if te lads we low to meu a he Fsings ae wa pled coe toe ‘sndayng sf cyst. Otros sich a pls pare oe provid toa depth where suit fn eating cpu is alte cata: This is lass example of bei codons whee «dep foundation sch asks riers canbe povided, baring deo te rock, cae): Ancterpiet example ofthe coe of dep Feandton Cis ns ples sch ul ile ino the Send statu ae moe sabe _Setection of Foundation and Sub-Sll xporton 2 coed: Speed foun fue ou Rat ondton cn howee, be consi x sil Weeds not bens te psi of it densiig te ose ad by viiation nd ‘ten wing send foundation can be considered a ante tev thee aan ae totic th ver ples a th Bet csc, whey would lp desi he and sail cet) ‘Syed fondto i ot suse, Hf pata sl, parlor ily competed ‘af foundation maybe provided If ton ples wold be he Bs coe. The eng of fe lsc be iced 0a ong he selene within ei coset) ‘The pper comput sand nye, goal earings i 10 thin © pce «sped feaninion nit teste of the Reload of eceiveatemen in he underying 60 ier Pile pia withan enlarged as formed the hr ly yer Bred nd et sit ple ith bul foamed in he hd chy layer ae sabe ced + ‘The pow fl nye sto ick to conser oping it wth» Beer grr materia. Deep funtion ie riven and at in ple dele pies extending wp othe mei ese sand leer wold pov ob sas. cue: le ounon being a the up portion fhe ese snd ae, oul be ssa: “Tis woul prevent sess reaching the cy Iyer and emsng sigan setemet. Another shee remove he 2m ick poor il eran pce it with compacted nd rode peal anda inthe ill ea case): Fe Tos which ae st very spe pies tering on the upper zoe of the dense sol jer may be consider easing tt teresa setleent inthe cay le wll Be thin ni Compenat afi anter psy tat canbe considered Fer real easy ods, en ste piso caisions bearing on ck sau wil be sual cae: Siac rocks male at only 45m dey piles oper ering 0 ck would obviosly be mos sable But basen os are going to be wef exciting he soi wp 02K level an proving two Bement fore with he as slab eng on rock, would el5 Foundation Engineering 14 STEPS IN CHOOSING TYPE OF FOUNDATION 'n chong the pe of fuduion, the design engineer mist perm five sucie (0) Oban erie inkrmton comeing ene he specie a the lends to be tenet theft, 2) Obrint bata si cndions. (©) Expo the posit of costing any ee ofthe ype of Kunin under he exiting conditions y aking int acvont (te tearing apc of the sic ei loa. (Ge adverse fet c the race Be tien setlenent. linia in his wa, the waste pes (4) ces wo type of odo eset on the sis imi sd, ke moe deed sais, These sss may equi more acts detiaton sf lod, absarice condnes and fing sis It mays be cet make mor ref eines of setenent noe rt th vou of he suc (3) Estimate te cs of ach of he promising pe of fodation and coos he pe ‘hat repeen th mot ncepbl cxsromite ben performace an et (CMY FAILURE OF FOUNDATIONS, PRECAUTIONS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. ‘The cases of ue of foundations maybe emma ude he flowing hed 1. Une setlenet of the ssi 2 Uns selene of mary 3. Sobol moire movement 4 ater movement of sbi 5. Later rss on th was (6 Weteig of shod to es ad shea -Asmorpheticnion 1. Unga setdement of the subst ‘nvgelsetemest ofthe subscil may lea wo eck nthe sat components ad eon er. ‘noni setement of sbi my be due to (0) sowanifoe mare of ebaih section of Foundation and Sub-Sl Exploration » Tay egal od isbn oo (0) ecu of as (0) fontn shoul eon rk oad orem. (2) ining the poser in th sll = (0) ving eens nang ‘Unegel wtdement of Masonry + ‘The mort used a baking tate in the masonry consction shrinks and gets conpesed when ned excel fore it as ally et This eet may el othe nega Sermon f maser nl cniks nthe spe ste, Remedial meres: (0) Using mot of proper sent. 0) Ving in melts. (0) Reeiting the eight of mast 1 m pe iy. = (4) Prope curing of masa. Sal molstere movement “hiss one oft sor cas of ales ftom cohesive oi wher the sac ie level Sates, When water tale al he oi pares ote esteson a ence, ere inags of o reng inthe ees in the ting uring upd movement f mitre he i it exe) swells eng ia igh valing pea, ch ay ince rcs in the bing. Remedial messres (0) For importa srcire RCC, aft fone pile funtion sald be wed (@) Toth he foundon to sch eth whee he rks cease 1 extend (0) To prevent conti of ch ai wit anton, provide a pe of moor blow conret back nd fil he ies f webs with sand 4A. Lateral movement of saa: ‘ery sf sis ble fo move ot ren st telly ude veil ous, psy ations whee he ond i sloping ‘Sich sation may sao ie gular aie whee a bgp i excavated in the near ‘icity ofthe odio, Dae och movement, ceive setements ke pie or sae iy ve cal(0) Const ting a, ~ Dive set pile. Lateral premar on the walle + ‘The thst of che fo ach ton wind ation oo he walls, cases overt fw. Remedial messres (0) Prove suet wise ae (2) Dosen he foundation open tne es lint th compres ses 6 Weathering fsbo du to tre and hrs: Scot, sal es, sha org own very nat the wal The tf these shrubs snr mos fom he oui si Deh th rd ee wall depress own resign ounon eck. Remedial ena: ‘Tres nd srs shoul be plat away ete wal 7. Amoapheri aetion + ‘The mosphere agents he su, wad sd ans, adverely aft the behaior of The depth of fod is sallow, mite mvemets do © ins o drought my 1th water resins stagnate futon, sngth of fomdton wl ces 1 the tlding is ina ow yg a, on mayen e cured, (Provide pith protection slang the exer wl (2) Sule dered dis sold Be provi (©) Provide sete slope aay fo he wal (amore ‘Sie iaventgto’ rere oth proces of ining te noms sout rice and sbi codons a the se of proposed consucton. Hemel fr aseig the ‘uly of he ste fete Proposed enpetiog work and fo rpring aut and e- ‘sume deve Ste invention i ab neccury fr elaingcosrton mals for Sil Profle + Mosc pope fai, The depo exploration sho et est ul the sgt depth The dh to hich hess increment dt superinpondIaanpehce spin seemed she ste known ae spin dep The signin eh i generally hn Be th which evra esi 20% of th ll nes, Asoring to hic, he ‘ot of explrtion shold be abou 1B far que fing and 3 far tip ong wre Bis the with of oting (Fig. 122 (0) Howe, figs are eaelyspced which eas fo the ovraping of bestest one the whole ded enw ara odo. In tht ae, the deh of ering shal be 15 tines the wi fhe ei led ares (Fi 122). nese of ait mato the ‘et of tre ole old be oul 1.5 tines te with offi 1226) nthe cae of ile foundation, he dp fearon blow te tip of bering pies Apt alent 1 tines the with ofthe pte gp. Hwee, in he ese of fet pl, the ‘et expirion i ake times the wf ile rug mesure rm the awe hind ie. Fig 122. At the staf the work the dept of explertion my be taken given fn Te 1, hich may be mali ire he expat wrk peceads. “Table Lt Depth of explanation Ss 1892 — 1979) Se Ra Type of Fomdaton ‘Depth of exploration [att pred fextings ora or acon | One aed af ines the with eas with er ping a oor peat thn fur ees the wi 2 | Adeet etings with cle pacing ls tha ce he with 7 | AMicet ows of tgs (©) ith ler pacing tence ows ee ha wie the with (wit cla spacing eee ove ser than i th with ‘ne ad al neste hgh Four Satine he with Ths tines th wh (Git hs tec ows rater] Oe al ti the with shu or aw Fr times he wi ‘One and all ines the wi simctr fom tering lee (8 pile or ton of wel aT Bul tbe too wi fe 6 Fit Two meters Blow te sod Ieve oF equ 1 he igh ofthe fil hice pester, (2) Lateral extent of explorations = ‘The ltl ext of explortion an the cing f or oles depends min on he ‘arian of ets inthe antl etn. The eplamton hl eee 1 a 9 reel jr changes in the proper ofthe ubsuric sea @ 7) Oo o — ers nigral en ne ole al ne ee ‘ay tice Bar om lings vein a ft tas (08 1 er hd bral le at ceed a th re 12) + Ferg moire lings, eee ol ie ee ‘ho a ino oe Te pacing teenth ey ker been 1010 30m deg apne eran al dia tone a 120 + Fertig tice lose wy ci ot ag pope se vr sg ie pop ch Teco ta er way vo on 150 m0 300m fe btn ac ping my bed 0m + tee foe ds cig be ok gery i #0 tm% Foundation Enginerng {LAS STAGES IN SUB-SOIL EXPLORATIONS ‘The ssi explo re generally ail ou in thee stages (0) Reccansnce (2) Preininary Explorations (6) Deaied Explorations (1) Recomaisoance + Ste ecmaissinc is theft sep ina subsuriceeplton pope. Rica & Visit these by techni engine an osu the map bd ether ret rece Ip in éaciding the fate programe of ste ivetiaton, ope of work, method of ‘expratin 1 be sped, pes of ump 0 be taken and the bor testing ad ins ‘esing (Flt esting “he get ngs makes vit ote ste fra carl visa inet. The ‘erat tot the flowing ete ofa! in eccnsince (©) The penal opgrapy ofthese, the existence of diag ches, dong of dis nd sania is (Gi Bxianse of sett eres in the sacs ley bil er he i (i) The etiston of se a observe fm dpe, (0) The evidence of ln ies, rina nhs, (0) The keto of high ood mus che ney ees ad bailing. (i) Depo of ove wae ale ws observed in th wl. (ip Exes of rings swamps. he i, ‘hinge pater existing thes. (i) Type of vegetation existing te ite (2) Exim of waded wie min, omer condi eth se in allon to making ste vi, the elec eginer sold sty gel map seri phrogrps, sil naps ad oe pf te existing lings Sty of maps pe ot ‘of informnion abut he gologe chance of be ae, (2) PrtiminaryRsplrations + ‘The a of Prlimiay explora io detain he ep hcses, een and cn Postion of each ol tam athe site. The depth of the bck sd goad wr ae ‘eacton of Foundation and Sub-Sl Exloation 2 The Pin pra in eo fo age Taro ns |. win Coe ermine an Song Ros th nrtn st eg nd | Sepeiyo sts Geri eos aa wn he Petite fr sigs ot ito se 6) Detail Esplertos Te aim fd esprit eet ngewrig pr fe sn ito srt coe eerie bring POP npg esi eee het el tet sc ae sa et, lt al ty, ee ot cot erin e propre wt nl For ingot poet ihn ey Hace ah gas, irs, mated beings ot een he dell potion, ower fer mal hye re te tw nfm ee ears en este | qDaaraos or wou. eons: “The metodo eal exploration may be ssid 4 flows (Gr, May 201, 2015) | Tr 3 Ltrs Metheds ——_Somiinst Methods treet Methods t 4 4 Te pis + Bornes + Soundings Fest es Tea ps {cereal methods Mreneee 1 Dri sate 1.141 Direct Meth ‘he det mets canbe vided int 0 eters A) Pits nd Trenches “BY rts and Shas (1) Pts and Trenches ‘Ti pe and ences re excl he stent th set, Tes f thee it sold efit povide erry whinge. Axper 5} 1980 lea woking spice of 12 mv L2.m que atthe baton ofthe Pie= Foundation Engineering “alow Far ops 3m depth can be made witout any eal suppor. For dep is, spcialy flow gud wae ae he eal soporte the fom of sein ad bang ‘tem equi For depths rent hn 6, boreholes ae more ono thn open it “rote lng hal pit As a ech i ominous oer» come ath it roves expire along tne. The weaches ae me sia than pil for exploration ca (2) Drie and saat: Dit ebsites mai the il seo determine heme a acta of the eigen. 184455 ~ 1980 rcommeds tht 2 dit stood ae the minim ler neni of 15 wh nd 20 ght ad ck soit ack, a ah os more advantages, thn ft wf ‘Deis are wel fr estan he minimum exavtin lini to reach ound ek nd fo lating fsa shar onan ard choline iverson, However, ise eenly expensive Thee ar wed only when eter mead do ot provide the ouied Infrmatio. Dis re ao Kaw a ud, ‘hat ae ug etl oles made in thes formation, These maybe estangaar or car in set. The mina with of restnghle sha ie 24m ad for el ‘haf te minim diameter is 2m ewes round, he sides fhe sal sould be ropey ‘supp Dee shat shal be pope ets Shas ae used each purtcl taa ‘depth of m o are Shafs re al wed 0 een he eprom Blow the rer ed het doe by mas of ane ‘When te depth of exploration i gs, tring ae wed fr eplratin A Yel Boe ate is id in he prod wo the infration sou the subsoil sea Sanplswe hen ‘om the tore let varius eps and tes ea abort The Dre ole may be asd fr Ange bering (2) Auger and Shel bovine 8) Wish boring (4) Roxy iling (5) Pecusoe ding Slacton of Foundation and SubSol Exploration 2 (Anger bring: ‘An Ager ie tol wd dling a bore ole into the promt. Anges a ws fr iting bore les in abs doer v0 roi sbove pound wae ube se 4 ir and operate Anges MechanistAugers 4 4 + se or depth wp stout 6m) + depts more an 6m do + canbe aed in cakes ad sof sols 2m + Tpes —Post tle anger Thee a al clad power agers =H ager can bund in cai of sis and seme sil For ing ore le he ager hase by oti wile renin i i te tte ame tine, When te age fled with si i tae out andthe sil ape i — i h a i er Pt ee” Foundation Engineering ‘Age aig is pneraly nd Sls wich can way open wow cag. Cla ls sc partly sutured and can stné wip Fo sie wich mot sad usp, ‘spily fr sandy sl blow water nls csng sna rquie. For ach sth ‘thd of mgr Big becomes saw nexus ‘The sample ofthe sl collected by th aur re very mosh dred dre ef or easton purposes ely. Auger Brin isfy ssc wher the depth of explo ‘sama sch as for highways, lays els, borow pit ee. 2) Aner and Shalt boring: eto he oe comet ein pred seve ng ty mean of eth e's age Te cn ved ‘hing elo mn Te ing ei oe oe op Sr. Wi eee eto el hl ecg ae “which the auger is withdrmwn, “ Tho el linha rly ve tring Te ad crete rg soybean po 2 poe en celal bag ig kg hop ya 50. 6) Wa bre ‘section of Foundation and Sub Sl Exploration a Wah ring «ft ad single mtd fr borg Des ito he god Ts tid ye sed in al ype of si exc hone mid with rel ad our, ad hy ‘The map oe wah origi stown in Fi. 126. Ina ote dell fr a short pth ying a ange A casing pipe i puted to he hl and dives wih 2 Gop weight or with te i of pow A ello dil Bi sewed 1 the lowe endo blow dl od eget 1 rope ping ves plley al spe by {pd i edo the cating pipe, Wier et nde pressure forced in the ble heh the rod an the bi, wich salman aed a! op and so rotted. The esting ‘opin nd etn ain of hi ad wer nose i athe lower nad ore the ‘oitmr slay upwards tog he solar ace cers te dil rod and he casing The Solty to stn tak wir th ol ass mt where he water ovens in a mmp. The wer called te sump i we fer alton again. ‘The wil pails colle eprset very ste sample ani ot ey wel ote ‘osiatio f the eniering properties fri The cage in ol san maybe indie by the change i thereof propess ad the cane in he colar ofthe wash weer. However, eneve sisal eu the coping bt eplacd by sil sample (Rotary diting ‘This melodie fist meh fling hls noc ermstins A low il i Fd tothe lower end flo ated y omer ile Being kept in fm conat with the btn ofthe ole. Ding fst wuny tent ely hry is fred ander presi ‘thoaph the dil ro and it comes up bal the cigs t he surface. The eiling Pal ‘sports the wall of he ole ad ene no cing i eure. Ti medi, however at ‘ond pros depts a the comtmptin of he eng ld woul be prove ih 1 is thoy sing tbe diamond studied el Bs or tel bits With shot, the rock crs my be otined. The meth is hg known acre diigo ore bore. (6) Persson ding: ‘The Feresion ding metod i sl fr ean oles in ok boules ander bard In his meta a any dling alld hur Ht suspended fom dl oo = tse aarti rise and dropped in he vera By the repel ows of hei ‘ie mtr in he ole ge persed te pit whee te dil i ses i ave he ‘Pond water al, wr is aed to thle ft the breaking of i solo ck The re fms lary wih he plied mfr wich rove by ball tinea ‘pe ofthe major avant tht mieri the oto of the oles dtd ty hey Bows ofthe chisel (8) tis ot poset pet ood uly unubed sames Farr the meta is more expesve thn eter meada oundaton Engineering 148 SOIL SAMPLING AND TYPES OF SOIL SAMPLES ‘The proces of oti Si samples fom the desi dep the desi oto ina ane sil epost, nth view t asin he egnering properties ofthe si eld sel some “he determination of ound water eel io cnsiered a prt f sampling. The eves wed fr obtining sl samples are known sl sampler “ype of al amples Sol amples generally cussed in wo eaten (0) iste spe 2) Uasizuted samples Dire wl sper fA dred sample tain which | © ‘nal sete of the si et pat | fly dtd Dinurbed samples can be used 10] 2 deteine the inde popes of so seeks pin size, platy, speci vi, ee. fs. These te af samples canbe abil 9, by core ute, standard spit spoon stmper,seraper Bucket, sping core Uracil vl saphe “a undarbed saplei atfnw ‘he mtu ste of the ol an wate coment ae preserved Undisrbed sample can be ued to determine shar stengh,pemeait comes, hinkge lint ‘Thee ype of samples can be eine by sheby tbe, piston sampler, bunk slr, Dist amply be Grr abana (1) roneeprestative sales @) represen sampler Non seperate sale cont of mite of mater fam aio io rock at tae sam fom which ome mine continents hve bee ft or got mined wp. Sol Samples cba fo ange igs ad wah brings a son eesiatve ape, These tvs only for providing qa infration sch at major canes in share Reretettve samples con lhe miner consents ofthe sibel he race of te sim espn ed The water cnet my ao hve ange Thes sees _Scecton of Foundation and Sub-Sl Exploration s ‘Ze mitblefrMenifestion and fr te detrinston of ceraln pyle! props sch as ‘eter lis nd ain specie gavin “able 12+ Types of Si Samples eure for Laborsor Tess Dye of et “ype of ample required Natura wer coe ‘tre or SPT sample Dessty ised Specie gv Repetitive or nce hin se dition Repeat o nde eres Repent onde Coe of meni dated Conlin prints ised Star seogth parame: diol 116 SAMPLE DISTURBANCE : “The etn f dtutanse 40th sample de 6 te sampler pnd o hefner of dese. These (0) dimensions of cating ee (2) nie wa ion ©) monet yale ‘The following design fetres affect the sample nuance (0) Are ati (40) ‘The ae ao sie as ‘Maximum cross-sectional ea of the cating eg —_ Aes ofthe si sample 2 lets wee 100 1, = le dete of te cing ge D, = eter dame ofthe eating ee For citining sod uly unubd ampe, the ae ato soul be es hi 10%(@) mide clearance (C+ ‘The ns lence isi as (c-2 52) 3" Dy = nner diameter of he sping abe The inside cleanse allows esc epson of he sample when er the ae, ep in eon the ion tetwen the ils de seer 1S: 1892:1979 recommen tt he ine cleric Ci sould te fom 1 10 39% ©) Onesie earance (6) + ie lace fed as Ce agen) ter dancer fhe ampig tbe For reding the driving fre, the ouside cleamnce soul be as smal as possible Noma i eee 01 2% (sie wal fet: The ion one nie wall ass dsutoes of tsp, The inside sie of the slr sold be sooth is aly smeared wih il tel me ore ison, (©) Dosgn of non-etarn vale: ‘he onsetm vale povided en he sper sal! be f poper design. shoul! ve 1 eis of le ae to allow ai, wat o aly to escape Qi when the sample is ‘ve. shad immediatly close wen the spl swt. (© Method of appsing force: ‘The dere of sample distance depends pon the met of sppng fre ding ‘sling ad upon the a of pean of he stipe Forcing wna! same, the sampler shold be ped no ive, Avot parameter which san indo ample dstrnce i the msoery rt (,) recovered length of the sample Recovery ri, L, == eth ofthe sample Fesewaos lengths of he sanper ‘section of Foundation and Sub-Sl Exploration s T= Hale pol ver 1 <1 indicates ht thsi compres > Vinten ht he soi as ve 17 TYPES OF SOIL SAMPLERS + “The sl samplers areas a “hick al spe and thin wall ape” "Sit spoon sels of te hick wall pe a ‘ly tes are fhe hia wal pe Depenting on te mode of eprint ol samplers maybe cased as (Open die sampler (2) Siiouy Pion ample (6) Rotary sampler (©) Open dive sampler: ‘An ope dive simple i arma thin walled seamless el he sampler (led at hoy be) with rd tinge ad comet aspera. Te sper hd ons {al ceck ae and pos which pei he an excaipe of water oe om he sample ube {the sgl eters The check wall poeta these when the sample i ied wp. “he sampler tbe my be eames it mayb pt nto parts, Shelby bea seamless teh wile spit poo sampler pit no pat. {© Spt spoon sample “The split son sampler sack wall pe open eve sampler oni fe ae (0 sete 0 ma ag, pl tvs v0 tales i) ving one, mae fol el 75 om lng atc 10 the kere of healt tbe, whch serves eating le, and (Gi supa ea owing 150 me long, tached to the up ed ofthe ste tbe. The ie danter ofthe pit tbe 8 mand the cue amet i 0 rm. The sample Bed {is povided with check vale amd 4 vet prs of 10mm dame. The check vale ls to ‘eu the simple wien he sample ied and ven pars allow the ai an ate ape whe diving te sampler, ‘After bo le ben mie te sampler were tthe Bxtom fhe or le By stacking i th il ed, The sampler en ven by fing in he oily Baws om ‘hanmer, The spe i thn win om thle, andthe ving shoe ad he eper end ae removed The to Hales of he pl tbe ae separate nd the spl salen of “oe smpl ten pled nx cosines ell with wat and wasp to he eno or vestinFoundation gineering 2 gn —f rm i c ety ote om Sonar Fston Sampler va eens ‘A soy piso snp ss] 128 SPT Soon Sar cf ihn walle te wh pon ie. cay (© Sy ae — in walled sampler: The pion keeps the ower endo the ‘Shel tab is hia walled seamless! be. The ie dame ofthe the may be soi ibe led when he ape Sereen nd 128m The emo ed spl ve hee dante of ee 508 Iowa he ato of ie ole Fg 30 me 162. The over of ie istered an harpeed which cs eatig (6) Aer the spl ase ered dee Fig 129 (9. The ea ati i est hs 15% ade nse care i 3% the dtd depth, plo peed Sout ‘thin asap due y 1S: 212-1972 ode of patie or hi-waled from moving downvard by # sul ‘sesamin of iis shown in Fig 129) omits hin ald sami samping ug, which diflers n ie = tem of stl as rai, The or fh be evel fm cig "yes of psn samples The hin ib 0 cite nds pe ree wal tn. sep i pd past psn oobi a ‘he dimensions of amping bs 8 per 1S 21921972 we gen elo ‘hesanple sen en aside mete, mm S700 [oct ameter, os Minimum ete hgh wile For sil angle 30000 Pr in, 995124 ‘The psec af he pson peeves api qesing ofthe oR si te fs snd rece the tutnce of te sample. A vcrum i ceted en the oo the sample wich ee in reining te