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    1K views132 pages

    Pak Affairs Notes Handwritten

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    Pervaiz Anwar Chachar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Viera Danse ComPILED BY: — Fee odtg? n Sirapr anf (Hens) Or. Sass! MALIK SHER | bogts/ Quote in S50 beck. (46th Comtton ) tas + POF Created By: 2p lpcoiersst Nimra RASHID (PRAYERS NEEDED) PAKIST AFFAIR Chas uber 9 di shodk ro of (OE Ce tL Oki som a heal KK AZ Tha Taleo 9 Pitislon (Sher x aaah Rade Toon C365" 6) Critic Pook FM “Pata ef Sg aes vga te tae “UK AZ fete). To LS ( hen ¥* ae ow tan te ~ esi 25 Chadians S| marr ase) ue ve Coen + wow Ve ye a ot Sone’ Vow =e ow 1 Gaga \seats g { (Bs x Gre WS hess S ya v4 es BD OR ET ones ene Relioteny 2 1Nt- a VP Mal LIF , ¥ Meadsassa 4a- sharon Eiht + a Collage 5 4 Rabbant | uri Or . Muhammed in Qasinn Brother & Hajaj tin fouwat. ‘ " EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF MUSLIM SOCTETY IN SUB CONTINENT fe Arabs came tothe Indian sub continent ws traders long before they eume ss invaders) i y egind of the sub continent to trade even rabia\ twas a belief of Indians that if they crossed ; of Arab merchants to the Indian sub ( Xp gata n had been established i i, they would lose their = Thus ir) were a one sided alfa conti » Continent ith Indian Warliest Contacts of Isiamized Arabs w Ginee its first appearance on the world stage, Islam has had close relations with the Indian sub ¢ mt, — with the Indian sub continent dates (Cite earliest contacts of the Iglamized Arah (0 the reign of Lazrat Umar Faroog (6 JSarqali who yoverned Oman ynder | the second Caliph sent an expedition tp Thana and Barouch on his own initiative without n from the Cal ual Umar disliked overseas expeditions and iich_was not encouraging, due to which plans for further ion into India were dropped. But Makran and parts of Ralochists as Arab outposts. The fourth Caliph Hazrat Ali appointed an Arab officer Muhallab to a pursue the mission but India remained unconquered until the Umayyads, consolidated power in the Middle East) Muhammad bin Qasim and the Conquest of Sindh During the reign of Caliph Al-Malik ibn abd al Malik, the iE] 2CSSTACREAC FSFTGIRA) dispatched a ship to the governor of [raq;. Hajjai Bin Yousa.The ship was caitacked by the pirates as it passed the mouth of Iadus. The goods were scized by the pirates and the Arab merchants weie detained jaj Bin Yousaf asked Raja Dahir, the Hind Brahinin ruler, to set the cuptives free and ti tion against ihe pares find Brahinin_culer, Dahir bluntly replied that, he had no control over the pirates.Hajjaj Bin Yousat then ic} te ave fenbdy OS dey Wd Memed u” by Hajjaj against Raja Dahir failed. He ‘Muhammad Qusim to lead a campaign asim. who al that time was at decided to ret “The first two punitive expeditions se foned his son in faw mad ud Din inst Raja_Dabi 2_A.D.Muhammad_bin “ars({ran),was reinforced by 6000 men Irom Syria and ofher phices m commanded his army like a seasoned general and Brahmanabad and Mult The conquest of Sindh was a major Muhammad bin Qas conquered the forts of Deebul, Nerun, Shewan, the whole province of Sindh was under Arab ru & eee milestone for Muslim history because Mi in the sub continent and Sindh is known as Babul Ts im Recalled: Post Qasim Developments \, Muhammad bin Q Alter the death of caliph Walid bin Abd al Malik, Suleman bin Abd al Malik succeeded him. The new caliph eventually recalled Muhammad was executed in 715 A.D.Lloweveralll the governors appointed by remained in Sindh. The untimely recalling of Muhammad bin Qas advance of Arab army towards north and east. im and the Arab army m stopped We turtner During the Umayyad rule, the territory of Sindh continued to be governed by walis (governors or representatives af the Caliph).In 750 A:D. the Abbasids removed the Umayyads from power. ‘The Abbasids caliphs did not tke interest in the afTairs of Sindh province. As a result, the authority of the-Caliphs completely vanished and by 872 AD, there were several independent Arab kingdoms flourishing. Two of the biggest and most important of these were the emirates of Al-Mansurah (comprising the province of Sindh as well as Lasbela and Makran in Balochistan) and Multan. This status quo prevailed till the begining of the cleventh century’ when Mahmood Ghaznavi invaded the sub continent from actoss the Khyber Pass. : Muslim Incursions from the North-West By the 10 century, many new principalities were conquered and ruled by the Turks who had been initially brought into the Arab armies as slave soldiers. ‘The Turks were Central people who afier théir conversion to Islam in the 8" and 9" century led the next wave of Islamic conquests. sty AF a. ‘The Ghaznavid Dynasty receives its name from the city of @ in modem hunistan.Alaptagin, one of the most enterprising of Turkish officers, was the founder ingdom of Ghazni.After the death of Alaptagin in 977A.D, his son in law scended the throne of Ghazni —_—— Ghar was Bad Dy Subuktugin After the accession of Subuktugin ,the Hindu Shahi rulers of Punjab and northern India felt threatened by the presence of Muslim kingdom so close to their territory. They formed an alliance, under the headship of Raja Jayapala, which attempted to expel Subuktugin and his warriors from Ghazni (Afghanistan).The combined Hindu armies were, howevei ‘and retuned to Ghi ae artic took place between armies of Muhammad Ghauri and Prithvi Raj Chawhan, Muhammad Ghauri eventually tured successful and Punjab was captured. ‘Alter this decisive battle, Muhammad Ghauri then proceeded to conquer the whole of the horthern part of the sub-continent, He also moved south wards and captured Banaras, Gwalior as well as Ajmer in Rajhistan, eneral. Qutub Ud Din Aibak as governor Muhammad Ghauri: An Appraisal Muhammad Ghauri must be eredited for providing the Muslims with an opportunity of establishing permanent foothold in the sub continent. After his death, the Ghaurid dynasty relapsed into insignificance, but the dominions it had conquered in India were not lost to the Muslims; they were consolidated under the rule of Ghauris’ slaves and subsequent dynasties, With the advent of Muhammad Ghauri until 1857, there was always a Muslim on the throne of Delhi. DELUI SULTANATE, ‘The period from the death of Muhammad Ghauri in 1206 till the advent of Mughals in the sub continent in 1826 is know in the history as the period of Delhi Sultanate. During this Mowing five dynastics ruled the sub co! 1. Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206212907 2. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) , 3. ‘Tughlag Dynasty (7320-1412) 4. Sayyed Dynasty (1414-1451) 5S. Lodhi Dynasty:(T431-1526) 1. Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290) “The slave dynasty enjoys the distinction of being the first dynasty. which ushered in a Permanent rule in the sub-continent, The slave dynasty wax founded by Qutuly ud din Aibak i ited with the establishment of first Muslim, sultanate in the sub ‘nl. The rulers of slave dynasty were all Turks. Qutub ud din Aibak was succeeded by his son in law Shams Ud Din Itutmish in 1210.In the early years of his reign; he was Faced with threats from Nasirudin Qabacha of Multan and the Khi of Bengal und Bihar, Ali Mardan Khan, Lltutmish was able to jibe both Khilfi anc! Qubacha but the Khilj threat didn't yo away and many years later they were eventually successful in taking over Delhi, Mtutmish was suc has the distinetion ‘af by eded by his og the f daughter Razia Sultana in 1236. Sultana (female Muslim ruler of the sub continent, Although a very competent and able rule woman, She was unable to survive very long, her half brother Bahram Shah, tion was that she was a 1 1240 and replaced by only disa vl ws mt Another famous ruler of the slave dynasty was Ghi Turkish slave. By dint ofa combination of of Delhi in 1266.He restored law and order which had predecessor Nasiruddin.The greatest. threat to Balban was the Mongols.Balban was able to keep the Mongols in check. Afler the decling of Slave dynasty began and ultimately, the Slave dynasty ended when the Ki! appcued io take change of tie tinone of Dei the reign of his ing power of 2. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) The Khilji dynasty was founded by Jalaludin Khilji.1le ascended the throne of Delhi at the age of 70.As he belonged to a tribe, which was settled in the area for generations, he was hated.by the group of Turks who had recently come to the sub continent. Jalaludin was succeeded by his nephew Alaudin KhiljiAliudin Khilji went on to become the first Muslim ruler to conquer central and southern India. The greatest threat to the rule of Alaudin Khilji was the Mongols. He fought a number of battles s the advaneiig Mongol armies and kept them at bay. a Abul. Khilji di 316 and was succeeded by Mubarak Shah who proved to be the Just ruler of the Khilji dynasty. 3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412) Ghiasud din Tughlaq founded the Taghlaq dynasty in the year 1320.He ruled Delhi for five and was killed in 1325 by his own son Juna Khan or Muhammad ‘Tughlaq who became the ruler of Delhi. In 1398, the impotence of ‘Tughlaq Sultanate came to the fore when ‘Tamer lane or ‘Timor invaded the sub-continent and decimated whatever came in his way. The invasion of Timor shook the Tughlaq dynasty to its coré and ultimately in 1412, the Tughlag dynasty went into oblivion for good. 4. Sayyed Dynasty (1414-1451) sy pointed as a nominee by and some four sultans ruled ry was Shah Alam who vas to Bahlol Khan Lodhi. the “The Sayyed dynasty was founded by Khizr Khan who wat or to rule Delhi. ‘The Sayyed dynasty lasted till 1451 Delhi durin: this time. The last in the line of Sayyed dynast appy to retire in peace aller conferring, ls authority to rule Pathan sultan of Delhi. 5. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) Bahlol Lodhi founded. the Lodhi dynasty. He was succeeded by Sikander Lodhi ruler of Lodhi dynasty was Ibrahim Lodhi who was defeated by Babur in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 thus bringing to end not only the Lodhi dynasty but also the Delhi sultanate. Doth? Sultonate and the Spread af Istam . ation of Islam saw an impetus during the tenure of Delhi sultanate. The sub eontinent diving the reign of Delhi ins. ‘These Sufis played an important role in spreading the teachings of Islam. ‘the fe was fa be the mi north India from the thirteenth 16 the sixteenth century, its power and territories fluctuating with the abilities of successive rulers. Although it never suecceded in welding together an all-India empire, the impact of Islam on Indian culture reverberated for centuries throughout the subcontinent, “The Sultans based their laws on the Qur'an and the sharia and permitted non-Muslim subjects lo practice their religion only if they paid jizya or head.tax. Mughal Dynasty Mughals ruled India irom the 1526 till 1857. The dynasty was founded by a Chugtai Turkic prince named Babur , who had descended from the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) on his father's side and from Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, on his mother's side, He was able to secure control of the Punjab, and in 1526 he routed the forces of the Delhi sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. The following year he ‘overwhelmed the Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga of Mewar, and in 1529 he defeated the Afghans of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. At his death in 1530 he SSntrolled all of northern India from the Indus River on the west to Bihar on the east and from the Himalayas south to Gwalior. Rabar‘s son Humayun lost control of the empire to Afghan armies led by Sher Shah Suri jin 1530 but ‘was able to recapture the throne in 1555. Humayun's son Akbar (reigned 1556-1605) defeated the Hindu usurper Hem at the Second Battle of Panipat (1556) and rchy reestablished his dynasty in Hindustan, The greatest of the Mughal emperors and ‘an exuemely capable ruler, Akbar reestablished and consolidated the Mughal Empire. Through incessant warfare, he was able to annex all of northern and part of central India. ‘At Akbar's death in 1605 the empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal and southward to Gujarat and the northern Deccan. a fairly successful ruler. His 8), had an insatiable pa ing and left the Taj s other monune reign marked the ‘eveb unnexed the Muslim Deccan kingdoms of it the empire to ils greatest extent, Afier the Akbar's son Jahangir (-eigned 1605-27) also proved to be nm death of Aurangzeb in 1707. his successors proved to be inept and grossly incompetent and the Mughal Empire started to decline, ‘The last Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah I was exiled to Rangoon (Yangon) by the British alter his involvement in the failed war of independence where he died in 1862.With the demise of Mughal dynasty, the Muslim rule in the sub continent came to an end. is duc io a unter of facto the spread oF estan un the suo contin Arrival of Mygliesand Mijgslamaties nde Mating guia! Amite (Chuclans wene Ot Oe > E uality . . Tolerneg * v ¥ v KAN Javed Pakistain Affairs 7 Manz EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF MUSLIM SOCIETY IN SUBCONTINENT Muslim sociery. which ix characterized by the ideals uf Islam, started taking roots in Subcontinent immediately after the inception of idustim state in Arabian Peninsula, ts now stretching over abort fourteen cemuries, Thromghout the tortuaus cemuries, the establishment of Muslim society has been a daunting task for Mustio kings. divines, mystics ‘and intelligentsia, Muslim society throughout its life in Subcominent hax passed through challenging and imeresting phases. blossoming, at its upoge.. at its fowest ebb and resurgence. Despite all the hinirances, exterminations, suppressions. lissensions, apposition, Muslim society in Subcominent has survived, thrived umd hus had played @ vital role in sheng the regional and imernatimalfcate if panies.) (Deossrtente} io by Arab traders who used to Muslim society in Subcontinent was launched ab initio cron and exchange menchandise. A pRRMADHIG] Séiocaied CORORARONDS [with the persuasion of local rajas imbued with Financial lust ry and in southern India, of wade, established settlement. constructed mosques, married in local thibe-Nairg founded @ new ‘society. Basically uninersated in-salis. Muslims didn't difeetly strive to proselytize but influenced Hindu society which o undenwo transtivm ‘The conquest of Sindh at the hands off subcontinent. The haughtiness of 1e wake of war against Arabs. extending. century is a land mark in the history of Mus! [Re Dati lhis cottusion with nian empire ® pol Te Wisi Zs Leile accounts, He. alter the failure of won the hearts of local indh, Along with the physical sccupatien of Sindh. Ihn-e-Oasi fork, and inspired them wo accept Ilan The eal of Umar bin Abul-Aziz slso worked wonderfully in winning over tne folk [Buddhss) being in majority, overly and covertly supported Muslims ayainst the war with Kaja Dahir. and later absorbed into folds of Islam. 1 of great Muslims Muslims carved out first ever state in subcontinent whieh was a hart ine, in future, of Muslin society in subcontinent The most productive period in the est ¢Started to launch military expeditions in northern starts when great genéials 1b Genital Asi = = St Sar dence 120 AD) al asylum to the opponents of Omayyad and mishandling of Arab women syBeehy! « 2 Russia —~ 2 Fa chyna Ce) ~ \3 Pakistan wes} has cone Manzar Javed India| in continuation to the policy of his futhep Subukitein’ at the /Mehmood sty. gubalued Raju faipat ain! Ws oot y reaneformed Ginaznovi Lahore into a cultural centre for Muslims. opening a “passageway to India” for subsequent rulers. His famous({7 Jucetsetal att exposed the vulnerubility of local rajas several Hinds threattned Ghana hip ahr an cas pt em mi hr =! \Shahot CGujrd) from Chaldkyas. One of his slaves Muhammad bin Bakht a Aibeh ‘entured for Tibbet. At the death of Ghul ARIAL and against all the odds he further pushed and consolidated scent Muslim empire. Muslim SA Hints cei was drving and expanding He beaten back Mongol htas and mage Muslim politically Le iGo alone ar ry es oe Bakhtiar Kaki. His mission was carried forward at the hands of BSF brave courageous daughter the successor RGURSETERALVho Israeli, broke the monopoly of forty. Nasiruddin Qubac! of the best man of age. his wazir." Ball invasion of Mongols. quelled, seditions. ized, Ulemas. saints. men of letters, and strengthened Muslim society. (©) ide the sate further strong. dealt’sternly: with ‘was fortunate enough to have one Wn Who restored the peace in state, checked the southern Kingdom and subdued dissidents | mands "S Josabuddi eatended Muslin empire in all directions. He, was intended to even con swarld, found a sort of new religion but Ala- ul-amulk kept him from concocted designs and drawn his attention toward real problems of state @ Tughlugs were great monGehs. whe provided pullial suppor to make the Muslim A . society stable, Ghiasuddin Tughlug occupied Narungul, re-conqueres! Orrisa and Mudura, ‘and launched successful expedition iighfag"made his 9 empire prosperous. introduced administrative and military vctorms. founded «ne phave of his reign. rebel arene inst Bengal. 2 ahigun l= i Doulat Abad.and made it his secund eapital. Hut dur ion Cua Ltaany broke oUt states started to secede. and law and order deteriorated. He was sweected by Fe ACZ shitan‘Fer62®Tuxhlud with two objectives: weltize of his peuple and wlorification y! ts Pakistan Affairs Manzar Javed 7 _ a yeh seri n society, stemmed its political decadence gikiRdil sadn. 4 wanda. \eF founded the dynasty, congueried Gwalios, Jaunpucand Bengal and also laid the foundation of Ibvahirr Aa iy Imade the polity more stronger. Inunched ayiculpural_ reforms. constructed roads throughout the empire, He couldn’ ‘withstand the onslaught ost of Babur nd 806 a dawn of ene of the greatest Muslim was defeated and his forces were routed. But empire, @® Eee iprused sTHEW spirit Tn the political and cultural make up of Muslim suciety «BaQUEitd the foundtion oF empire but had no time to consolidate it. uslRSii ®ventually crushed multiple challenges : Confronting to his empire AREF Ned Inn from punt. to soul. e334 to ake, He f was liberal minded, He esublshal new equation of relation with Rajputs Iie wed to covets sih(Dee- Ea] ine anand iene HERR eat QPEL Muslim polity in subcontinent. During his reign, on the murder of Guru Arjun, the relation of hn Sikhs with Mustims started to deteriorate. He allowed 6 Sead of Porusuesé, to up their base in India, He set up cha thon 3) Nalin we. He revived Hijra chronoloyy. He was a great patron of art and arvhitecwre’ The — Shady Mostim society duriig his weigseéms to undergo culwral awssganee, Hy when Portuguese. grew rebellious. crustied them. Hix relation with Persia deteriorated i) he amtacyed on Qanghar" unsucceastgly to capture it, He pate astronomy. ‘matheniatics and ‘medicin« tended his rule throughout the tr cra that was a climax He subdued. although with severe ins. the rebellion of Yousuteaee and Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru. He slo Gappresed Rajan) When Fn Aurangzeb harshly suppressed them the In Islamic spi cae plundered Delhi. which few coe Sups.: Z ot Shahbaz QDatamelos, ; © Gyed A Halves oye x @ Sheikh Baha- ud—Din Zikviya @® Shave Salad ud-chirr Coe, @Okhwaja Moeen-ud-din Chishti. vy ©Prr Badn. Guts sin ie a) Chee Faned- uet- “alin Grau Shoko 16 Pakistan Affairs Manzar Javed uncontrollable. |Sikhs_revolted_and European fished in the troubled water] Eventually Myst society ae on polly nga. ie ily deapite indgtabre Be rand evenly succeded wo sce separa ind ov Ma Subcontinent in 1947, Subcontinent in 1947 me ® Gabe Im Me Bvdorertirewd Islam in subcontinent. in the opinzon of CTDD re untiring eTTorts of tinent considerably cnsy. ‘$ARCE TWo factors made the works of Suli’s in the Sube ie ce oem of Higley in which yr and Unga wee vig miserable life, 2. The simpld, pious life of sufis ]was ft enouh Tor propagating the ideals of casteless sontety of iam. - (Feu Custs | Ilam in Subcontinent ct Sultanate era was spread through two Sufi orders: ——— (Sint sa poe Ts Bike Sabot a abet i sane time and converted thousands of people. Chishtia order was intenduced by Khawaja Myeen-ud-2in Chishti who, after paying homage at the tomb of Syed Ali Hajweri. got settled Gown in Ajmer. He has two illustrious disciples: Sheikh Hameed-ud-Din Naguri who settled D> inNagur avoided Royal affiliations and opened the door for all and sundry while Qutb-ud- D ki Settled down in Qethi. King of Dethi held him in high esteem. He was ~~ jd out by Buba-ud-Din Ghavanavi and 5) vey popular among the masses. His work was « Sheikh Fereed-ud-Din Gani shar, Sheikh Fareedaxl-Din blessed sheikh Nizam-udet ———E—E—E—E— lee yet spiritual U and settled down in Lakhnoti where he opened a Kanga supplied fod to the necdy and indignant, He was succeeded sionary and humanitarian work of his spiritual leader wlo was also based in Delhi Dit Aulia went back to Beny: {Ub byAla-ud-Din who continued his n bu have to settle down in Pandoa. He was blessed with w great son, Nur Qutb-e-Alam, He continued his Langar in Pandos. Chisfuia onder has been,one of the most popular orders in Syed fatal Kouya*tas alse popula, He fived a long “Se se af Islam. Pir Bad Swcontinent. In Bengal. another say alse very popular in life about one Fifty years. devoted tor the Clitagany. In his name sake. bostmen used te travel in sea for safety and security [sore nge nes brought in ee int by two diseiples of Shulubeayl-Din Suinwardi: Seikh Gaha-ud-Din and Sci Lud-Hin. Seiki Baha-ud-Iin Zikrya settled dovn in Multan. He believed th wonarehs is not hindrance to hon 4 '7 ) chrab “Tradens 4 Conquest 2% Sindh (Moharneeel bin Casien) = Gharavi s (furieh 2 Passoge. wey -to Girdle) 9 Bouse Ig? ISS ( dated. harrow) e Shokab vd dur Mubomned Coreuws © Aibak v2 sdutientsh, . ye Ravto Suttana © Cotalud din Hike | | ° Gbias- ud- olf, e Muhammad Bin 1% te 9» rin Cayy © StRasdax doads ~~ @ Thaahim fod 2) MuGualg : ° BHASSA (eveitd o Nuaiy Shob a Sein abet ve Chishtia Ovdos ven agshhandt n° Sehan- wardiia orden” Dadrta, ; ce nenectinent’ (ta PH) 18 ae Pakistan Affairs | Manzar Javed e i tual ascendency. He was succetded by his son, Sndr-ud-Din Arif. He had a gr. tiple, 1 Bin P { ory wort fram Heth Sheth fall Tabi settled down in’ Devmifal, started Lanfar and provided spiritual guidance to thousands'of people. Dusige Muzhal period, |Nayshhuudia and _Qddeia orders eame Mocking in . Subcontinent. Being the puritanical in nature, these orders were aimed at purifying the beliefé of Islam and inculeating true spirit ‘of Islam in the drooping hearts of Muslims. Hazrat Bagibillah’ was torch bearer of puritanical movement” mad Sichas reformative campaign, in the wae of Dine-Lluhi. during the reign of Akbar. When the = fabric of Muslims society was torn apart. atter the demise of Aurenzeb, Shah Walliullah took which, up the gauntlet and stemmed thejpace of decadence and established an instit throughout the dark age of Indian Mostims eflused with wwilight of spiritual guidance. When : Mughal-Empire bogged down, Tdianit-atema]played a vita role in keeping the debilitating spirit of lieedom in Muslims high enough w bounce buck at appropriate time. The roe of abr leit Pant ere forthe Musi sake-can. t be denied. ‘Muslim society, shiek its history in Subcontinent wus butoressedd with the gcune support of monarchs. Dynusties changer! rebsilions bruke aut. snecession wars eriswed but the support to Islom, extended bylalmast every ruler. weak or sirong. literate or illiterate, couldn't be doubted Ulemus in, ches wml Sufi.s in desviated and far off places made their sont elighn nanny ambiance abe ced one extemtings ypheivtet whe tcl vif seer in Suhcontine ix ded iil tir cr and nnn tion nt i united religiously. Although it is {eoufronring vith internal and external challenges vet is confident enough 1 withstand against all the wkds and proyress, keeping ideals of modern world, toward reckoemsime mese Ivights in palsies! aad velisions spheres Crsaidiys ot Gncasatga) ya tabimtcnent ai~ snehad tober Negaahbanclia andi Gade: : dcr 1 Rab Trades : 2 Hagtat Umar G44) 1, Liph AL-Mawue ( (ing of, Ceton) 4 Hayy Bin Yosseh Cacuerner of Iva oes : ™ 5 Mahammad in Qasies(112) ee satnaut Dynasig- an ty of Ghazni, : = Plapraain CTurtish ofRices)) . > Subublagin + Sebuhuain Ns Raja taifpate. . | # SidbenMetmocd Ghaznont- > dich 1 atta “o ane Memmecd ride en Hind, Kemipeld curd was on temped oh Somned C100!) | Ae | nanies Denaaty “pes Herons ob [= Grahabudder Wham mad’ Gina copied | Geared in WEAR 1 Se NaS capmved . Pethasar Sindh ov ;- We eolptwed Lahore ohter setae hing Kune, Wot 5 t 4 3 a i 2 ek a eo CO | -2e Bait Wk W Par. Pasir Nokes CAUSES OF THE DECLINE OF MUGHAL oe IN INDIA ° Internal factors e External factors Internal Factors 1. Wars of Succession ah ars of succession 2. nt successors of Aurangzeb —C \aoD) 3. Internal Intrigues, 4, Moral Decadence of Muslim Socicty 5. Eijnancial Straits by Demoralized and Inefficient Army 7. Absence of Navel Power. 8. Rise of Independent Dynasties 9. Rise of Marhathas and Sikhs L Incursion of]Nadir Shall * [Ahmed Shah Abdali | Internal Factors gM Wars of Succession jon constitute one of the most important [actors The bloody and bitter wars of sue at Fed to the decline of Mughal | accession thus paving the way for these wars of successioi for only Ted to bitterness, bloodshed, and loss of money and prestige of the empl over a period of time, but to its event : as... BYHATSA @ Incompetent Successors of Aurangzeb Fissures in the Mughal Empire began to appear after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707-The successors of Aurangzeb were not competent enough to administer the vast ‘Mughal Empire. After Aurangzeb’s death, laxity had set in and the end of Mughals came when there were no noteworthy rulers left. " A vs Pein Q Internal intrigues -|—* 7° Lo Made vs Hastie Internal intrigues had become a routine affair during the waning days of Mughal Empire. The@our) was divided along sectarian and ethnic lines and each group was wary of the “Others. ‘The Le] ist Is whereas Hindus were intriguing. inst-the-Muslims. Instead of paying attention towards administration and counicring rising dangers, infighting among the nobles accelerated the demise of the once mighty Mughal Empire, @ Moral Decadence of Muslim Socicty ‘The successors af Aurangzeb ly depraved. The Mughal nobility as a whole degenerated into a pleasure loving and dissipated group.t U1 Qureshi says that, Mughal character oF foremost cause of the Toss of pal ileal power was 8 er is in the (scl. The character of Mughal kings had deteriorated dver a period of time. "They were weak.and lacked the character, niotivation and commitment {o rule’ the mpife rongly. They had become case loving and cowardly. They totally disregarded their ‘and were unable Terdenim the declining empire from its fall. ‘The degenerition of the rulers had alsa led to the moral degeneration of the nobility. The ieel men with intewrity, honest - — — - ds, $ © Financial Straits: Cenctour : ‘Another factor contributing ta the decline was the financial position of the Mughals. which had become deplorable. The war of successions, rebellions and Lusuriousslyle of living had depleted the once, enormous treasury and, had led to financial bankruptcy. @pPemoral zed and Inefficient Army One of the most potent causes of the fall of the Mughal Empire was the dey “The military had not only become imeTietent but also ‘Jacked-in training. discipline and_gohesion, The army was ited in regard to in ai equipment. It consisted of contingents maintained by various’ nobles, which was the main source of Army's weakn so did the e pak the wealth of the Mughals ineluding th 22 yy and uniting e° Mughal we Persian, A’ ins and Central Asians. @ Absence of Nayel Power <— will ships that were no match for the ‘The Mughals had .no-nayy and only mainta well-equipped ships of the foreign traders: It was this weakness that the Eranch and the British used (o their advantage, and were eventually able to establish their control cover Lidia. pecan : Bengt” ® Rise of Independent Dynasti : Bihey ~ Orissa: but also cxposed thé fallacy of was during the liter Mughals thatDeggan) independence This not ‘only caused loss of revenue Re ‘once mighty Mughal Empire. @ Rise of Marhathas and Sikhs Due to weak government al the centre, Geary rose in rebellivn‘and ness of Mi started to challenge the Mughals.The weakt ughal Empire was crystallized when ultimately Afghan king had_{ i ic \d_subdue the belligerent noe —— og ©! @ Incursion of Nadir Shah oO ‘The invasion laid bare the weakness: of the 1¢ under Mughal rule again. vs Mos hata - S inched five altacks, ee ein the final alack, he defeated ube Mags at the ued bate als. Consequently the * Betwe at into th r of Panipsit but it again brought to light the weakness oF the M4 diamond, ‘Sindh and West Punjab were never to bi ee @® Mttack by Ahmed Shah Abdali 2. A / EME Vew York Daily Tribune; August 8, 1853 Counes Ye Decne SV _rnwalvona in the Llodined need EckemD QO weal swceemns Aursmaagle ‘Ge ee a 7 Rea A . ie < RLALLALON ue ‘ a ta - Rise roth Bdaiguco cd their own campaigns to capture testitary in the sabe 3. Rise of British Cook Sivay ud Doula British had come into-the sub continent as Liters. But soon their trade activities ictamorphosed into political ac . Owing to the decline of Mughals, the British Starts oeaplue eniorissin th sh canine, The foundation ofthe B tah nei the sal sani he oe Plassey in 1757.Alter the failed became the rulers of the sub conti (ea Fath stain via SS is! Xe natn (Decoy Moval) Hoh © Financia! irae Sor a 4 Oe. gel ® 4 . ak SHAH WALIULLAH WoL? dase 3? tested costa Y A tye - ~ Shah Watitah asthe to appear dus i i Worked Tor the revi id Trhlootont Tan ¢ South Asia, during, a time of waning Muslim powerAfer the death of Align the decline of Muslim power in the sub continent stgrted@he Muslims inthe sub continent had degenerated from powerful_and welll ated community to a helpless and disorganised cfowd The greatness of Sfalr Walsh Ties in identifying the causes of decline of Muslims and in finding ren cgunteruct them. He took number ot steps Gin the sogial, intellectual and d seligious milicu to reform and revitalise the Muslim society Biographical Sketch Cc in the Indian su’ continent. uf {Shah Waliullah was borin a town in pe terns, i February 21, 170S7His father wned scholar of his time and founded wain-Relhi@Shah Waliullah received his education at Mi er finishing his ‘slcetion ‘at the Madrasa, Shah Waliullah ta REWER then went to Arabia in 1724 for pilgrimage and higher studies" By the timie he retumed to Delhi in July 1732, the decliné in the Mughal fortunes was obyi6useShah Waliullah dedicated bis 1 ift of Muslim societ until his death inf Services Rendered By Shah Waliullah ‘Shah Waliullah took a number of steps to safeguard the Muslim rule and society: 1 forts ofa Muslim Rule in India ee Caner ‘the weakening of Muslim power, jemerged as the biggest_threat ‘o the ‘Muslim: rule in the sub continent: It seemed certain that Marathas would capture the v throne of Delhi gravity of the situation, Shah Waliullah wrote to Afghan kingkA mind him of his duty as a Muslim king to Hberate the Muslim ommunitS also_enlisted. the support of! to support Ahmed shah Abdili AS q result Ahmed Shah Abdali crushed the Marhathas in. th continent was saved from fninin Gin this way, Shah Waligllah not only safeguarded the Muslim rule from Marathas Mushi but also, infused a spirit fia jihdamongst the ms. 2) Co of the Holy Quran Shah Waliullah felt that deviation, from Islamic norms had led the Muslim community into decline. ‘This deviation he attributed To lack of dire to the meaning of the C'S _@ Holy Quran, He tok the bold step of wanslating the Holy Quran intot in 1738.This act of Shab Waliullah drew ficree criticism from the Ulema but his spputation Was great enough to withstand the critics. jon sevens fe + —_—_— 2! ed the necessity of Mu at a very critical juncture of heir historfeFor this he took a number fa towards conciliation. The worst internal nnflict was amongst the wile question vety vijectively. Sunnis thatthe, Shias_were-not Muslin’ in thi eg gata KhIaSt0 climinate active hostility between the Shias and ‘Sunnis. 4) Shah Waliullah and wna CG. Shah Waliullah was a firm believes of the jnstitytion of Ijtihad He considered Ijtihad obligatory because cach age pi preseit@acw problems and new siftations which were not wed by the lawmakers of bygone days But he also believed that jihad is an fafive principles of canon law and therefore th could-perform [jtihad.In his famous treatise lah discussed in detail the intellectual and scholastic land the general principles of Ijtihad.” : 5) Equitablo Distribution of weattt¥ $ Leshan watiullan’s puiding principles wens 2 therefore Shah Walla vas in favour of an equitable distrbuation OF Wealth in society. ‘of weilth in, one class leadst0-a wagleful_spending at one level and ‘extreme deprivation Tithe same time, he also laid great stress on moral SonstraimtsfeWealth he said should be acquired only by honest and ethical means. He sed that the lubour of the egafismen and peasant should be justly reyarded and justice and equilibrium should form the backbone of amore fe urged traders: sind businessmen’ lo adopt a fairer'system of trading andjkhaking money. He stressed that Ge econoinie’@qualily must be in ae because it leads}to social, spiritugl_and-national degeneration. * ~ Anwmranesuality envi exhaustive endeavpyr to understa —— sper oe 6) Adoption of Islamic Practices (Shah Waliullah urged the Muslims of the sub wes ental pringiples of Islam and follow the (CZbenefits to be gained front'such obligations (B)He forbade the adoption of Hindu customs for Ee reasons |.First he belicved a Too _ 26 . @ E destined wlutih q winavi Gé Gshan Watiullah scathingly criticized the Lusut indolent ifestide of Must, | ly the upper stratum of society. He believed that the moral decadence of the . elite had torn apart the very fabric of society. Shah Waliullah also knew that the Mfestyle had made Muslims wary of Jihad. Ve urged the rulers to shun their | Hand ostentatious Ifestyle a petTon Ui resp | of Allah, | jiullalr also said that all the Sufi arders consist of tartan epi zat) : | i iah(religious law) This was also the main platform of i _and all farigat is {this reformist movement .as it was under the cover gE Sulism that a number of practices, wreatening morality had crept into Muslim society - 78 8) All Embracing Nature otjsiam CP eos 8B Shah Waliullah was a firm believer in the all embracirig nature of Islam.He did not believe that the principles of politics. economics or sociology could be separated from religious teachings#In his view, a iicty was impossible (o-achieve without the mora! and spsgual valusa.aflslam. Shah Walfllh also asserted islam is a complete Code of life and has'a definite role To plpy in the funetioning of state =—_—_— . : 9) Literary Works of Shah watiuttan Shah Waliullah also rendered a major contribution in the realm of education and intellecyg,. i 3 Axgb @ tte rolific ysis ad wrote extensiygly o exeniually hod SSEBGOES ed tohis credit Sind SRRERSTETE Te always tel to underscore how ipiggrand"— —p._| petty the codtfGversies were between the different schools of thought within Islam. Some @ 23. of his famous works are: This book explains for all races, culturés and people of the d how successfully it solvés,_ social, 1, economic and Titeal probe roblems of fuman beings. No other beok of the cighicenth century hits had a profound effect on the Muslims of South Asia [ator Tzalat al Khifa is cos 2 rentary and explanation of Holy Quran ae . [usaf fi Bayan Sahib al Ikhtilar | & ; “The intent of the book was to strike a balance Getween the Hanafi, Malaki, Shafi and Hambali schools of thought 6 10) Letters By Shah Wali Ulatr to yive up their gorupL and inefficient practices labors the + reminded them that on the ‘economic prosperity of the state depends. —— Cres se Impact of Shah Wali Ullal, Teachings E -generation of Muslim fie with Shah Waliullah. His talented iz, and his worthy disciples and successors, strove for the realization of his mission. The torch of {slanic fevival kindled by Shah Waliullah was kept aloft by his worthy successors... Both form the landmarks of the same struggle. His real greatness lies inn the cumulative effect produced by his writings, by the contribution of trained by him and by the ichievements of the school pf thought founded by hit Jigious he struck a tnean between extremes; in@acial affairs he strove to introduce inthe Muslim society the ‘ of.cconomies he advocated justice and simplicity and purity of garly Tsfam, tm cquilibrium and in thSSpoliti he Torged a united Muslim front against the non- ‘Muslim forces which were threatening to storm Muslim India. India did not Jah was responsible for awakening in the community the desire to win I fervour and-maintain its purity. To. rescue a community's jth from the destruction of the 18th century was no small Shah Wal back some of its moral conscience, belief and fai achievement. 28 oe re = i 5 dy. . Before Shak wali wish 7 Ge asd - a : EIKH MED SIRHINDI (MUJJADID ALIF SANT) q igo Lass) W4 on Tere, 5 who devoted their [ob =” 1564-1624) Go t. He contributed ~~ au Ae @ Ace ‘Sheikh Ahmed 1 the greatest Muslim saint ies in. the sub_continen ‘om un-Islamic values. A lives for the pi ignificantly towards society fr umber of factors had weakened the religious and culfural ‘consciousness of the Muslims. i Jam and bordering ‘away from the true teachings Of Is that persuaded the The Muslim society was dithe "s untiring efforts on the heretica’

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