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Indirect - Reported Speech (Függő Beszéd)
Indirect - Reported Speech (Függő Beszéd)
hu
A függő beszéd egy valaki részéről elhangzott kijelentés, kérdés, felszólítás, óhaj, kívánság vagy tanácsadás
közvetítése tárgyi mellékmondat formájában. Ha a főmondat (az idézetet bevezető mondat) állítmánya
jelen időben, jövő időben, vagy Present Perfect-ben van, a mellékmondat (ami maga az idézet) változatlan
marad. Ha a főmondat állítmánya múlt időben van, a mellékmondatban az alábbiak szerinti
változtatásokra van szükség.
he is → he was
he was → he had been
he will be → he would be
he works → he worked
he is working → he was working
he has worked → he had worked
he has been working → he had been working
he worked → he had worked
he was working → he had been working
he had worked → ugyanaz
he had been working → ugyanaz
he will work → he would work
he will be working → he would be working
he will have worked → he would have worked
he will have been
→ he would have been working
working
will → would last night → the previous night/ the night before
shall → should next week → the following week
may → might today → that day
can → could yesterday → the previous day/ the day before
have to → had to the day before → two days before
yesterday
must → must/ have to megfelelő alakja tomorrow → the next day/ the following day
the day after tomorrow→ in two day’s time
a year ago → a year before/ the previous year
here → there
this → that could, would, should, might, ought to → nincs változás
these → those
now → then
Csoportosításuk:
I. Kijelentő mondatok
II. Kérdő mondatok
III. Felszólító mondatok, óhaj, kívánság, tanácsadás
IV. Különleges esetek
Készítette: Mező Csaba Tel.: (30) 958-6667 E-mail: mezo.csaba@t-online.hu Honlap: www.mezocsaba.atw.hu
I. Kijelentő mondatok
A kijelentő mondatok jellegzetessége, hogy a főmondat és a mellékmondat között that kötőszó áll, amely
akár el is hagyható, ha a két tagmondat közötti kapcsolat tárgyi alárendelés. A főmondat és a
mellékmondat közé –a magyar helyesírási szabályoktól eltérően- nem teszünk vesszőt.
He told me,’I have been waiting for you for a long time’.
He told me (that) he had been waiting me for a long time.
A mellékmondat bevezetése többnyire a következő igékkel történik:
say, tell sy(!), inform, announce, explain, prove, complain, mention, hear, read, write, let sy know, object,
protest, shout, whisper
A kijelentő mondatok képzésekor a fenti „léptetési szabályokat” kell alkalmazni. Vannak azonban
kivételek és különleges esetek, amikor nem szükséges változtatás.
○ A Simple Past változatlan maradhat, ha a cselekvés időpontja konkrétan meg van határozva
’We returned home on Sunday,’ they said.
They said (that) they returned/ had returned home on Sunday.
○ A Past Continuous változatlan maradhat abban az esetben, ha az a cselekvés folyamatosságára utal, nem
pedig annak befejezettségére
’When I met her she was preparing for her exams,’ he said.
He said (that) when he met her she was preparing for her exams.
De: She said,’I was planning to sell my flat, but finally I have changed my mind’.
She said (that) she had been planning to sell her flat but finally she had changed her mind.
○ wish/ if only; would rather; had better; it is (high) time we ...használatakor nincs változás
’I wish/ if only we didn’t write a test,’ my son said.
My son said (that) he wished they didn’t write a test.
’I would rather you bought this golden necklace,’ said my wife.
My wife said (that) she would rather I bought that golden necklace.
’You had better stay in bed for a few days,’ said the doctor.
The doctor said that I had better stay in bed for a few days.
’It is (high) time we went home,’ our guests said.
Our guests said (that) it was (high) time they went home.
Kérdő mondatokban is a kijelentő mondatoknál alkalmazott változtatásokra van szükség, viszont lényeges
különbség, hogy itt nem használhatjuk a that-at kötőszóként. A kérdő szórend egyenes szórenddé változik,
és nem kérdőjel, hanem pont van a mondat végén. A két tagmondat közé itt sem teszünk vesszőt. Az
egyenes kérdést bevezető say igét ask, inquire, wonder, want to know etc. érdeklődést kifejező igévé kell
változtatni.
He said,’Is there a library in your town?’ He inquired if there was a library in our town.
○ Csak ask vezetheti be a függő kérdést, ha megnevezzük a személyt, akihez a kérdést intézzük
The doctor asked me,’What are you complaining about?’
The doctor asked me what I was complaining about.
○ whether + infinitive akkor alkalmazható, ha wonder, want to know vezeti be a függő kérdést (az inquire
ritkán használatos)
He wondered,’Shall/ Should I try to repair it or have a mechanic in?
He wondered whether to try to repair it or have a mechanic in.
He wondered whether he should try to repair it or have a mechanic in.
○ feltételes módban whether-t használunk, mert máskülönben két if-nek kellene a mondatban szerepelnie
He asked,’If you sell your old car, will you buy a new one?’
He asked whether, if I sold my old car, I would buy a new one.
○ shall I / we?
a, jövőbeli eseményre vonatkozó találgatás esetén többnyire wonder-t használunk bevezetésként
He wondered,’Shall I ever meet her again?’
He wondered if he would ever meet her again.
b, ask, inquire etc. bevezető igét és should vagy be + infinitive szerkezetet alkalmazunk, ha
tanácsot kérünk vagy utasításra várunk
He said,’Where shall I put this chair, grandma?’
He asked his grandma where he was to put that chair.
He asked his grandma where he should put that chair.
c, kínálás, segítség felajánlása
She said,’Shall I make you some coffee?’
She offered me to make some coffee.
d, javaslat
He said,’Shall we meet outside the cinema?’
He suggested meeting outside the cinema.
○ will you / would you / could you?
a, szokványos kérdésekben
He said,’Will you be there at the reunion?’
He asked if I would be there at the reunion.
Készítette: Mező Csaba Tel.: (30) 958-6667 E-mail: mezo.csaba@t-online.hu Honlap: www.mezocsaba.atw.hu
Az ilyen típusú mondatok bevezetéseként a következő igék alkalmazhatók: advise, ask, beg, command,
encourage, entreat, forbid, implore, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, tell, urge, warn etc.
○ Felkiáltások
- What (a).../ How...! kezdetű mondatokat exclaim that/ say that igékkel vezetjük be
She said,’What a good idea!’ She exclaimed that it was a good idea.
She said,’How horrible!’ She exclaimed that it was horrible.
- Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens! Oh! Ugh! felkiáltásokat bevezethetjük give an exclamation of
delight/ disgust/ horror/ relief/ surprise kifejezésekkel
’Splendid!’he exclaimed. He gave an exclamation of pleasure/ satisfaction.
- egyéb esetek
He said,’Thank you!’ He thanked me.
He said,’Good luck!’ He wished me luck.
He said,’Happy Christmas!’ He wished me a happy Christmas.
He said,’Congratulations!’ He congratulated me.
He said,’Liar!’ He called me a liar.
He said,’Damn!’ He swore.
The notice said: Welcome to England! The notice welcomed visitors to England.
○ yes / no
He said,’Can you drive?’ and I said ’No’. He asked (me) if I could drive and I said I couldn’t.
He said,’ Will you help me? and I said ’Yes’. He asked (me) if I would help him and I said I would.
○ let’s(not) esetében a bevezetés a suggest-tel történik
He said,’Let’s go on a sightseeing tour’. He suggested going on a sightseeing tour.
He suggested that we/ they should go on a sightseeing tour.
He said,’Let’s not move it till the inspector arrives’. He suggested not moving it till the inspector arrives
He suggested that we/ they shouldn’t move it till the
inspector arrives.
- javaslat
’Let them go to the Hungarian Embassy,’he said.
He suggested their/ them going to the Hungarian Embassy.
He said/ suggested that they should go to the Hungarian Embassy.
- megengedés
’Let her join us, dad; we will take good care of her,’ I said.
I asked my dad to let her join us and I assured him to take a good care of her.
○ must
- következtetés
He said,’I meet her every day; she must be my new neighbour’.
He said that he met her every day and she must be his new neighbour.
- utasítás
He said,’These things mustn’t be touched’.
He said that those things mustn’t be touched.
○ must / have to kötelezettségek, előre eltervezett dolgok esetén
He said,’I must write an essay’. He said that he had to write an essay.
He said,’I must be at the station in ten minutes’. He said that he had to be at the station in ten minutes.
Készítette: Mező Csaba Tel.: (30) 958-6667 E-mail: mezo.csaba@t-online.hu Honlap: www.mezocsaba.atw.hu
○ must?
’Why must you leave the party so soon?’he said. He asked me why I had to leave the party so soon.
○ must not
He said to me,’You mustn’t tell the secret’. He said to me that I mustn’t tell the secret.
He said to me not to tell the secret.
○ needn’t
He said,’You needn’t wait for me’. He said to me that I needn’t wait for him.
○ need?
’Need I go to the negotiation?’ I asked my boss. I asked my boss if I had to go to the negotiation.
Készítette: Mező Csaba Tel.: (30) 958-6667 E-mail: mezo.csaba@t-online.hu Honlap: www.mezocsaba.atw.hu