Indian Logic - Il eke aie ial Vodnala Shivalingam = Lesson 2 » May 27, 2021Follow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirrnrintr ea) TA-UGC NET Paper |! Logical Reasoning Prepared & Compiled by Shiva Vodnala NET JRF Commerce, NET, Management, TSSET, PGDBF, (Ph.D.) ALE AFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Plus Telegram group: EUitrinrnniemr mn) Note: Kindly one request to all the Students, DO NOT Share the PDFs which Lam giving for PLUS members with anyone, because It's my Hard work and Not only that, you as student Paid for all these Live Classes, Study Material etc... why should someone will getiit for free. it's my Right to Protect my Work. I hope You Understand. Thank You. All the Best (Sharing Notes is Like Sharing Your JRF only) DR |) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to See your NFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in About Your Educator: 's Telegram group: Eimear) Name: Vodnala Shivalingam Qualifications: M.com (financial Accounting) NET JRF in Commerce NET Management = TSSET * Post Graduate Dipl. In Business Finance ewe # Researcher in Commerce ye Profession: - Presently Educator for NTA-UGC NET at India’s No.1 Learning Platform ta “Unacademy’. & I have Received Best Educator Award for best Presentation of Material Connect tome: Jota in onr Telegram Group: htp://tail/eommerceaddangeset a Follow me at Unacademy App: https://unacademy.com/@shivavodnala SAC eke eCFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eitmirr nner ea) Syllabus for the Unit - VI - Logical Reasoning © Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, the structure) of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, uses of language, Connotations, and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition, Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning, Analogies. + Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments. « Indian Logic: Means of knowledge, Pramanas- Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension). * Structure and kinds’ of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference). ‘M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerce, NET M¢ |) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to Seo your NFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirrnrintr Tra) NDIAN LOGI Tero easy ‘M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerco, NET M¢Follow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirr arin mea) DE eeeFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirenrintr ea) — Orthodox/Aastika ‘Heterodox/Nastika (Non-acceptance of Vedas) Buddhism |— Jainism | Yoga | Vaisheishika || Samkhya || Purva Vere Mimamsa |] (Uta Gans ———————. i an Ajivika | Prama | Aprama (Valid Knowledge) (Invalid Knowledge) 4 n = dS I T T re f ] Pratyaksha || 49™m=m2° | 1yp4mana ‘Shabda Arthapatti Anuplabdhi (Inference) (Verbal (Non-apprehension Perceptic ‘Comparisor (Postulation) 2 @ereeption) || ASokay || Compasiszon) |) trey) (Negation na-cognition) DEFollow me on Unacademy “SHIVAVODNALA” Join in Plus Telegram group: Stet te te Different School of Thoughts Mae Gautama Rishi || 6% Century BC Charvaka Brihaspati Kannanda Rishi 6% Cent iC i | Vaisheshika a 6 Century B iT eee Samkhya Kapil Muni 6 Century BC sautama a Lord Yoga Patanjali 24 Century isimien pri Purva Jaimini 4% Century Reve Mimamsa Rishi BC Jainism Genie Uttar Maharishi || 4% Century Mimamsa Vyas BCFollow me on Unacademy and Use DIFFERENT SCHOOLS CHARAV Ceres Seen Ccuneur en) Peon ee ee enn RNR Ccr TROL Nery) Nyaya Schoo! Purva Mimamsa (Jaimini Rishi), Uttar Mimamsa (Vedanta) (Maharishi Vyas/Veda Vyas/Badraaya for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Pratyaksha |! Pratyaksha & Anumana Pratyaksha, Anumana & Shabda Pratyaksha, Anumana, I Shabda and Upamana Pratyaksha, Anumana, Shabda, Upamana, Arthapatti, AnuplabdhiFollow me on Sree “SHIVAVODNALA” Hoe ee must ay Live happily so longas you live, Borrow money and drink butter. When the body, BE i ieatoashes tow can youto the world return, Charvaka is mat alistic philosophy, which holds that matter is the only reality. It accepts mind and| consciousness as the byproduct of matter. Here matter has been accepted as the fundamental stuff behind! the origin of life and world. In this respect, it is opposed to spiritual interpretations of the universe. Charvaka is Nastic philosophy because it does not believe in Vedas and atheist because it does not believe in existence of God. It is a positivist philosophy that accepts perception is the only source of valid knowledge. It is pluralist because it believes four kinds of material substance (Water, Earth, Fire, Air) as fundamental stuff of the universe. It believes in Dehatmavada as it says that there is only body that exists, soul is nothing but conscious body itself. | Charu+Vak= Charvaka, where the word ‘Charu’ means sweet and EL | thus the meaning of Charvaka is to talk sweet that one likes. It | believes in sweet talk that soothes us and others no matter it is right or wrong. DET eAFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram grou Charvaka philosophy itself begins with its epistemology, and its epistemology is the cornerstone of Charvaka philosophy, based on which the entire philosophy can be! built. Positivist Epistemology: believes in only observable phenomena hence perception on the “Pratyaksh” is the only valid source of knowledge. And all other Pramanas are! refuted on the basis of “Pratyaksh” alone. Four Substances (mat acted by Charts | Perception is defined as power of perceiving through senses. When a| sense organ comes into contact with any external object, perception: takes place. Since there are five sense organs, namely eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin there are 5 types of perception based on each sense organ. smelt But Charvaka does not believe in the knowledge gained by Ear because he does not believe in the matter “Sky” hence he does not Macer—Senseorgan———Sense water ——Tongue——-taste believe in “Testimony” or oral words. fre t9es-——vis0 — = 5 ir —— sn Touch As Charvaka accepted only Perception as valid source of knowledge, — ee ,, | 80, by means of perception as well, erroneous knowledge is possible, for Example: knowledge of snake is a rope. So, we can say even Pratyaksh| is not the valid source of knowledge. f Deer eA eerFollow me on Unacademy “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram grou largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha. Most Buddhist! traditions share the goal of overcoming suffering and the and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. ELD Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices TeachingStyle |} ‘The Four Noble Truths contain the essence of the Buddha’s teachings. 1. The truth of suffering (Dukkha);2. The truth of the origin of suffering 3. The truth off the cessation (end) of suffering (Nirodha); 4. The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering (Magga)| peor bet Ta TE 4. Right Understanding Sammaditthi ‘Accepting Buddhist teachings. j 2.RightIntention || Sammasamkappa || __Acommitmentto cultivatetherightattitudes. | 3.Right Speech ! | | _speakingtruthfuly,avoidinggossip and abusive speech.| |_4.Right action {| Sammakammanta _{ Behaving peacefully and harmoniously | 5. Right Livelihood [Terteniveooa | Sammaajwa | |_Avoidingmakinga ivingin waysthat causeharm | 6.Right Effort Sammavayama | Cultivatingpositive states of mind 7.RightMindfulness | ‘Samma sati | __Devetopingawareness ofthe body,sensationsetc. | @.RightConcentration || __Sammasamadhi__| _Developingthe mental focusnecessary forawareness. Cee en rerFollow me on Unacademy “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% Dieta oe Join in Plus Telegram grouy followers think that The Buddha is a God because they think that the Buddha came down to earth to help people cross the sea of life. Types: Sautrantika and) Vaibhashika end ‘Hinayana think that The Buddha isan ordinary person because he has many human-like characteristics such as looking likea person, beingborn likea person, ‘Yairayana; encourage rituals, chanting and tantra techniques along with a fundamental Hinayana and Mahayana school, as the way to attain enlightment. or Dependent Origination is the foundation of all the| teachings of the Buddha. Doctrine of Ksanika-Vada; According to this doctrine everything changes from moment to| moment, everything comes into existence just for a moment gives birth to its effect and is| exhausted. (The Doctrine Of Non-Self):refers to the doctrine| of “non-self’, that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in living beings. ‘Nirvana.according to Buddhism, is the state in which the mind is at complete peace and the| RT Zr soul is merged with the universe. Itis reached when a person's desires and suffering all go away| .ed nor want nothing. and they [shiva Vodnala, M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerce, NET Mgmt, (Ph.D.) TSSET, PGDBE | Waiting to See your Name with JRIFollow me on Unacademy and Use for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram grou Jainism traditionally known as Jain Dharma is an ancient Indian religion, Followers of] PES | Jainism are called “Jains”, a word derived from the Sanskrit word “jina” (victor) who | connotes the path of victory in crossing over life's stream of rebirths by destroying the! karma through an ethical and spiritual life. Jainism isa transtheistic religion, and Jains trace their spiritual ideas and history through a succession of twenty-| four victorious saviours and teachers known as with the first being Rishabhanatha, who according to Jain tradition lived millions of years ago, the twenty-third being Parshvanatha in 900 BCE, and “twenty-fourth being the Mahavira” around 500 BCE.. ‘Syadvada is an important aspect of Jaina theory of judgment in relation to the Jaina theory of the epistemological vi of Jainism that we can know only some aspects of reality and so all our judgments are necessarily relative, is known as Syadvada. (‘Syat’ or ‘Relatively Speaking’ or ‘Viewed from a PORES | particular point of view’. Absolute affirmation and absolute negation both are wrong.) ES SeeUe | Sapta-bhangi-naya means ‘the theory of seven-fold judgment’ Ordinarily, logic distinguishes two! TUMISUMM| kinds of judgment- Affirmative and Negative. Jaina logic recognizes the following seven kinds of} conditional judgment, each of which being relative is preceded by the word syad. This is Syadvada or} Sapta-bhangi-nay Bondage, therefore, means union of the soul with matter and consequently liberation means separation of matter from the soul, We, conscious living souls, find ourselves bound to karmic matter and the end of our life is to remove this karmic dross and regain our intrinsic nature. Liberation (Moksha): Concept of liberation According to Jaina Philosophy, the escape of the jiva from matter is liberation. Liberation can come only through true discrimination between soul and matter. Ishiva Vodnala, M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerco, NET Mgmt, (Ph.D.) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to See your Name with JRF]Follow me on Unacademy and for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram grou Patanjaliis the traditional founder of the Yoga system. ‘The Gita defines Yoga as that state than which there is nothing higher or worth realizing and. firmly rooted in which a person is never shaken even by the greatest pain; that state free from all pain and mise1 agaatcers eect craton et tee eer tncrind itdoes not want toil the body; on the other Ee aT recens eset Pisses aa are aah ee intellect, ahankara or ego andj} Which it is subject. These} eee oan ody. Sensual attachment and passions| manas or mind. Chita Is the deract the body a1 well asthe mind: They rst be same as —_antahkaranal| 1. Ignorance (avidya); conquered. To overcome them, Yoga gives us the (conscience), 2. Egoism (asmita); EighfoldPath ofiscipline Astanga Yaga} hich ‘The Modifications of the Chittal| 3. tachment (raga); ; are of five kinds: 1. Right cognition (pramana) | Chita means the three internal] | organs of Samkthya—buddhi or 1.Yama (control of senses) 2,Nivama (Virtue); ) 5. asuna tight Posture) 4. Pranayama (control of breath), 5. Bratyahara (control of Senses); 6. Dharan (Fixing the mind on the object) 7 Dhyana (Meditation); 8. Samadhi (Concentra 4, Aversion (dvesa), and: 5. Clinging to life and instinctive fear of death (abhinivesha). 2, Wrong cognition (viparyaya); 3. Verbal cognitionor imagination (vikalpa} 4. Absence of cognitionor sleep and 5, Memory (smrti) Dee eAFollow me on Unacademy and Use for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: neticf Nyaya Darshan propounded by Akshapad Gautam in 4th Century. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation) is gained through right knowledge. The term Nyaya literally means that by means of which the mind js]ed toa conclusion, Nyaya may also| mean the science of right reasoning. Nyaya, in the wider sense signifies the examination of objects of evidences, It therefore is also known as the science of demonstration or of Nyaya is called sometimes Tarkavidya or the science of debate. This philosophy is primarily concerned with the conditions of correct thinking and the means of Ultimate end of Nyaya, like that of the other systems of Indian philosophy, is liberation. This highest goal is conceived by the Nyaya as a state of pure existence, which| is free from both pleasure and pain. For the attainment of the highest end of our life, a true knowledge of objects is the sure and| indispensable means. Hence it is that the problem of knowledge finds an important place in the Nyayal philosophy. The main sources of this philosophy are Nyaya-sutra by Gautama. Finally, Nyaya is pluralistic because monism and holds that there is not one but many entities, material and spiritual, as ultimate constituents of the universe. IShiva Vodnala, M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerce, NET Mgmt, (Ph.D.) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to See your Name with JRF]Follow me on Unacademy and Use for 10% OFF | Joir EVM Elon Nyaya develops logic and epistemology, Vaisheishika develops Both| agree in viewing the earthly life as full of suffering, as bondage of the soul and in regarding liberation, which is absolute cessation of suffering as the supreme end of life. Both agree that bondage is due to! ignorance of reality and that liberation is due to right knowledge of reality. up the exposition of reality and up the exposition of right knowledge| of reality. Nyaya mostly accepts the Vaisheishika metaphysics. But there are some important points of, difference between them, which may be noted. Firstly, while the Vaisheishika recognizes seven categories (Padarth) Le, dravya (substance), guna (quality), karma (action), Samanya (generality), vishesha (Particularity), samavaya (inherence), abhava (non-existence) and classifies all reality under them, the Nyaya recognizes sixteen categories and! includes all the seven categories of the Vaisheishika. In one of them called Prameya or the Knowable, the second in the sixteen. The first category is Pramana| or the valid means of knowledge. This clearly brings out the predominantly logical and epistemological character of the Nyaya system. Secondly, while the Vaisheishika recognizes only two Pramanas —' and reduces comparison and verbal authority to inference, the Nyaya recognizes all the four as separate — perception, inference, comparison and verbal authority. Cee eA eTFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram grou neti Samkhya is regarded as the most ancient of the Indian Schools of thought. Some scholars believe that it even pre-_ dates the Vedas. Even though Kapila is considered to be the original founder of Samkhya and the author off “Samkhya Sutra’, many believe that the version of his text available today may not be authentic or original, Currently, the text that is widely studied as the original text on Samkhya is “Samkhya Karika’ by Ishwara Krishna, The basic aim of Samkhya, as given in the very first verse of the Karika is to eliminate the three-fold “dukkha” (suffering) - adhibhautika (physical), adhyatmika (self-inflicted, mental), adhidaivika (divine). 25 TattVas (elements) (Samkhya) * Theory of causation (satkaryavada) * Concept of duality, two independent entities: Purusha (the conscious principle) and Prakriti! {mon-consciousprinciple) a «# The theory of evolution of the material universe a {25 elements, called “tattwas") vee | | Sam | (Someta sian | —| ey ‘© The concept of liberation (moksha, kaivalya} — * Theory of knowledge (pramana) ven + Sf i * Concept of the three gunas ~ sattva, rajas and| tamas Ishiva Vodnala, M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerce, NET Mgmt, (Ph.D.) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to See your Name with JRF]Follow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eitri nner yn iiiaeeotetd ‘* The earlier portion of the Veda, ie, the Mantra and called Karmakand: ‘* It deals with action with the rituals and the sacrifices, ‘+ Mimamsa deals with the earlier portion of the} Veda and is therefore called Purva-Mimamsa| and also Karma-Mimamsa, Itdeals with Dharma. ‘* The former is also called Dharma the Brahmana portion, is mamsa ‘M.com (F.A), NET JRF Commerce, NET M¢ ESA Uttar-Mimamsa (Vedanta) * The later portion, ie, the Upanisads is called Jnanakanda, © Itdeals with the knowledge of reality, ‘+ Vedanta deals with the later portion of the Veda and is therefore called Uttara-Mimamsa and also Jnana-Mimamsa. + It deals with Brahma, * The latter is also called Brahma-Mimamsa eTFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Je 1. Plus Telegram gro Which of the following systems of Indian Philosophy are antithetical to the Vedas? (A) Purva Mimasa (B) Uttar Mimasa (©) Buddhism @) © Jainism (©) Charvaks Choose the correct answer from the options given below : QA), 8). © only (2) ®). ©), D) only (3) (C), (D),.&) only (4) @), ©, @) only DEI eae eT ESAFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Answer-3 2. Match List I with List II: List I List IT Philosophical doctrines) @hilosophical schools) (A) Syadavada © Nyaya (B) Anupalabdhi (1) Buddhism (© Apoha (1) Vedanta (D) Abhava (V) Jainism Choose the correct answer from the options given below : 4 (A)-@), B)-CV). (©)-D. O)-O (A)-CV), B)-), ©, D)- (A)-@, B)-(), (C)-AV), (D)-C) (A) CID, (B)-, (C)-D), (D)-V) DE e ane aT EGAFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrimrnrintr rea) Answer-2 3. Which of the following pramanas are accepted by Vaisheshika philosophy? A. Pratyasha 8. Anumana C. Sabda D. Upamana E. Arthapatti F. Anupalabdhi Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 1. A and’ only 2. Cand D only 3. Eand F only 4.C and E only Dee eA eTFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eitrirrnrintr ra) Answer: 1 4, Which of the following are accepted in Buddhism? A. Adhyasa B. Apoha €/Abhava D. Arthapatti E. Pratyaksha F. Sabda Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 1. A and 8 only 2. Cand D only 3. B and E only 4. E and F only Deere eA eTFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Hiteirr art ati Answer: 3 5. Which one of the following Pramanas is accepted in Vaisheshika philosophy? (A) Pratyaksha ®) man (C) Upamana (D) Sabda (©) Arthapatti Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : QQ) ~— (A)and @) only (2) (@)and (©) only (3) (C)and D) only (4) (A)and (D) only PEs |) TSSET, PGDBF | Waiting to See yourFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram gre Answer: 1 6. Which one of the following schools has not accepted anuména (inference) as a valid source of Knowledge? (1) Advaita Vedanta (2) Visistédvaita @) Charaka (4) Sankhya Doge |) TSSET, PGDBF |Follow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Hitrirr art ae yn Answer: 3 7. Which one of the following praménas has been accepted in Buddhism? (1) Arthapatti (2) Anupalabdhi () Sabda (4) PratyakshaFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirrnrintr rea) Answer: 4 ‘M.com (F.A), NET JRF CommerFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Etienne Tra) Pramana ) Pramana literally means “Proof” and “Means (sources) of knowledge”. In HRI | tn cisn phitosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian epistemology. _| Pramata |___ The Subject, The Knower Prameya The Object, The Knowable En Pramana | The means of obtaining the knowledge Pramiti The knowledge achieved by pramanasFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eitrtrrnnintr rea) How correct | | What one doesn't | | T° What extent knowledge knowledge can be || What one knows : > | pertinent about someone or acquired | owe something can be acquired. Cee eA eeeFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirrnrinr arya) [— In Indian philosophy, valid knowledge is called Prama and the source of valid knowledge is called Pramana. ‘The first of the Six means of knowledge, ot Pramana, enables a person to have a correct understanding of the world. eee (Perception) The word “Pratyaksa” represents all the means through which true and accurate knowledge about the world can be obtained. ors fed Gautama defines perception as “non-erroneous cognition” which is produced by the TReeurg| contact of the sense organs with the objects which is not associated with a name and Cee which is well defined. Perception is a kind of knowledge and is the attribute of the self. First Stage of Perception. # When one just perceives an object without being able (Indeterminate) | to know its features. Nirvikalp Seon hout having prior knowledge of anything we are Peete just estimating the attributes of it. (Before Learing Cas Driving) Ogos) + Later/Second Stage of Perception. Savikalp depth Knowledge is required at this stage of Perception. (Determinate) || * Eg: One is having prior knowledge or experience. (After Leaming Car Driving) Dee eAFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Plus Telegram group: EUitrimr anime) CI Direct Perception (Ordinary) Indirect/Remembered Perception (Anubhava - Experience) (Extra-ordinary) enn ~ Memory) Laukika (Sadharana) ‘Alaukika (Asadharana) 5 Samanya (Universal) Lakshana: Perceiving Universality from a particular Object. — 5 Senses Inner Sense Eg: Newton Law (Inductive) N. STERNAL) a aD) ES ares Jnana Lakshama: when one sense organ can also perceive Aud) (Feelings, cognitive eesti el oath We oe pocorn si Eyes-Visual (SE, the stone ook br, he pan looks sof, aso forth, This meas mind, pain, desire, ersenes atin aca cars| | Nose-Olfactory Tongue- Gaustatory Skin-Tactile Ears-Auditory ts wath our eyes Bue question: bo can the eyes anger) ‘Through the power of yoga one can present and future ‘M.com (F.A), NET JRF CommetFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrtrrnrier ea) Given below is a proposition : ‘The weather is very cold today’. Which one of the following, according to Nyaya, is the correct option? (A) Samanya lakshana (B) .. Yogaja (C) Jnanalakshana (D) Sannikarsha Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : @) A)only (2) (B) only (3) ()only (4) () onlyFollow me on Unacademy and Use “SHIVAVODNALA” for 10% OFF | Join in Plus Telegram group: Eiitrirrnrintr rea) Answer: 3 DEI e eee aT