Unit 4

Summary Completion
In this question type, you will see a paragraph with missing words.  You will use
the reading passage to fill in the blanks and complete the paragraph.
Tips
• Read and understand the instructions.  Check the word limit.
• Underline keywords.  Focus on near the question.
• Scan the text for the ideas in the keywords.  Remember, you will need to look
for synonyms and parallel expressions.
• Sometimes you will not have a wordbank.  If you do not have a wordbank,
write down the exact word in the text. 

Reading passage 1:
Air Rage
The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent
during a flight, a phenomenon now widely know as "air rage", happened in 1947
on a flight from Havana to Miami.  A drunk man assaulted another passenger
and bit a flight attendant.  However, the man escaped punishment because it
was not then clear under whose legal control a crime committed on a place was,
the country where the plane was registered or the country where the crime was
committed. In 1963, at a Tokyo convention, it was decided that the laws of the
country where the plane is registered take precedence.
The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of
air travel.  Until recently few statistics were gathered about air rage, but those
that have been indicate that passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble
or engage in violent acts.  For example, in 1983 there were 226 air rage incidents
out of approximately four million passengers, a 400% increase from 1995.  In the
same period American Airlines showed a 200% rise.  Air travel is predicted to
rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading to increased airport congestion.  This,
coupled with the flying public's increased aggression, means that air rage may
become a major issue in coming years.
Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to
flying.  The most extreme of these is when out of control passengers enter the
cockpit.  This has actually happened on a number of occasions, the worst of
which have resulted in the death and injury of pilots or the intruder taking control
of the plane, almost resulting in crashes.  In addition, berserk passengers
sometimes attempt to open the emergency doors while in flight, putting the whole
aircraft in danger.  These are extreme examples and cases of air rage more
commonly result in physical assaults on fellow passengers and crew such as
throwing objects, punching, stabbing, or scalding with hot coffee.
Questions 1-6
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.

The first time that an (1) ......................... of air rage was recorded was in the
1940s, but the passenger was never actually charged for an offence because
there were no clear rules in place to specify where to prosecute.  It was
later (2) ......................... that it would be the country where the plane is
registered.  Air rage has (3) ......................... significantly since this time, growing
by a staggering 400% from 1995 to 1998.  Air rage is (4) ......................... to be a
major problem in the future as air travel increases, as do levels of aggression. 
Angry (5) ......................... can put everyone in danger including the pilots, the
crew and the other passengers, with some form of (6) ......................... being the
most common consequence.

Reading passage 2
Are you being seduced by the sweet industry?
If chocolate were found to be seriously addictive, then the UK would need major
therapy to kick the habit.  The British lead the world in their love of the cocoa-
based treat.  As a product, chocolate has a a lot going for it, appealing to all
ages, both sexes and all income brackets.  In 1997, the value of the total IK
confectionary market increased by 3% to a staggering £5.2 billion, with chocolate
sales accounting for 70%, at £3.6 billion, and sugar confectionary the
remaining £1.6 billion.

The UK market has shown consistent growth - increasing over the last decade by
around 16%.  "Chocolate confectionary is a market that seems to be remarkably
resistant," says Pamela Langworthy, marketing director for Thorntons, the luxury
chocolate producer and retailer.  It also increasingly transcends national
boundaries.  In 1997, Swiss Nestle, the largest confectioner, exported over a
quarter of its production to more than 100 countries.  Nestle has recorded
particularly fast growth in confectionary sales in Asia, with its expansion of KitKat
into several countries in the region.  Eastern Europe provides another promising
market.  But few markets challenge the UK in terms of current confectionary
consumption.  In the US, the land associated with excess, each American
devours a mere 10kg of confectionary per person a year, whereas UK
consumers each manage 16kg.  In Europe, where the chocolate market is
estimated to be worth £12 billion ($18.5 billion), the UK accounts for almost a
third of that total, followed some way behind by Germany, France and Italy.  
Around 60% of all confectionary is bought on impulse, which makes its
availability a key determinant of sales.  Impulse buying also makes the
development of a strong brand image vital, and large, long-established brands
control the market.  Building up these brands costs serious money.  Media
expenditure on confectionary exceeds that for any other impulse market.  The
Cadbury & Trebor Bassett 1997 Confectionary Review reveals that in 1996,
media expenditure on chocolate reached £94m, compared with £69m spent on
soft drinks, £31m on the lottery and £23m on crisps and snacks.  
Innovation is also essential for ongoing success, despite the chocolate market
being dominated by 'consistent performers'.  In 1996 the chocolate company
Mars launched 'Flyte', claiming the be the first mainstream brand to address the
demand for lower fat products.  At 98 calories a bar, Flyte is designed to appeal
to weight-conscious women.  Another 1997 Mars launch, 'Celebrations', is
claimed by the company's annual review to be showing signs of 'revolutionising
the boxed chocolates market by attracting new, younger customers'. 
'Traditionally, the boxed chocolates market hasn't changed very much.  People
who buy the products tend to be older and female.  With Celebrations, we are
finding that younger people and men are buying because the chocolate doesn't
come in the traditional-shaped box - they look different.  Products such as Flyte
and Celebrations are attempts to introduce a different product category and
increase sales for retailers, rather than just shifting market share,' a Mars
spokesman says.
One feature of the chocolate industry in recent years has been the emergence of
special editions.  The concept was a marketing triumph.  Producers believe that
special editions offer the consumer a new and exciting variation of a product,
while suggesting the same consistent quality they associate with familiar brands. 
Since special editions are only available for a few weeks while stocks last, they
also have a unique quality about them.  Far from denting sales of the straight
version, limited editions appear to simply boost overall sales.  
Questions 1 - 5
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer
Chocolate - the figures
The chocolate market in the UK in 1997 was worth 1 £..................., having shown
a steady increase during the preceding 10 year period.  Overall the manufacturer
Swiss Nestle supplies chocolate to over 2 ..................... and the company has
seen rapid sales increases in the markets in 3 .................. . Nevertheless, the UK
market remains the biggest - surprisingly, British people eat more
than 4 .................... consumers.  Within the European market, their consumption
amounts to nearly 5 ....................... of the total revenue.
Questions 6 - 12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A - P, below.
Complete the summary using the list of words, A - P, below.
 A purchasing  B low fat  C selection
 E impulse  F similarly  G eating
 I novelty  J unsuccessful  K well-known
 M new  N children's  O lasting

The Chocolate Market

The chocolate market is dominated by 6 ............. brands.  For this reason,
confectioners spend large sums of money on 7 ..................... advertisements.  In
fact, in 1996, the amount spent totaled £94m.
However, it is also important for companies to allocate resources to developing
8 .................... ideas.  Examples of these are the 'Flyte' bar and 'Celebrations'. 
Chocolate producers try to increase sales by changing their
customers' 9 ....................... habits.  For example, Mars's new line of products
appeals to younger customers because its packaging does not
look 10 ..................... .
A 11 ....................... increase in sales can be achieved by introducing 'special
editions' on to the market.  These are successful because they
have 12 ........................ value.