1 Draft Book of Abstract Solar Africa Dosso 2020

BOOK
ABSTRACTS SOLAR AFRICA 2020
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

FOR RURAL AND URBAN APPLICATIONS
SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-001

INVESTIGATION OF OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC (II)
OXIDE USING SCREEN PRINTING TECHNIQUES FOR USE IN SOLAR CELLS
1 1 1 2
Yahaya A. A; Magawata U. Z; Umar A. B.; & Mohammed I.
1
Department of Physics Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero,
Kebbi State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Remedial Studies, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi. Kebbi
State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: yahyaabubakaraliero@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
As solar energy absorption, conversion and utilization is on the increase worldwide, the need for
performance improved devices cannot be over emphasized. ZnO have been identified as suitable
materials for many electronic and semiconductor applications including solar absorber and photo
catalysis. The properties of the materials are strongly dependent on the method of deposition. In
this present work, Zinc oxide was successfully deposited on a glass slide substrate using screen
printing techniques. The samples were annealed at 150OC, 200OC and unannealed sample to
investigate the effect of temperature variation. The samples were characterized by UV- visible
spectroscopy and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-visible spectrometer
machine model Cary 50bio (0906m12) was use to measure the absorption and percentage
transmittance of the samples at room temperature in which ZnO sample annealed at 150OC and
ZnO sample annealed at 200OC has the higher absorption values at the range of wavelength 340 –
370 nm and 350 – 370 nm respectively, which made the thin film suitable for solar cell application
Also using FTIR analysis the transmittance of the samples was investigated. The entire sample has
good transmittance for photovoltaic application. From the band gap result, ZnO sample annealed
at 150OC for 30 minutes has the band gap of around 3.19eV.
Key words: Zinc oxide, SEM, UV- Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR

SYNTHESIS OF ANTIMONY SELENIDE (Sb2Se3) BY WET MILLING:
STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
*1Sifawa A. A. & 2Abdullahi S.

1
Department of Physics, Sokoto State University Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: aasifawa13@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Mechanical alloying is a technique involving repeated welding, fracturing, and re-welding of
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powder particles in a high-energy ball mill and thus all the structural and chemical changes are
produced by mechanical energy. Ball mill as the name suggests consists of balls and a mill
chamber has now been established as a viable path that is capable of synthesizing a variety of
equilibrium and non-equilibrium alloy phases starting from blended elemental or pre-alloyed
powders. In a world with growing demand for energy, there is a need for identifying cost effective
and environmentally friendly solar absorber materials. Pertaining to thin film solar
cells.Sb2Se3recently has been considered as a potential material for solar absorber application,
because of its suitable band gap (1.0 to 1.2ev), high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1), non-
toxicity, excellent electronic properties and abundance. In this paper, the details of synthesis of
Sb2Se3 by high energy wet ball milling process was presented. The collected sample has been
successfully characterized by X-Ray diffraction for wet mill to investigate the formation of Sb2Se3
phase. From the XRD results analysis, it was found that Sb2Se3 single phase was formed in 13
hours of milling. Raman shifts of 188 and 252cm-1 for wet as-milled Sb2Se3 had been
recorded.EDS exhibits two strong peaks confirming the purity of our sample by detecting only Sb
and Se element respectively.
Keywords: Mechanical alloying; Sb2Se3; Phase evaluation

ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC-THERMOELECTRIC
HYBRID FOR SYSTEMS FOR POWER OPTIMIZATION
*1 2 3
Yusuf A.; Ali M. H. & Abdullahi M. B.
1
Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano Nigeria
3
Department of Physics, UsmanuDanfodio University Sokoto, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: aybbabascience@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Thermoelectric generation is an encouraging technology which transforms waste heat into
electricity in a clean and efficient manner. Performance of thermoelectric generator module was
investigated in stationery state heat conduction current model in COMSOL Multi-physics
environment. Simulation based on the analytical model has been carried out to study the
performance and design optimization of the module. Experimental data obtained such as ambient
and panel temperature amount of irradiance and panel area were used in the simulation. The
experiments are in good agreement with the simulation results which smooth the path in
modelling for the direct electric power generation for waste heat recovery.
Keywords: Thermoelectric generator, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric, Heat Transfer

coefficient.
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EFFECT OF PARTIAL SHADING ON THE CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND POWER OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SOLAR MODULE: A CASE STUDY OF
MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR MODULE
1 2 1
Abdullahi S.; Danshehu B. G.; & Hajara I. B.
1
Department of Physics Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
Corresponding Email: abdullahi.sanusi@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Whenever energy and power output of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is evaluated, partial
shading conditions (PSC) are taken into consideration. Two (2) similar solar PV modules were
setup with one partially shaded and the other is un-shaded. The voltages, currents, modules'
surface temperatures and solar radiation data were measured for both the partially shaded and un-
shaded PV module from 08:00am to 04:00pm. The Short circuit current, the open circuit voltage
and the power output of the un-shaded module was by far greater than that of the partially shaded
module.
Keywords: partial shading, solar cell, solar module, open circuit, short circuit

EFFECT OF NITROGEN DOPING IN DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL
*1
Buda S.; 2Sanda A.; 3Shehu Mustapha & 1Dabai K. A.
1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
2
Department of Biological Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
3
Energy Commission of Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: budasamaila@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Improvement of photoanode materials based on semiconductor oxides such as titanium dioxide
(TiO2)has the ability to boost the overall efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC).
However, the electron transport dynamics in this type of semiconductor material is characterized
with high electron–hole recombination which lower the overall solar cell performance. This
research is designed to enhance power conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cell through
improvement of light absorption as well as carrier transport in the photoanode. Nitrogen-doped
TiO2 nanoparticle with a suitable band gap for improved light absorption in dye-sensitized solar
cell was synthesized through mechanical method using ball milling. An improvement in the
performance of the DSSC was accomplished in which power conversionwas improved
significantly from 5.8% to 8.02% for DSSC without nitrogen and DSSC with doping of nitrogen
respectively. The optimisation study for the charge collection efficiency and power conversion
efficiency for the nitrogen doped plasmonic DSSC by using Response Surface Methodology has
shown that the optimum charge collection efficiency of 61% and power conversion efficiency
8.02% was achieved at the targeted value of 15 mL of nitrogen, 10 µm of film thickness and 18
hours of dye loading time.
Keywords: Photoanode, Semiconductor, efficiency, light absorption
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EFFECT OF FILM THICKNESS AND ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON
STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF INDIUM-TIN OXIDE
(ITO) THIN FILMS PREPARED BY RF SPUTTERING TECHNIQUE
Abdullahi S.; Momoh M.; Moreh A U.; Hamza, B. S. & Argungu G. M.

Department of Physics Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: abdullahi.sanusi@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films were coated on bare corning glass substrate using RF
magnetron sputtering technique. The prepared samples were annealed at 250°C for 1 hour in
vacuum under N2 atmosphere. The influence of film thickness over the structural and electrical
properties of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and four-point probe (FPP)
method respectively. XRD peaks related to (222) and (400) planes were observed. Resistivity of
the ITO thin films decreased with increase in the film thickness in the case of the as-deposited and
the annealed samples.
Keywords: ITO, RF sputtering, XRD, annealing temperature, bare corning glass.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OPTIMUM TILT ANGLE ON SOLAR PANEL
EFFICIENCY
*1
Muhammad B. G. & 1Abubakar B.
1
Department of Physics, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina
*Corresponding Email: bashir.gide@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
The world recently pays attention on alternative energy. One of the considerations is the focus on
converting solar energy into electricity in place of fossil fuels. Apparently, the sun is everlasting
and powerful, which has very huge potential discovered by people. In this regard, this study was
carried out to investigate the relationship between solar intensity, angle to the output using both
natural light and a laboratory set up (TPS-37720). The aim of the study is to determine the effect
of light intensity and angle of projection on the output of the solar cell. The laboratory set up, TPS-
37720 was used measure the effect of light intensity on solar cell output efficiency and the effect of
angle variation on the solar cell output efficiency. The study reveals that irradiance, temperature,
orientation, tilt angle, distance, shading, dusts are some major factor affecting solar panel
performance. Similarly, the angle between a photovoltaic (PV) panel and the sun affects the
efficiency of the panel.
Keywords: Solar cell, irradiance, temperature, tilt angle efficiency
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DESIGN OF HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR OPTIMUM ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY: CASE STUDY OF AGADEZ CITY, NIGER REPUBLIC
1
Mohammad M. L., 2Yahya H. N., & *3Seidou A. S.
1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria;
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: abdousalha81@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The design of hybrid photovoltaic - coal power plant for Agadez region was investigated. Initially, a
methodology for the determination of the different parameters required for the realization of the
design was carried out. Then, a 11 MW hybrid PV-coal system was designed, the number and type of
modules, the number of inverters and the rest of the components of the hybrid system were selected
and their efficient techniques of connecting them together was stated. However simulations were
performed by using RETScreen Software. From the results of the simulation, it was shown that the
hybrid PV-coal system provide a reduction of the operational costs and green house gas emission
when compared with coal system only. Moreover, the hybrid system gives an opportunity for solar
energy to supply 63% of the annual energy demand of of Agadez city and results in 37% reduction on
coal.
Keywords: Hybrid phovoltaic, PV module, inverter, coal power plant, Agadez region.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM FOR SOME
SELECTED LOCATIONS IN NIGERIA
*1,2Dabai K. A.; 1Garba I.; 1Adamu A. A.; 3Argungu G. M.; & 2Buda S.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
2
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
3
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
*Corresponding E-mail: kabir.ahmed@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This paper gives detailed design and analysis of Stand-alone Solar Street Lighting Systems taking six
selected locations in Nigeria as cases of the study for comparison. The variations of solar radiation
and night lengths were considered. The monthly average solar radiation data were based on 22 years
of monthly average insolation figures obtained from the National Aeronautics Space Administration
(NASA). A single LED lamp rated 12V, 40W DC operating from dusk to dawn was used for the
design. The results show that the length of nights varies seasonally with maximum values in
December and minimum values in June for all the locations with places closest to the equator having
the least variation. Components requirement indicates that a piece of 12V, 100Ah battery, and a piece
of 12V, 20A charge controller will suffice for all the locations. The difference is based on solar array
requirement in which the results show that show that 2 pieces of 120Wp solar panel connected in
parallel will be adequate for PortHarcourt, and Benin-City; 2 pieces of 100Wp for Ibadan, and
Makurdi; and 2 pieces of 80Wp for Kano and Maiduguri. The difference in the array requirement was
based on the solar radiation available in the location, for those having higher radiation require lower
solar array and vice versa.
Keywords: Radiation, Photovoltaic, Street Lighting, Night Length, Performance Ratio.
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SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR

DOMESTIC, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS

OPTIMUM TRUNCATION LEVEL OF HEAT PIPE BASED COMPOUND
PARABOLIC COLLECTOR
*1 2 2
Abdullahi B.; AL-Dadah R. K. & Mahmoud S.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil,
Kano- Nigeria
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
*Corresponding Email: balabdullahi@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Radiation available, collector design and its orientation are the key parameters that affect the
performance of any solar collector. The concentrator of Compound Parabolic Collector tends to be
long especially at low concentration and most of the top parts are not contributing to the radiation
collection. Truncating those parts is found to increase the optical efficiency at the expense of the
concentration ratio. This work presents simulation and experiment on the effects of truncation
level of heat pipe based compound parabolic collector (HPCPC) on its optical performance using
solar radiation in Kano, Nigeria (12.05oN). It is aimed at the determination of the effects of
truncation at different levels, so that the best level could be determined. Two computer programs
were developed for geometric characterization of symmetric low concentration compound
parabolic collectors and studying the effects of truncating its concentrator. Results showed that as
the truncation levels increases the collector height, aperture width, concentration ratio and
average number of reflection decrease while the acceptance angle increases. The effect of
truncation was also studied using a validated advanced ray tracing technique. Results showed that
truncation increases the optical efficiency of the HPCPC but decreases it's concentration ratio.
From the graph of optical efficiency and concentration ratio against truncation level, results have
o
showed that the HPCPC with acceptance angle of 60 and receiver radius of 12.5 (i.e.
HPCPC60R12.5), HPCPC40R12.5 and HPCPC30R12.5 can be truncated respectively by 62%,
55% and 43% to achieve optical efficiencies/concentration ratios of 84%/1.65, 71%/2.55 and
55%/3.5 respectively.
Keywords: Truncation level, Optical Simulation, Optical efficiency, Concentration ratio,

Acceptance angle
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIRECT MIXED-MODE SOLAR DRYER
ENHANCED REFLECTOR
Umaru S.; Balogun M. B.; Abubakar S.; Rahman A. & Jimoh T. A.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: balo.muyi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The performance of a natural convention functional mixed mode solar dryer conducted at a
latitudeof 11o 13´ with an average solar radiation of 700W/m2 was carried out in Zaria. The indirect
mixed mode solar dryer consists of drying chambers with the front panel made of glass which
permits sun radiation into the chamber, a solar reflector made of glass also permits sun radiation
into the drying chamber and the collector. The interior of the dry chamber was coated black and at
the bottom of the chamber are placed stones painted black to absorb and provide more heat. The
chamber is designed to accommodate 1kg of okra per tray. From the experiment carried out, it was
noted that the drying rate for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day are 0.069 kg of H2O/ hr, 0.0465 kg of H2O/hr.,
and 0.0185 kg of H2O/hr respectively. The maximum temperature rise for the system was recorded
o
as 52 C. The efficiency of the solar dryer was noted as 70%.
Key words: Functional mixed mode, Solar energy, Drying rate, Okra

THERMO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF (YANKASA) RAM FAT FOR
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
1,4
Rikoto I.I.: 2Garba M.M.; 1Bagudo B.U.; 3Muhammad N.; 2,4Danmallam I.M.; &
1,4
Ayoola, I.B
1
Department of Pure and applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
2
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
3
Department of Animal Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
4
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Corresponding Email: rikoto2003@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research report on Thermo-physical characterization of Yankasa ram fat for thermal energy
storage. Characterization was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),Thermo-
gravimetric analysis (TGA) and analytical methods to determine other physical properties The in
soluble fat was extracted from the sample by successive addition of chloroform and N-hexane to
the chopped fat and was separated using a separating funnel .The results for thermo physical
0
properties were obtain as follows: Refractive index 1.569, pH Value 8.4, Density (20 C)
0 0
0.9483g/cm3, Viscosity at both (30 C and 100 C) 84 and 14mm2/c respectively, Kinematics
0 0
Viscosity both at (40 C and 100 C) 85.453mm/s and 14.242mm2/s respectively, Melting point of
0
42.34 C, Heat capacity 0.364mW/min, Enthalpy -0.5mW/min, Pour point, Cloud point, Flash
point and Fire point are -140C, -12.20C, 1600C and 2160C respectively. The Thermo gravimetric
0
curve shows that the decomposition of the fat falls within temperature range of 61.36 C to
425.490C, 425.490C to 880.400C with the loss of 40.4mg, 93.8mg of the fat respectively was done
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at temperature range of 750C to 8750C at heating rate of 20.84mg. All these combine properties
indicate that Yankasa ram fat can be used for thermal energy storage.
Keywords: Thermo-physical, fat, thermal energy, storage

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METAL BASIN AND CONCRETE CASCADE
DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILLS
*1Muhammad S. B. & 1Abubakar A. S.

1
*Corresponding Email: sabiubala@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Availability of drinking water is one of the major challenges faced by our modern society. There
are certain locations where fresh drinking water is scarce, but brackish or saline water are
available. The available water resources have been used to provide a clean, safe and reliable
drinking water with metal basin solar stills using solar energy. The issue of rusting associated with
the metal basin solar still constitutes a major problem. A concrete cascade double slope solar still
was constructed and tested alongside a conventional metal basin solar still of the same
dimensions. The performance tests compared the glass cover and basin water temperatures, as
well as the yields of the two stills recorded at 30 minutes interval, from 8:00 to 18.00 for seven
days. Highest average daily glass temperatures for metal and concrete basin stills of 54.1 °C and
40.5°C were recorded respectively for the metal basin and concrete cascade solar stills, at an
2
average global solar radiation of 1204.8 W/m and ambient temperature of 35.1 °C which occurred
at 15.30. Highest average daily water temperatures of 58.3 °C and 51.1 °C occurred respectively
for the metal basin and concrete cascade stills at the same time under the same atmospheric
conditions. The average daily cumulative yields of the metal basin and concrete cascade solar
stills were found to be 707.1 mL 577.4 mL respectively. The results show that the conventional
metal basin solar still recorded a higher yield, but the concrete cascade solar still has overcame the
rusting problem. There is therefore a compromise of 18.3% higher yield or a longer span working
solar still without rusting.
Keywords: Double Slope, Solar Stills, yield, Metal Basin, Concrete Cascade

THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE PERFORMANCE
OF DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILLS
1 1
* Muhammad S. B. & Abubakar A. S.
1
ABSTRACT:
Water is a basic necessity for living. Humans and animals need clean water for healthy life. In this
research, 50L of brackish water sample was used to fill a double slope solar still, and the whole set
up exposed to the solar energy. The distillate yields of the sample were recorded at one hour
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intervals between the hours of 8.00am and 18.00pm. The corresponding values were measured for
some meteorological variables like: solar radiation, ambient temperature, relative humidity and
wind speed during each interval. The results were tabulated and picturesque using bar charts. It
was observed that the maximum yield recorded was obtained by 15.00pm, which also corresponds
to the highest value of wind speed which accounts for condensation of the evaporated distillate.
The relative humidity varied inversely with the yield. It has been observed that solar radiation
varies parabolically with time, with its maximum value at 13.00pm. Solar radiation also varies
linearly with yield only that, radiation reached its peak at around 13.00pm while the yield reached
its maximum value around 15.00pm. Finally, the yield of the distilled water increased as the
ambient temperature increased, with the maximum yield recorded at the maximum value of the
ambient temperature i.e. at 15.00pm. When the ambient temperature started to decline, the yield
also started to decline equally. This shows that the ambient temperature is directly proportional to
the distillate yield.
Keywords: Double Slope, Solar Stills, Meteorological Factors, yield

DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR THERMAL
APPLICATION USING STAINLESS STEEL PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
*1.2
Bande A. B.; 2Aliyu S.; 2Garba M. M.; & 1Shehu A.
1
Department of Physics. Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto.
2
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo, University Sokoto.
*Corresponding E-mail: bandendiggi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions and increase in the fuel price are
main driving force behind effort to more effectively utilize various sources of renewable energy,
which is considered to be one of the most prospective sources of energy. To minimize the harmful
effect of CO2 emitted by burning fuel which is one of the greenhouse gases that contributes toward
the depletion of ozone layer, good health care condition for the housewife and save of time and
money would be needed. The use of concentrators in forms of solar energy collector in order to
concentrate sun rays for better usage is on the increase worldwide. This paper presents the
experimental performance evaluation of a stainless steel L-shaped parabolic reflector which was
fixed at 45cm, and 65cm height from cooking vessel to reflector (concentrator). The system was
constructed using locally available materials with design parameters. The thermal performance
experiments were conducted (water boiling test) to evaluate the performance evaluation of the
reflector at different height. The experimental test results shows that, the system set at 65cm height
from cooking vessel performed better than at 45cm height. The temperature profile of the system
at 65cm and 45cm height shows the maximum temperature attained were 94.1OC and 74.9OC
respectively. The test results of the reflectors at two different height variations were employed to
calculate the efficiency of the concentrating solar thermal collector. The efficiencies of the system
were obtained to be 7.58% and 5.98% at 65cm and 45cm height from reflectors to cooker stand
respectively.
Keywords: Stainless steel reflector, parabolic reflector, cooker stand, temperature profile, steam
generation and height variation.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MODIFIED CONCRETE CASCADE
DOUBLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL WITH CERAMIC LINING
*1Muhammad S. B. & 1Abubakar A. S.

1
ABSTRACT:
Affordable clean water is a necessity for sustainable human and animals' health. Metal basin solar
stills, based on cheap technology of using abundantly free solar energy for water purification, are
prone to rusting. To overcome this problem, a concrete cascade double slope solar still was
constructed. Smooth (black) ceramic tiles were used for inner walls lining to improve
performance. The concrete cascade solar still was tested alongside a conventional metal basin
solar still of the same dimensions. The performance test compared the glass cover and basin water
temperatures as well as the yields of the two stills recorded at 30 minutes interval (8:00 to 18.00)
for seven days. Highest average daily glass temperatures of 45.9 °C and 50.4 °C were respectively
recorded for the metal basin and concrete cascade solar stills, at an average global solar radiation
of 1539 W/m and ambient temperature of 35.0 °C, which occurred at 14.30. Highest average daily
2
water temperatures for metal basin and concrete cascade stills were recorded as 57.7 °C and 58.7
°C respectively at the same time and under the same atmospheric conditions. The average
cumulative daily yields of the metal basin and concrete cascade solar stills were found to be 745
mL and 1485 mL respectively, including night productions. Therefore, the concrete basin still has
produced almost double the yield obtained from the metal basin still. It is concluded that the
concrete basin still can overcome the problem of rusting with better performance under the same
atmospheric conditions, compared to the conventional metal basin type solar still.
Keywords: Double Slope, Solar Stills, yield, Ceramic Lining, Concrete Cascade

PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATION ON DIFFERENT HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR
SOLAR PASSIVE WATER HEATING SYSTEMS
1 1 2 3 3 4
Muhammad A.; Salihu S. A.; Umar S. Danshehu B. G.; Musa M.; Suleiman A. &
5
Garba I.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology
Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi
State, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
4
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: famathanee40@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an experimental investigation on two solar thermal heat exchangers with
different plate configuration namely U-Corrugated and the conventional flat plate heat
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exchangers for water heating were developed, an experimental investigation was conducted to
find out the effect of heat exchanger configurations on the overall thermal performance of a solar
passive water heating system, also to enhance the thermal performance of a passive solar water
heating systems using locally available materials and enhanced heat transfer technique by
focusing on the process of efficient energy transfer between the heat exchanger to the transfer
fluid. The performance study proved that precise system sizing comprising proper bonding
between heat exchanger and the tubes optimize system thermal performance as the U-Corrugated
heat exchanger having larger contact area between the exchanger and the tubes yielded higher
efficiency of 52.05% while the conventional flat heat exchanger had efficiency of 44.16%. The
obtained results yielded useful data for achieving optimum thermal performance of the solar
passive water heating systems.
Keywords: Solar water heating, Heat exchangers, Tubes, Efficiency, Passive.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOLAR STILLS WITH AND WITHOUT ABSORBING
MEDIUM
1
Muhammad A.; 1Salihu S. A.; 2Umar S.; 3Dabai K. A.; 4Danshehu B.G; 4Musa M.; &
3
Suleiman A.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology,
Aliero, Nigeria.
2
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria.
3
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto,
Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: famathanee@outlook.com
ABSTRACT
Solar energy is radiant energy that is produced by the sun. A solar still is an airtight basin that
contains saline or contaminated water. Solar stills are called solar distillers because they distill or
purify water using the radiant energy of the sun. In this research, a comparative study for the still
with absorbing medium and the still without absorbing medium were carried out to determine
which of the two has the higher efficiency of productivity of distilled water. After the parameters
affecting the stills were measured and recorded for the days under consideration, the still with
absorbing medium proved to be 23.95% more efficient than the still without absorbing medium.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Solar distillers, Efficiency, Absorbing medium, and water.
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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDOOR SOLAR COOKER USING FRESNEL
LENS FOR COOKING, WATER HEATING AND STEAM GENERATION FOR
DOMESTIC, COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS.
Hamza El-ladan A.
Ibrahim Shehu Shema Center for Renewable Energy and Research (ISSCeRER),
Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina.
*Corresponding Email: abdulkarim.hamza@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents preliminary results of a designed and developed Indoor Solar Cooker using
Fresnel Lenswith a view to cook food indoors, away from the solar concentrator to minimize
burning hazards, heat Water for process Heat and as well generate Steam. The Fresnel
concentrator is chosen based on previous experimental work carried by the researcher where
various concentrators (reflective and refractive) were studied and characterized in terms of size
configuration and stagnation temperatures generated by each. From the preliminary data collected
the 100x100cm spot lens is chosen for its ability to generate a higher stagnation temperature of up
to 1300°C. The system if completed would be able to Cook Food, Heat Water and generate Stesam
for both; domestic, commercial and industrial based applications in tropical climatic conditions.
Keywords: Indoor Solar Cooker, Fresnel Lens Concentrator, Reflective, Refractive, Stagnation
Temperature, Solar Irradiation.
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WIND ENERGY AND SMALL HYDRO

TECHNOLOGIES FOR POWER GENERATION

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION: A CASE
STUDY IN BIRNIN-KEBBI, KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA.
1 1 2 1 1
* Waziri Y.; Abdulsalam S. EY; Isah I.; Isah M. G.; Marafa S.
1
Renewable Energy Research Centre, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi
State, Nigeria.
2
Department of electrical Engineering, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi
State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: ywaziri1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The energy crisis in Nigeria is nothing new. For too long we have put off and ignored a critically
relevant and ever-growing problem; a problem that is at the top of ongoing issues, which includes
the condition of our environment, the downturn of our economy, and the state of our National
security. We are still in a dire state of dependence on fossil fuel. Since the present day fossil fuel is
exhaustible and directly contributed to the negative effects of global warming; it would be
imprudent to wait till it is exhausted before the country will begin to be looking for alternative
energy sources. It is believed that wind power is the answer for the future, the use of wind power
has developed into a major and dependable source of clean and environmentally friendly energy.
Wind energy characteristic is very essential in assessing the wind energy potentials of any
location. Based on the above stated fact, this research study assessed the wind speed
characteristics and energy potential in Birnin-kebbi, Kebbi state, Nigeria using wind data of five
years (2014-2018) measured at a height of 10m above the earth surface. The findings of this
research at 10m hub height shows that the annual average wind speed is 4.3m/s, while the annual
mean power density is 51.43W/m2. It was further shown that the annual value of the most probable
wind speed is 4.31m/s and that of the wind speed carrying maximum energy is 5.17m/s. Based on
the analysis, it can be concluded that wind energy in Birnin-Kebbi can be used to generate
electricity most especially at a height above 10m above the earth surface.
Keywords: Wind, speed, Energy, Power, Potential
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OPTIMUM OUTLOOK OF WIND FARM SITING IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA:
GIS-BASED TOOL FOR PRELIMINARY SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS.
Adetoyi A. I.
Corresponding Email: adedejiadetoyi@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Wind energy was the fastest growing form of renewable energy in the world during the last decade
and forecasts predict that this trend will intensify reduction in CO2 emissions and dependence on
fossil fuel for electricity generation. However, deployment of modern wind energy technology
can technically compliment other alternative renewable energy resources in meeting the United
Nations targets for sustainable energy for all (SE4ALL) initiative. The focus of this empirical
study is site suitability mapping for optimum wind power farms development in plateau state,
Nigeria. The study adopted a multi-criteria approach that utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process
which was carried out through an extensive literature review and field visits that investigated
challenges of wind energy development in Nigeria. Following a methodology that first
investigates different aspects of spatial optimization and wind farm development; this research
addressed the problems of assessing the potential of an area for wind energy production, by
developing an algorithm that facilitates the search for an optimal scheme for wind farms site
locations.
Keywords: Wind farm, GIS Based tool, Suitability, Analysis

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AMONG VARIOUS MODELS FOR WIND TURBINES
POWER CURVE ESTIMATION
1 1 1 1 2
* Dabai K. A.; Saidu G.; Mawoli M.; Bature A. S. & Sanda A.
1
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Power response of wind turbines at various speeds is usually represented with a power curve
model either in the form of graph or table. Wind analysis mostly requires derived or estimated
power curve models when actual power curve is not available or when turbine power due to wind
at specific speeds not included in the original power curve. There are many models that exist for
predicting the power output and performance analysis of wind turbines. In this work, six different
wind turbines with power ratings ranging from 0.8kW to 2,500kW were selected to compare and
contrast the fitness of power output from seven different models as compared to their
manufacturers' data. Four different statistical test parameters were used for the comparison. Based
on the results of mean bias error (MBE) and mean relative error (MRE) obtained: three models
(simple cubic, linear square and linear cubic models) averagely under estimate the power; simple
linear model averagely over estimate the power; while the other two models (third order non-
linear polynomial and fourth order linear polynomial models) averagely under estimate the power
for lower power ratings turbines (0.8kW to 10kW) and over estimate the power for higher power
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ratings turbines (25kW to 2.5MW). The results also show that fourth order linear polynomial
model has the least root mean square error (RMSE) and the highest R-squared value for all the
selected machines.
Keywords: Power curve, wind turbines, growth region, models, statistical parameters.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MAINTENANCE OF
DAMS IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF TAGWAI DAM NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
1 2
ThankGod V. & * Peni I. T.
1
Socrates and Rechard Company Ltd Suit 24Conerview Plaza Life Camp extension, FTC,
Abuja
2
Corresponding Email: ibrahimpeni@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Maintenance of dams after construction becomes necessary in order to enhanced sustainability of
operation and guarantees the design live span of the dams. Dams are categorized into three types;
temporary (can be easily replaced after a high stream flow), semi-permanent (applicable where a
more permanent structure is not justifiable) and permanent (more substantial and consists of stone
masonry or concrete) dams. Tagwai dam was constructed in November, 1978 in Chanchaga local
government area of Niger State, Nigeria. It is a homogenous earth dam. Dams are one of the
fundamental key of development in most countries in the World. Availability of dam development
is an indicator of the national development of most countries via agriculture, electricity supply,
flood control, navigation, recreation etc. Regular operation, maintenance and inspection of dams
are of paramount importance to early detection and prevention of dam failure. The study found it
necessary to highlight these factors that affect the maintenance of dams in Nigeria selecting
Tagwai dam as a case study. These factors discussed were; inadequate dam instrumentation,
agricultural activities, lack of finance and political interference. Causes of dam failure were also
discussed. Literature review on earth dams, personal observation on such dams and group
discussion were the materials and methods used for this study. Other relevant information was
obtained from Project Planning Research and Statistics (PPRS) in Niger State Water Board
Authority.
Keywords: Dam; instrumentation; lack of finance, political interference; causes of dam failure.

SYSTEM BREAK DOWN AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF AN OFFSHORE
WIND TURBINE SYSTEM
Abdulsalam H.
Ibrahim Shehu Shema Center for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa Yar'adua
University Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: hassandaura@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT:
Offshore wind turbines (Offshore-WTs) systems usually experienced a different kind of failures
due to severe operational environment. Thus, risk and reliability analysis of Offshore-WTs is a
demanding task for making wind energy competitive to conventional energy sources and
achieving the desirable renewable energy targets. One essential part of the Offshore-WT system is
the braking system. A braking system of an Offshore-WT should be designed in a robust way to
ensure safe parking of the rotor in cases of extreme environmental phenomena, positioning for
maintenance, or operational termination in case of a generator failure. This paper, therefore,
provided an Offshore-WT system breakdown, a reliability block diagram of the braking system
(using “AND” and “OR” gates), and calculated system reliability for 20years. The reliability of
th th th th th
the system at 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 year were calculated using the exponential reliability
function [R(t)=exp(-ët)] and found to be 100%, 86%, 69%, 53%, and 38% reliable respectively.
Keywords: Offshore, Turbine, Braking, Wind, System.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER POTENTIAL OF GORONYO DAM, SOKOTO STATE,
NIGERIA
*1Peni I. T.; 2Ismail A.; 2Adeogun B. K.and 3Peni M. U.

1
2
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Nigeria.
3
Umaru Waziri Federal Polytechnic Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: ibrahimpeni@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Energy is a critical factor in developing countries for economic growth as well as for social
development and human welfare. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy, which is
economical, non-polluting and environmentally benign among all renewable sources of energy.
For efficient operation of hydropower plants, in order to meet the electricity demand, the hydro
energy is stored either in reservoirs for dam based schemes or settling basins for run-of-river
schemes. Due to the rising need for power supply in rural, semi-urban and urban areas in Sokoto
State of Nigeria, where the National supply is not adequate or non-existent, there is a need for an
alternative source of energy. The aim of this study is to find out how the water energy of the dam
can be harnessed to generate electricity.The rainfall data was collected from 1986 - 2015 and was
analyzed using software known as HEC-HMS (Hydrological Engineering Centre-Hydrological
Modeling System) and sequent-peak method or analytical method(water balance analysis).The
HEC-HMS was designed by U.S Army Corps of Engineers. It was found that Goronyo dam has
3
the hydro potentials for electric power generation. The discharge (268m /s) gotten from water
balance analysis was used for calculating the theoretical power and actual power of the dam. The
theoretical power of the dam is 25MW while the actual power is 20MW. The obtained hydropower
potential can also be used for classifying the dam's scheme tolarge, small, medium, mini or micro
hydropower etc. The power obtained shows that Goronyo dam belong to the medium hydropower
scheme because of the power output it produced (20MW).The dam has a storage capacity of
942,000,000m3 with a constant head of 9.5m.Is a multipurpose dam.
Keywords: Dam, Evaporation, Rainfall, Inflow, water supply and Electric Power
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A MAGNETIC-GEARED GENERATOR FOR PICO-HYDRO POWER GENERATION
APPLICATION
*1Mustafa S. S.; 4Norhisam Misron; 2Aliyu U. O.; 1Ndaceko U. I.; & 3Buda S.
1
Energy Commission of Nigeria
2
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi-Nigeria
3
Sokoto Energy Research Centre Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria
4
Department of Electrical & Electronic, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400,
Malaysia
*Corresponding Email: shehums@googlemail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper proposes a magnetic-geared generator which has a new dual-pole piece configuration
in a double-stator magnetic geared machine, for pico-hydro renewable energy power generation
application. A high power density is achieved when a coaxial magnetic gear is integrated with a
high-speed double-stator PM brushless generator. The operating principle is described and
verified by using 2D-finite element analysis method, and its power performance is evaluated on a
prototype.
Keywords: Magnetic-geared generator, pico-hydro, prototype, power, renewable

SITE MATCHING OF WIND TURBINE GENERATORS: A CASE STUDY OF SOME
SELECTED CITIES IN NIGERIA
*1 2 3 4
Suleiman A.; Abubakar M.; Umar S.; & Musa M.
1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology,
Aleiro
3
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aleiro
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
*Corresponding Email: baffa1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The viability of any wind energy project is largely dependent on the suitability of Wind Energy
Conversion System (WECS) or wind turbine in the location of the Project. This paper investigated
the some wind turbines for electricity generation in some selected cities in Nigeria. These are
Sokoto, Jos and Enugu. Four different Models of Wind turbines were used for the investigation;
they are Nordex N27, Largerway 30/250 and Furlander FL100 and FL30. Four years of daily
average wind speed (1999 to 2002) was collected from Nigerian Metrological Agency (NIMET).
RetScreen software Model was used to carry out the investigation using the wind turbine
properties from the manufacturers. It was found that for all the four wind turbines, the net energy
output and the green house gas offset is much higher in Sokoto location than in the other two
locations.
Keywords: wind turbine, wind enegy, green house gas.
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BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
AND APPLICATIONS

INVESTIGATION OF THE PROXIMATEAND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF JAM
MADE FROM BLACK PLUM (VITEX DONIANA) FRUIT SOURCED FROM
KATSINA STATE
*1
Suleiman M.; 1Abdulsalam H. & 1Abdullahi A. M.
1
Ibrahim ShehuShema Center for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa
Yar'aduaUniversity Katsina,Katsina State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: magaji_suleiman@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Black plum (Vitexdoniana) is a wild-growing indigenous fruits whose potentials are still not fully
explored.Considering the environmental threat being posed by the climate changeparticularly in
Africa, it has become imperative to look forsolutions that will ensure conducive and sustainable
environment, and one of such solutions is thegrowing and utilization of indigenous economic
trees such as Vitexdoniana. This study therefore, sought to investigate the proximate and mineral
composition of jam produced from Black plum using traditional open pan evaporation
method.Fully ripened samples of black plum (Vitexdoniana) fruit were harvested from Bakiyawa
village of Batagarawa Local Government Area in Katsina State. The fruit samples were sorted,
washed, de-pulped, and jam was produced from the extracted pulp. Proximate composition,
Ascorbic acid and Mineral content of the jam samples were assessed using standard procedure.
The mean values for the proximate composition were: moisture content (20.23 ± 1.74 g/100g), ash
content (1.48 ± 0.44 g/100g), crude fat (31.70 ± 1.48 g/100g), crude fibre (2.47 ± 0.28 g/100g),
crude protein (9.80 ± 0.18 g/100g), and carbohydrate (34.79 ± 2.75 g/100g). The ascorbic acid
content (32.25 ± 0.17 mg/100g). The mineral analyzed were: cupper (16.67 ± 2.62 mg/100g),
Lead (6.46 ± 2.18 mg/100g), Iron (8.02 ± 2.83 mg/100g), Zinc (9.19 ± 3.14 mg/100g), Magnesium
(63.33 ± 15.28 mg/100g), Calcium (38.89± 4.82 mg/100g), Sodium (7.78 ± 1.92 mg/100g) and
Potassium (3.33 ± 1.44 mg/100g). From the mineral analysis, magnesium is the most abundant
and it is above the daily requirement for adult indicating that the jam can be used for management
of atherosclerosis, hypertension and lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The results also,
indicated that black plum fruit could be promoted as carbohydrate and fat enrichment for people
living in rural communities. It can also serve as a cheap source of raw material for juice and sweet
production.
Keywords: Fruit, vitexdoniana, ascorbic acid, proximate, mineral composition
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ASSESSMENT OF BIOMASS ENERGY RESOURCES USED BY LOCALS :
SOURCES AND PROBLEMS
Shiitu Abubakar
Department of Physics, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: superoxidedismutase594@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
There are dangers to our environment because of persistent utilization of fossil duels for tapping
energy. Moreover, the fossil fuels engulfed a huge portion of our resources in many senses.
Gwadabawa is blessed with certain amount of biomass sources, that are less harmful to the
environment. Thus, this study utilized a structured questionnaire to interview fifty respondents in
Gwadabawa and selected environs in a cross sectional fashion .Wood, agricultural biomass are the
predominantly used forms ,then the dung which was the least .Possible problems were obtained
from secondary data and visual inspection .Awareness should be created among the locals on
importance of biomass fuel and technological innovations.
Keywords: Biomass, dung, wood ,environment

PROXIMATE, VITAMINS COMPOSITIONS AND ENERGY VALUE OF Vitexdoniana
(black plum), Moringa Oleifera and Hibiscus LEAVES FOR TEA BAGS PRODUCTION
Ismail M.; Abdulmajid M. S. & Mati A. A.

Ibrahim Shehu Shema Center for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa
Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: abdulmajid.mohammed@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Deforestation causes the clearing, destroying and removal of trees through deliberate, natural or
accidental means. The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification,
soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, plantation and
utilization of the indigenous trees will help at alleviating the effect of climate change. This paper is
aimed at investigating theaforementioned leaves by conducting the proximate analysis, vitamin
and Energy value oflocal tress which are being phased out day by day. Samples of Vitexdoniana
(black plum), Moringa oleifera and Hibiscus leaves were collected from Batagarawa and Kaita
Local Governments area of Katsina State. The Samples werepretreated, washed and shade dried,
ground into powder and analyzed for the Proximate, Vitamins compositions and Energy Value.
The result of proximate Analysis for black plum Leaves are Moisture (%) 4.64±0.40, ash (%)
4.99±1.10, crude fibre (%) 2.79±0.20, crude fat(%)3.00±0.25, Crude protein (%)8.11±0.73, and
Carbohydrate (%) 77.13±0.11 . For Moringaoleifera: 6.27±1.10, 7.37±1.95, 6.44±0.68,
3.48±0.94, 25.49±1.14 and 50.94±3.84 respectivelywhile that of Hibiscus are: 9.09±0.40,
6.57±0.62, 10.61±0.88, 1.56±0.44, 7.93±0.53 and64.23±0.56. Levels of Vitamin A (ìM) for the
three samples were: 0.40±0.058, 0.65±0.25, 0.91±0.37. Vitamin C (mg/dL) 10.68±0.40,
25.85±1.21, 21.00±7.32 and Vitamin E (mg/dL)97.48±19.47, 91.62±9.46 and 86.43±12.64
Respectively. The results of Energy value (Kcal/100mg) from the three different Samples were:
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365.32±6.85, 334.29±12.64 and302.74±5.44. The results shows that Black plum, Moringa
oleiferaand Hibiscus leaves are good Raw Materials for consumption particularly in tea bag
production, juice processing, oil processing and the rest.
Keywords: Black Plum, Moringa Oleifera, Hibiscus, Proximate Analysis, Vitamins, Energy

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND INVESTIGATION ON SAW DUST AND RICE
HUSK BRIQUETTES USING TREE GUM AS BINDER
*1Abdulsalam, S. EY; 1Waziri, Y.; 2Umar, M. K; 1Umar, I. B.; & 1Rabiu, A. K

1
Renewable Energy Research Centre, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic BirninKebbi, Kebbi
State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology Aliero, Kebbi
State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: sabdulsalam135@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The conversion of biomass and urban wastes using a simple briquette molder has great prospect
when utilized as fuel for household use and eventually as a substitute fuel for charcoal. Three
different types of briquettes with their respective mixing proportion were produced namely:
Briquettes 1 (Rice Husk 70%+ Tree Gum 30%), Briquette 2 (Saw Dust 70% + Tree Gum 30%) and
Briquette 3 (Rice Husk 35% + Saw Dust 35% + Tree Gum 30%). However, the result of the study
reveals that the most viable mixtures for the production of briquettes base on these practicalities
and high rate of burning time and performance when used and compared to charcoal as fuel in
boiling water and cooking rice is briquette 3. The briquettes produced were in rectangular-cube
shaped with approximate dimension of height 3cm, Length 8cm and breadth 3.8cm respectively.
Tree gum was found to be one of the ideal binding substitute materials for briquetting.
Consequently, as dryness set in, the afo-mentioned dimensions were subject to change as we
witnessed varying dimension due to moisture reduction and weight lost over the period of the
experiment. Briquettes can be a viable business enterprise and source of income; for U swag
Calajunan Livelihood Association, Inc., “the informal waste parkers can be an expert in recycling
waste products like paper, rice husk and other biomass waste for profit, thereby providing the
populace with a new and cheap alternative source of cooking energy”. In spite of the above, in
Africa particularly in sub-Saharan countries where the use of firewood is very imminent as a result
of poverty due to the fact that many of these homes can't afford the conventional cooking gas
which has in turn resulted in deforestation, desertification and global warming; biomass in this
respect provides alternative.
Keywords: Rice Husk, Saw dust, Briquette, Tree gum, Biofuel
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GUM ARABIC AND MOLASSES (BINDERS) IN
BRIQUETTE PRODUCED FROM RICE HUSK
1
Salihu A.; 2Sokoto A. M.; 2Almustapha M. N. and 3Mamuda M.
1
Department of Physical Sciences, Niger State Polytechnic Zungeru Niger, Nigeria.
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
3
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: abdulhm03@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of binders (molasses and gum Arabic) on rice
husk in the production of briquettes. Fixed quantity of rice husk was used to produce briquettes
with varying percentage of binders (10%, 20% and 30%). Low pressure fabricated briquetting
machine was used for compression to produce the briquettes, after sun drying to reduce the
moisture content to minimum value. The proximate analysis conducted, indicated the range of
moisture content (1.9-3.5) % ash content (16.7-20.5) % volatile matter (55.4-62.8) % and fixed
carbon (16.3-22.2) %. The physical properties had the values ranging from (0.71-0.77), (0.30-
0.38) (1.55-1.82), (1.85-2.36), (15.0-38.5), (10.5-36.0) for compressed density (g/cm3), relaxed
density (g/cm3), compaction ratio, relaxation ratio, durabity (%) and water resistant (sec)
respectively. All the parameters that determined the physical properties of the briquettes increase
in values with increase in percentage binder except for compaction ratio and relaxation ratio. The
fuel properties included ignition time (sec), after glow (sec), water boiling time (min) and calorific
value (KJ/kg) with the value ranging from (6.1-14.8), (2.4-18.1), (6.02-8.20) (25770.59-
27014.91) respectively. The calorific value and ignition time increases with increase binder,
decreases with increase binder ratio was observed in water boiling time and afterglow time. The
study shows that rice husk with gum Arabic serves as a better combination for the production of
briquettes.
Key words: Rice husk, Gum arabic, Molasses.

IMPROVING THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-BASED OIL
1
Mamuda M.; 1Buda S. & 2Salihu B. Tajiri
1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Umaru Ali Shikafi Polytechnic, Sokoto
Corresponding author: mamuda.muhammad@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Recent studies have shown that neem oil has comparable lubricating properties to commercial
engine oil. In this study, neem oil was tested for it suitability as lubricant in the tribological
experiments on the four-ball tribometer which consists of anti-wear test and extreme pressure test
according to ASTM standards of D4172 B and ASTM 2783 respectively. ASTM D4172 B, test
was conducted with 40kg load, 1200 rpm speed at 75°C in duration of 60 minutes while in ASTM
2783 the temperature and speed remain constant at 45°C and 1760 rpm in duration of 10 minutes
with increasing loads until failure occurred. Commercial engine oil was used as a direct
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comparison to the bio-based oil. Results shows that neem oil has recorded lowest average
coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD) and surface roughness at 0.036, and
0.185µm in anti-wear test. In the extreme pressure test, commercial oil shows the earliest failure
of 5mm wear scar diameter at 126 kg followed by neem oil at 140 kg.
Keywords: Neem oil, commercial oil, anti-wear test, four-ball tribometer tester.

DEVELOPMENT OF COOK STOVE FOR THE COMBUSTION OF FUEL BLENDS
WITH BIOFUELS: A REVIEW
*1,2
Rabiu A. M.; 2Diso I. S. & 2Yola I. A.
1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: ashiru.mohammed@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The combustion and emission of the blends of liquid biofuels in cookstoves is an efficient way of
generating heat and power from plant oil. Cookstoves plays a major role in the domestic
applications. Similarly, biofuels plays a vital role in the global energy supply, and are suitable for a
wide range of applications. However, biofuels generally have different properties compared to
conventional fossil fuels. Research has shown that direct use of biofuel leads to various problems.
Indeed, this paper aims to provide better insight on the development of cook stoves fuelled with a
different blends of fuels and there combustion. Biofuel is a combustible liquid that can be
produced from an edible and non-edible plant via the certain processes and technology. This paper
provides more fundamental knowledge, experimental setups and practical guidelines that may
speed up further developments of cook stoves and the combustion technology of the biofuels in
order to overcome bedeviling issues concerning household indoor air quality.
Keywords: Cookstove development, Biofuels, Combustion, and Blends.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE BY SORPTION
ENHANCE STEAM REFORMING
*Adiya Z. I. S. G. & Sani J.

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto
*Corresponding E-mail: Zainab.adiya@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Finding alternative to hydrocarbon-based fuel, and energy system have become a tremendous
issue, due to economic and environmental significance. The ever-rising consumption and prices
of fossil fuels, such as gasoline for transports and power including kerosene for domestic
operations and cooking gas, and also, the decrease in exploring alternatives fuels sources such as
wood fuel-biomass in Nigeria due to deforestation as a major prevailing problem cannot be
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overemphasized. This has led to rethinking of other alternatives fuel exploration as an affordable
renewable energy resources system for both domestics and industrial applications that are more
cost effective and eco-friendly. The use of agricultural waste as an energy source has considerably
increased, due to the diverse natures of agricultural waste materials, their widely range properties
and exhibition of different behaviors in reforming processes. The impact of agricultural waste on
the environmental demands is not only on the amount generated but also, the disposal method
applied. Because, some of this method causes more harm than good to the environment.
Additionally, the potential threat posed by climate change, due to high emission level of
greenhouse gases is so captivating in the area of renewable energy sources. Thus, it is imperative
that an alternative to fossil-based fuels such as agricultural waste, technologies that capture CO2
such as sorption enhancement and clean fuels with minimum if not zero environmental threat be
devised. This study aim to generate hydrogen (the future fuel) using sorption enhanced steam
reforming process with agricultural waste such as sorghum straw as feedstock.
Keywords: Agricultural waste, Steam Reforming, Sorption Enhancement, Hydrogen, Energy

EVALUATION OF CHICKEN DROPPINGS AND COW-DUNG FOR BIOGAS
PRODUCTION VIA ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN KATSINA STATE
1,2 1,2 2,3 1 2 2
* Muhammad I. B.; Gana U.M.; Abdusalam H.; Tanimu A.; & Shehu S.
1
Ibrahim Shehu Shema Centre for Renewable Energy and Research,
Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria
2
Physics Department, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina, Nigeria
3
Physics Department Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: ibrahim.bagudo@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The growing energy cost, coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have resulted
into a continuing interest in sustainable bio-solids management strategies. This is now leading to
increasing anaerobic digestion infrastructures to produce biogas to meet the energy targets and
sustainability goals of 2020. In this paper, batch-type of 25-Liter biogas digesters were fabricated
using locally available materials and tested under the prevailing weather conditions in Umaru
Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Katsina State. Three anaerobic digesters were carefully
fabricated and labeled A, B and C as follows; A (Cow-dung), B (Cow-dung and Chicken
Droppings) and C (Chicken Droppings) and then each were fed with 7.5kg of feedstock and 7.5kg
of water, biological reactions took place at mesophilic temperature conditions for a retention
period of 21 days, and the temperature readings were taken three times daily around 9:00a.m,
12:00p.m and 3:00p.m. The highest biogas yields for the three digesters were 4.6 at day 10th, 5.3 at
day 11th, and 5.4 at day 11th for A, B and C respectively. While the lowest yields were 1.6, 1.4 and
1.9 all at day 21st for A, B and C respectively. Digester C yielded the highest accumulation of
biogas followed by B and least by A. This clearly indicated that chicken dropping is more suitable
for biogas production when compared with cow-dung for a simple batch-type small scale
anaerobic digestion in Katsina State. The computational simulation using Hybrid Optimization of
Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software revealed decrease in CO2, SO2 and NiO emissions
with continuous biogas production.
Keywords: Energy, Digester, Cow-dung, Chicken dropping, Anaerobic
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PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM COWDUNG.
*Muhammad I. B.; Gana U. M.; Umar B. Y.; Anda M. I. & Sabiu, A.

Ibrahim Shehu Shema Center for Renewable Energy Research, Umaru Musa Yar'adua
University Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: Ibrahim.bagudo@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Biogas production from organic wastes is having prospects in contributing towards solving the
national energy crisis of most countries with respect to the general global warming. This study
focused on production of biogas as an alternative energy by using an experiment for biogas
production unit. The model has 20L local digester, and a gasholderin view of solving waste
management at Animal Farms. The average temperatures of the digester recorded during the day
range from 23°C-35°C under mesophilic condition, and the average ambient temperature
observed during the study was 34°C. The digester was used to digest the cow dung at different
percentage ratios for a period of thirty (30) day's retention time until the biogas reduced
significantly, the total volume of biogas produced was 97.8L. The production of biogas yielded
51.4% of methane (CH4), 18.3% of carbon dioxide (CO2), 0.01% of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and
2.5% 0f carbon monoxide. The result showed that methane has the highest yield (51.4%) followed
by CO2(18.3%), carbon monoxide yielded (2.5)%which implies that the process was carried out
under anaerobic condition.
Keywords: Cow dung, Biogas, Anaerobic digestion.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PALM OIL EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBER FOR
PYROLYSIS PROCESS
1 2 2 3
Hadi B.A.; Sokoto M. A.; Muhammad A. B. & Tukur A.
1
Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto Nigeria
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria
3
Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State Nigeria
Corresponding Email: alkanci123@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Palm oil production in Nigeria is one of the historic strong revenue generation industry. Nigeria
was once ranked as the first exporter of palm oil in the world. The current Nigerian Government
has laid down good policies to boost agricultural activities such as palm oil farming to regain its
lost glory in the country. As suchif this industry grows bigger, significant amount of wastes
(residue) are expected to be generated, thus creating of overloading biomass waste problem. Since
the palm oil wasteis considered as less significant such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), the interest
in production of transportation fuels from EFB is overemphasized more important. The most
common and favorable thermochemical processes to produce these fuels is through pyrolysis
process. Regardless of tremendous experimental studies done on effectiveness of using EFB fiber
to bio-oil, there are less or no established results for our native fiber. The present research,
investigated the proximate parameters, compositional analyses and some trace elements present
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in the native empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber, to assess its potentials for the fuel production through
pyrolysis. Proximate analysis conducted revealed that, the native EFB fiber sample has less
moisture of 5% and 2.3% of ash contents with high volatile organic matter content of 80% and
calorific value of 423.503Kcal/Kg (17.712MJ/Kg) which were found to be comparable with other
biomass substrates used for the fuel for production. The low values of both potassium
(50.32±5.0ppm) and Sodium (30.45±1.5ppm) from this biomass indicates the suitability of the
fiber for the pyrolysis process. Compositional analysis also revealed that the native EFB fiber is in
conformity with the reviewed literature which indicated the fiber is a good substrate also for the
pyrolysis process to produce Bio-oil that can be upgraded into transportation fuel.
Keywords: Palm Oil waste; EFB; Proximate, Compositional; Trace elements; Pyrolysis

BIOGAS PRODUCTION: UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE
1
Hadiza G. A. & 2Nafiu M. G.
1
Centre for Renewable Energy, Umaru Musa Yaradua University Katsina.
2
Department of pure and Applied Chemistry, Umaru Musa Yaradua University Katsina.
Corresponding Email: hadiza.garba@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
An alternative waste management and utilization of biogas production using agricultural waste
was studied. These study involve a batch feeding of slurry (Pineapple, Orange and Banana
peelings) in an anaerobic digester thereby producing the gas through water displacement method.
Total dissolved Solid (TDS), Moisture content as well as pH before and after anaerobic digestion
was studied. The Result showed that a total of biogas was generated in all media during the potent
period. Overall result showed that all the samples can generate biogas thereby increase waste
management and utilization.
Keywords: Utilization, Batch feeding Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion.

ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF THE CHLOROFORM AND ETHYLACETATE
EXTRACTS OF Andira Enermis STEM AND BARK
*1
Bature H. B.; 1Adiya Z. I. S. G.; 2Adamu S. S.; 2Ibrahim B. I. & 1Sani J.
1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usman Danfodiyo University Sokoto
2
Advanced Science Laboratory Complex, Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
Corresponding Email: hafsatu.buhari@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Andira enermis is a plant in Africa, in which the decoction of leaves is used as beverage and the
fruit are eaten. The bark is used as a vermifuge, seeds are purgative and have narcotic properties. In
vitro antibacterial activity of the chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the root and the stem of
Andira inermis at different concentrations were screened against gram positive bacteria
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Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli,

psuedomonas euroginosa by cup plate method. The extracts were found to inhibit the growth of all
the bacteria organisms tested. The effect produced by the extracts were comparable with the
standard antibacterial agent fluconazole and were found to be active against all the organisms
tested.A thin layer chromatography was used to identify the compounds present in the extract as it
is the fastest and inexpensive way compared to other chromatographic techniques.
Keywords: Andira Enermis, Chloroform, Ethylacetate, Antibacterial, Extracts

OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MARULA SEEDS OIL
USING CALCIUMOXIDE DERIVED FROM SNAIL SHELLS AS CATALYST
1 1 1,2 3
Muhammad C.; Almustapha M. N.; Tambuwal A. D. & Buhari I
1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Sokoto Energy Research Center, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
3
Department of Chemistry Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: buhariidris2017@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
With the aim of developing a process of biodiesel production that is environmentally benign much
interest has been focused on the use of solid base catalysts, such as calcium oxide, for the
transesteri? cation of vegetable oils. Snail shells powder was subjected to
calcination–hydration–dehydration treatment to obtained CaO. The resulting CaO catalyst was
characterized using XRF, XRD and FTIR analysis. The optimization process was carried out
using response surfacedesign onDesign expert 6 mathematical software. The effect of
0
experimental parameters such as temperature ( C), reaction time (min), methanol to oil ratio and
catalyst concentration (wt%) on the transesteri? cation process were investigated. A model was
developed to correlate the experimental parameters with the percentage biodiesel yield. The
model showed that optimum conditions for biodiesel production were as follows: catalyst
0
concentration of 0.5 wt%, temperature of 60 C, methanol to oil ratio of 9:1 and reaction time of
120 min. The optimal yield of 94.62 % of biodiesel was obtained. The study revealed that the
crucial fuel properties of the biodiesel produced at the optimum conditions met the ASTM
biodiesel specifications.
Keywords: Marula Seeds, Snail Shell, CaO, Optimization, Biodiesel.
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COMBUSTION STUDY OF TORREFIED RICE HUSK FUEL BRIQUETTES AS A
REPLACEMENT TO WOOD CHARCOAL
Tukur U. G. & Rabiu A. M.

Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: tukurgwadangaji@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Torrefaction pretreatment is a thermal process of converting an organic material into high carbon-
containing residue through heating under non reactive gases, mostly at temperature of about
O O
200 C -300 C biomass can successfully be converted into bio-fuels with improved fuel efficiency
interns of heating value and physicochemical characteristics. The aims of this research are to study
the combustion potentials of torrefied rice husk fuel briquettes in comparison to that of wood
charcoal. Parameters such as proximate composition, density, compressive strength and gross
calorific value were investigated and a statistical software (Minitab 17) were used to test the
hypothesis (HO) that “torrefied rice husk fuel briquettes are replacement to wood charcoal in terms
of heating value”. The rice husk briquettes sample 500g were collected and torrefied at 200OC for
O
10 C/minute for 20 minute in an inert atmosphere, the torrefied materials were cool down using
desiccator and subjected to analysis and evaluation. From the results obtained, the physical
properties of the torrefied briquettes sample were significantly improved, with density and
compressive strengths as 156±3.07 kg/m3 and 1.12±0.06 respectively, the Proximate composition
such as moisture content, volatiles matter, fixed carbon and ash content were significantly at the
standard level with little moisture content (3.67±0.10), very low volatile matter(6.77±0.10)
higher fixed carbon content(75.73±0.03), low ash content(13.83±0.10) and improve calorific
value (19MJ/kg), finally at 5% level of significance the Null hypothesis were not rejected.
Keywords: Agro-waste, Torrefaction, Briquetting, Combustion and Rice Husk

CHARACTERIZATION OF DESERTDATE, MANGO AND ACACIA WOOD FOR ITS
POTENTIALS FOR WOOD LOT PLANTATION
1
Rikoto I.I.; 3Garba I.; 3Adamu A, A.; 1Peni I.T; Maishanu S.M.; & 3Haruna S. R
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano
3
Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning Waziri Umaru Federal polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi
ABSTRACT:
Solid biomass is the major sources of energy, they account for major energyconsumption for fuel
wood in developing countries. Fuel wood remains one of the basic primary energy for many
households. Cutting down of trees for firewood without replacement contribute significantly to
deforestation and environmental degradation This paper attempts to assess the potentials of desert
date (Balanite Aegyptiaca), Mango (Mangifera indica) and (Acacia (acacia Salcina) wood as a
potentials for wood lot plantation. The sample of desert date and mango were characterized in
terms of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and higher heating value. The analysis of
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powdered sample was carried out in accordance with American Standard Test methods (ASTM),
for moisture content (ASTM E871 -82 2013). Standard test methods for Volatile matter (ASTM
E872, 2013), and standard test methods for ash content ash content (ASTM D1102-84 2013)
respectively. The result indicate that the composition of Desert date, mango and acacia wood has
a composition ofash content 5.17%wt, moisture content 10.33%wt, Volatile matter 43.90%wt,
Fixed Carbon 40.16%wt., Ultimate composition of Carbon, 74.56%wt , Hydrogen, 9.42%wt,
Nitrogen, 1.75%,wt Sulphur, 0.15%wt and Oxygen, 14.27%wt, Heating value 16.75MJ/kg:
Ultimate composition Carbon, 57.93%wt , Hydrogen, 6.93%wt, Nitrogen, 0.37%wt, Sulphur,
0.15%wt and Oxygen, 8.15%wt, Heating value 17.34MJ/kg,ash content 5.17%wt, moisture
content 4.72 %wt., Volatile matter 80.51%wt, Fixed Carbon 11.16%wt., Heating value
17.56MJ/kg respectively, The result revealed that desert date has the potentials to be used as
cooking fuel also as a feedstock for household cooking and co-firing in boilers for power
generation to reduce carbon dioxideemissions
Keywords: Characterization, Desert Date, Mango, Acacia Wood

EVALUATION OF DEUTERIUM MICROCARPATUM,VITELLARIA PARADOXA
AND TAMARINDS INDICA FOR COMBUSTION AS FUELWOOD
1 2 2 3 4
Rikoto I.I.; Garba I.; Adamu A, A.; Abdulrahman M. B & Bashir, A.B
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
3
Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa state. Nigeria
4
Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger State
ABSTRACT:
Proximate, ultimate and heating values of biomass plays a significant role in evaluating the fuel
properties of fuel wood for their potentials in thermochemical conversion. In this paper
Proximate, ultimate and heating value of three biomass plant species (Deuterium Microcarpatum,
Vitellaria Paradoxa and Tamarinds Indica) were determined in order to study their combustion
potentials for energy generation. The result of the analysis indicates that
DeuteriumMicrocarpatum has the proximate composition of Moisture content, (5.51
%wt.)Volatile matter, (81.40 %wt.), Ash content (1.82 %wt.), Fixed carbon (11.48 %wt.),
Vitellaria Paradoxa: Moisture content (5.24 %wt.), Volatile matter (4.96 %wt.), Ash content (6.61
%wt.), fixed carbon (38.41 %wt.), andtamarind indica : Moisture content (4.59 %wt.), volatile
matter (81.50 %wt.), Ash content (2.61 %wt.), Fixed carbon (11.37 %wt.). Similarly the ultimate
composition of the three biomass species revealed as follows Deuterium Microcarpatum: Carbon,
(68.56%), Hydrogen (7.63%), nitrogen (1.84%), sulphur and oxygen. Vitellaria Paradoxa:
Carbon, (28.92%) Hydrogen, (3.05%) nitrogen (0.35%) sulphur and oxygen, and Tamarind
Indica: Carbon, (66.62%) Hydrogen (1.35%) nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. The higher heating
value forDeuterium Microcarpatum, Vitellaria Paradoxa and tamarind indica was 18.08MJ/kg,
18.55Mj/kg and 17,66MJ/kg respectively. The study revealed that thethree biomassfuelwod
under investigation has the potentials to be utilized as a viable for combustion
Keywords: Proximate Analysis, Ultimate, Analysis, Combustion Fuelwood
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EVALUATION OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
WASTE
Suleiman A. & Maishanu S. M.

*Corresponding Email: baffa1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Biogas is produced when organic compounds decomposed under anaerobic condition. Anaerobic
digestion is the biodegradation of the waste material with the aid of microbes in the absence of
oxygen. This paper presents the study on the biogas production from fruits and vegetables waste
materials collected from KasuwarDaji fruits and vegetables market in Sokoto metropolis. It was
observed that the highest volume of biogas recorded was from vegetable waste which was 996 cm3
followed by the yield from a mixture of fruits and vegetable which was 668 cm3. There was
however no biogas yield for fruits waste. The results obtained shows that the biogas production is
dependent on some of the factors affecting anaerobic digestion such as the C/N ratio, the physical
nature of the substrate, and the pH value of the slurry.
Keywords: Biogas, anaerobic digestion, vegetable waste, fruits waste, feedstock.

OPTIMIZATION OF IN SITU ACID-CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF
CASSAVA OILSEED INTO BIODIESEL USING RESPONSE SURFACE
METHODOLOGY
1
Obianke M. A.; *2Muhammad A. B.; 2Obianke G. N. & 2Adiya Z.I.S.G.
1
Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: muhammad.aminu@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Biodiesel was produced from cassava (Manihotesculenta) seed oil through in situ acid-catalysed
transesterification. The influence of the reaction parameters on the biodiesel yield was
investigated and optimized through response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken
Design. The high oil content of about 38.46% obtained through the solvent extraction process was
an indication that the seed is a viable source of oil that can be transesterified into biodiesel. All the
reaction variables had a significant effect on the biodiesel yield, but reaction time and amount of
methanol were the most important variables that influenced the conversion process. Irrespective
of the concentration of the acid catalyst and reaction temperature employed, biodiesel yields
above 80% were obtained only when the reactions were performed at reaction time >200 minutes
3
and amount of methanol >45.0cm . The optimal yield of about 94.85% was obtained when the
catalyst concentration, amount of methanol and reaction time and temperature were 0.76M,
50.0cm3, 44.040C and 240 minutes, respectively. This was found to be in good agreement with
empirical results (93.50±0.13%). Fuel properties of the biodiesel produced conformed with the
standard limit specified by ASTM D6751 indicating it is suitability as a fuel for diesel engine.
Keywords: cassava seed, in situ transesterification, biodiesel, optimization, Box-Behnken.
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BIOGAS POTENTIALS OF GROUNDNUT SHELLS AND RICE HUSK USING
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
*1Ganda T. M; 2Usman B. B.; 3Hadi B. A.; 3S/Dogarai B. B.; & 3Arzika A. T.

1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre,Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
2
Department of Pure and Applied, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
3
Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto
*Corresponding Email: tukurganda@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The main aim of this research work is to determine the biogas potentials of groundnut shells and
rice husk using heterogeneous catalysts. The result reveals yields produced in both groundnut
shell and rice husk without catalyst were (650cm3) and (608.9 cm3) respectively in comparison to
3
the yield obtained through catalysts influence as (1418 cm ). However, proximate analysis of the
substrate to indicates its viability for biogas generation is encouraging as the groundnut shell has
moisture content (40.5 ± 0.06%) while rice husk has (32.0 ± 0.02%), volatile matter of groundnut
shell (80.5 ± 0.45%) and rice husk (71.5 ± 0.031%). The result reveals that heterogeneous
catalysts ZnO and CaO have little significant effects in biogas generation using both groundnut
shell and husk shell as substrates. However, proximate analysis of the substrate to indicate its
viability for biogas generation is encouraging as the groundnut shell has the highest moisture
content fallowed by rice husk. Elemental composition of the substrates proves that the slurry
could be used as bio fertilizer as the nitrogen content was (1.16 ± 0.003) which is higher than that
of rice husk (1.06 ± 0.05) phosphorus (4.14 ± 0.006) potassium content for rice husk is higher than
that of groundnut shell (16 ± 353), on comprising groundnut shell is more viable as a candidate for
biogas generation.
Keywords: Biogas, Groundnut shell, Rice husk, Zinc Oxide, Calcium oxide,

KINETIC STUDIES OF THE PALM OIL EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBER
PYROLYSIS
1 2 2 3
Hadi B. A.; Sokoto A. M.; Muhammad A. B.; & Umar M. T.
1
Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto Nigeria
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria
3
Department of Chemistry, I. B. B. University, Lapai Nigeria
Corresponding Email: alkanci123@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Nigeria wants to diversify its economy from non-oil sector such as Palm oil production. The world
is searching for sustainable clean energy. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber is one of the waste or
residue generate during palm oil processing activities which can be to be a potential sources for
sustainable fuels. The most common and favorable thermochemical processes to produce these
fuels is through pyrolysis process Regardless of numerous experimental studies done on
effectiveness of using EFB fiber to bio-oil through pyrolysis, there are fewer or no established
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results for our native fiber to determine its suitability for conversion into fuels. This research
employed the fifteen (15) models fitting solid-state kinetic using Coats-Redfern Method to study
Chemical reaction, Random nucleation and nucleic growth and Diffusion. The thermodynamic
parameters were calculated from the models. The solid-state kinetic models fitting using Coats-
Redfern Method established that, Zhuravlev-Lasokin-Tempelman model is the model with
2
highest Correlation coefficient value R value. Thus, Zhuravlev-Lasokin-Tempelman model fits
best with substrate. The results show activation energy and pre-exponential factor increase as
-1
heating rate increase. The enthalpy change value is low (23-63kJmol ) and Gibbs free energy (135
-1
and 150 kJ mol ) while entropy change is negative that increases with the increase of heating rate.
Keywords: Palm Oil Residue; EFB; Kinetic Models; Thermodynamic; Pyrolysis.

COMPARISON OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED AND CHEMICAL PRE-TREATMENTS
AND ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF THREE AGRICULTURAL WASTES FOR
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
1 2 3
Salisu A.; Mannir A. R.; & Musa A.
1,2,3
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science,
Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: ahmed.salisu@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Lignocellulosic materialsare abundant agricultural wastes which offer a sustainable source of
sugars and bioalcohols. The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic wastes requires pre-
treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation processes. In this work, microwave pre-treatment (MWP)
and chemical pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were carried out for the production of
bioethanol from Hyphaene thebaica stalk (HTS), guinea corn husk (GCH) and sugarcane peel
(SCP).Bioethanol was obtained through fermentation and distillation from these agricultural
wastes and characterized. Physical properties of the bio-ethanol such as, specific gravity,
kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point and research octane number were
evaluated using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. Hyphaene
thebaica stalkgave the highest yield of bioethanol of 96.4 and 92.4 g/Lusing chemical and
microwave pre-treatments, respectively. The result of fuel characterization of the bioethanol
indicated its density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point and
research octane number to be 0.43 g/cm3, 0.79, 2.10, mm2/s, 11oC, -10oC, -19oC and 75 for MWP
and 0.41 g/cm3, 0.78, 2.10 mm2/s, 10oC, -9oC, -28oC and 80 for chemical hydrolysis. The study
revealed that bioethanol can be produced from the three agricultural wastes using
Aspergillusniger for hydrolysis and Saccharomyces cerevisea for fermentation. Chemical
hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis were most suitable method for the production of the
bioethanol in all the three substrates.
Keywords: Hyphaene thebaica, Agricultural wastes, Saccharomyces cerevisea,

Aspergillusniger, Bioethanol, Hydrolysis, Fermentation
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AN OPTIMIZATION STUDIES OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION THROUGH
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF Rothmanmia longiflora SEEDS CAKE.
1
Muhammed M.U.; 2Faruk U.Z; 3Sani N.A.; 3Baki A.S.; & 5Buhari I.
1
Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto.
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
3
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Federal University, Gusau.
5
Department of Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Corresponding Email: mumshag2012@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The seeds cake of rothmanmia longiflora plant was evaluated to determine its viability as biogas
feedstock under mesophilic temperature range of anaerobic digestion. The results show the
percentage moisture, ash, crude lipid, volatile matter, organic carbon, nitrogen content and C/N
ratio of the seeds cake as 4.00±0.41 %, 6.67±0.24 %, 1.67±0.24 %, 89.40±0.08 %, 51.79±0.01,
1.57 % and 32.99 respectively. The effect of process parameters (feed to water mixing ratio, pH
and retention time) on biogas yield were investigated. A response surface methodology was
employed to optimized and statistically evaluate the effect of the process parameters. It was found
that an optimal biogas yield of 190 cm3 was achieved at the following optimum conditions: feed to
water mixing ratio of 1:3, pH of 7 within first week of retention time. The spent slurry offers an
excellent source of plant nutrients.
Key words: Optimization, Anaerobic digestion, Rothmanmia longiflora, Biogas.

OPTIMIZATION OF ULTRASOUND ASSISTED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF OIL
FROM BLEND OF Sclerocaryabirrea, Lanneaacida AND Abelmoscusesculentus SEEDS
OIL
1
Jodi L. M.; 2Hassan L. G.; Muhammad A. B.; Adiya Z.I.S.G.; 3Dogonyaro A. I.; &
*2 2
1
Okoro I. B.
1
Department of Integrated Science, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
3
Department of Laboratory Science Technology, Umaru Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic, Sokoto
*Corresponding Email: muhammad.aminu@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
In this work, mixture design was used to investigate the effect of blending oils from seeds of
Sclerocaryabirrea, Lanneaacida and Abelmoscusesculentus for biodiesel production by
ultrasound assisted alkali-catalysed transesterification. In general, the results show that slightly
higher than average proportions of seed oil are associated with relatively high biodiesel yields. An
increase in the proportion of the oils was observed to increase biodiesel yield. With equal
proportions of the S. birrea, A. esculentus and L. acida oils a biodiesel yield greater than 75% was
obtained. The lower the proportion of one of the oils in the blend, the lower the biodiesel yield. It
was also observed that at an equal proportion of the oils in the blend, the biodiesel yield increased
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with an increase in the reaction time. An empirical model was developed from the regression
analysis of the results, and it was used to predict the optimal yield. The predictions were found to
be in agreement with experimental results. The results of physicochemical analyses of the
biodiesel showed that its properties are in agreement with the Biodiesel Guidelines by the
Worldwide Fuel Charter Committee thereby making it suitable as fuel for diesel engines.
Keywords: Sclerocaryabirrea, Lanneaacida, Abelmoscusesculentus, biodiesel, mixture design,

ultrasound-assisted transesterification, optimization.

NICKEL-BASED CATALYST FOR DEOXYGENATION OF BIOREFINERY
PRODUCTS TO RENEWABLE FUELS: A BRIEF REVIEW
1
Faruk Usman; 2Murtala Maidamma Ambursa; & *1Muhammad A. B.
1
Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
2
Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology
Aliero, Nigeria
*
Corresponding Email: muhammad.aminu@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Nickel-based catalysts have shown decent performance in deoxygenation reactions. Although
palladium catalyst is very effective for this reaction, its high cost increases the cost of production.
This review concerns the deoxygenation reactions of higher fatty acids, vegetable oils, bio-oil and
its model compounds to fuels using nickel-based catalysts. The hydrodeoxygenation and
decarboxylation of model fatty acids and vegetable oils over nickel-based catalyst have been
found to produce appreciable hydrocarbons that can be used directly as fuel in diesel engines.
Similarly, bio-oil and its model compounds produce hydrocarbons in the presence of various
nickel-based catalysts, but the yield is not prominent as in vegetable oils. In general, the catalytic
performance of nickel in such reactions depends on the co-metal, support and the reaction
conditions. Like palladium and platinum, the electronic properties of nickel-metal have been
shown to significantly contribute to the cleavage of the C–C or C–H bondsduring the reactions. It
has been reported that hydrogen molecule is stuck in the defect sites of the nickel=metal surface
resulting in the decrease in the activation energy of hydrogen dissociation. Nickel, is therefore,
one of the most promising metals for catalyzing hydrodeoxygenation of bio-oils into
hydrocarbons.
Keywords: Nickel, Catalyst, Deoxygenation, Bio-oils, Diesel, Vegetable Oils.
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS
(MOFS) AS METHANE ADSORBENT FOR BIOGAS PURIFICATION FROM
CHICKEN DROPPINGS
1.3 1 2 3 1,3 3
Sani J.; Ahmad A.; Ahmad B.B.; Bature A.S.; Rikoto I.I.; Maishanu S.M. &
1,3
Okoh E.V.C
1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
2
Department of chemistry, Federal University, Gusau
3
Sokoto Energy Research Center, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
*Corresponding Email: jamilu.sani@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Biogas with methane as the major constituents is combustible, abundant and renewable energy
resources, but the main challenge is the presence of impurities. In this research Metal Organic
Frameworks was synthesized and characterized using XRF and XRD analyses. The Sample
(chicken droppings) proximates were determined using method of Proximate Analysis. Biogas
was produced from chicken droppings using the synthesized MOFs for methane adsorption, the
gas composition was determined using gas analyzer. The results of the analyses revealed the
percentage yield (MOF-A 21.2%, MOF-B 26.1%), Moisture (77.5%, 4.5%), Ash (1.5%, 14.5%),
Organic Matter (21.5%, 81.5%), Nitrogen (0.714%, 1.932%), Phosphorus (0.04%, 0.09%) and
Potassium (8.08%, 81.5%) respectively. The XRF results shows ZnO as the major oxide with
about 96.03% (MOF-A), 97.03% (MOF-B) and 98.9% (MOF-C) respectively. XRD results show
values and characteristics similar to those available in the literature. It can be conclusively say that
the synthesized MOFs proved to be effective in the adsorption of methane.
Keywords: Methane, Biogas, MOFs, Purification, Synthesis

SYNTHESIS OF BIOGAS FROM ONION LEAVES AND COW DUNG: AN
ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR RURAL DWELLERS
1,2 1 3
Buhari M.; Yauri I. Y.; & Ahmad A.
1
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi
State Nigeria
2
Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
3
Mechanical Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State,
Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: mamudabuhari@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper entailed biogas production from onion leaves, cow dung and their mixtures. The onion
leaves and cow dung at equal proportions and the sum of their half (Mixture) were poured into
three 25 litres digesters for experimental investigations. The cumulative and optimal biogas
yields, the component composition of gasses and calorific values of the produced biogas were
investigated. The result showed cow dung has high cumulative biogas production of 13,422
ml/week in 90 days of retention time compared to onion leaves and the mixtures. The optimal
yield of 481±136.50 ml/week was observed by the mixture of cow dung and onion leaves. High
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calorific value of 9.41kcal/m3 was observed by the biogas from cow dung with 0% carbon
monoxide and 10.97% of methane content. The result obtained for all these parameters shows that
cow dung, onion leave and mixture are good substrates for biogas production. However in this
regards cow dung has a very good potential and as well advantage in-terms of methane production
which is flammable over onion leaves and mixture to replace the use of kerosene and coal for
domestic application. Hence, reducing the consumption of wood fuel, over dependence of fossil
fuel and several environmental disasters such as global climate change, environmental
degradation and environmental pollutions which led to human health challenges.
Keywords: Biogas, Onion leaves, Cow dung, Rural dwellers

DEVELOPMENT OF BIO-CHAR BRIQUETTES FROM BIO-WASTE FOR
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
*1Tukur U. G.; & 2Umar S.

1
Sokoto Energy Research Center, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
2
Department of Physics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aleiro
*Corresponding Email: tukurgwadangaji@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Firewood and its charcoal from forest remained the most common fuels for domestic cooking and
heating in both rural and urban areas of the developing nations. The continuous use of this biomass
as a fuel and other uses are now causing serious concern to the environmentalists, hence the need
for forest protection. Collection, carbonization and densification of any organic waste for bio-char
briquettes fuel production will enable efficient utilization of the resources and protect the
immediate environment from the menace of waste disposal within the immediate communities.
The present study evaluates the potentials of converting bio-waste into bio-char briquettes for
sustainable energy and environment. 50kg of banana waste were collected and carbonized, the
carbonized material were converted to bio-char briquettes and set to analysis, the proximate
composition, physical and combustion properties were evaluated and compared to that of wood
charcoal, the results indicates that Bio-char briquettes has better Moisture content (3.40±0.03%),
Volatile matter content (16.67±0.05%), Fixed carbon (65.16±0.08%) Ash content (16.77±0.03%)
Ignition time (0.077±0.01mm/s) and Burning rate (2.69 ± 0.02g/s) with little variation in Calorific
value (5,612cal/g), Density (0.82±0.04) and Compressive strength (1.97±0.06) compared to
wood charcoal. Conclusively Bio-char briquettes from banana waste were explored and found
promising and recommended as fuel for domestic cooking.
Keywords: Biomass, Bio-waste, Bio-char, fuel briquettes, Banana waste
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SYNTHESIS AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF ONE-PART INORGANIC
POLYMERS (GEOPOLYMERS) PRODUCED FROM METAKAOLIN MODIFIED
WITH SODIUM SILICATE AND MILLET HUSK ASH
1 2 3 4
Ahmad Z. M.; Saleh M. S.; Salisu A.; & Ilu M. B.
1,2,3,4
Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry Umaru Musa Yar'dua University, Katsina
State, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: zainab.ahmad@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The use of inorganic polymers (geopolymers) as cement has been encouraged because of its
several advantages over Portland cement. This is due to the huge carbon dioxide (CO2) emission
that is involved which has great effects on climatic conditions. This work synthesized one-part
inorganic polymers (geopolymers) using meta-kaolin, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium
silicate (Na2SiO3), and millet husk ash (MHA). The geopolymers were synthesized by just adding
the water to the dry mixture of metakaolin, (NaOH) and (Na2SiO3), the resulted paste was cast into
50×50×50mm mold for compressive strength test and 140×40×40mm for the flexural strength
test. They were cured immediately in an oven at 600C for 20 hours. The casted samples were
demoulded and tested for mechanical strength test after 7 and 28days of ambient curing. The
above procedure was repeated by complete replacement of sodium silicate with millet husk ash.
The geopolymers cured after 28days were analyzed for water absorption test, acid resistance test
using H2SO4, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA to study physicochemical properties, microstructure
and thermal stability. The FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA analyses confirmed the formation of
geopolymers with sodium aluminosilicate hydrates (N-A-S-H), the acid resistance test described
that both geopolymers were slightly resistant to acid attack and the highest compressive strength
signifies a lower percentage of water absorption. Finally, the highest compressive strength was
obtained by the (Na2SiO3) geopolymers and was found to be 17.06N/mm2 and (MHA)
2
geopolymers were found to be 13.50N/mm , therefore this study revealed that both the
geopolymers can be served as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement.
Keywords: Meta-kaolin, Geopolymers, Millet husk ash, Microstructure, Compressive strength.
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ECO-BUILDING, GREEN ACHITECTURE

AND SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

IMPACT OF GREEN ARCHITECTURE IN THE SUB-SAHARA REGION
1
Aliyu M. S. & 2Isah M.
1
Department of Architecture, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi. Nigeria
2
Department of Arts and Social Sciences, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi,
Nigeria
Corresponding Email: msaliyu1962@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The general objective of the study is to introduce the impact Green Architecture in the Sub-Sahara
Region. The fundamental goals of green architectural approach to building, was to minimize the
harmful effects of construction projects of human health and the environment. The study specific
aims on green architectural design was to attempt to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing
eco-friendly, building materials and construction practices. Green architecture was developed to
encourage sustainable development in bringing transformational design and construction in both
developed and developing economy. However, the study tends to identify, examine and assess the
factors that are hindering green architecture in sub-Sahara region. The paper would analyses the
nature and pattern of design and construction in sub-Sahara region, therefore, the study posits that,
the application of green architecture in sub-Sahara region will encourage sustainable
development and environmental protection. The article, consulted several valid secondary
information on the subject matter within the framework of global policing in reducing carbon
emission through indigenous architect, the study stress the importance of indigenous practices
involving the use of local resources for low cost mass housing construction, thereby encouraging
innovative indigenous technology for meeting housing needs for low income earners. The paper
highlighted the merits of indigenous practices and how it could be effectively utilized in sub-
Sahara region. Finally, the study discuses in conclusion some adoptable strategies as a tools for
enhancing green architecture in enhancing sustainable development in sub-Sahara region.
Keywords: Green Architecture, Sustainability, Building, & Sub- Sahara Region
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AN APPRAISAL OF SUSTAINABILITY CONTENTS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
CURRICULAR IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES
1
Abdulazeez Abdulmumin & 2Shittu A. A.
1
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State
2
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State
Corresponding Email: abdulazeez.abdul@fubk.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
As the world moves towards attaining sustainable development goal, the higher institutions of
learning are key stakeholders to actualizing the desired dream. The study seeks to appraise the
sustainability contents of built environment in Nigerian Universities. Sustainable development
comprises of equating local and international efforts to meet the human basic desires without
compromising the natural environment. Human activities on earth have great impact on the
environment, socio-economic aspect. So the way out is ''Sustainability'' that is change of attitude
towards the earth. Previous literature reviewed reveals that low level of sustainable contents and
RICS (2011), study shows only 3-5% of contents in UK universities in quantity surveying
programme. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the level of sustainability contents of built
environment curricula in Nigerian universities. Scope of the study was Federal University of
Technology, Minna. The following objectives were proposed and achieved: To exam staff level of
awareness in sustainable development; To identify the level to which sustainability concepts are
built into undergraduate courses; To assess level of staff training and available material on
sustainable development and to recommend a strategy for incorporating sustainability education
into undergraduate programmes in the built environment. Populations sampled were derived from
the lecturer in the built environment and parametric method was used to sample the study
population (random). Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using
mean ranking and percntages using of micro soft excel. The result reveals the level of awareness
on sustainability by staff was through their postgraduate studies ranked with Mean score of 4.10,
contents percentage was 41% which higher than the previous studies, availability of material on
sustainability were dependents on current journals and no training of staff and strategy
recommendation on incorporation of sustainability education continue training of both staff and
students. The study recommend advocacy of sustainability in all field of study in the built
environment and continue education
Keywords: Sustainability contents, Built environment, curricula, Universities, Undergraduate

ROLE OF ARCHITECTURAL AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILT-
ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA
Aliyu M. S. & Kasimu K. G.

Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Studies, WaziriUmaru Federal
Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi. Nigeria
Corresponding Email: msaliyu1962@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The study examines role of architectural and sustainability in the built-environment in Nigeria,
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The study therefore, identified, and discussed the practice of architecture, that embraces the
growing calls from environmental sanitizers on green awareness, in relations to Energy use,
conservation of resources and new ways of living in self-sustaining cities. The study highlighted
the emerging challenges in the built environment, which raises number of concern demanding
effective and efficient transformations from ego-culture to eco-cultures. The article, consulted
several valid second hand information by identifying, accessing and explaining ways in which
architects have responded in the ever changing the demands of the 21st century build environment
in Nigeria. The findings, therefore, revealed that, the possible actions Taken by architects was a
responds of the green architecture, due to rate of degree in urbanization, economic and
technological environment, legislative framework, enforcement facilities and even climate
change. Conclusion and recommendations are drawn to guild possible architectural actions plans
for sustainable build environment in Nigeria.
Keywords: Architecture, Sustainability, &Built-Environment

SUSTAINABILITY AND CHALLENGES OF DILAPIDATED STRUCTURES IN
NIGERIA
*Aliyu M. S. & Kasimu K. G.

Department of Architecture, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi
Kebbi State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: msaliyu1962@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The study discussed Sustainability and challenges of dilapidated structures in Nigeria: Major
challenge for building environmental assessment is to place building performance within a wider
context of environmental sustainability. To assess the environmental sustainability of buildings, a
number of technological, ecological and socio-cultural factors are involved. The building's energy
performance is usually the key element in the evaluation process and will constitute a significant
portion of the overall assessment results. With growing interest and importance of building energy
codes in many worldwide locations, it is possible to make use of the requirements in the building
energy codes to support the sustainability assessment of buildings. In order to do that effectively,
the nature and characteristics of the codes must be understood and the trends of code development
have to be considered. This study investigates the environmental sustainability of buildings and
how its assessment can be enhanced by using the requirements in the building energy codes. By
examining some existing building environmental assessment schemes and the development of the
building energy codes in the respective locations, it is hoped that better understanding of their
interrelationship can be obtained and effective strategy to integrate them can be generated. The
paper relied mainly on secondary sources of data. Secondary data, Vitruvius theory, was
introduced, that, argued, architect, should focus on three central themes when preparing a design,
for him the establishment of these three pillars in design could enhance the beauty and effective
structure of built house.
Keywords: Sustainability, Challenges, Energy &Dilapidated Structures,
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ANALYSIS OF LOAD PROFILES AND RECOMMENDATION FOR A MIX OF
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OF A RESIDENTIAL-COMMERCIAL
ESTATE
*1 1 1 1,2 3
Dandajeh H. A.; Sanusi Y. S.; Ahmadu T.O.; Umaru S. & Labbo A.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Airforce Institute of Technology, Nigeria
3
Department of Business Administration, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: bnumar@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents analysis of energy demands of a residential-commercial estate in both summer
and winter seasons for a daily hourly interval of 24.Expected maximum electrical and thermal
energy demands of the estate were assessed and found to be 3MW and 2.5MW respectively. These
energy demands were subsequently matched, using Energy Plus Software, with three proposed
energy generating technologies which are predicted to power the estate. The energy technologies
suggested were two combined heat and power (CHP)of capacities 2 and 2.5MWand a 10MW
stand-alone wind turbine with a capacity factor of 20%.A one (1 MW) back-up hydro pump
energy storage was also suggested to be installed to store the excess energy generated. The excess
energy was recommended to be used during the peak daily demand periods and can also be sold to
the neighboring estates. Recommendation for the CHP was based on the thermal energy to power
ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 in the summer and winter respectively
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GEOTHERMAL AND EMERGING RENEWABLE

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

HARNESSING THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL OF WELLS DRILLED
FOR HYDROCARBONS
Ali S.
Department of Physics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: alisani2000@yahoo.co.uk
ABSTRACT:
This paper explores the possibility of harnessing the virtually inexhaustible geothermal heat in
sedimentary basins within which producing or dry wells have been drilled for the exploitation of
hydrocarbons. It envisaged heat exchange between the drilled wall rocks and a circulating fluid
contained in an oval-sectioned helical tube pressed against it at points of highest temperature.
Optimisation of the heat exchanged process includes choice of the circulating fluid that would
maximise the heat transfer process, flow direction of the fluid that has the least thermal resistance,
and flow rate that maximises outlet pressure. It also includes the choice of tube material that
withstands lithostatic pressure, corrosion, malleability, its shape that maximises contact with the
wall rocks, and its pitch that allows hydrocarbons flow in producing wells. Lastly the optimisation
process looked at the effect daily temperature variations on the fluid inlet temperature as well as
the condition of the drilled hole and its effect on contact between the tube and drilled wall rocks.

ASSESSMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR CONDITIONS IN THE NIGERIAN
SECTOR OF THE CHAD BASIN
1,3
Shirputda J. J.; 1,2Axelsson G.; 1,2Tulinius H.; 1,2Haraldsdóttir S. H.; 3Abubakar M. B.
1
United Nations University – Geothermal Training Programme
2
Iceland Geosurvey
3
National Centre for Petroleum Research and Development–Energy Commission of Nigeria
Corresponding Email: jjshirputda@ncprd.atbu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The electricity capacity of a geothermal field largely depends on the conditions of its reservoir.
This behoves the need for a reliable assessment of the relevant reservoir conditions. The Nigerian
Sector of the Chad Basin has experienced intense petroleum exploration in the 1980s and early
1990s, resulting in the drilling of 23 oil wells in the basin, with oil and gas shows in some of them.
These wells can also shed light on the presence of exploitable geothermal resources in the basin.
Temperature logs from 22 wells were analysed to determine the geothermal gradient in the area
and wells in anomalous areas were selected for further studies. Reservoir temperature below
120°C are suitable for direct use, including space-heating, while temperatures above 120°C can be
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utilized for electricity generation. Bima sandstone was identified as the possible reservoir and
wells in which temperatures at the top of Bima were above 120°C at depths above 3 Km were
selected. Five wells; Ga1, Kn1, Kr1, Wd1 and Kt1 met this cut-off with temperatures ranging
120°C – 152°C. These wells are within the sub-basinal structure at the southern part of the basin. A
conceptual model of the resource showed that a geothermal system exists and the sandstone layers
within Bimaindicatethe best geothermal reservoir conditionsin the area. Further studies will
determine the possible electricity capacity of the reservoirs vis-a-vis a reinjection plan that will be
essential in making utilization of the resource sustainable.
Keywords: Geothermal field, reservoir, Bima sandstones, sub-basinal structure, conceptual

model, re-injection.

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN WENNER BETA, SCHLUMBERGER AND
DIPOLE-DIPOLE ARRAYS FOR GEOTHERMAL INVESTIGATIONS
Muhammad S. B.
1
ABSTRACT:
Resistivity method is frequently used for geothermal studies. Factors controlling the resistivity
values of the subsurface materials Electrical resistivity imaging survey has been carried out
virtually (computer generated survey) in order to compare the subsurface geological structures
(models) which include the possible presence of block one, faults, and water model using wenner
beta, dipole-dipole and schlumberger arrays that may be used wrongly by other people without
knowing the best array in each models. The acquired data were processed and interpreted using
RES2DMOD, RES2DINV and Surfer 11 software to produce the two dimensional image of the
survey. The subsurface images showed that the resistivity range lies between 1Ùm to about 36Ùm.
The near surface materials from 0 to a depth of about 2.7m constitute the top soil with relatively
high resistivity values ranging from 44Ùm to 180Ùm were obtained. The 2-D electrical resistivity
imaging measured resistivity distribution at the subsurface. Improvement in 2-D resistivity data
quality was carried out by electrical resistivity method using three different arrays combination.
The study objective is to compare the resistivity arrays sensitivity to resolving horizontal and
vertical changes using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE).The second objective is to
compare the depth of investigation among the three selected arrays namely, Wenner beta, Dipole-
dipole and Schlumberger, to be determined based on the numerical comparative analysis results.
Based on the numerical comparative assessment for 2-D computerized models, it shows that in 2D
imaging surveys, Wenner, Wenner-Schlumberger and Dipole-dipole electrode arrays, and most
suitable array is chosen. Three models tests on the above mentioned arrays are done to identify the
absolute percentage error of these arrays. The survey shows that the Wenner beta array has a
shallower depth of investigation of 0.416a compared to the Dipole-dipole whose depth of
investigation increases as the n factor increases.
Keywords: Geothermal, Resistivity, Comparison of Arrays, Absolute Percentage Error
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NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE WENNER ARRAYS USING SYNTHETIC
GEOLOGICAL MODELS FOR GEOTHERMAL APPLICATIONS
Muhammad S. B.
1
ABSTRACT:
Numerical analysis of geological models was used to compare the resolution and effectiveness of
three electrode arrays in 2-D resistivity method, for geothermal applications. The arrays
compared were Wenner-á, Wenner-â and Wenner-ã. Three synthetic geological models that
simulate block-one dyke and water layer were generated using RES2DMOD software. The
inversion used for the geological models was based on smoothness-constrained least square
inversion which was carried out with RES2DINV. The inversion results were imputed into
surfer11 software to examine the image resolution, thereafter absolute percentage error (APE)
were calculated to measure the effectiveness of arrays. The result for block-one model shows that
Wenner-â array has the APE which is 14.45%, Wenner-á array has APE of 32.67% and Wenner-ã
array has the APE of 29.15%. Similarly, for the dyke model, Wenner-á array, Wenner-â array and
Wenner-ã array have the APE of 69.61%, 57.43% and 45.49% respectively. However, the results
for water layer model shows that Wenner-á array has APE of 17.11%, Wenner-â array has the APE
12.16% and the Wenner-ã array has the APE of 16.21%.
Keywords: Geothermal, Resistivity, Wenner Arrays, Synthetic Models
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ENERGY AUDITING, EFFICIENCY

AND STORAGE

OVERVIEW OF ANCILLARY SERVICES IN THE NIGERIAN POWER SECTOR
1
Bemdoo S.; 2Suleiman U. H.; 3Yekini S. M.; 4Bilyaminu A. I.; 5Nanen D. H. & 6Ohiare M.
S.
1
System Planning Department, Transmission Company of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
2
Elect/Elect Department, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
3
Department of Elect/Elect Engineering, Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa, Nasarawa, Nigeria
4
National Control Centre, Transmission Company of Nigeria, Osogbo, Nigeria
5
Department of Geography, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
6
Rural Electrification Fund, Rural Electrification Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: bemsaka@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents an overview of the ancillary services in the Nigerian power sector. Ancillary
services are important in the power system because they are additional services required by the
grid during critical times to enable the power grid operate in a stable, safe and reliable manner. The
ancillary services provided by the generating units as stipulated in the Grid Code are black start,
frequency control, operating reserves and voltage control. The System Operator procures the
relevant ancillary service depending on the requirement of the grid at a particular time. The paper
further presents some ways of improving the viability of ancillary services for the energy grid of
Nigeria. These include making incentives more attractive for suppliers of ancillary services,
utilizing more hydroelectric power plants for generation and load balancing, integration of
distributed generation to provide support to the reactive power and making necessary investments
on the grid.
Keywords: Ancillary services, black start, frequency control, operating reserves, voltage control

ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY AND DURABILITY OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
Mansur S.G
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology,
Minna
Corresponding Email: mansursulaimangaladima@rocketmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The analysis of the efficiency and durability of various electrochemical couples that together form
the lithium-ion family, was described. The characteristics of the main couples will be described,
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particularly with respect to efficiency, durability and mode of operation. The aim of the paper is to
analyze the efficiency and durability of lithium-ion batteries and their potential for use in a variety
of stationary applications. At a glance, due to high explosion of lithium-ion battery family, for
commercial usage lithiated iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is widely accepted due to its Excellent
cycling characteristics at moderate temperature.
Keywords: State of charge, electrolyte, rechargeable,lithiated cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithiated

manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithiated iron phosphate (LiFePO4)

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 12V/100Ah LEAD ACID BATTERY WITH
LEAD AND LEAD-DIOXIDE ELECTRODE
Mansur S.G
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University of Technology,
Minna
Corresponding Email: mansursulaimangaladima@rocketmail.com
ABSTRACT:
A 12V/100Ah lead-acid battery electrochemical cell with lead and lead-dioxide electrode has
been design, constructed and tested. Diluted H2SO4 was used as an electrolyte. The lead-acid
battery has six electrochemical cells segment, which each segment having its own cells joined
together in series by lead jumper joining the opposite terminals of the nearest cell segment.
Keywords: Cell, Electrolyte, Voltage, Lead, Charging, Discharging
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HYBRID POWER PLANTS, SMART GRID

AND NETWORK INTEGRATION

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM (HRES)
WITH HYDROGEN STORAGE FOR SMALL SCALE APPLICATIONS
1 1 2
Mijinyawa A., Bello A. B. & Mansur G.
1
Resident Consultant Facilities Engineering, National Space Research and Development
Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.
2
Advanced Aircraft Engineering Laboratory, National Space Research and Development
Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: cryptomogul01@protonmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This work investigates the design and simulation of hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) with
hydrogen storage for possible application in small rural or business units. In this work solar
photovoltaic-wind turbine-biogas generator-electrolyzer-hydrogen tank-fuel cell-converter have
been optimized and simulated for an Oregon Packaging Company, located in Hadimkoy, Istanbul
0 0
Turkey (latitude 41.0909 N and longitude 28.6215 E). Excess power available from solar
photovoltaic panel and wind turbine generator was stored in the form of hydrogen gas produced by
electrolyzer. When the energy generated from solar photovoltaic and the wind turbine is not
enough to meet the load demand, the stored hydrogen is then converted by the use of fuel cell to
generate electricity. The climatic data, biomass resources, load, Hybrid Renewable Energy
Sources size and component cost input data were considered. The simulation and optimization
were carried out using HOMER Pro(Hybrid Optimization Model Electric Renewable).HOMER
Pro is a computer model developed by NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory United
State). Five different scenarios A, B, C, D, and E were compared using the same variable cases in
terms of techno-economical aspects. The simulation result revealed that, scenario A is the most
optimal and cost- effective, followed by scenario B with net present cost (NPC) of $113,612,
$139,822 and cost of energy (COE) of $0.030kWh, $0.084kWh respectively.
Keywords: HOMER Pro; Wind speed sources; Solar irradiation; Biomass sources; Net present
cost (NPC); Cost of energy (COE)
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SAFEGUARDING CYBER-ATTACK AND CONTROL OF MICROGRID SYSTEM
*Idris I. A.; Abdullahi I.; Dauda A. I.; & Aliyu M. A.

Sokoto Energy Research Center, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Email: ishaqaliyuidris@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
The primary function of a smart grid is to serve power at the distribution level which considers a
next-generation power system to modernize the traditional grid to improve its security,
connectivity, efficiency, and sustainability. Micro-grids support a flexible and efficient electric
grid by enabling the integration of growing deployments of distributed energy resources (DERs)
such as renewables energy like solar. The importance of looking into micro-grid security is getting
more crucial due to the cyber vulnerabilities introduce by digitization and the proliferating
dependency on information and communication technology systems. Hence the protection of
micro-grids system with distributed energy resources requires a different approach to ensure
mitigating security threats affecting the system and consumers connected to it. Unfortunately, the
smart grid is liable to cyber-attacks which create serious technical, economic, social, and control
problems in power network operation. In contrast to traditional cyber-attack techniques, this
paper focuses on cyber-attacks that have happened in the energy sector for the past decade and the
solution to secure the electric grid. This research will emphasize ways to secure vulnerabilities
breaches leading to cyber-attacks that use vulnerabilities to penetrate networks. The result can
accurately mitigate cyber-attacks and properly control the system state.
Keyword: cyber-attacks; micro-grid; renewable energy; smart grid.

USE OF IOT SMART METERS FOR OFF-GRID SOLAR PROJECTS TO BOOST
ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN NIGERIA
1
Ganda Y. M.; 2Yabo F.Y.; 3Wiedemann R. A. & 1Mohammed A. A.
1
2
Federal Ministry of Power, Works and Housing
3
Edge Meter Corporation
*Corresponding Email: yyganda@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The rapid expansion of IoT (Internet of Things) devices now includes smart meters. By their
nature IoT meters are networked together to provide real-time monitoring and control. Alicense-
free WiFi network provides the communications backbone within an off-grid community tied
together by one or more WiFi routers. Signal boosters, radio bridges and directional antennas can
greatly enhance the size and shape of the coverage area. Where available, GSM cell service or
satellite link can connect the local network to the internet. This architecture can serve a large
number of utility customers who are typically located in clusters for the sake of power distribution
wiring alone. In addition, the use of edge-computing algorithms operating within each meter
facilitates instantaneous and autonomous response according to rules previously sent to it through
the network by centralized Energy Management System (EMS) software. Such an EMS securely
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manages all the power purchase transactions. The EMS also provides scalable data collection,
pattern analyses and system behaviour predictions. This combination delivers an unprecedented
amount of visibility and control over the utilization of the limited energy resources of a solar-
based electric micro-grid. Load profiles can now be tracked and analysed in real-time. Load-
limiting can be managed automatically with a few simple rules. Advanced anti-tamper and anti-
pilfer algorithms monitor the security of the meter. Any deviations from normal operations
generate error codes which are sent back to the EMS for system administrators to be notified and to
respond accordingly. This paper will show the many ways by which IoT edge-computing smart
meters and their corresponding EMS software can empower off-grid villages toutilize their
limited renewable energy resources most efficiently and achieve the lowest electricity tariffs
while maintaining the highest system reliability.
Keywords: smart meter, micro-grid, metering system, IoT, energy efficiency, smart cities, WiFi,
GSM, edge-computing, network, EMS, solar, renewable energy

DESIGN OF HYBRID PV-DIESEL SYSTEM FOR OPTIMUM ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY: CASE STUDY OF SOKORBE VILLAGE, NIGER REPUBLIC
1 2 *3
Mohammad M. L.; Yahya H. N.; & Seidou A. S.
1
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT:
The design of a mini hybrid diesel-photovoltaic power plant for Sokorbe village was carried out.
To make the design it was carried out a methodology for the calculation of the different parameters
required for the hybrid PV-diesel system. The process of acquiring the hybrid system involves
designing, selecting and determining the specifications of the different components employed in
the system. A hybrid PV-diesel system was designed to supply energy of 1775 KWh/day, the
number and type of modules, the number of inverters, batteries charge controller, the type of diesel
generator and their efficient techniques of connecting them together was stated. Finally the
economical analysis and the environmental benefit of integrating the PV System into the coal
power plant unreliable grid connected system were performed by using Software (RETScreen).
Keywords: Hybrid PV system, PV module, inverter, Diesel generator, Sokorbe department.
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USING GIS SOFTWARE TO DEVELOP DIFFUSED SOLAR RADIATION MAPS FOR
NORTHERN NIGERIA
1
Gana N. N.; 2Momoh M.; 3Sambo A. S.; & 2Argungu, G. M.
1
College of Education (Technical), Lafiagi, Kwara State.
2
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
3
Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Design, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto,
Nigeria
ABSTRACT:
The diffuse solar radiation parameters were calculated by applying Page (1964) and Liu and
Jordan (1960) equations for solar energy utilization and bright prospects for Northern-Nigeria.
Maps for the diffuse solar radiation will help the design of the solar system as well as interior
illumination of a building. Moreover, if the presentation of diffuse solar radiation is in maps form,
it will be a source of information for potential areas, facilitate engineers, architect purposes and
applications. The measured global solar radiation and sunshine hours at a different location over
Northern-Nigeria for 21 years were used. The diffuse solar radiation maps of yearly and monthly
average were developed using GIS Ach10.5 software and the cloudier the sky is, the higher is the
diffuse component of irradiance. Northern-Nigeria, on a yearly average, receives about
6.39MJ/m2 /day of diffuse solar radiation. In March, the highest diffuse solar radiation was
calculated at 7.20 MJ/m2 /day while lowest was 5.79 MJ/m2 /day in December which implies that a
clear sky will fall within the dry season and hence a lower diffuse solar radiation is experienced.
Therefore, this is generally the dry season period in Nigeria. The cloud-free areas like the
Northeast and the Northwest of Northern-Nigeria receive a higher share of direct irradiance since
the diffuse portion of irradiance is small there and a diffuse solar radiation map for Northern-
Nigeria was then developed.
Keywords: Diffuse solar radiation, Radiation maps, Monthly average, Northern-Nigeria,

sunshine duration, GIS software

REVIEW ON HYBRID WIND/PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
1
Musa I.; 1Aliyu A. B. & 2Rikoto, I. I.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bayero University, Kano.
2
Sokoto Energy Research Center, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
Corresponding Email: ibraheemmusa14@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
A global trend on renewable energy, which is not deflating and is environmentally friendly, is to
provide an alternative to conventional fuel source. And due to the lack of total reliability on
individual renewable sources, hybridization technology was employed on the process for better
efficiency improvement of the system. This paper reviewed on literatures that worked on
hybridizing Wind energy technology and solar Photovoltaic energy technology critically, in
which the two technologies complemented each other and maintained a higher efficiency than
what each of the individual can produce. Most of the literatures cited on this paper, back up their
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hybridization with either Diesel generator, Piezo-electric, Fuel cell, Mini Hydro and so on. Also,
some attached a battery bank for storage of excess energy, all for an improve performance. In
general, it was cleared that for the purpose of consistency, Wind-PV integration proved to be
promising, cost effective and reliable for both grid and stand-alone power generation.
Keywords: Wind, Photovoltaic, Hybrid

ELECTRIC VEHICLES: DECARBONIZATION/CHARGING OPTIONS
1 2
Mawoli M. & Sambo A.S.
1
Sokoto Energy Research Centre, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria
2
Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Design, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto-
Nigeria
Corresponding Email: mawoli.mohammed@udusok.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
In an attempt to combat the percentage of CO2 emission into the atmosphere by the transport
sector, decarbonization of the sector through the use of electric vehicles, either as Battery Electric
Vehicle (BEV) or Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) is highly recommended.
Manufacturing and power generation sectors contribute enormously to CO2 emission; greener
source of energy is identified to be alternative source as it ensures zero-net CO2 emission to the
atmosphere. Vehicles that are designed to be powered by electric motors are popularly called
electric vehicles. The electric motors generally replace the gasoline engine; eventually, the
exhaust pipes, coolant hoses, etc. are replaced with controllers and batteries.The heart of electric
vehicles therefore, include the: electric motor, motor's controller and batteries. The speed of the
vehicle, which is a function of the rate of rotation of the electric motor, is determined by the
amount of voltage that is supply by the battery, through the controller. The controller is able to
regulate the motor's voltage level through an accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometer.
Keywords: Electric vehicles, plug-in, hybrid, decarbonization, CO2, emission

COMPOSITE LOAD MODELING FOR GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
*1
Mohammed M.; 1Abdulkarim A.; 1Shehu I. A.; 1Abubakar A. S. & 1Kunya A. B.
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ahmadu Be1lo University, Zaria Nigeria
*Corresponding Email: musam@abu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
Modern Distribution Networks (DNs) are no longer passive in the sense that Distributed
Generations (DGs) are integrated with them to enhance system reliability and power quality. For
this reason, load modeling has to be updated to capture the new dynamics of active DNs. This
paper presents a composite load modeling for a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) distribution
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network using a deep learning approach. Load modeling is a process of constructing a relationship
between input excitation(s) and its output response(s); it can be used for simulation studies,
stability analysis, and or control design. A grid-connected PV based on a North American
distribution network was model in Matlab/Simulink and generate data for training and model
estimation using deep learning Neural Network (NN), the developed model was tested and
validated through laboratory experimental data which exhibits a good fitness and minimizes error
greatly.
Keywords: Grid-connected PV, deep learning NN, Load modeling, composite load, Error
minimization

EXPERT TOOL FOR DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CABLE SIZE FOR SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
1,2,3 1 1 3 2,3
* Dabai K. A.; Garba I.; Adamu A. A.; Argungu G. M. & Buda S.
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
2
3
ABSTRACT:
Cables are used to convey the electricity to different components of the PV system to each other
and the electrical load(s). Using larger cables between array and point of connection to the battery
reduces array losses but make the system more costly; and using undersized cables leads to the
system failure. Therefore, it is very important to find the optimal cable size for a given installation
especially at low voltages. In this work, the parameters required to determine the cable size
requirement were reviewed, and a procedure in the form of a program (expert tool) was developed.
The results show that the size of the cable required is directly proportional to the current, the length
of the cable, and the resistivity of the material; but inversely proportional to both the voltage drop,
and the system voltage. Then cable requirement were determined based on various conditions.
Considering the cable sizes required for different materials, it was found that the ratio of the cable
size of aluminum, silver, gold, nickel, and tungsten relative to copper is 1.64, 0.92, 1.42, 4.06, and
3.26 times that required of copper respectively. The tool developed can display the result in both
metric system, and American Wire Gauge (AWG) system. It was found to be in perfect agreement
with the results obtained from manual calculation.
Keywords: Expert tool, DC cable, Optimum size, Metric system, AWG, PV system.
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DESIGN OF HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR THE IOM POLICE
STATION OF ASSAMAKA, NIGER REPUBLIC
1
Mohammad M. L; 2Yahya H. N; * 1Seidou A. S
1
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
ABSTRACT:
This research is aimed at the design of hybrid photovoltaic system for the IOM police station at
Assamaka, Niger Republic. 8 KW hybrid photovoltaic systems were designed in details, the
selection of the PV modules, inverter, and the rest of the hybrid system were explained, and their
way of being connected was done. Finally the economical analysis and the environment benefit of
the hybrid PV System were performed by using Retscreen Software. The results obtained from
Retscreen Software revealed that 17.7325 tons of CO2 emission is avoided yearly, the project life
time is 25 years and the payback period is 4.34 years.
Keywords: IOM, Assamaka, Hybrid photovoltaic, PV module, inverter, Battery.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINE OFF GRID SOLAR PV AND SOLAR THERMAL
WITH REDUCED PAYBACK PERIOD FOR RURAL AND URBAN APPLICATIONS
Hamza El-ladan A.
Ibrahim Shehu Shema Center for Renewable Energy and Research (ISSCeRER),
Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina.
*Corresponding Email: abdulkarim.hamza@umyu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
This is a developed model of both Solar PV and Flat Plate Collector that can be deployed in both
Rural and Urban conditions with a view to supply Electricity for a typical household and as well
generate huge income to be able to payback for the entire system within a shorter period of time,it
is expected to be much lower than the expected world standard payback period for a solar PV
system. The system is largely composed of Solar Panels, Inverter, Charge Controller, Batteries,
Lighting Points, Socket outlets, Ceiling Fan, Television set, Hatchery kit, Flat Plate Solar
Collector for Brooding, Wires and Stands. The system is designed to operate at an estimated Load
Power of ~ 500wh(24/7) and expected to produce about 80 chickens every 21 daysat an average
annual output of (1300) chicks per annum, generating about (N250,000) for the system owner, this
willgreatly reduce the expected payback cost and period. The system is expectedto greatlyreduce
the electricity imbalance and create huge job opportunities in communities.
Keywords: PV System, Flat Plate Collector, Hatchery, Payback Period, Electricity Generation,
Sustainable Jobs
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RENEWABLE ENERGY DATA, CLIMATE

CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

INVESTMENT PROSPECTS FROM HUGE NIGERIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY
POTENTAILS.
1 1 2
* Zarma I. H.; Bala E. J.; & Sambo A. S.
1
Energy Commission of Nigeria, Abuja
2
Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Design, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
*Corresponding Email: ismailzarma@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Nigeria's renewable energy sector has been undergoing a massive transformation in the recent
years as the government actively engaged in executing many pilot projects for rural
electrification. Although Nigeria has a growing population of more than 200 million with less than
50% of her citizens have access to electricity from peak generation of less than 7,000 megawatts
(MW) annually. This situation has stunted the growth of the economy, limited social activities and
indeed lowered the human development index of the country. Nigeria has huge potentials of
renewable energy resources with several feasibility studies done and available for investors'
perusal. Nigeria targets about15,000 MW by 2019 and 40,000MW by 2030 including all energy
mix for electricity generation. To achieve this, it is estimated that the country will require
investments in power generating capacity alone of at least US$ 100 billion, large part of this
investments is for renewable energy development. Subsequently, to attract required private
investment to bridge the huge deficits of electricity demand and supply, the power sector has
undergone series of transformation and reforms; a significant initiative was the development of
the 2005 Renewable Energy Master plan which laid a solid foundation for investments in
renewable energy sector. The low level of power availability in Nigeria compared to its huge
population, vast natural endowment (solar, hydro, coal, wind and biomass) and steadily growing
economy makes the country the most attractive market for investors in the renewable energy
power business including Foreign Direct Investors. Nigeria is an investor's paradise and its
renewable energy power sector will surely produce unimaginable returns on Investment.
Keywords: Investment, Renewable energy; Prospect; Potentials
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A STUDY ON THE SURFACE WETTABILITY OF SANDSTONE AND SHALES
WITH A POTENTIAL APPLICATION FOR CO2 STORAGE SITES
1 2 3 4 5 6
Umar A. B.; Gholami R.; Raza A.; Downey W. S.; Sarmadivaleh M.;& Nayak P.
1
National Centre for Petroleum Research and Development, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi Nigeria
2
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Malaysia
3
Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, UET Lahore, Pakistan
4
Department of Applied Geology, Curtin University, Malaysia
5
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Australia
6
Shell Petroleum Company Ltd, Plaza Shell, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Corresponding Email: bappahau@ncprd.atbu.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
A number of research studies have been carried out in the recent past attempting to develop
strategies for a safe injection of CO2 into storage sites without leakage and contamination of
valuable resources. Leakage from these storage sites through capillary seals is one of the long-
standing issues, which requires a comprehensive assessment prior to CO2 injection. However,
surface wettability, which is one of the major parameters controlling the capillary pressure of
seals, is a poorly understood parameter, changing as a function of temperature, pressure, surface
roughness, etc. The aim of this paper is to provide a deeper insight into the surface wettability of
rocks, specially sandstone and shales, under the reservoir conditions for a better assessment of the
structural integrity in CO2 storage sites. The results obtained from a series of contact angle
measurements indicated that quartz and feldspar-dominated sandstones are strongly water wet
while kaolinite-dominated shales are weakly to intermediately water 561156wet system. It also
apparent that the interfacial tension is a function of pressure and temperature condition. It appears
that the size of the pore throats in rocks is a major contributor to capillary threshold pressure and
must be determined very accurately. It is recommended that surface wettability and interfacial
tension under reservoir conditionsare determined prior to injection to ensure that the seal integrity
analysis is as concise as possible.
Keywords: CO2 Storage, Wettability, Interfacial tension, Pore throats, Seal integrity

COMPARISON BETWEEN ISOTROPIC AND ANISOTROPIC MODELS FOR
PREDICTING OF HOURLYGLOBAL RADIATION OF KANO, NIGERIA
Abdullahi B. & Balarabe F.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil,
Kano- Nigeria
Corresponding Email: balabdullahi@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Solar radiation available and the amount captured influence the performance of any solar system
as it is the input to the system. In some applications, hourly values of the radiation components are
usually needed for estimating the performance of solar collectors, although the actual values
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depend on the sunshine hour and the nature of the sky. There are many approaches used in
estimating of the hourly radiation values such as isotropic and anisotropic. In this study, isotropic
and anisotropic sky approaches were compared in modelling the hourly hemispherical radiation
on both horizontal and inclined surfaces from the measured global radiation on a horizontal
surface of Kano, Nigeria using a computer program developed in excel spreadsheet(R). Results
have shown that anisotropic model has better performance in predicting the hourly radiation than
isotropic as in December, the anisotropic gives 22.91 W/m2 higher than isotropic when the
collector is tilted to the latitude of Kano. For the effects of collect tilt, the hourly radiation
increases with the increase in the tilt angle with â = ? +15o as the best among the range tested with a
daily average increase of 26% in December. While the radiation falling on each hour of June in
Kano is decreasing as the tilt angle of the collector increases and the best orientation being
horizontal (â = 0).
Keywords: Solar radiation, beam, diffuse isotropic, anisotropic

GLOBAL WARMING: PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE, SOLAR
RADIATION AND SUNSHINE HOURS IN SOKOTO STATE
Ibrahim A. & Momoh M.

Corresponding E-mail: ibrahimabdulmalik78@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper provides a synopsis of the global warming in Sokoto; Patterns of change in
temperature, solar radiation and sunshine hours. The basic data comprise of monthly average
value of minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation and sunshine hours were obtained
from the meteorological Agency, Sultan Abubakar III Airport Sokoto. The monthly sum, mean
and standard deviation were calculated from the data using Microsoft excel software. Using
graphical method, the study revealed a monthly variation of the weather parameters. The result
shows that there are two major seasons in Sokoto “Harmattan season” and “Wet or raining season”
in which minimum and maximum temperatures are associated with seasonal fluctuation or the two
air masses in Sokoto metropolis. Hence, the solar radiations are associated with two properties of
aerosols in Sokoto metropolis and the sunshine hours are associated with increase in
anthropogenic emission of aerosols in Sokoto metropolis.
Keywords: Global warming, variations of minimum and maximum temperatures, solar

radiations and sunshine hours.
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF FARMERS PERCEPTION AND
RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON CROP PRODUCTION IN AKWANGA
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA
1 1 2
Kama H. G.; Nanen D. H.; & Suleiman U. H.
1
Dept. of Geography, Nasarawa State University. Keffi, Nigeria
2
Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria,, Abuja, Nigeria
Corresponding Email: kamalistic1@gmail.com;
ABSTRACT:
The aim of the study is to examine farmers perception and the impact of their responses to climate
change on crop production and strategies adopted for mitigating the impact in Akwanga LGA.
Analysis were measured based on a field survey conducted using structured questionnaires, a total
of 254 copies of structured questionnaires were administered using purposive random sampling
techniques directed towards getting information from the farmers in four villages in the study area
namely: Gudi, Akwandar, Andaha, and Gwanje. The result from the data reveals that 23.6% of the
respondents have little knowledge about climate change which they attributed mostly to increase
in temperature while 65.4% of the respondents indicated that the period of rainfall is now shorter
than what it used to be, 54.3% of the respondents also indicated that climate change affects their
crops through lowering the productivity or yield. 39.1% of the respondents indicated that
irrigation offers a good alternative in coping with climate change while 22.0% were of the view
that afforestation can also help in coping with climate change. This study recommends that some
policies aimed at alleviating the effect of climate change should be developed by government to
enable farmers in the study area cope with or completely avoid the negative impacts of climate
change. Also recommended is the organization of awareness programs or platforms to educate
farmers in the study area about climate change, its causes and effects and how it can be properly
mitigated. It has been established that weather and climate affect all spheres of human activities
and as such, the current trend of these which shows an increasing variability can only be
compounded by a lack of knowledge about climate change and its grave consequences on the
study area.
Keywords: Farmers, Climate Change, Agriculture, Perception, Akwanga

MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL SOLAR RADIATION ON
HORIZONTAL SURFACE OVER NORTHERN NIGERIA.
1
Gana N. N.; 2Momoh M.; 3Sambo A. S. & 2Argungu, G. M.
1
2
3
Nigeria
ABSTRACT:
This study aimed to compare and validate existing solar radiation models to estimate daily total
global solar radiation using available measuring records (sunshine fraction). From the seven
models a new model to estimate monthly daily global solar radiation using sunshine hours for
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locations in Northern-Nigeria. Comparison between the measured and the calculated values of the
monthly average daily global solar radiation using the predicted models was carried out. The
study further evaluate the linear regression methods (linear, quadratic, logarithmic, polynomial,
power, linear exponential and exponential) models which were previously used by researchers for
the estimation of monthly and annual average global solar radiation from locations in Northern
Nigeria. Comparative studies between the global solar radiations estimated from the seven models
and the calculated values show that all models used in the study give good results. The values of
2
regression coefficient(R ) and correlation coefficient(r), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean
Bias Error (MBE) and Mean Percentage Error (MPE) were determined. The result reveals that the
models are significant at both 95% and 99%levels. The comparison between the measured and
calculated global solar radiation for the sixteen locations give almost exact fit. Models in the study
can be used with confidence for Northern Nigeria and other locations with similar climatic
conditions.
Keywords: Sunshine, Global Solar Radiation, Northern-Nigeria, Linear Regression Model,

Monthly, Angstrom Constants

ASSESSMENT OF SUNSHINE HOUR MAP OVER NORTHERN NIGERIA
1
Gana N. N.; 2Momoh M.; 3Sambo A. S. & 2Argungu, G. M.
1
2
3
Nigeria
ABSTRACT:
Sunshine brings radiant energy to the earth surface as one of the important factors in solar energy
production which is correlated to the predictability of sunshine hours. The quantity of bright
sunshine obtained from the Northern Nigeria is severely affected by cloudiness, air pollution,
humidity, length of day and night, physical relief, latitudinal and altitudinal location and the
annual march of the sun. The accurate estimation of sunshine duration is important for researchers
working in meteorology, hydrology and agriculture which make sunshine valuable to mankind
and vegetation cover. Northern Nigeria essentially receives high amount of sunshine hour during
the whole year than other part of the country. The aim of the study is to assess sunshine hours map
over Northern Nigeria. The study made use of sunshine hours data recorded at sixteen available
meteorological stations in the Northern Nigeria over the period of 1990-2010; sunshine maps for
the annual and monthly average were produced using ArcGIS 10.5 software.The highest annual
sunshine hours averages on horizontal surface were 8.26hours which occurred at Nguru in the
Northeast of Northern Nigeria while the minimum value of annual sunshine hours on the
horizontal surface for the region was 4.46hours which occurred in Kaduna. It is observed that the
highest sunshine period in May, June, July, August, September and October are recorded at Nguru
and in November and December, Maiduguri has duration of 9.4hours and 8.6hours respectively.
Therefore, sunshine hours variation in Northern Nigeria could be attributed to the type of season
or atmospheric condition experience in Nigeria. Hence, fair sunshine hours received is good for
plants as well as human activities.
Keywords: Sunshine hour, Solar radiation, Map, Northern Nigeria
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ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY OF CONSUMPTION AND OPTION OF
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER REPLACEMENT OF SOKOTO ENERGY RESEARCH
BUILDING
1,2 1,2 3 2
Buda S.; Dabai K. A.; Sanda A. & Bello Hamida
1
2
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
3
Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto
Corresponding Email: budasamaila@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
In recent years building power consumption has increased dramatically owing to the I rapid
development of urbanization, economic development, people's incomes and living standards.
Energy consumption in buildings accounts for one-third of the total energy consumption in many
parts of the world and has the largest energy saving potential. A study of the energy consumption
of Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto office building and its
role in reducing carbon emission was carried out and viability of renewable energy replacement
option was considered which will eventually lead to the development of high-performance
buildings, which support environmentally responsible and resource–efficient building design that
aims to reduce greenhouse gas emission and other negative environmental impacts, particularly
those associated with efficient power consumption. As many of the gadgets used in operation of
this buildings require energy and emits CO2.Energy audit was conducted accessing the different
appliances used in the building and determining the power consumption rate of these building.
Measuring the size of the building in square meters using a surveyor tape and hours of grid power
supply to the building was also documented. These appliances are connected to an electric power
recording meter through which the energy consumption of the appliances would be recorded and
energy audit on the appliances will give a comparative analysis as thus; load analysis of all the
equipment, unit cost of electrical energy from grid, designing a solar photovoltaic system to power
equipment, financial analysis for the renewable energy option was also carried out.
Keywords: Energy savings, Energy Consumption, Carbon Emission, Energy Audit
USE OF LANGUAGES IN PUBLIC ENLIGHTMENT ON THE IMPACT OF

RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
1 2
Umar Mohammad Dogon_Daji & Nakazalle Nura Usman
1
Department of Modern European Language, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
2
Department of Educational Foundations and Curriculum, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
*Corresponding E-mail: dogondajiumaru@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all
population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its
related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is
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increasing. Returning to renewables to help mitigate climate change is an excellent approach

which needs to be sustainable in order to meet energy demand of future generations. The study
reviewed the associated with renewable energy sources which includes: Energy Security, Energy
Access, Social and Economic development, Climate Change Mitigation, and reduction of
environmental and health impacts. Despite these opportunities, there are challenges that hinder
the sustainability of renewable energy sources towards climate change mitigation. These include
Market failures, lack of information, access to raw materials for future renewable resource
deployment, and our daily carbon footprint. The study suggested some measures and policy which
when considered would help achieve the goal of renewable energy thus to reduce emissions,
mitigate climate change and provide a clean environment as well as clean energy for all and future
generations and this could be done through the public enlightment by means of indigenous
languages with a view to educate community on the need of renewable energy for sustainable
development. The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and draw attention to the
potential benefit of solar power generation for access to aimed at sustainable development in
emerging economies. Electricity plays a crucial role in the development and in the process of
striving to achieve sustainable development in emerging economies. It has been shown that
electrical energy is intrinsically linked to economic, environmental and social dimensions of
sustainable development. The paper shows that the problems of lack of qualified solar technicians
and established Photovoltaic (PV) markets and business modes, renewable (solar) energy
education have to be addressed. Other issues include appreciation of solar electricity as one of the
major energy component, lowering initial cost of the PV technology, availability of finance
mechanisms for customers, import tax exemption and regarding electricity as one of the basic
needs like food, shelter and clothing. Therefore, the paper concluded that the use of languages for
public enlightment needs to take place in order to provide the means to deal with some of these
issues. Such as availability of power and possession remains crucial for development in emerging
markets. Solar electricity is of major interest for the energy sector in developing or emerging
economies because it offers the possibility of generating renewable electricity using sunlight – a
resource that is widely and freely available in most, if not all, developing countries. The paper
recommends was to address some of these challenges without compromising the goal of
sustainability and development, it is important that low carbon emitting electrical energy sources
such as solar electricity are given high priorities by policy makers, industries and research and
development institutions in emerging countries. Some innovative suggestions are provided for
achieving this.

ESTIMATING THE HEATING VALUE WOODY BIOMASS USING MULTIPLE
REGRESSION MODELS
*1
Rikoto I.I.; 2Garba I.; 2Adamu A.A.; 2Jimoh M. T & 1Mawoli M.
1
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano
*Corresponding Email: rikoto2003@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This study presents a report on the development of equations for estimating higher heating values
(HHV) of woody biomass using proximate and ultimate composition. The woody selected include
Detarium Microcarpum, Azadirachta Indica, Balanite Agyptiaca, Vitellaria paradoxa, and
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Acacia Salcina. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the five wood samples were determined
according to ASTM D2013-86 standards. The HHV value of the woody biomass was determined
according to ASTM D 2015-85. The equation for estimating HHV from proximate analysis used
for the correlation was assumed to be a function of fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM),
moisture content (MC) and ash content (AC),While that equation for estimating HHV from
ultimate analysis used for the correlation was assumed to be a function hydrogen, oxygen, carbon,
sulphur, and nitrogen respectively. The constant and coefficients of multiple regression models
were evaluated using Minitab statistical software. The models formulated for the prediction of
HHV were validated using percentage (%) bias error. The obtained results revealed that the
calculated values of HHV from the developed equations from proximate and ultimate
composition were in good agreement with the experimental HHVs. This was confirmed by lower
positive and negative bias errors of 0.094, 0.618, -0.462, 0.193, and -0.444 0 for proximate
composition and -0.362, -0.358, -0.335 and -0.347% for ultimate composition respectively, the
validity of the overall model equation for estimating value from proximate analysis was also
investigated using bias and means squared error. The results showed that the discrepancies
between the measured and estimated HHV is minimal. The results of the coefficient of
2
determination (R ) 0.995 revealed that the model obtained has 99.5% correct prediction off HHV,
thus confirming the validity and applicability of the equation for predicting HHVs for the selected
woody biomass.
Keywords: Ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, high heating value, regression models

EXTRACTION OF SOLAR MODULE PARAMETERS BASED ON FIREFLY
ALGORITHM
Ishaya D.; Bakare G. A.; Aliyu U. O.; Haruna Y. S. & Isa A. I.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
Bauchi, Nigeria;
Corresponding Email: daushark@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
Researchers have been working hard to proffer a simple solution to nonlinear solar cell models.
Several superior optimization techniques have been developed to effectively find the optimal
parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit of a solar cell or module leading to accurate
modeling of current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics. This paper proposed a Firefly Algorithm
(FA) for parameter extraction and modeling of current-voltage characteristics of the solar module.
The algorithm was simulated using FVGENERGY 50P (FVG 50P) polycrystalline solar module
field operating data. Results obtained indicate that the developed model can be relied upon for
module parameter extraction and modeling of the current-voltage characteristic of solar cell or
module, indicated by very low Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of 1.1995E-04, 1.1304E-04,
and 1.4240E-04 under clear sunny, cloudy and harmattan weather conditions respectively.
Keywords: Photovoltaic, Single Diode Model, Optimal Parameter Extraction, Firefly Algorithm
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COMPARATIVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF NIGERIAN AND NIGERIEN
CRUDE OIL
1
Giwa J.A.; 1Almustapha M. N.; 1Liman M. G.; 2Magami I.; 1Sani J.; & 1Yelwa S. A.
1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto.
Corresponding E-mail: giwajimoh109@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Some trace metals content were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Also Sulphur
content of the crude oils was determined using X-ray fluorescence sulphur in oil analyzer. The
sulphur content determined for Escravous, Warri and Nigerien are 0.1655 wt%, 0.0737 wt%, and
0.7951wt% respectively. The crude oil samples from Nigeria and Niger republic have relatively
high value of Cu, Cr, Mn and Fe. The result shows that crude oil obtained from Nigeria has low
sulphur content and are of the light crude oil category while Niger Republic crude oil obtained
contain high level of sulphur and are of medium crude oil class. Also, both Nigerian and Nigerien
crude oils have sulphur content less than 1, may therefore belong to paraffinic–naphthenic classes
of Crude oils. Crude oils obtained from Nigeria and Nigerien has some similar geological and
formative history even though Nigeria's crude oils have characteristics which enhance their
preferences in the refinery operations than that of Nigerien crude oil.
Keywords: Crude oil, Asphalthenes, Oxygenates, Hydrocarbons, Sour

CATALYST SCREENING FOR THE CONVERSION OF HOSPITAL PLASTIC
WASTE INTO LIQUID FUEL USING SULPHATED AND UNSULPHATED KAOLIN
BASE CATALYST
Faruq U. Z.; Almustapha M. N.; *Jatau S. H.; & Mattawalle A.

Department of pure and applied chemistry, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Corresponding Email: supolabusufyan@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The catalyst screening for the conversion of Hospital plastic waste in to liquid fuel was conducted
using kaolin base supported catalysts. In which thermal and Catalytic conversion of the waste to
liquid fuel were conducted using samples collected from Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching
Hospital Sokoto, which encompassed the mixture of Drip bags (Linear low density polyethylene
LLDPE), Hand gloves (Polyethylene terephthalate PET) and Urine bags (Polyureathane PU).
Uncatalysed pyrolysis was first carried out using thermal cracking at designated temperature of
0
300, 350,and 400 C respectively to determine most selective temperature in respect of the overall
yield productivity. Secondly, catalyzed pyrolysis was also conducted using Fe2O3/Kaolin and
Fe2O3/Kaolin-SO4, in an attempt to screen out most effective catalyst in respect of yield and
chemical composition of the liquid fraction obtained. The liquid fraction obtained from
uncatalyzed and catalyzed pyrolysis were all subjected to GCMS and FTIR analysis to determine
the types of hydrocarbon and functional group. The increase in the amount of liquid fraction
however was found to be directly proportional with the corresponding increase in temperatures.
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And Fe2O3/Kaolin-SO4was found to have slow coking tendency than And Fe2O3/Kaolin thereby
producing high liquid hydrocarbon fraction such as paraffin, naphthenic, conventional diesel,
with low cocking tendency.
Keywords: Kaolin, Catalyst, conversion, Hospital, plastic waste, fuel

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR ENERGY DEMAND AMONG
HOUSEHOLDS IN MAIDUGURI, BORNO STATE
Maina, Yakaka Bukar

Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State
Corresponding E-mail: yakakabkm@unimaid.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The Importance of solar electri? cation cannot be overemphasized because of its enormous
contributions to clean energy supply. However, several problems that affect its use exist. Thus,
this paper examines the problems associated with solar energy demand among households in
Maiduguri. The study utilizes primary data using pie charts and a binary logistic regression model.
The results showed that about 85% using solar energy had encountered one problem or the other.
76.9% lacked proper guidance by the solar installers on how to maintain it, 21.3% bought
equipment with defects, 84.3% had no technical know-how on maintaining it while 53.7%
complained of the inefficiency of the already installed energy capacity. On the extent of
households' problems, all the variables were positive although buying a piece of defective
equipment and the already installed capacity's inefficiency were significant at 1%. In comparison,
lack of proper guidance by the solar power installers and lack of technical know-how on the
consumers' part on maintaining their solar equipment was significant at 5% levels. In conclusion,
a unit increase in defective equipment affects the consumer much more than the other problems.
The study recommends that awareness be created on the part of the consumers about the right
place to buy their solar equipment and on how to maintain it. On the part of the installers,
government and NGOs should make provisions for programs that provide skill accusation on
solar energy installation.
Keywords: Problems, Solar, Energy, Demand, Households

WIND SPEED PREDICTION USING ENHANCED ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY
INFERENCE SYSTEM
1 1 1 1 2
* Isa A. I.; Ishaya D.; Piserchia W.; Sani A. S.; Abubakar H.
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi
2
Computer Science Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi
*Corresponding Email: iiabdulkadir@atbu.edu.ng;
ABSTRACT:
Wind energy has been significantly developed throughout the world as another source of
renewable energy. The generated power from wind is highly dependent on fluctuating factors such
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as wind bearing, pressure, wind speed, and humidity of the surrounding atmosphere which makes
it very difficult to predict. Accurate and reliable prediction of wind energy is of great importance
for the efficient operation of wind farms. Many techniques and meta-heuristic algorithms have
been previously applied to predict wind speed, but there is a need for improvement. In this study, a
multilayer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) and an enhanced adaptive neuro-fuzzy
inference system (ANFIS) is developed and used to predict the time-series wind speed for a
proposed wind farm to be located in Bauchi North-East Nigeria. The developed models use past
recorded historic values of wind speed, temperature, and pressure as inputs and the output to be
forecasted is the wind speed. The developed models are examined on a 1-hour interval of wind
speed data. The results will demonstrate if ANN and enhanced ANFIS models can successfully
improve the prediction of the time-series wind speed data with better accuracy.
Keywords: Renewable energy, wind speed, ANFIS, ANN

THE PROSPECT OF SOLAR ELECTRIFICATION AMONG HOUSEHOLD IN
BORNO STATE NIGERIA
Maina, Yakaka Bukar

Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State
Corresponding E-mail: yakakabkm@unimaid.edu.ng
ABSTRACT:
The study analyzed the prospect of solar electrification among households in Borno State Nigeria.
The data set used was from primary source obtained through a snowball sampling method. The
study used descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square regression to present the results. The
findings revealed most of the household's heads that installed solar power have at least a first
degree or more and the cost of a solar installation with the highest frequency was between N5, 00
000 to N 1, 000 000. Their primary reasons for installing solar was inadequate electricity supply
(32%) and convenience (32%). Also, 70% of the households have been using solar for 2 to 4 years.
Similarly, the use of a generator and its maintenance cost have drastically declined. With regards
to the determinants of solar electrification, Income (5%), convenience (5%), insufficient
electricity supply (5%) and education (10%) all influence solar installation positively. In
conclusion, income is the most crucial determinant of solar use. Therefore, the study recommends
that the government should enact and implement policies to improve household income and create
more awareness of solar advantages. Also, solar producers/innovators and government should
develop technologies from the available resources to make the solar installation cost more
affordable.
Keywords: Prospect, Solar, Energy, Demand, Households.
63

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ABSTRACTS SOLAR AFRICA 2020

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-001

Key words: Zinc oxide, SEM, UV- Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-002

*1Sifawa A. A. & 2Abdullahi S.

Keywords: Mechanical alloying; Sb2Se3; Phase evaluation

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-003

Keywords: Thermoelectric generator, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric, Heat Transfer

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-004

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-005

Keywords: Photoanode, Semiconductor, efficiency, light absorption

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-006

Abdullahi S.; Momoh M.; Moreh A U.; Hamza, B. S. & Argungu G. M.

Keywords: ITO, RF sputtering, XRD, annealing temperature, bare corning glass.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-007

Keywords: Solar cell, irradiance, temperature, tilt angle efficiency

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-008

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-009

Keywords: Radiation, Photovoltaic, Street Lighting, Night Length, Performance Ratio.

SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-010

Keywords: Truncation level, Optical Simulation, Optical efficiency, Concentration ratio,

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-011

Umaru S.; Balogun M. B.; Abubakar S.; Rahman A. & Jimoh T. A.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-012

Keywords: Thermo-physical, fat, thermal energy, storage

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-013

*1Muhammad S. B. & 1Abubakar A. S.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-014

Keywords: Double Slope, Solar Stills, Meteorological Factors, yield

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-015

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-016

*1Muhammad S. B. & 1Abubakar A. S.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-017

Keywords: Solar water heating, Heat exchangers, Tubes, Efficiency, Passive.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-018

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-019

WIND ENERGY AND SMALL HYDRO

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-020

Keywords: Wind, speed, Energy, Power, Potential

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-021

Keywords: Wind farm, GIS Based tool, Suitability, Analysis

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-022

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-023

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-024

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-025

*1Peni I. T.; 2Ismail A.; 2Adeogun B. K.and 3Peni M. U.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-026

Keywords: Magnetic-geared generator, pico-hydro, prototype, power, renewable

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-027

Keywords: wind turbine, wind enegy, green house gas.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-028

Keywords: Fruit, vitexdoniana, ascorbic acid, proximate, mineral composition

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-029

Keywords: Biomass, dung, wood ,environment

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-030

Ismail M.; Abdulmajid M. S. & Mati A. A.

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-031

*1Abdulsalam, S. EY; 1Waziri, Y.; 2Umar, M. K; 1Umar, I. B.; & 1Rabiu, A. K

Keywords: Rice Husk, Saw dust, Briquette, Tree gum, Biofuel

SOLAR AFRICA 2020 – DOSSO-032

Key words: Rice husk, Gum arabic, Molasses.