Karl Marx: 1818-1883

 Biography
o Born in Germany
o Studied Law and Philosophy
o PhD in University of Gena
o Worked as Journalist and published magazines
o Due to radical ideas left Germany to France
o Radical ideas kept him on the run
o Co-produced Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
o Wrote Das Kapital

 Theory: Marxism/Economic Determinism/Dialectic Materialism

 Context:
o Conditions of German and European Industrial workers
o Influenced by theories of Adam Smith, Ricardo, Darwin, Hegel
o Most influential person on Marx thought was his friend Friedrich
Engels
 Theory: Divided into four main aspects linked with each other:
o Economic Foundation

o Surplus Value:
According to Marx's theory, surplus value is equal to the
new value created by workers in excess of their own labor-cost,
 which is appropriated by the capitalist as profit when products are
sold

o Class Struggle:
The conflict of interests between the workers and the ruling class in a
capitalist society, regarded as inevitably violent.

o Dialectic History

 Conclusion
 AL-MAWARDI (972-1058)

Biography:
 Born in Basra
 Belonged to religious and politically influential family
 Moved to Baghdad for higher education
 Started teaching Fiqah and Shariah
 Joined Court of Caliph
 Appointed Judge and reached to the position of Chief Judge
 Most important work: Al Ahkam ul Sultaniya
Theory:
 Imam/Imamate/Khilafat/Wizarat

Context:
 Independence of Regions from Caliphate like Egypt and Turkey
 Justified the rule of Caliph and making the rulers of newly born states
Imam thus preserving the status of Caliph in Baghdad

Theory:

Qualifications: Seven qualifications

Selection of Imam: Three Methods (2 elections and 1 selection)
Removal of Imam: Two conditions in which an Imam can be removed
Functions of Imam: Ten Functions

Relevancy in Modern Times

Conclusion