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ie) imagen del teers The Image of the Feline in Pre-Columbian America” Inés Gordillo, eee Maa gmat oe enc) 1. EL NOROESTE ARGENTINO PREHISPANICO IcONOGRAFIA DEL FELINO A TRAVES DE Los TIEMPOS I Nowoeste agetino (NOA) ee ecesario dea ago procs soil, com divers eulurs tps te ueedezo ene espo Ba ls primeros ‘idion sobre el tema, sos estos mates f= ton engabadorbjo Ta denorinacign. genérica Ge dita, qusen rece, deni 2 os pue- bios qe babitan Ia regina momento de Ta ong epee. Hstireaetsbabian io precedes por ons may ditrnts ents de Tnodo gue queda en manos de los etoios trovecgicos otorgaes una deignacign que tor indvioaizara, determina se ithaca grogea y delinesr una pesiodicin qu ls ica en el dampo. ‘lo lngy de les de aon ete Amico bore nding de la Argensiza foe pobado por toce- hes némades qe bassan su subsistencia en a aaa yreoezcén de alimentos, una etapa que cals con ws proceso de expeimentacién en €f mango producivo de lor rcutsos natura El dominio gradual sobre lsat ysnimals e- peimente dl may B lama, bee ol cami- fo 2 eves formas de, vids y srk e suse tcontinico de todo el desrollo socio-cultural potion geaerando trbiéa nuevas formas de facie ene las personas yn modo de vida sldeano ysodetai. Desde épors muy antigua considerable mo- ‘dad de os propos czadorereclecores per Tri a crac de bene ya complemen- tied econdasca ene lot vaiadosdmbi ures (os vals dels ba Pana y su borde Ge susbrads Ls borgues orients, el ous de San Pedio de Area en Chile, ec). Laeg ta cidade sedetarieejtieron el control sobre los dines enclaves para tener agceo a Tienes compementror, bien ampli y I. THE PRE-HISPANIC ARGENTINE NORTHWEST IconograPHy OF THE FELINE OVER TIME “Te Argentine Nets ws the sting of «long seca proces, wits various ales that followed oe noe ovr nen theft studies on te sje, hi asia raaias wee encompassed under the poetic denomination digits, hide acualy ides the ‘peoples thatinabited the area atthe ment of the ‘Spanish eonques. sarily they had ben pred by other peoples vey diferent fom one ate, 0 i vas the tak ofthe heli studies tive them 4 designation to indvidualize them, determine thei geographical distribution, and dlncate pei zaton that old latte int In the ce of thosarids of years, tis nore ‘Andean envivnment in Argentina was populeted ty noma sods that based thir subsist hunting end gtiering fod, e stage that cbinated wth an esprinéntton process inthe produce management of tural resowres, The gradual domination’ over plants and animals, expecially corm cand Wars, opened road to ew forms of Wand vould became the exnonic sustesane of all he subsequent soot development, generating «s ell nev forms of relationships aring people and 0 sedentary way of ling spiel of villages. ‘Since eyo tines the onside moby of ter- gather gps ele The culation of goods andthe aonomic complementary among the serious turd enronmens (the suthre ells he Pana and ise of gorges the eater forests, the oasis of Sars Pesto de ‘Alaa in Chile, ec) Afi he sedentary eietes verted clever the serous excasioder fave asso complementary goods o ds they engl and consolidated the cra afi ting nt craton pros of ifirent gin ond nate This wie eto of contacts ening diferent sos aio allowed He _preaing of telogies and ther kamuieges deep clement tone sibs opt ee t my nae iuirlezs, Esta amplia red de contactos entre di- 'yersassociedades permitiia también la difusién ectologias y ots conocimientos elementos {deokgicos, simbolos iconogeificos ec. ‘Durante esa titima etapa, denominada Produc cota, Agroalfarer 0 Agricola-pastoril, que se de~ sarrolls Io largo de 2000 aos, ocursen cambios significativos que permiten subdividirla en di- ‘ersos perfodos,a través de los cusles el simbolo Gel flino si bien és recurrents, adguieredistintas EL FELINO DESDE LOS INICIOS DE LA VIDA ALDEANA HASTA LA CONQUISTA HISPANA Varios siglo ances de la Era Cristiana surged en el Noroeste argentino grupos adeanos de eco! noma mixta, ue orientan su subiisencs hacia 4a agriculoura (de mai, pape, rapallo y otros cal- igen) ye pastorco de Tamas, La sociedaes se hhan tornado sedensariasy habtan en pequetiss aldeas que, con el correr del tempo, irén aumen- tando de tamafio, Se wate de sociedades simples, sin una marcads esratficacia interns, pero con tendencit ala expecializaci6n artesanl. Durante este periode, Fermativo Inferio? 0 ‘Temprano (1. 600 &.C.-700 d.C.), las pequetas comunidades agricola habrian extado constitui- das por grupos familiares igados por Jszos de parentesco. Los asentamientos eran pequeiasal- eas 0 viviendas dispers, con frecuencia form- ‘ban conjuntos de recintos articulados-en tomo 2. un patio, central. En algunos de ellos son evi- dentes los espacios © construcciones destinadas 4 pricticas rimales, como ocurre por ejemplo (en Alamito y Tal. Asocialos también ala esfera religiosa, que cruza todos los 6rdénes Ele vide ‘en éstos poblados, aparecen wna variedad de ele- -meatos entre los que se destacan lor menbires 0 estes y ls exculeurastillades en piedre. ‘Teonol6gica y artisrjamente, los Aistintos con- Jantos cultural, con notoriasvarintes de estilo, se destacan por a alfarerfa elabotada, el dasaero- Ilo de la excultura en piedra y los inicis decid damente tempranci de la metalugia‘en compa- racién com el esto de América, Es ahora cuando aparece el elemento iconogrsé co que, con ditinta variants, perdura a lo argo ring tis las stage called Produative, Aerial Conic or Agriulural-Pastorl, which developed hnnghont 2000 yeas, significant changes ocured tha allow us to subdivide iin several periods, hough whic the symbol of the feline, although resins, sequied diferent characteris, THE FELINE SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE VILLAGE LIFE UNTIL THE SPANISH Conauest Several centuries bei the Chri Ee, village srops with mized economy appre in the Agente Northwest They oned ter subitence uowarde ave (orm oat punpin apd ate ues) andthe shepherding of aes The siti hed becom sedentary and lived in smal villeges, which, avr the yeas grein size These wor sinless, without 4 masked internal statin, bur which showed rend twas ef speciation. Dung his peed Lover or Eerly Formative (600 BC.100.AD)-, the smal qgtial comawaites had bee. onsted by fay groups liked by kinship The seements ver smal villages or sated houses, fequent'y forming groupe of anialated endlosed areas around ental courtyard 1 some of them, the spaces or bilge meant for ritual pracies are evident, as hepens, for exe, in Alani and Tift Als assacted withthe reigous sphere, which cose al rds of fein these villages there appa sees of elements among hich the smi or els and the tone saps tro Tenooicaliy and aisle difret call groups with marked style variants stand ou forthe, -ophistated poten the development of tone caving and the deddedly cay Beginnings of mealngy compared withthe rest ofAmerca. AT this tine, he Ranogaphic ment pears which, with diferent variants, wil lst voughou the whole ative stor: he lin. le flure is voted wisty sn rif on modeled veils, pipes, sone containers br Fines At Tf it appears among the representations cared on the pial ments or stele, with realise or fasts ates In other fra expen, is shown modeled and pained with elon, as & the ase files kncwn t9 Condor an ter cay soci lates 1 0 3) othe spines ofthis ype Figs ino tle del Pad Festive ts 19 en waa. Figur Doble vse tom th Fra Pei height: on. AD, Fw? ‘lees Cnage procadee Ca EO ‘Sale: en iota aan Figure? Ghoga se iil or Cara ID. Salt hgh 1 an ier by Po de coda I hiscora indigena: el flino. Su Figura secre fandanientalente en relieween vas mo~ deladss, pips, ecipienes de pied o Figur. Con Taff aparece entre las representaciones grabadas en los tipicas menhires 0 estelas, con raagor realistas © fanté sicos, Ours expresiones formativas lo muestran modelado y pintado on realismo, como es el aso de "tigrillo” co- nocidos para Condorhiuasi y otras sociedades tempranas (Kiminas 1 23) 0 el ejemplar de este tipo hallado en Cerro El Digue, Sata (R. Raf fino, comunicacién pertonal, figura 2). También dentro de la plistica' Condorhuasi, pero de oF modo inis sugestvo, al felino parece integrar aguellas notables figuras zoo-antropomorfis lo grades por combinacién de atributos formals fo conceptuales, As, en las representaciones mo- ddeladas “rampates” la figura humana muestra ‘una actinid zoomérfica, probablemente felinica, (Otras piezas edinen dos imagenes (bumanss y/o animales) en los extzemos,siendo el cuerpo del ‘vaso Ia unién entre ambos, Bias ‘lkimas tienen la msisma idea inspiradora qe ciertos ejemplares esculpidos en piedra (mina 11) yaungue la r-- solucién plistica es diferente la idea bisica es la ‘misma: el concepto de dualidad humano-animal {que sintetiza fuerzas opuestas y entrelazadas, la ‘unién de aspectos que corporizan distintos ai- veles 0 categortes del mundo, ‘En la alfareria gris incisa de Cignage se recono- cen componentes figuintivos llamas, saurios, Toros, simios y homabres- ejecutados bajo la con cepcién geométrice caracteritica de exe estilo Bn una etapa avanzada, exhibe figuras hnmanas ccotscomplejos adorns fontales en los que apa- rece la imagen felinica 0 algunos de sus rasgos particulares, incisos © modelados (Mimina 6).Pa- ralelamente la tipica y sencilla repreventacion de Iallama adguiereatributorflinicos (mina 5) la _metamorfoss ega a veces tal punto gue no es posible establecer cul de los dos animales, lama o fetino, es el representado. En algunos lugares, estos componentes decorativos taios de, Cit naga insindan a existencia de prbcesos de tam- bio o contacto sociocultural Que definen nuevas found ax Cero El Digue, Sala (R. Rain, personal conmuuscaion, Figure 2) Aso i Conderiuasi ar, ni a more sinning wy, he fine sens 0 Be part of those remareable 200-antapommorphic fees achieved by combining formal or conceptual abe. Ths, in the modeled aompan representations he Iman fqure adopts a saonvrphic anita, probably elnie, Othe pices jon tsi imeges Chan and? or animal) inthe ends, and the body ofthe vessel is the uniow ofboth, Tze bea the same inspiring idea ascertain specimens cared on stone (plate 11) and, altoweh the plastic resolution is diferent the basi idea isthe same: the conc of lunan-aninal duality synthesizing opposite and interlaced for, the union of expects giving substance to difrent world levels or categories In the giay incised pottery of Cibuaga, one con see figurative components lames, sauria, parrots, apes and men made ecoding to the geometrical conception characters of this style. In an advanced stage, it exhibits huonan figures with comple fontal ornaments, in which the feline image or sont ofits potion features appear, incised or modeled (pte 6) “At he seme tne, the ypical and simple epresantation ofthe lame acquires feline attributes (plat 5), the Inetamorphess sometimes reaches such an extent that itis impossible to ‘establish which ofthe two animals oma or fein, is the one represented. In some laces, hese late omamental components of Cibnaga processes of change or socio- cul contac that defie new sol and tic dente, noun in Agente aceon the dewination of La Agua cate “Atte san tine, ding the whole Formative Pesod ining Le Aged the ei pipes (lates 7 and 8) wl srt sce ote stone objets hich bth exes, have neo eto inc Faues modeled or cave plates 10 614) tard ont (A awius ego, apperénty eid with the sue of pychotpic utc wich, wt win’ amines in ater times Te iage of he line ve cal lo conser te image oft sa might be eae oa pst of bls whoe ital ces id tothe se of hallucinogens Ia prac that shows great. dapth inthe Argentine Nett t idemidades socials y artsticas, conocidas en b srqcologi agetna bajo la denominaion de cada Ls Agus, Parelament,durote todo el Formative -in- clside La Agua se desea también as pic p28 deeerimies (ina 7 y 8), fos mores Jos vasos y otros objetos de piedra que, en uno ¥ ox co, Hen sodsadsy tas figuras fase o snopes (Smings 10 a 14) ‘Una coross explo, spirentemente aocae de al consumo de suancit ponies, qu, con vtianey,contnia en époespstecors, La Smmagen del lino -podsamor tmbign conside- sls de i sepinte- habe edo relconada con un sits de cee, eyo miceo rial se vncla lwo dealuindgenos.Se ata de un prfoiea qoe maniGets ung. gran profindidad din en el Norte segetno yeu cont sshd we conobor con mille evdencs de pocas mls ecient (oe cite Hombres ns 2 dingo ac siglo VII de ae a porcon mexi- sional del NOA, ritalin formas novedoms de orgnzcibn oi conocst enna arqueo- loge coino “La Aguada Se mits de an proceso aque ten a ces en el descolio itico de conmplefida crecent pro no Heal que se Gio én Formato, date que comienan 2 perlae nuevo modot de vids arcterindox or unt mayor heteogenciady dferencacin ineraa de sociedad. Ls Agua no eu culra que © expande por un vito terzorio dee geogra aliens sin bien a exre- sade una cars intercin entrecomanidades colt iyetoras locles pia que paripan de una dingmica de asformacn soil previa ‘y concomitante con ess intericcién, Enalgunosigatescomo en el vente ¢ Cat satay nooete dé La Rioja, pude obseevase jaa ee momenta (dfnido akerasvamente como Peiodo Medio, Formative Supediog, Fo- recente Régional o Integracién Regina) un increento dé pobadién un pas dei Jacin mis compleo y heterogénco na expan- sin del tea de captacién de recursos, la expecia- sand whose continuity is confiemed with multiple evidences from mone recent tes (ce Men, Felines and Felling). Tovwards the 8* Cennuy of nr Era, inthe soern pert of the Argentine Northwest, new forms of socal onganizatin coke shop, kuew in our encheolagy as La Aguado. I is 0 process rooted in the hstrcal development of growiig complexity ~aldhough ot linear that took place in the Formative Period, turing which now ways of living begin 1 aris, Characterized by o greater heterogeneity nd internal Aifeentation of sacites. La Aguada isnot a clue that spreads through a est ett of the high valleys, its rather the expression ofa clear interaction among ‘commits with thei oun lel Histor, participating in a dynamics of previous socal transformation and ‘oncomitant with that interaction Jn some places, ar in the east of Catamarca and northwest of La Rioja, one cam zee by that time’ (defined aiternatisely as Midile, Late Formative, Flourishing Regional or Regional Integration Period) an inease in population, a more complex and heterogeneous pattern of setlentent, an expansion of the area of resource securing, the material good specialization and standardization, the prominence of public monumental architecture, and @ common set of rcurent ions tht spread out in variety of rateriliter AI! these elements, tgeter, define the emegence of « socio-cultal onder which, in many lacs, marks clear diferenes with the previous soeys of living. I genoa, ii a proces that generates news sway of living, ating, bullding and interpreting the secial and natural word. Its mast lagely rengnized expression has been the. strong iconography faced on filinecanthopomorphic and fantastic images. And, although the artistic and technological’ production shows significant stylistic differences, the main icons focused om the ritual and the myth go through the expresive fild of the various human sodtes that inhabited the valleys and the mountcins ofthe region, thus showing this ative contact among then ad the eof symbolic capital common tothe inser part of cach one of them. kis at this time that the image of the feline ~the Jinguar- reaches its highest expression though various Fuss \asoetl Cizag con dos gems de Temes eins: 12am. CM, ML te ce Mare, ea) Frau, Cidoga syle vase wit gamer e- ‘Sans of eles lana MUP leet by Mati Arr ight 12cm. CB, Figwas is de pie tala. fine (Sea, ‘Aguada; 2m. MAD, get de Wo nse Fins, Figure 4, Sone vaso with angrae f (co. tall, gd 22 em MAG enuay ot Wot Howe Fins. opin x ur olita de Le na, oe nt, Catanaa so ale aaa Fee. agit in supine pstion na gt om La nconois, Asal, Catamaran ing bye ut Fig Tetra de hueso coy fuss fla, plaio nls incoec, abet, Cena fats to hbastoal Fue 6 Bore wid wher wth lc dea Ing fount areata Anbar Icha ye tn, lizaci6n y esandarizacin de bienes materiales el despumte de fa arquitectra piblea monumental {yun conjunco comin de ieonos recurrent que iedad de materalidades. se despliegan en una v ‘Todos estas elementos, en conjunto, definen fa cemergencia de un orden sociocultural que, en muchos lugares, marean diferencias clara con los sodas de vido precedente. En términos genera Jesse tata de un proceso que genera nuevas for- mas de habita,acciona,construr ¢ interpretar€] ‘mundo social y nator La expresion més amplia~ ‘mente teconocida ha sido le potente iconografa centrads en les imagenes flino-antropomiortas y fantisticasY si bien la produccién artsticay tec nologica muestra diferencias exiiscas sigrifica- iva, los principales iconos ~centeados en el ritual y el mito- atraviean el campo expresivo de as diverse sociedades humanas que habitaban en los valle y sersanfss de la regi6n, y que don’ cuenta Ae ese contacto activo entre las miszmasy del usu fructo de wn capital simbélico comin al interior de cada tna de els Es en este momento cuando la imagen del f- lino -el jaguar-aleanza su mésima expresion a través de diversas ttenicas y dsefios mobiiarios (cerimica grabads, pintada y modelada, placas de metal, objetos de hueso, etc.) y en las repre~ sentaciones rupestres. En torno a ese motivo se desrrolla toda la problemitica figurative del arte Aguada (liminas 12 225,29 a 32 y 42.2 43), ocupando un lugar predominate en su rela- ign la imagen antropomorfa. Hombre y animal definen en el disso sus expacios y formas y,2 pesar de las variates, muestran una tendencia recurrente en sus modes de-representacién. Ea toda las modalidades del discurso visual Agua- da, cualquier motivo es factible de feinizacién ‘a través dela representaci6n de garras, manchas 1 ofzas porciones anatémica, las que, a su vez, se constiyen con frecuencia como elementos ‘metonimicos del jaguar (Ver acSpite “Los pushls ie jaguar”), [No sabemos con predisién cull fae el derrotero * de las sociedades Aguada. Segin el lugar, se de~ Iinean trayectoris hstéricas con diferentes grax portale at designs snd tec et fame pnd and modeled povtery, eta ples, be obj, ty well at inthe rk ar representations Around this moti a whe figurative ser of problems of che ant develop (plates 12 10 25, 29 00 32 and 42 4p 45), end their relationship wink the anomie Jama ecupies a predominant plore Man onal Af in he deste, ter spaces ad shapes and, in spite of thei variants, sey show a ree ney in ther ways of representarion, tall modalies of the Aguada vival dsouse, ony motif is fie vo be flinized through the representation of clas, spe or other antomical pats, which in turn feguently const metompmical elements of the jaguar (ce The Peoples ofthe Jaguar Wie do wot know precisely which the course of te Aguada seciter wes. Depanding on the plac, Iistovcal paths ore lid out with diferent dgres of Continuity’ and miptre as regaids the-Late Parod scteing it, In genera, the begrsings ofthe later ay bestuated ound 1000 AD, whe old and new scones are ncorponeted toa diferent social ation. This ts characterized by the appearance of song regional or local variants within the sociocultural set of the Argentine Northwest; hence also its denomination of Period of Regional Development, Together with the intensification and the enlargement of agricul and shepherding activites, the populations experience remarkable demographic growth and toxd 10 concentrate in wba seteients, with schitectonic speces difrentiated in tems ofthe various soci, religious or productive practices The fortified villages appect, true defensive strongholds that entpale che pears of rca times, fctes built of st end masonry which ican cases can commadete 4 igh numberof inhobitens The moment és marked by strong teritailisms, lacked by war practices, fcued onthe consoldation of compl societies with their ecg, chieftain or Tod Social stmctures that do not reac the status of state formations although in their organization one can observe herachize lineages andar elite that ineris the power though blood succession, Auerding 10 ethnoistrial evidence, the ethnical poups that made up these lords or chiftain-iled strcurs exerted their

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