COOLING TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE

CTI CODE TOWER

Standard Specifications

For the Design of Cooling Towers

With Redwood Lumber

October 2014 STD-103 (14)

This document was developed using the consensus procedure outlined in the CTI Operating Procedure 304
and has been approved for publication by the CTI Board of Directors
 Foreword
This Cooling Technology Institute (CTI) publication is published as an aid to cooling tower purchasers and designers. It may be
used by anyone desiring to do so, and efforts have been made by CTI to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained
herein. However, CTI makes no warranty of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability nor any other warranty expressed,
implied or statutory. In no event shall CTI be liable or responsible for Incidental, Consequential or Commercial losses or damage
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publication may conflict or for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of this publication.

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required codes and standards rather than copy them. Your cooperation in this matter is greatly appreciated.

Nothing contained herein is to be construed as granting any right for the manufacture, sale or use in connection with any method,
apparatus, or product covered by letters patent, nor as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.

This guideline document summarizes the best current state of knowledge regarding the specific subject. This document
represents a consensus of those individual members who have reviewed this document, its scope and provisions. It is intended to
aid all users or potential users of cooling towers.

Approved by the CTI Executive Board.

This document has been reviewed and approved

as part of CTI’s Five Year Review Cycle. This
document is again subject to review in 2019.

Copyright 2014
Approved by the by Cooling Technology Institute CTI - Bulletin
CTI Executive Board Printed in U.S.A. STD-103
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Page

Part I Scope, Abbreviations, Other Standards and Definitions

1.0 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

2.0 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... 5

3.0 Other Standards and Specifications .......................................................................................................... 5

4.0 Definitions of Members............................................................................................................................ 5

Part II Grades of Redwood Lumber

5.0 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.0 Application of RIS Specifications ............................................................................................................ 6

7.0 Definitions of Grades and Treating Requirements for Framework Members .......................................... 6

8.0 Definitions of Grades for Non-Framework Members .............................................................................. 6

9.0 Definition of Fill....................................................................................................................................... 6

Part III Design Considerations

10.0 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

11.0 Design Criteria and Allowable Design Values ......................................................................................... 6

12.0 Design Data .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Tables

Table 103-A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber ..................................................... 9

Table 103-B Applicability of Adjustment Factors ................................................................................................... 10

Table 103-C Load Duration and Time Effect Factors ............................................................................................. 10

Table 103-D Size Adjustment Factor Cf .................................................................................................................. 11

Table 103-E Temperature Adjustment Factor Ct ..................................................................................................... 11

Table 103-F Moisture Adjustment Factor, Cm ........................................................................................................ 12

Table 103-G Incising Adjustment Factor Ci ............................................................................................................ 12

Table 103-H Flat Use Adjustment Factor Cfu .......................................................................................................... 12

3
4
 For the Design of Cooling Towers with Redwood Lumber
Part I
Scope, Abbreviations, Other Standards and Definitions
1.0 Scope
1.1 This standard sets forth recommended timber design
parameters, the recommended grades, and the
specifications and grading rules for redwood lumber to
be used in construction of water cooling towers.
2.0 Abbreviations
ICC International Code Council, (www.iccsafe.org)
NDS National Design Specification for Wood
Construction, (www.awc.org)
AWC American Wood Council, (www.awc.org)
RIS Redwood Inspection Service Bureau,
(www.redwoodinspection.com)
IBC International Building Code, latest edition, by ICC
(www.iccsafe.org)
ASLC American Softwood Lumber Standard, latest
edition, (www.alsc.org). Standard is published by
NIST
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology,
(www.nist.gov/)
3.0 Other Standards and Specifications
3.1 Other standards or specifications as listed below are
referenced in the body of this standard.
 ASCE 7 (latest edition) American Society of
Civil Engineers Standard Minimum Design
Loads in Buildings and other Structures.
 National Design Specifications for Wood
Construction. Latest edition, by AWC with
accompanying supplement, Design Values for
Wood Construction.
 Standard Specifications for Grades of California
Redwood Lumber, latest edition by RIS.
5
4.0 Definitions of Members
Framework Members:
4.1 Water cooling tower framework members are those
members which must be capable of supporting
applicable loads and have published design values (or
sufficient testing verifying structural integrity) and
include the following:
Columns: Vertical or inclined supporting members in
the tower framework, used to resist axial compression
or tension stresses in combination with flexural or shear
stresses that may exist.
Horizontal Ties and Struts: The main horizontal
members interconnecting columns or bracing elements.
Braces: Members in the framework whose primary
function is to provide lateral stability to the structure or
individual members. These usually consist of diagonal
members between columns or beams.
Joists and Beams: Horizontal members used to support
gravity loads such as supports for fan deck flooring, fill,
drift eliminators, cold and hot water collection and
distribution basins, flumes, piping and mechanical
equipment. Also included are beam-type members that
resist wind or seismic forces.
Decking
4.2 Horizontal planking, typically 50.8mm x 152.4mm (2
inches x 6 inches) tongue and groove material or
plywood per CTI-STD-134 (Plywood For Use In
Cooling Towers) used for fan deck or hot water basin
flooring must be capable of sustaining as appropriate,
water loads, live loads, construction and maintenance
loads, environmental loads, concentrated loads and any
applicable dynamic loads due to equipment.
Non-Framework Members:
4.3 Non-framework members of water cooling towers are
all parts of subassemblies not included in paragraph 4.1
above.
 PART II
Grades of Redwood Lumber
5.0 Purpose
5.1 Structural grades of lumber defined in this standard are
applicable for all structural framework members of the
tower. Proper application of principles of design as
outlined herein may be used for structural grades other
than those indicated in this document, provided the
adjustment factors for either ASD (Allowable Stress
Design) or LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) are
made in accordance with the NDS and this standard.
5.2 General purpose grades of the RIS specifications are
intended for the non-framework members of the tower.
6.0 Application of RIS Specifications
6.1 Grades of redwood to be used for framework members
in cooling tower construction shall be in accordance
with the "RIS Specifications: sections 7 & 8,
specifications for structural grades of California
Redwood Lumber, except that boxed heart shall not be
permitted.
7.0 Definitions of Grades and Treating
Requirements for Framework Members
7.1 Definitions of grades for framework members shall be
as described in RIS Specifications paragraphs for each
particular grade description as listed below in
accordance with the General Provisions for Structural
Grades, paragraph 504, and knots, paragraph 505.
Thickness and width references indicated are nominal
dimensions.
PART III
Design Considerations
10.0 Scope
10.1 This part establishes design values for structural
framework members and design criteria. Connections
to structural framework are addressed in CTI-STD
119
10.2 Structural grades of lumber shall conform to the
definitions of grades as set forth in paragraphs 7.1
through 7.4 of this standard.
6
7.2 Clear Structural: Paragraph 507 for dimensions and
timbers 50.8 mm (2 inches) and thicker.
7.3 Select Structural: Paragraph 605 for lumber 50.8 mm
to 101.6 mm (2 inches to 4 inches) thickness, and
paragraph 509 for timbers 127 mm (five inches) and
thicker.
7.4 No 1 Structural: Paragraph 606 for lumber 50.8 mm to
101.6 mm (two inches to four inches) thickness and
paragraph 510 for timbers 127 mm (five inches) and
thicker.
7.5 For treating requirements of framework members, see
CTI-STD-112. Non-treated material shall conform to
requirements for All-Heart Redwood, RIS
Specifications, paragraph 501.
8.0 Definitions of Grades for
Non-Framework Members
8.1 Grades for non-framework members shall be in
accordance with one or more of the grades described in
paragraphs 103 through 128, excluding 114 and 122, of
the RIS Specification, 2000 edition.
9.0 Definition of Fill
9.1 Definition of fill grades shall be as described in RIS
Specifications, Paragraph 406 for "Heart Fill Redwood"
and paragraph 407 for "A Fill Redwood."
11.0 Design Criteria and
Design Values for ASD and LRFD
11.1 Except where more restrictive design requirements
are indicated herein, or by the final user, timber
design shall be in accordance with provisions of the
National Design Specification for Wood Construction
(NDS), latest edition, by the American Wood Council
(AWC).
11.2 Unadjusted design values for the structural grades of
Redwood described paragraphs 7.1 thru 7.4 above,
are shown in Table 103-A of this standard, as listed
in Table 4A of the NDS Supplement. These values
are based on an accumulated load duration of
approximately 10 years.
11.3 The Design Values in Table 103-A are to be adjusted
for conditions of use, including load duration
moisture, and temperature. Applicable adjustment
Factors for these and other conditions for both ASD
and LRFD are indicated in Table 103-B.
11.4 Cooling towers should be designed to provide for a
50-year duration of operational loads in structural
framework members Consequently the stresses in
Table 103-A for Bending, Tension, Shear and
Compression parallel to grain, need to be multiplied
by appropriate load duration (or time effect) factors
for both ASD (CD) and LRFD (λ). These factors do
NOT apply to Modulus of Elasticity nor
Compression perpendicular to grain. The CD and λ
factors are shown in Table 103-C. (See NDS Figure
B1 Appendix B for load duration factors appropriate
to ASD for durations not indicated).
11.5 When loads of different durations are applied
simultaneously, the design of structural members
shall be based on the critical load combinations as
defined by ASCE 7 for ASD or LRFD or the
requirements of the local building code and per the
National Design Specification.
11.6 For members in cooling towers which are subjected
to extended periods of operation at temperatures
greater than 20° C (68° F), the design values of
Table103-A shall include reduction factors due to the
higher temperatures. These reduced design values,
applicable to both ASD and LRFD, shall be obtained
by multiplying the Table 103-A stresses by the
temperature correction factors, (Ct) listed in Table
103-E. Prolonged exposure to temperatures over 150°
F can cause permanent loss in strength for wood and
the use of lumber for cooling tower framing for such
applications should be avoided. The temperature to
be used is the actual temperature to which the
member under consideration is exposed when the
tower is at design heat load at design wet-bulb
temperature. An acceptable option is to use the
design hot-water temperature in the top half of the
flooded portion of the tower and the average of the
design hot water and cold-water temperature in the
lower half. A statement indicating the design
temperature distribution shall be included as part of
the manufacturers proposal. If the design wet bulb is
lower than 2% summer design data wet bulb, the
design hot water and cold water temperatures shall be
increased by the difference between the design wet
bulb and the 2% summer design data wet bulb for
structural calculation purposes.
11.7 Values in table 103-A must be multiplied by the
appropriate size adjustment factor, (CF) provided in
table 103-D, depending on the thickness and width of
each piece of lumber. Stresses provided in table 103-
A are considered Base Values (base value is defined
as the allowable unit working stress for a reference
size of lumber). The reference size is set at nominal
50.8 mm by 304.8 mm (2 inches by 12 inches) in
lumber for grades of Structural Light framing and
Structural Joist and Plank. CF factors are applicable
to both ASD and LRFD.
11.8 Values in table 103-A must be multiplied by the
appropriate moisture adjustment factor, (Cm)
provided in table 103-F. When dimension lumber is
used where moisture content will exceed 19% for an
extended period of time, design values shall be
multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors from
the table. This includes all cooling tower members
and members used in an unenclosed stair. CM factors
are applicable to both ASD and LRFD.
11.9 Values in Table 103-A shall be multiplied by the
Format Conversion Factor (Kr) and Resistance Factor
(Φ), which are included in Table 103-B for LRFD
only. These factors are not to be applied to the
Modulus of Elasticity.
11.10 Compression members such as columns or bracing to
resist axial loads shall be restrained from buckling by
ties, struts, or other suitable bracing. Such bracing
shall be capable of resisting at least three percent of
the compression member axial load in addition to any
forces resulting from induced flexural stresses.
11.11 Design of axially loaded members shall take into
account the stresses and the long-term deflection
effects resulting from eccentricity of load application.
Bow and crook permitted by RIS Specification for
the grade used shall be included in determining such
eccentricity except that smaller bow and crook than
limited by RIS Specifications may be used if such
smaller bow or crook is assured by cooling tower
manufacturer's quality control.
11.12 Design of axially loaded members shall take into
account flexure resulting from the eccentricity of
axial load application from bolted or other kinds of
connection-joined shear connectors, where shear
transfer to another member is accomplished by
connections on only one side of the member
considered. Such eccentricity shall be taken as not
less than one-sixth the member cross sectional
7
 dimension along the bolt axis and perpendicular to
the load direction for bolted connections or, for other
kinds of connections, from the center of gravity of
the shear connector bearing area within the
considered member to the neutral axis of such
member parallel to the side connected. Shear
connector, as use herein, shall mean shear plate
timber connector, split ring timber connector, or
toothed ring. Nails or spikes shall not be used for
connecting structural framework members. Specifics
regarding timber cooling tower connection
requirements are further defined in CTI STD-119.
11.13 The designer shall take into account the effects of any
lack of end restraint on effective column length (le);
the effect of the location of column splices; the effect
of eccentricity due to framing and material
tolerances; and the effect of field construction
tolerances on the overall column performance.
11.14 The slenderness ratio for solid columns, le/d (where d
is the least cross-sectional dimension) shall not
exceed 50. The column stability factor, Cp, shall be
calculated per NDS requirements and applied to the
compression stress parallel to grain from Table 103-
A for both ASD and LRFD.
11.15 The designer shall take into account the effects of
simple, continuous and cantilevered beams, beam
splice locations, concentrated loads, beam stability
(depth of a bending member compared to is breadth
as for intermediate fill joists) and deflection of
bending members. The beam stability factor, CL,
shall be developed per NDS procedures and applied
as required.
11.16 If mechanical incising is performed, the stresses in
Table 103-A shall be adjusted per the factors in Table
103-G. Details for incising (length, depth, density of
incision) are specified in the current edition of CTI-
STD-112 “Pressure Preservative Treatment of
Lumber”, applicable to both ASD and LRFD.
11.17 When loads are applied to the wide face of bending
members, the design value for bending, Fb, shall be
multiplied by the flat use factor, Cfu, as indicated in
Table 103-H; applicable to both ASD and LRFD.
12.0 Design Data
12.1 Wind: Unless otherwise specified, wind pressure
design shall be in accordance with ASCE 7 latest
edition. In design of the component portions of the
structure, consideration of positive and negative
pressures on windward and leeward surfaces shall be
taken into account. Design shall provide for the
maximum forces that would result from any wind
direction. There shall be no reduction of wind force
taken for the possible shielding effect of structures
adjacent to the cooling tower. Any reduction of wind
force taken for shielding effects at the fan stacks shall
8
take into account wind loads occurring at an angle to
the longitudinal and transverse directions (i.e. all
stacks assume either full wind load in both
longitudinal and transverse direction or worst case
loading due to the angle the wind load is designed
for). Design shall take into account the various
geometric shapes with corresponding shape factors to
be applied for wind force calculations. Load
calculations for all structural members due to wind
loads must be provided upon request. The dry weight
of the tower shall be used in determining uplift
forces. Adequate anchorage to foundations or the
supporting structure shall be provided in accordance
with the specified or local building code.
12.2 Seismic: Design for seismic forces should be in
accordance with ASCE 7, latest edition unless
specified otherwise. The specified seismic loading
and the wind load shall be considered separately and
design of the structure and its components shall
provide for the maximum forces resulting from
either. Load calculations for all structural members
due to seismic loads must be provided upon request.
12.3 Gravity Loads:
12.3.1 Such loads used for design of tower,
framing, cold water basin, and foundations shall
include wet weight of lumber; operating weight of
tower including water in the distribution system;
snow and ice loads; and an allowance for
construction loads on the horizontal floor or deck
surfaces. Load calculations for all structural
members due to gravity loads must be provided upon
request.
12.3.2 Unless otherwise specified by the Purchaser,
the water weight load in the hot water distribution
basin shall be based on the overflow depth of the
basin. The water weight load in distribution troughs
shall be based on the overflow depth of the troughs.
All piping water weight loads shall be based on pipes
completely full.
12.3.3 For design, the wet operating weight of
redwood lumber shall be calculated on the basis of
720kg/m3 (45 pounds per cubic foot) for both close
grain material and open grain material (G=.44 and
M.C. =175%). Dry weight to be used for uplift force
calculations shall not be greater than 416 kg/m3 (26
pounds per cubic foot) for both close grain material
as well as open grain material. (G=.37 and M.C.
=15%)
12.3.4 Unless greater design snow loads are specified
by Purchaser or required by codes or regulations
applicable to the cooling tower site, the basic snow
load on the fan deck or other similar exposed areas
shall be per ASCE 7 latest edition for a 100 year
mean recurrence interval with no reduction. For
areas where snow loads are not indicated per ASCE 7
latest edition or specified by the Purchaser or local
 code, the design snow loads shall be determined by
research and analysis of the effect of local climate
and topography. The design shall provide for loading
requirements per ASCE 7 latest edition as applied to
roofs of buildings except that the roof slope factor,
Cs, shall not be less than 1.0.
12.4 Construction and Maintenance Loads: Design
shall account for construction and maintenance
requirements which necessitate loading of fan deck or
other areas with equipment, materials, or personnel
during initial construction or for maintenance
operations. Unless otherwise approved by the
Purchaser, the minimum design load for such
construction or maintenance loads on the fan deck
shall be taken as 2.87kPa (60 pounds per square foot)
over the whole fan deck area, or as approved by the
Purchaser on those areas to be clearly defined on the
manufacturer's design drawings. Unless otherwise
specified by the Purchaser, such construction or
maintenance load need not be combined with snow
load, and the cumulative duration of such
construction or maintenance load shall not be less
than two months. Permanently stored materials on
the fandeck, such as scaffold planks, oil drums, etc,
should not exceed 50 psf, unless the fandeck framing
has been reviewed and designed to accommodate a
higher loading for longer durations. Design loads
shall consider necessity for removing tower
components such as motors and gearboxes across the
fan deck or other surface, with resultant local
concentrated loads, during maintenance or repair.
During construction and or maintenance of the
cooling tower, adequate design of the framework
members must be taken into account for the safety of
workers and maintenance crews. Load calculations
for all structural members including tie lines, due to
construction or maintenance loads must be provided
upon request.
12.5 Member Sizes
12.5.1 Calculations to determine required member
properties shall be based on net dimensions (actual
size) and not on nominal dimensions.
12.5.2 Sizes of dressed boards, strips, and dimension
lumber identified by nominal sizes shall not be less
than the dressed dimension in inches shown in the
RIS Specifications, section 2, paragraph 15.
12.5.3 Manufacturing tolerances for nominal rough
and dressed sizes shall be in accordance with the RIS
Specification.

TABLE 103-A
REDWOOD STRESS (1)

Grade Units Fb Ft Fv Fc┴ Fc E (2) Emin

Kpa 12066 6895 1103 4482 12755 9.6 x 106 3.5 x 106
Clear Structural
psi 1750 1000 160 650 1850 1.4 x 106 0.51 x 106
Select Structural Kpa 9308 5516 1103 4482 10342 9.6 x 106 3.5 x 106
(close grain) psi 1350 800 160 650 1500 1.4 x 106 0.51 x 106
Select Structural Kpa 7584 4309 1103 2930 7584 7.5 x 106 2.76 x 106
open grain psi 1100 625 160 425 1100 1.1 x 10 6
0.4 x 106
No. 1 Structural Kpa 6722 3964 1103 4482 8274 8.9 x 106 3.24 x 106
(close grain) psi 975 575 160 650 1200 1.3 x 106 0.47 x 106
No. 1 Structural Kpa 5343 3103 1103 2930 6205 7.5 x 106 2.76 x 106
open grain psi 775 450 160 425 900 1.1 x 106 0.4 x 106
1) Values must be multiplied by additional factors for condition of use. See Table 103-B for adjustment factors
for both ASD and LRFD.
2) Actual MOE values of visually graded redwood vary widely. Mechanical measurement of MOE for individual
members is recommended

9
 TABLE 103 - B
Applicability of Adjustment Factors for SAWN LUMBER
ASD LRFD
ASD and LRFD
only only

Repetitive Member Factor

Table 103-G, Sec. 11.16
Table 103-H, Sec. 11.17
Table 1103-E, Sec. 11.6

Format Conversion
Factor Sec. 11.9
Column Stability Factor
Table 103-C, Sec. 11.4

Table 103-D, Sec. 11.7

Table 103-F, Sec. 11.8

Resistance Factor
Beam Stability Factor
Load Duration Factor

Temperature Factor
Wet Service Factor

Time Effect Factor

Flat Use Factor

Incising Factor

Sec. 11.9

Table 114-C
Size Factor
Sec. 11.15

Sec. 11.14
Mechanical

(1)
Property

KF Φ
Fb' = Fb x CD CM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr - 2.54 0.85 λ
F t ' = Ft x CD CM Ct - CF Ci - - 2.70 0.8 λ
Fv' = Fv x CD CM Ct - - Ci - - 2.88 0.75 λ
Fc' = Fc x CD CM Ct - CF Ci - CP 2.40 0.9 λ
Fc┴' = Fc┴ x - CM Ct - - Ci - - 1.67 0.9 -
E' = E x - CM Ct - - Ci - - - - -
Emin' = Emin x - CM Ct - - Ci - - 1.76 0.85 -
(1) Members that are in contact or spaced no more than 24” on center, not less than 3 in number and are joined
by decking, flooring or other load distributing elements are considered repetitive where Cr = 1.15.

Table 103 – C
ASD Only LRFD only
Duration of Load Factor - CD Time Effects Factor, λ

Duration Load Case CD Load Combination (3) λ

Permanent (50 year) Dead Load 0.95 1.4D 0.6
Snow (also construction
Two months and maintenance per 1.15 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
Section 12.4)
Seven Days Construction 1.25 when L is from storage 0.7
Ten minutes Wind / Earthquake 1.6 when L is from occupancy 0.8
(1)
Impact 1.6 when L is from impact (1) 1.0
(1)
Factors for Impact Loading are reduced for both ASD 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.8W) (2) 0.8
and LRFD as it is assumed that the cooling tower
lumber is pressure treated with water borne 1.2D + 1.0 W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (2) 1.0
preservatives.
(2)
The 1.0 factor for live load, L, can be reduced to 0.5 1.2D + 1.0E + L +0.2S (2) 1.0
if the considered uniform live load is 100 psf or less. 0.9D + 1.0W 1.0
(3)
These NDS load combinations are per ASCE 7-10. 0.9D + 1.0E 1.0

10
 TABLE 103-D: Size Adjustment Factor CF
Fb
THICKNESS
GRADES WIDTH 101.6 Ft Fc
50.8 mm & 76.2 mm
mm
(2" & 3") (4")
Select Structural 50.8, 76.2 & 101.6 mm
No. 1 and Better 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.15
(2, 3 & 4 inches)
No. 1 127 mm
No. 2. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1
(5")
152.4 mm
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1
(6")
203.3 mm
1.2 1.3 1.2 1.05
(8")
254 mm
1.1 1.2 1.1 1
(10")
304.8 mm
1 1.1 1 1
(12")
355.6 mm
0.9 1 0.9 0.9
(14") & UP

TABLE 103-E: Temperature Adjustment Factor, Ct

Ct
In Service
Design
Moisture
Values
Conditions 68° F T≤100ºF 100ºF<T≤125ºF 125ºF<T≤150ºF

Dry 1 n/a 1 0.9 0.9

Ft E
2
Wet 1 – [0.0015 x ∆T above 68°F up to (max) 150°F]

Fb, Fv ,Fc, Dry 1 n/a 1 0.8 0.7

and Fc┴
Wet 2 1 – [0.0057 x ∆T above 68°F up to (max) 150°F]

1. Temperature reductions for dry use as 'simplified' in 1991 NDS and unchanged in 2012 NDS.
Interpolation between values is acceptable.

2. Temperature reductions for wet use are NDS specifications prior to the 1991 simplification.

11
Table 103-F: Moisture Adjustment Factor CM
WET SERVICE FACTORS, CM

Fb Ft Fv Fc┴ Fc E

.85* 1 0.97 0.67 .8** 0.9

* When (Fb)(Cf) ≤ 7,931kPa (1150psi), CM= 1.0

** When (Fc)(Cf) ≤ 5172kPa (750psi), CM= 1.0

Table 103-G Incising Adjustment Factor Ci

Design Value Ci
E Emin 0.95
Fb Ft Fv Fc 0.80
Fc┴ 1.00

TABLE 103 - H Flat Use Factor Cfu

Lumber Size Cfu
2x4, 3x4 1.1
2x6, 2x8, 3x6, 3x8 1.15
2x10, 3x10 (and wider) 1.2
4x6, 4x8 1.05

4x10 (and wider) 1.1

12
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