PART ONE

THE HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD FROM 1945 TO 2000

G INURSERY– LESSON 1
THE FORMATION OF A NEW WORLD ORDER AFTER THE WAR.
SECOND WORLD (1945 - 1949)
I./ THE IAN-TA CONFERENCE(FEBRUARY 1945) AND THE
AGREEMENTS OF THE THREE KINGDOMS:
 In early 1945, World War II was coming to an end, with many pressing
issues before the Allied powers.
In February 1945, the heads of state of the United States, Britain and
the Soviet Union met in Ian-ta. The conference made important decisions:
 Destroying The Nazis and Japanese militarism at the root, quickly
ending the war.

 Establish the United Nations organization to maintain world peace and

security.
 The agreement on the stationing and division of spheres of influence
between the three powers in Europe and Asia.

 In Europe: the Soviet Union was stationed in East Germany, East Bec-
lin and Eastern Europe. The United States, Britain and France were stationed in
West Germany, Western Bec-lin and Western Europe.
In Asia: keeping the Mongolian status quo; The Soviet Union was
stationed north of the 38th line of the Korean Peninsula; The U.S. is stationed
south of the 38th line of the Korean Peninsula. The decisions of the
Ian-usconferenceand the subsequent agreements of the three great powers
became the framework of the new world order, theIan-wepolarorder.
II. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS:

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  The establishment process:
From April 25 to June 26, 1945, delegates from 50 countries meeting in
XanPhran-xi-she adopted the Charter and declared the establishment of the
United Nations Organization.

Purpose:
 Maintaining world peace and security.
 Develop friendly and cooperative relations between countries around
the world.
 Principles of operation:
 Equality of sovereignty between nations and the right of peoples to self-
determination.
 Respect for the territorial integrity and political independence of
countries.
 Do not interfere in the internal affairs of the countries.
 Resolve international disputes and conflicts by peaceful means.
Peaceful coexistence and consensus among the five major countries: the Soviet
Union, the United States, The United Kingdom, France, China.

 Agencies:
 There are 6 main agencies: General Assembly, Security Council,
Secretariat, Economic and Social Council, International Court, Waterfall Board.
 The United Nations also has other specialized agencies and
organizations to help. The Headquarters of the United Nations is located in Niu
Ooc.

 In 2006, the United Nations had 192 members.
 Role:

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  Keeping the world at peace and security.
 Resolving disputes and conflicts in many areas.
 Promoting international cooperation.
 Helping peoples in economy, culture, education, health...
 Relations between the United Nations and Vietnam:
 Since September 1977, Vietnam has been a 149th member of the
United Nations.
In October 2007, Vietnam was elected as a non-permanent member of
the Security Council, term 2008-2009.
III./ THE FORMATION OF TWO OPPOSING SOCIAL
SYSTEMS:
Immediately after World War II, there were many important events in the
world with the trend of forming two factions: the Socialists and the Socialists.
 In Germany:
 After the war, the Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
Due to disagreements between the United States and the Soviet Union, two
states with two different political regimes were born on the territory of
Germany:

On September 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was established.
On October 1949, the German Democratic Republic was born.
 In Eastern Europe:
 From 1945 to 1947, eastern European countries built the people's
democratic state apparatus; He signed several economic cooperation treaties
with the Soviet Union.
 In 1949, the Soviet Union and eastern European countries established
the Council for Economic Assistance. Socialism has become a world system.

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  In Western Europe: The United States has a "European Renaissance
Plan" to help Western European countries recover their economies, strengthen
U.S. influence and dominance over them.
 Thus, in Europe, there has been a political and economic opposition
between two countries: Western Europe and Socialist Eastern Europe.
____________________________________________________

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CHAPTER II.
LESSON2.
SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPEANCONVENTIONS (1945
-1991)
RUSSIAN FEDERATION (1991 - 2000)

THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE FROM 1945 TO

THE MID-1970S:
Economic recovery and the construction of socialism (from 1945 to
the first half of the 1970s) in the Soviet Union:
Circumstances: The Soviet Union was badly damaged by war: more
than 27 million people died, many cities were destroyed.
Achievements:
 The Soviet Union completed a five-year plan for economic recovery
(1946-1950) in four years and three months; In 1949, the Soviet Union built an
atomic bomb.
 Since 1950, the Soviet Union has been building technical facilities of
socialism, achieving many great achievements:
Industry: The Soviet Union became the second-largest industrial power
in the world after the United States; At the forefront of the space industry, the
nuclear power industry.

Agriculture: Agricultural output in the 60s increased by an average of

16% per year.

Science and technology: In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully

launched an artificial satellite; in 1961, the Soviet Union successfully launched
a spacecraft to fly Ga

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-Ga-Rin around theEarth.+ Socially: Workers accounted for 55% of the labor;
the education level of the people was improved.

+ On foreign affairs: The Soviet Union implemented the policy of

protecting world peace, supporting the national liberation movement, helping
socialist countries.

2./ Eastern Europeantreaties:

 In 1944-1945, the Red Army helped the people of Eastern European
countries win power and establish people's democratic states. From 1945 to
1949, the democratic people's states of Eastern Europe carried out many
reforms; The people's government was strengthened, the leadership of the
communist parties was affirmed.

 From 1950 to 1975, Eastern European countries implemented many
five-year plans to build technical facilities of socialism and achieved great
achievements. From poor countries, Eastern European countries have become
public-agricultural countries, the level of science and technology has improved
markedly.
3./ Cooperation between socialisttreaties in Europe:
a./ Economic, scientific and technical relations:
On January 8, 1949, the Economic Assistance Council was formed
consisting of the Soviet Union,Poland, Romania,
Hungary,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia, Algeria;later theDemocratic Republic of
Germany, Mongolia, Cuba,Vietnam.

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  Objective: Strengthen cooperation between socialist countries, promote
economic and technical progress among members.
 Achievement:
From 1951 to 1973, industry increased by 10% per year.
In 1973, gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 5.7 times
compared to 1950.
+ People's living standard is improved.
 Limitations: Bureaucracy, subsidies, not integrating with the world.
b./ Political-military relations:
On May 14, 1955,theWarsawPact was formed by the Soviet Union and
eastern Europeancountries (except Yugoslavia).
 Objective: To form a military and political defense alliance of the
Socialist countries of Europe.

 Role: Maintaining peace and security in Europe and the world; It

creates a military balance with the TBCN countries.
II./ THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE
MID-1970S TO 1991:
1./ The Soviet Union:
 In 1973, the oil crisis hit the world's economy and politics.
 Due to the slow revision to adapt to the new situation, since the late
1970s, the Soviet economy has been in a state of stagnation and recession;
Politics is complicated.
 In March 1985, Gop-Ba-bai carried out the reform of the country;
Consequences:
The economy: The collapse...
Politics and society: Instability...
 The Soviet leadership made many mistakes and shortcomings.

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  Finally, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated.
2./ Eastern Europe:
 As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, eastern Europe's economy stagnated
and life declined in all aspects.
 Eastern European leaders are slow to reform, wrong on the way... It
reduces the trust of the people.
 In the late 1980s, the crisis in eastern European countries was acute;
Eastern European countries in turn left socialism.
3./ Causes of the collapse of socialist regimes in the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe:
 Subjective leadership, subsidized bureaucracy, lack of democracy, unfairness.
 Failing to keep up with the development of advanced science and
technology, leading to socio-economic crisis.
 Making many mistakes in reform exacerbates the crisis. The impact of
the 1973 energy crisis.

 The resistance of hostile forces at home and abroad.
III./ RUSSIAN FEDERATION FROM 1991 TO 2000:
The Russian Federation is the successor state of the Soviet Union; It
inherited the Soviet Union's legal status in the United Nations.
 On the economy:
 From 1990 to 1995, GDP growth was always negative.
 Since 1996, the economy has recovered.
 Domestically: In December 1993, the Constitution was promulgated.
However, the situation in the country is unstable.
 On foreign affairs:
 1992-1993: Leaning to western countries.

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  Since 1994, implementing the policy of "Eurasia orientation": enlisting
the support of the West, while expanding relations with Asian countries.

Since 2000, the Russian Federation has been out of difficulties; economic
recovery development, socio-political gradual stability, international status is
enhanced.
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NGIII.
ASIAN, AFRICAN AND LATIN AMERICAN GRILLS(1945 - 2000)
LESSON3.
THENORTHEASTASIAN WETC

I./ WHAT'S IN COMMON WITH NORTHEAST ASIA:

Before World War II, all were enslaved (except For Japan). After 1945,
there were many changes.
 Political transformation:
 In 1948, two states were established on the Korean Peninsula: the
Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
 In 1949, the People's Republic of China was born; Follow the path of
XHCN. In the late 1990s, China revoked sovereignty over Hong Kong and
Macau.

 Japan has become a peaceful, democratic country.
 Economic transformation:
 South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan became the "dragon" of Asia.
 Japan became the world's second largest economy.

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  China since the late 1970s has had the highest and fastest economic
growth in the world.
II./ CHINA:
The establishment of the People's Republic of China and the
achievement of the first 10 years of building a new regime (1949-1959):
a./ The establishment of the People's Republic of China:
 Establishment:
 After the war against Japan ended, there was a civil war between the
Nationalists and the Communist Party from 1946 to 1949.
 On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was established.
 Meaning:
 The democratic national revolution was completed, ending china's long
period of feudalism, imperialism and bourgeuity; Ushering in an era of free
independence towards socialism.
 Contributing to the formation of the world socialist system; It has a
profound impact on the world's national liberation movement.
b./Thefirst year of building a new regime:
The top task is to get the country out of poverty, backwards and
development.
 On the economy:
+ From 1950 to 1952, China carried out economic restoration and social
reform.
+ 1953 - 1957, China implemented the first 5-year plan; the result:
industrial production increased by 140%, agriculture increased by 25% ...
 On foreign affairs:
 China has implemented a policy of peace and helped the world
revolutionary movement.

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  On January 18, 1950, China established diplomatic relations with
Vietnam.
China in unstable years (1959-1978):
 Domestic:
 Economy: Since 1959, as a result of the implementation of the "Three
Pink Banners" line, production has stagnated, people's lives have been difficult.
 Politics: Unstable. Within the Chinese leadership divided into factions,
conflicting, competing for power each other; The culmination was the "Great
Cultural Revolution of the Communists" (1966-1976), which had serious
consequences for China.
 On foreign affairs:
 Border conflicts with India (1962), the Soviet Union (1969).
 Improved diplomatic relations with the United States; 2, 1972,
President Nich-Ly visited China.
3./ Reform - Opening (since 1978):
In December 1978, the Chinese Communist Party outlined a new line,
beginning socio-economic reform.
 Content:
 Take economic development at the center.
 To carry out reforms and opening up; Switch to the socialist market
economy.
 Building a unique Chinese social insurance.
 The goal is to turn China into a rich, democratic, civilized country.
 Achievement:
 The economy is rapidly progressing, GDP increases by an average of
over 8% per year; People's lives have improved markedly.

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 Science, technology, culture and educationachieved high achievements;
in 2003, China successfully launched the "Shenzhou 5" spacecraft that sent
humans into space.
 On foreign affairs: Expanding friendly relations and cooperation with
countries around the world. Proving the correctness of the reform; strengthening
China's international position; It's a lesson for countries that are reforming their
country.

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LESSON4. SOUTHEAST ASIAN AND INDIAN TREATIES

I./ SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES

The establishment of independent states after The Second World
War:
A./ Some common features about the struggle for independence:
 Prior to World War II, Southeast Asian countries were colonies of
European-American empires (except Thailand).
 During World War II, Southeast Asian countries were turned into
Japanese colonies.
 Mid-August/ In 1945, taking advantage of Japan's surrender to the
Allies, many Southeast Asian countries gained independence: Indonesia (8/
1945), Vietnam (September 1945), Laos (October 1945).
But soon after, the European-American colonizens returned to
southeastAsia, and the people of Southeast Asian countries continued to fight
and in turn won:
+ The European-American empires recognized the
independenceofThePhilippines(1946), Burma (1948), Indonesia(1949),
Malaysia(1957) and so on.

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 + Vietnam, Laos,Cambodiaand Cambodia won the resistance war against
France (1954) and against the United States (1975) for full independence.
b./ Laos (1945 – 1975):
 1945-1954: Resistance against France.
 On October 12, 1945, Laos declared independence.
 In March 1946, the French colonizens returned to invasion.
 Under the leadership of the Indo-Indochina Communist Party, the Lao
people's resistance was growing.
In July 1954, Francesigned theGenevaAccords, which recognizedLaos'
independence.
 1954-1975: Resistance against the United States.
 After the Geneva Accords, the United States invaded Laos.
 In March 1955, the Lao People's Party was born, leading the people to
defeat U.S. war plans in turn.
 In February 1973, the Vientiane Agreement was signed, re-establishing
peace in the implementation of national harmony in Laos.
 On December 2, 1975, the Lao People's Democratic Republic was
established. Laos entered the period of nation-building and socio-economic
development.
c./ Cambodia (1945 – 1993):
 1945-1954: Resistance against France.
 In October 1945, the French colonizens returned to invasion.
Under the leadership of the Indothese Communist Party (since 1951the
Cambodian Revolutionary People'sParty), the Cambodian peoplewaged
resistance against the French.
On November 1953, due to the diplomatic activity of King Xi-ha-nuc,
France signed the Treaty of Independence of Cambodiabut stilloccupied the
country.

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 In July 1954, France signed theGenevaAccords, recognizing
Cambodia's independence.1954-1970: The period of neutrality.

From 1954 to 1970, the Government of Xi-ha-nuc implemented
aneutrality line; promoted the nation's construction.
 1970-1975: Resistance against the UnitedStates.
 On March 18, 1970, the U.S. coup d'100 toppled Xi-ha-nuc.
TheCambodianpeople coordinated with the Vietnamese revolution to
resist the UnitedStates and achieved many victories.
 On April 17, 1975, phnom kong was liberated, and the resistance
against the United States was won.
 1975 -1993: Civil war againsttheKhmer Rouge and the nation's
construction.
From 1975 to 1978, the KhmerRouge Group ledby Pôn Pôo
implemented a policy of genocide, killing millions of innocent people.
On January 7, 1979, with the help of Vietnamese
volunteers,theCambodianpeople to overthrow the KhmerRougeGroup.
 Since 1979, civil war has continued, lasting more than a decade.
With the help of the international community, the Cambodian
partiesagreed on national reconciliation and harmony.
On October 23, 1991, the CambodianPeace Agreementwas signed.
In September 1993, after a general election, the National Assembly
adopted the Constitution, establishing the KingdomofCambodia.
Cambodiaentered a new period of development.
2./ The process of construction and development of Southeast Asian
countries:
a./ Aseanfounding group of five: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Xing-
ga-po, Thailand.

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  1950s and 1960s: The Group of Five ASEAN countries conducted an
inward-looking economic strategy.
 Content: Promoting industrialization to replace imports, taking the
domestic market as a support for production development.
 Achievements: Meeting the basic needs of the people in the country,
developing a number of processing industries, contributing to solving
unemployment.
 Limitations: Lack of capital, raw materials, technology...; People's lives
are still difficult; It has not addressed the relationship between growth and
social justice. 1960s and 1970s onwards: The Group of Five ASEAN countries
moved to an extroverted economic strategy.

 Content: Opening up the economy, attracting foreign capital and
technology; focus on producing goods for export and foreign trade
development.
 Achievements: The proportion of industry has been greater than
agriculture, foreign trade has increased.
 Limitations: Dependence on capital and external markets is too large,
unreasonable investment.
b./ Group ofwetnc Dong Dnursery: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
 After independence, Indochina countries developed towards a
centralized, planned and achieved some achievements but still faced many
difficulties. In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, Indochina gradually moved
into a market economy and achieved many important achievements:

Laos: GDP in 2000 increased by 5.7%, agriculture by 4.5%, industry by
9.2%.
Cambodia: In 1995, industry increased by 7%.

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 c./ Otherwetc in Southeast Asia:
 Brussels: All revenues are based on oil and natural gas. Since the mid-
1980s, the Government of Brussels has been diversifying its economy.
 Mi-an-ma: After decades of implementing the "shutdown" policy, since
1988, the Government of Mi-an-ma has carried out economic reforms and
"openness", the economy has flourished.
3./ The birth and development of ASEAN:
 Circumstance:
 After independence, many countries in the region realized the need to
work together to develop and limit the influence of external powers. Regional
organizations around the world operate effectively, typically EEC.

 Established: August 8, 1967, in Bangkok (Thailand), the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established, consisting of 5
countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Xing-ga-po, Philippines and Thailand.
 The objectives: economic and cultural development through joint
cooperation among member countries, in the spirit of maintaining regional
peace and stability.
Stages of development - Key achievements:
 1967-1975: As a fledgling organization, regional cooperation is lax.
 Since 1976, there has been a new development.
+ 2/ 1976, at the Bali Summit, ASEAN countries signed the Treaty of
Friendliness and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, defining the basic principles of
relations between countries:
 Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity;
 Do not interfere in each other's internal affairs;
 Do not use or threaten to use force against each other;
 Settlement of disputes by peaceful means;

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  Effective development cooperation in the economic, cultural and social
fields.+ Solving the Cambodian problem with political solutions, thanks to
which asean relations with the three Indochina countries improved.
+ Asean membership expansion: Brunei (1984),Vien Nam (1995), Laos
and Mian-ma (1997), Cambodia (1999).
ASEAN stepped up cooperation to build an ASEAN Economic, Security
and Cultural Community in 2015.
II./ INDIA:
The struggle for independence:
 After World War II, the movement for independence led by the
Congress Party flourished.
 British colonialists had to make concessions and implement the "Mao
plan" that divided India into two autonomous states on religious grounds.
 On August 15, 1947, India split into two countries: Hindu India and
The Muslims' Pakistan.
 Unsatisfied with its autonomy, India continues to struggle.
 On January 26, 1950, India declared independence and established a
republic.
2./ The construction ofwetsoil: achieved many achievements
 Economic:
Agriculture: Thanks to the "green revolution", India has gained its own
food and since 1995 has been an exporter of rice.
+ Industry: ranked 10th in the world in terms of industrial production,
modern hook manufacturing.
 Science and Technology: India became a power in software
technology, nuclear technology and space technology (1974: building an atomic
bomb, 1975: launching artificial satellites...)

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 Foreign Affairs: India implements a policy of neutrality, supports
the movement for national liberation of the world.
_______________________________________________________

LESSON5.
AFRICAN AND LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

I./ AFRICAN COUNTRIES:

A few things about the struggle for independence:
 Since the 1950s, the African independence movement has flourished,
first in North Africa, then spread to other regions.
 In 1960, it was known as the "Year of Africa" with 17 countries granted
independence.
 In 1975, Antennae and Moc bich overthrew Portuguese rule, and the
fundamental collapse of old colonialism.
 After 1975, the people of the remaining colonies completed their
struggle against former colonialism, gaining national independence with the
birth of the Republic of Dimbabuê (1980) and Namibia (March 1990).
 In South Africa, in 1993, apartheid was abolished. In 1994, He became
South Africa's first black president.
2./ Socio-economic development situation:
 After independence, African countries built their country and achieved
some socio-economic achievements.
 However, many African countries are still in a backward, unstable
state (poverty, conflict, civil war, disease, illiteracy, population explosion,
foreign debt... ).

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 Africa's development path has been difficult anddifficult. The African
Union is implementing many strategic programs for the development of the
continent.
II./THE AMERICAN-LATINAMERICANCONVENTIONS:
1./ A few features about the process of gaining and defending
independence:
 Before World War II, Latin American countries were independent
republics, but were in fact new American colonies.
 After World War II, the movement against the pro-American
dictatorship exploded and developed, typically the victory of the Cuban
Revolution (January 1959) led by the Phithian Catalysm.
 In August 1961, the United States formed the Alliance for Progress to
Fight The Revolution in Latin America.
Due to the influence of the Cuban revolution, in the 1960s and 1970s,
the movement against the United States and its henchmen and independence
flourished in Vezekiel, Nicaragoa, Chile... Turn this continent into a "continent
of fire."
 Result:
 In 1983, 13 Caribbean countries gained independence.
 In the late 1980s, authoritarian governments in many countries were
overthrown, democratic national governments were established.
2./ Socio-economic development situation:
 After the restoration of independence, Latin American countries
carried out nation-building and achieved many achievements, many of which
became new industrialized countries (NICs) such as Brazil, Ac-hen-ti-na,
Mexico.

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  In Cuba: After the successful revolution, the revolutionary government
carried out many democratic reforms. Since 1961, Cuba has moved forward
with building socialism and achieved great achievements.
 In the 1990s, latin America's economy had many positive changes, the
inflation rate dropped sharply, foreign investment increased ... However, Latin
America still has many socio-economic difficulties (especially corruption is a
nationalaccident).

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