ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơƩƢȈǼǬƫĿƨȈǴȈǴŢƨLJơǁƽ
ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ
ƨǷƾǬǷ
ƢǷơǁƾdzơƢȀǴŰƪǴƷȁǺǿơǂdzơƢǼƬǫȂdzDzưǷȋơŐǠŭơȆǿƧƽƾƄơƢēơƽǂǨǷDzǰƥƨȈǐǼdzơƢǷơǁƾdzơƾǠƫŃ
ǥȐƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ƨȈǠǸŪơ Ʃơǀdzơ Ŀ ƨǴǏƘƬŭơ ƨȈǠƳǂŭơ ǶȈǬdzơ ǁƢȈĔơ ǹƜǧ ƨǴƻơƾƬŭơ ňƢǠŭơ Ʃơƿ ƨȇǂǐƦdzơ
ƨdzƢƷǪǴƻĿƢǿǁȁƽȄǷƢǼƫȁƨƳǂǨdzơǹȂǼǧȁƧǁȂǐdzơǹƘNjǺǷȄǴǟƗƢŲƆƢȇȂǤdzƆƢǣơǂǧȁƆơǂǬǧǪǴƻƢŮƢǰNjƗ
ȅȂƳǂǨdzơǝơǂǐdzơƶƦǏƗȁƨǸǴǰdzơDzŰƧǁȂǐdzơƪǴƷȁƨǷȁDŽȀŭơǂǐǠdzơƵȁǂƥƨǨǴǤŭơƨȇǂǐƦdzơƨǠƬŭơǺǷ
ȃǂƻƗǹȁƽƧǂǰǧȄǴǟƾȈǯƘƬdzơƢŶȁƽƢǿǂƷƢǼƫȁƗƢȀǨdzƖƫȁƩơƽǂǨŭơǝơǂǏȄǴǟƆơƾǸƬǠǷƵǂLjŭơDžƢLJƗȂǿ
DzǸǠƫŖdzơƨȈƳȂdzȂǘǻȏơƢȇŚƬLjȈǿºdzƢƥRichard FormanǹƢǷǁȂǧƽǁƢnjƬȇǁǽƢũƗƢǷǪǴŬǮdzƿȁ
ƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơȁǁȂǐdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůǖLJȁƆƢȈǼǿƿȆǬǴƬŭơǾȈǧǩǂǤƬLjȇȅƾȇǂšƵǂLjǷƱƢƬǻƛȄǴǟƢȀǴǸůĿ
ȄƸǼǷƱơǂƻȍơǀƻƗǮdzǀǯȁ ÎǁƢǰǧȋơƾȈdzȂƫȆǴǟǖǬǧơƾǟƢLjǷƆơǂǐǼǟǾȈǧDzưǸŭơǹȂǰȇȁƨǬƷȐƬŭơ
ƩƢǫƢǘdzơŚƴǨƫĿDzưǸƬȇƱǂƼŭơǁȁƽƶƦǏƗȁǽŚLjǨƫȁƗȆƷǂLjŭơǎǼdzơƨŦǂƫǺǟƾǠƦdzơDzǯƾǠƬƦȇǂƻƕ
ȅƽƚǸǴdzƨȇǂūơ ǺǷ ƩƢƷƢLjǷ ǺǷ ŚưǰƥƶǸLjȇ ƱǂƼŭơ DzǠƳ ȅǀdzơ ǂǷȋơ DzǸǠdzơ Ǫȇǂǧ ȅƾdz ƨȈǟơƾƥȍơ
ƆƢȈƳǁƢƻƆơǁƢǗƛȏƛƪLjȈdzǁƢȈƬdzơơǀǿ ĿǍȂǐǼdzƢǧǎǼdzơƧƽƢǷǺǟǂǜǼdzơǒǤƥǾǴƻơƾƥƢǸǟŚƦǠƬǴdz
ƨȈǰȈLJȐǰdzơ ǍȂǐǼdzơ śƥ ƲǷƾdzơȁ ǑȂǸǤdzơ ƢȀȇǂƬǠȇ ƨǰǰǨǷ ƭơƾƷƗ Ȇǿ ƢȀǼǷ ƔƾƦdzơ ǺǰŻ ƧơȂǻȁ
džȈǴǧÏƾǸǟǺǟƨȈǬǘǼŭơƭơƾƷȋơǂƬƥĿƢȀǠȈŦǭǂƬnjƫȁłƛǦǫȂǷȁƗƧǂǰǧȆǴǟƧƾǸƬǠǷƨưȇƾūơȁ
ƮȇƾŢƤȈdzƢLJƗǁȂǘƫǚƸǴǻǹƗǹȁƽƨȈƯơƾƷƾǠƥƢǷƨȈǠȈǴǘdzơƱơǂƻȍơƣǁƢšǺǟƭƾƸƬdzơƨdzȂȀLjdzơǺǷ
ƨȈƫơǀdzơ ǾƫơȁƽƗ ǞŦ DzǏƢƷ džȈdz  ƱơǂƻȍƢǧ ƨưȇƾūơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơȁ DzȈưǸƬdzơȁ ǍȂǐǼdzơ
ƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿǶȀǠǸŸƢǷƮȈƷȅǂƻȋơǂǏƢǼǠdzơƨƯơƾƷȁǾƬƯơƾƷśƥƩƢǫȐǠdzơǞŦDzǏƢƷƢŶƛȁƤLjƸǧ
ƵǂLjŭơƩƢǸLjdzƆơƾǏǁƨȇŚƦǠƬdzơǹȂǼǨdzơǂưǯƗśƥǺǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǹƢǯƢǼǿǺǷÐȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơȂǿ
ǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơňƢǼǧƨǨLjǴǧDzǸůǺǟơŐǠǷȁȆƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷ
ǑȁǂǠdzơ DzȈǴŢ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠǻ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjŭ ȆǴȈưǸƬdzơ Ɣơƽȋơ ƶǷȐǷ ĿƮƸƦǴdzƢǼǷƨdzȁƢŰ Ŀȁ
ƾǫ ǂƻȉ Ǒǂǟ ǺǷ ƽơǂǘǓƢƥǂȀǜƫƧǁǂǰƬǷƨȈƟơƽƗDzŦ ȁƗ ǢȈǐƥ ƱȁǂŬơ ƨdzȁƢƄ ƢȀǨȈǼǐƫȁ ƨȈƷǂLjŭơ
DzǟƢǨƬǴdzǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơȆǴưǸŭƆƢǼȈǠǷǹȂǰƫǹƗǺǰǸŭơǺǷȁƵǂLjŭơǺǷǝȂǼdzơơǀŮƨȈLJƢLJƗƩƢũDzǰnjƫ
ǮdzƿȁƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷŃƢǟĿDžƢǸǤǻȐdzDzưǸǸǴdzƧƾǟƢLjǷƨȈƦȇǁƾƫƲǷơŐdzƧơȂǻǹȂǰƫƢȀǴǠdzȁƾƳơȂƬdzơȁ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƨǴƠLJȋơǒǠƥƵǂǗDZȐƻǺǷ
ĿƨȇǂǐƦdzơƧǁȂưdzơǮǴƫǵƢǷƗȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJǾǠǓȁȅǀdzơȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƲȀǼǷǁȁƽȄNjȐƫ Dzǿ 
ŸƵǂLjŭơŃƢǟ
ǂǏƢǠŭơȁƮȇƾūơƵǂLjŭơƢȀȈǴǟǵƢǫŖdzơȁƨǧȁǂǠŭơǾƫƢȈǼǬƬƥDzưǸŭơƩȂǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǺǴǟƗDzǿ 
ŸǾǴǸǯƘƥ
ǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơĿƆƢǫȂǨƬǷƆȐưŲǞǼǐȇȅǀdzơřǬƬdzơDžƢLJȋơȆǿƨȈǯǂūơƩơǁƢȀŭơ ƪƸƦǏƗ Dzǿ 
ŸƨȈdzƢǠǨǻȏơȁƗƨȈƫȂǐdzơƩơǁƢȀŭơƨȈǸǼƬdzƨƳƢūơƢŶȁƽ
ƢŲǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơȄǴǟ ǭŚLjdzơ ǾȈdzƢƦdzơ ǎǫǂdzơƨȈǯǂūơƨȈƟơƽȋơǑǂǠdzơǹȂǼǧȄǤǘƫ Dzǿ 
ŸƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷǑǁƢǟȁƗDzưŲƢȀƳƢƬŹŖdzơƨȈƦȇǁƾƬdzơƲǷơŐdzơȁƲǿƢǼŭơDzǰNjŚǤȇ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƶǷȐǷƾǏǁǺǷƾƥȏǹƢǯƢǿŚǣȁƩȏƙƢLjƬdzơǮǴƫǺǟƨƥƢƳȎdzȁ
ƮƸƦdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐǷǶǿƗǑǂǟȁǾƫƢǏƢǿǁƛȁƵǂLjŭơơǀǿDZȂǏȋǝȂƳǂdzơǺǷƾƥȏDzȈǴƸƬdzơDzƦǫǺǰdzȁ
ȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƩƢȈdzƕDŽȈŤŖdzơƩƢǸLjdzơǶǿȋƧǂNjƢƦǷƱȂdzȂdzơĽ
ȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬdzơǞǷȆǬǴƬdzơƨȈdzȉƆȏȂǏȁDzǷƢǯDzǰnjƥǑǂǠdzơƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjƥơǁȁǂǷǎǼdzơǺǷƨȇơƾƥƨǨǴƬƼŭơ
ƢđƨȈƟơƽȋơƩƢǸLjdzơȄǴǟDŽȈǯǂƬdzơǞǷƢȈǧơȁ ƆȐȈǴŢƨȈŭƢǠdzơȁƨȈƥǂǠdzơƨȈƷǂLjŭơǑȁǂǠdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůDzȈǴŢ
ƵǂLjŭơǺǷǝȂǼdzơơǀǿDzưǸŭȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơǺǧǎţŖdzơƩƢǸLjdzơǃǂƥƗȄǴǟǥȂǫȂǴdzǮdzƿȁ
DžǂȀǨdzơ

ƨǷƾǬǷ 
ƮƸƦdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ 
ƾȈȀŤ 
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŭƨȈźǁƢƫƨƄDZȁȋơƮƸƦŭơ 
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟƩƢȈdzƕňƢưdzơƮƸƦŭơ 
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǠdzƨȈǬȈƦǘƫƱƿƢŶƮdzƢưdzơƮƸƦŭơ 
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿDzȈưǸƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕǞƥơǂdzơƮƸƦŭơ 
ƲƟƢƬǼdzơ 
ǞƳơǂŭơ 

ºÐÏκ
 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƮƸƦdzơƩƢƸǴǘǐǷ
ƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷ 
řǠƫȁ Post śǠǘǬǷ Ņƛ ǶLjǬǼƫ Post-modernism ƨƯơƾūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƨǸǴǯ
ǃȁƢšmodernism ňƢưdzơǞǘǬŭơǹƗƢǼǸǴLJơƿƛȁDzƦǬƬLjŭơȂŴȆǠLjdzơȁȆǓƢŭơǃȁƢšȅƗǃȁƢƴƬdzơ
ƨƯơƾƸǴdzǑǁƢǠǷǁƢȈƫȂȀǧǮdzǀdzȆǓƢǸǴdzǂǸƬLjǷǃȁƢšƨȈǴǸǟƢǿǁƢƦƬǟƢƥƨƯơƾūơǃȁƢšȅƗǃȁƢƴƬdzơ
ǶȈǿƢǨŭơ Ŀ ǮǰnjƬȇ ȅǂǰǧ ƣȂǴLJƗ ǾǻƛÑƨȈǟǂNj džLJƗ ƽȂƳȂƥ ƨƯơƾūơ ǹƢŻƛ Ŀ ǮȈǰnjƬdzơ řǠƫ ƾǫȁ
ƣȂǴLJȋơ ơǀǿȁ ǵƾǬƬdzơȁ ǁǂƸƬdzơ ȂŴ ŃƢǠdzơ ǽƢšơ Ƨǂǰǧ Ȇǿ ƨȇȂŮơȁ DzǬǠdzơȁ ƨǬȈǬƸǴdz ƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơ
DzǰNjȂŴƣǂǤdzơDZȂŢƤƦLjƥƲƬǻ ȆǸƬƷŚǣȁƪƥƢƯDžƢLJƗȐƥȁƢȈǓǂǟƢƠȈNjǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥŃƢǠdzơȅǂȇ
ÒƨȈdzƢũƗǂǴdzƾȇƾƳ
ƧǁȂǐdzơ
ǹƢǰŭƢƥ ƨǘƦƫǂǷ Ȇǿȁ ǵƢƴƷȋơȁ ǹơǃȁȋƢƥ DZȐǜdzơȁ ƔơȂǓȋƢƥ DzƬǰdzơȁ DZƢǰNjȋƢƥ ƮƯƚǷ ǡơǂǧ Ȇǿ
ƆƢȈźǁƢƫƆơǃƢȈƬǷơǾƸǼǷȁƩƢƦưdzơȁƽȂǸŪơƨǨǏƔƢǨǓƛȁǁƢǗƛĿǾǠǓȁȁǞǫơȁǺǷƔDŽƳǝƢǘƬǫơȆǿƆƢǸƟơƽ
ǹȂǴdzơȁƔȂǔdzơȁǞȇǃȂƬdzơȁǺȇȂǰƬdzơȁƩƢƦưdzơDzưǷƧǁȂǐdzơǪǴƻĿDzƻƾƬƫƩƢǗơǂƬNjơǪǧȁƢǷƨǜūƾȈǴƼƬdz
ÓňƢưdzơǝȂǼǴdzƨȈƷǂLjŭơƧǁȂǐdzơȆǸƬǼƫȁƨǯǂƸƬǷȁǾƬƥƢƯžǹƢǟȂǻƧǁȂǐdzơȁǕȂǘŬơȁDZƢĐơȁƨȇȁơDŽdzơȁ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷ
ƾȇƾƳƣȂǴLJƗǾǻƗȄǴǟǶēƢǨȇǂǠƫƪǬǨƫơȁǦȇǂǠƬdzƢƥƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƶǴǘǐǷƽƢǬǼdzơǺǷŚưǰdzơ DZȁƢǼƫ
ŚƦǠƬǴdzƨȈdzƢǸŪơȁƨȈǨLjǴǨdzơDzƟƢLJǂdzơȄǘƼƬȇǾǻƗ ȅƗÔśǠǷǎǼƥƾȈǬƬdzơǹȁƽƢǷƧǂǰǧDžƢƦƬǫơȄǴǟƾǸƬǠȇ
ȄǠLjȇȏƵǂLjǷǾǻƛÕƨȈdzȂǸnjdzơǺǷƨdzƢƷǪǴŬƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨƳǂǨdzơǂǏƢǼǟƆƢǷƾƼƬLjǷǞǫơȂdzơƨȇȁƢLJƘǷǺǟ
ƩȏȂdzƾǷǪǴŬƩơǂǨnjdzơȁƩơǁƢNjȍơǺǷƧŚƦǯƨǟȂǸůƾȈdzȂƫȄǴǟƾǸƬǠȇƢŶƛȁƪƥƢƯƾƷơȁŘǠǷƾȈdzȂƬdz
ńƛƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩơƽǂǨŭơDzȇȂŢȄǴǟƾǸƬǠȇȆLJȂǬǗȆǯǂƷ ȆƟƢȈǸȈLJƵǂLjǷȂȀǧơǀđȆǬǴƬŭơǺǿƿĿ
ƨȈǴǰNjƩƢǫȐǟDZȐƷȍ ÖȆǬǘǼŭơDŽǯǂǸƬdzơǵƾǿȁȆǬǴƬŭơƩƢǠǫȂƫƨǧƢǯƨǨdzƢƼŭȄǠLjȇǾǻƛƩơǂǨNj
ƽƾŰƪƥƢƯƾƷơȁŘǠǷƾȈǯƘƬdzȄǠLjȇȏơǀđȂȀǧDŽǷǂdzơȁƧƔƢŻȍơȁDzǰnjdzơȁǹȂǴdzơȄǴǟƧƾǸƬǠǷƧƾȇƾƳ
ȂŴƢȀǠȈŦǾƴƬƫŖdzơȁǦȇǂǠƬdzơĿƩȐƻơƾƬdzơǽǀđȁÎÍƩƢȈƟǂŭƢƥǾǼǟǒȈǠƬLjȇȁǁơȂūơǺǟƾǠƬƦȇơǀŮ
ƵǂLjǷǹƘƥDZȂǬdzơǞȈǘƬLjǻŘǠŭơƨȇƽƢƷƗƨǸǴǰdzơDzŰƢŮȐƷƛȁDŽǷǂdzơȁƨǯǂūơȁƧǁȂǐdzơǹƢNjǺǷƔȐǟȍơ
ƢŮƢǰNjƗ ǥȐƬƻơ ȄǴǟ ƨȇȂƳǂǨdzơ ƨȇǂǐƦdzơ ƩơƽǂǨŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ƨȈǷơǁƾdzơ ǢȈǐdzơ ƨǧƢǯDzǸnjȇ ƧǁȂǐdzơ
ǑȁǂǠdzơDZƢǰNjƗƨǧƢǯĿƧǂƯƢǼƬǷǾƫơƽǂǨǷƾųƢŶƛȁƢȈƦȇǂšơƾȇƾƳȐǰNjdžȈdzƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǹƜǧơǀđȁ
ǺǟȄǴƼƬȇǾǻƗǵȂȈdzơƆȐǬƬLjǷǾǴǠŸȅǀdzơǥȐƬƻȏơǺǰdzȁƢȀƦȈdzƢLJƗȁƢȀǟơȂǻƗǥȐƬƻơȄǴǟƨȈƷǂLjŭơ

ºÐÏϺ
 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƶǷȐǷǵƾƼƬLjƫŖdzơƩƢǸȈƬdzơƪǻƢǯƾǬǧžƔƢǼƦǴdzdžȈdzȁǵƾȀǴdzȄǠLjȇǾǻƛŚǰǨƬdzơĿǪǘǼŭơ
ǵȂȈdzơǺǰdzȁǾƫǁȂǴƥȁǽƾȈǯƘƫȁŘǠŭơǪǴƻĿǶǿƢLjƫƨȈǬǘǼǷDZƢǰNjƗȁǁȂǏƔƢǼƦdzȄǠLjƫƺȇǁƢƬdzơǂǷȄǴǟ
ǶǴūơƩƢȈǟơƾƫȄǴǟƆơƾǸƬǠǷƤȈƫǂƬdzơȁŚǰǨƬdzơƨȈǘŶǵƾǿȁƨȈǬǘǼŭơǁȂǐdzơǵƾŮƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷȄǠLjȇ
ǺǷ ǪǸǟƗ ƩƢȇȂƬLjǷ ƨƦǗƢű ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ Ʃơǀdzơ Ŀ ƨƦLJǂƬǷ ƩȏƢƷ ǺǷ ǞƦǼƫ Ŗdzơȁ ǾȈǬǘǼŭơ Śǣ
ƨǫƢǗśƥ ƢǷ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƾȇƾŢ Ǿǻƛ DZƢǫśƷ ƤǐǬdzơ ƵȐǏƨǤȈǐƥ ȁƗǪǘǼŭơȁDzǬǠdzơȁ ȆǟȂdzơ ȃȂƬLjǷ
ƨȇǂnjƦdzơƩơǀdzơƨƦǗƢƼŭȄǠLjƫƢĔƛÎÎƧǂǸƬLjŭơǑǂǠdzơƩƢƳȂǷDZơȂǗǾƫƢLJƢǰǠǻơƽƽǂƫȁǑǂǠdzơƣƢǘƻ
DzǬǠdzơƧǂǘȈLjdzǞǔţȏŖdzơȁƢđƨǏƢŬơƢēơƽǂǨǷǪǴţŖdzơƨȈǠǸŪơƩơǀdzơǪǗƢǼǷǪǸǟƗĿȁƢȀȈǟȁȏĿ
ȃƙǂdzơƵǂLjǷ
ƢǷƾǼǟȆǟȂdzơĿƔƢȈNjȋơǦǏȁǶǴǟǾǻƘƥǥǂǠȇȅǀdzơƨȈƫơǂǿƢǜdzơǵȂȀǨŭȃƙǂdzơƵǂLjǷȆǸƬǼȇ
ȄǠLjƫ ȏ ƢĔȋ ƔƢȈNjȋơ ǭơǁƽƛȁ ǶȀǧ Ŀ ŚLjǨƬdzơ ȏȁ DzȈǴƸƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠƫ Ȑǧ ƾǐǬdzơ ƧǂƟơƽ Ŀ ǂǔŢ
śǠdzơ ǭơǁƽƛ ƧǂƟơƽ Ŀ ƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơȁ ȃƙǂdzơȁ ǁȂǐdzơ ǁƽƢƦƬƫ ǹƗ ƢǸǧ ƢȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ƨȈƦƦLjdzơ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ǥƢnjƬǯȏ
ĽƢēƢƦLJǺǷƔƢȈNjȋơƱơǁƾƬLJơĿƮƸƦƫƨȈƷǂLjǷƨȇǂǐƥƨdzȁƢŰǹƿƛȂȀǧȃƙǂdzơƵǂLjǷDzǰnjƬȇDzǬǠdzơȁ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŭȃǂƻƗƨǣƢȈǏƾǠȇǦǏȂdzơơǀđȂǿȁÎÏƧƾȇƾƳƩƢǼƟƢǯƢȀǴȈƸƬǧDZƢǸŪơƵȁǁƢȀȈǧƺǨǼƫ
ƣǂǠdzơȁśȈŭƢǠdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƽơȁǁƾǼǟǂȀǛƢǸǯǂǏƢǠŭơƨǷȂȀǨŠ
ƾȈȀŤ
ǵƾŮơǺǧǾǻƘƥPost- modernism ƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷǺǧǦȇǂǠƫńƛƵǂLjŭơƽƢǬǻƤǿƿƾǬdz
Nick CayϱΎϛǮǻǽƾǯƗƢǷơǀǿȁƨȈǧǂǠŭơƪƥơȂưdzơȁƨȈǠƳǂŭơǁƽƢǐŭơDzǯĿǮȈǰnjƬdzơȁƨǴǬǴǬdzơȁ
Ȃǿȁ ÎÐƩƢȇǂǜǼdzơDzǯĿǮȈǰnjƬdzơǾǻƘƥǾǧǂǠȇƮȈƷƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷǹȂǼǧǺǟǾưȇƾƷǑǂǠǷĿ
ƢŠƔȄNjDzǯȄǴǟǮnjdzơDZȐǜƥȄǬǴƫƨǨȈǼǟȁƧƽƢƷƨdzƔƢLjǷƨȈǴǸǟǺǷ ƾdzȂƬȇǂǬƬLjǷŚǣȁ ǪǴǫƭƾƷ
ƢȀǴƟƢLJȂdzǖȈLjƥƾȇƾŢȃƗƨǷȁƢǬǷȄǿƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷǎƟƢǐƻȃƾƷƛƶƦǐƫĽǺǷȁÎÑƢȀLjǨǻǮdzƿľ
ȆƯơƾūơ ǺǨdzơ Ǻǟ ǾƫDŽȈǷ Ŗdzơ ƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơȁ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ƨƯơƾūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ Ǻǧ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǫȁ ƢŮƢǰNjƗȁ
ƨȈǼǨdzơ ƧƢǯƢƄơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơ Ŀ ǾǴưǸƬŭơ ǎƟƢǐŬơ ǺǷ ƨǸƟƢǫ Ƕǔƫ ȆȀǧ ƾǟơȂǬdzơ ƢǷƗ žModernism
ƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơ ƢǷƗƩƢǷƢŬơȁ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơ ǖǴƻȁ Nostalgia ȆǓƢŭơ ńƛ śǼūơȁ Parody ƧǂƻƢLjdzơ
ƨȈƟƢŹƛƨȇDŽǷǁǎǐǫǵơƾƼƬLJơȁȆǓƢŭơƭơƾƷƗƧƽƢǠƬLJơȁƪƸǼdzơȁǂȇȂǐƬdzơǺǧȄǴǟƢȀǴǸůĿƾǸƬǠƬǧ
ƨȇǁȂƬdzơȁ double-coding ƨƳȁƽDŽŭơ ƩơǂǨnjdzơ ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁ ȆǓƢŭơ ǞǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨǫȐǟ ƨǷƢǫƛ ǥƾđ
ǶƟƢǬdzơǩƢLjƫȏơȁȅǂǿƢǜdzơǒǫƢǼƬdzơȁDžƢƦƬdzȏơȁǑȂǸǤdzƢƥǹȂǼǨdzơǮǴƫƪǸLjƫơƢǸǯ IronyƧǂƻƢLjdzơ
ǒǫƢǼƬdzơ ơǀǿȁ ȆƟƢǬƬǻȏơ DžƢƦƬǫȏơȁ ƾȈǬǠƬdzơȁ ǶȈƼǔƬdzơȁ ƣƢȀLJȍơȁ ǃƢnjǼdzơ ƨȈǻȂǷǁƢǿ ȁƗ ǂǧƢǼƬdzơ ȄǴǟ

ºÐÏк
 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƧƾȇƾNj ǁƽƢǐǷ ǺǷ DžƢƦƬǫȏơ ȄǴǟ ǖǬǧ ƾǸƬǠƫ ȏ ȆȀǧ ƢȀƬȈǏȂǐƻ ǹȂǼǨdzơ ǮǴƫ ƶǼŻ ƢǷ Ȃǿ ǃƢnjǼdzơȁ
ȆǬǴƬŭơDžƢLjƷƛǶȈƼǔƫȂǿǥƾŮơǹƜǧƨȈǼǧƧƾƷȁǪǴŬǶȀǼȈƥǪȈLjǼƬdzơƨdzȁƢƄƨǟDŽǻȅƗǵȁƢǬƫDzƥǺȇƢƦƬdzơ
ŅƢǸȈǼȈŭơ ǾƳȂƬdzơ Ȇǿ ƨƯơƾūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ȆȈƷǂLjǷ ƩƢƷȁǂǗƗ ǃǂƥƗ ǹƗ ƢǸǯ ǝơǂǐdzơȁ ǒǫƢǼƬdzƢƥ
ƽǁƢnjƬȇǁǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁǺǷDzǯDZƢǸǟƗĿƵȂǓȂƥƨƷȁǂǗȋơǮǴƫƩǂȀǛƾǫȁMinimalism
ÎÒĺŚǯDzǰȇƢǷȁǹƢǷǁȂǧ
ƶƦǏƗ ƢŶƛȁ ƵǂLjŭơ ƾǟơȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƆƢǸƟƢǫ ƆƢǧǂǏ ƆƢȈƷǂLjǷ ƆƢǓǂǟ džȈdz ǑǂǠdzơ ƶƦǏƗ ƢǼǿ ǺǷ
ƔơƽȋơśƥǞǸŸ performing artsƨȈƟơƽȋơǹȂǼǨdzơƨǧƢǯǺǷȐǷƢǰƬǷƆƢǓǂǟ performance
ǾƫơǀƥǶƟƢǫȁǾLjǨǼƥDzǬƬLjǷřǧDzǸǟǪȈǬŢȂŴǾƳȂƬǴdzƆƢǔǿƢǼǷƆȐǠǧǽǁƢƦƬǟƢƥȆǴȈǰnjƬdzơǺǨdzơȁȆūơ
ȂȀǧǹƿƛǾƥǖȈŢŖdzơƨLJơƾǬdzơƨdzƢǿƾȇƾƦƫȁļơǀdzơǾdzƢǸƬǯơȁřǨdzơDzǸǠdzơƨȈdzȐǬƬLJơƧǂǰǧŚǷƾƫǮdzǀǯȁ
ÎÓƢȀǟȁǂǧȁƨǨǴƬƼŭơƨǧǂǠŭơǹȂǼǧśƥǞǸŪơŅƛDzȈŻǑȁǂǠdzơǺǷǝȂǻ


DZȁȋơƮƸƦŭơ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŭƨȈźǁƢƫƨƄ
ǹƗDZȂǬǻǹƗƾǠƦƬLjŭơǺǷdžȈdzǾǻƛDzƥǾƫƘnjǻǀǼǷƵǂLjŭơǺǧĿƧǁȂǐdzơƽȂƳȁDZƢǨǣƛǺǰŻȏ
ƆȏȁƢŰƢȈǴǠdzơȃȂǬdzơǞǷDzǏơȂƬdzơĿȆƟơƾƦdzơǹƢLjǻȍơƩȏȁƢŰDZȁƗǞǷƆƢȈLJȂǬǗƆƢȇǂǐƥƗƾƥȆƷǂLjŭơǺǨdzơ
ǹƗDzƦǫǮdzƿȁ ȆƷǂLjŭơǺǨdzơDžƢLJƗȂǿȆƟǂŭơŚƦǠƬdzơǹƢǯƢǼǿǺǷƢǿƔƢǓǂƬLJơȁǾLjǨǻǺǟǂǘŬơƔǁƽ
ƨǯǂūơȁ ǝƢǬȇȍơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƪǻƢǯ ƾǬǧ ƨȇȂǤǴdzơ ƤȈǯơǂƬdzơȁ ƩơȂǏȋơ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ƨǷȂǜǼŭơ ƨǤǴdzơ ǦdzƘƬƫ
ƢǠƦƫ ƆƢƫȂǨƻȁ ƆƢǬdzƘƫ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƨȈŷƗ ƪǼȇƢƦƫ ƪǫȂdzơ ǁȁǂǷ ǞǷȁ ȅŚƦǠƬdzơ DžƢLJȋơ Ȇǿ ǹȂǴdzơȁ
ƧǁȂǏǺǟǶƟơƾdzơŚƦǠƬǴdzǥƾēƪǻƢǯŖdzơȁƢđƨǏƢŬơƨȈźǁƢƬdzơƨƦǬūơƤǯơȂƫŖdzơƨȈƷǂLjŭơƩƢȀƳȂƬǴdz
ƵǂLjŭơ ȆǴǟ ƢēǂǘȈLJȁ ƨȈƥƽȋơ ǹȂǼǨdzơ ǁƢǿƽǃơ ƩơǂƬǧ ȆǨǧ ǂǐǠdzơ ƩƢƦǴǘƬǷ ȄǴǟ řǧ DzǠǧ ƽǁȁ ǞǸƬĐơ
ŚLjǨƫȁƨǷƾŬƨǠǓƢƻ DzưǸŭơƢȀȈǧƢŠ ƨȈƟǂŭơǂǏƢǼǠdzơƨǧƢǯƶƦǐƫȁǑǂǠdzơƨȈǨǴƻĿƧǁȂǐdzơǞƳơǂƬƫ
ǞǫơȂdzơƧƢLJƘǷǶǜǟǵƢǷƗƢȀǸƴƷDZƙƢǔƫȁƨȇǂǰǨdzơȁƨȈǨLjǴǨdzơƨdzƢLJǂdzơƩȂǨƻƩơǂƬǧĿȁĺƽȋơǎǼdzơ
ǺǴǠȈdz ƣƽȋơ ǞǷ DzȇȂǗ ǝơǂǏȁ DZƾƳ Ŀ DZȂƻƾǴdz ǹƢǼǨǴdz ƘƴǴǷ ƶƦǐƫȁ ǂǿƽDŽƫȁ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƨǸȈǫ ȂǴǠƫ
ǺǴǟƗśƷǺȇǂnjǠdzơǹǂǬdzơƩƢȇơƾƥǀǼǷDZȐǬƬLJȐdzȆǠLjdzơơǀǿǃǂƥƾǫȁƣƽȋơǺǟƵǂLjŭơƨȈdzȐǬƬLJơ
ǹƘNjǺǷǾƟȐǟƛȁ Adolphe Appia ΎϴΑ΁ǦdzȁƽƗDzưǷžĺƽƗȂǿƢǷǵƢǷƗƵǂLjŭơDZȐǬƬLJơǹȂǻƢǼǨdzơ
ƧǁȁǂǓȁǾƫƢȈǻƢǰǷƛȁDzưǸŭơƾLjŝǾȈǟȁȁƵǂLjŭơƨȇDŽǷǁƢǼǴǠǷƾdzȂǿǂȇƢǷȁƵǂLjǸǴdzDžƢLJƘǯƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơ

ºÐÏѺ
 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƵǂLjǷǹƘƥƲȇǂǯǹƽǁȂƳȅDŽȈǴųȍơȆƷǂLjŭơƘƦǼƫƢǸǯǾƬȇƙǂdzƆƢǬǧȁȆǬǴƬŭơǾǴǸǰƬLjȇǖǬǧǁƢǗƛǞǓȁ

ȆƳǂűƤǴǣƗȄǠLJƾǫȁƨƦnjŬơŐǟdžȈLJƢƷȋơȁǹơƾƳȂdzơȁśǠdzơƤǗƢƼȈLJȃƙǁƵǂLjǷDzƦǬƬLjŭơ
ȆƳǂű DŽȈǸƬƥ ǹǂǬdzơ ƩƢȈǼȈƬLJ ƪǸLjƫơ ƢǸǯ ǾǬȈǬƸƬdz łơ ƪƻǂƥȁ ǁȂƫƢǰLjƥ DzưǷ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ
ǞǫơȂdzơƔơǁȁƢǷŃơȂǠdzƱȂdzȂdzơȁƩƢȈƟǂŭơȁƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǁƢǰǧƗƾȈǗȂƫĿ śȈǴȈǰnjƬdzơȅƾǼdzȂƦdzơƵǂLjŭơ
jozef SzajnaƢǼȇƢNjȁTadeusz KantorǁȂƬǻƢǯDZƢưǷƗǺǷDzȈǰnjƬdzơĿǩơǂǣȍơDZȐƻǺǷ
ǺǰȇƢnjƫ ǦȇǃȂƳ Richard ForemanǹƢǷǁȂǧ ƽǁƢnjƬȇǁDzưǷǹȂȈǰȇǂǷȋơǮdzƿĿǶȀƦǯơȁƾǫȁ
Robert  ǹȂLjǴȇȁ Ʃǂƥȁǁȁ Peter Shcumann ǹƢǷȂNj ǂƬȈƥȁ  Joseph Chaikin
Richard ǹƢǷǁȂǧƽǁƢnjƬȇǁȁÎÔȃƙǂdzơƵǂLjǷńƛȆǸƬǼȇȆƷǂLjǷǑǂǟDZȁƗǵƾǫȅǀdzơWilson
ƢǠǷ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ Dzǯ ǾȈǧ DzǸǠƫȁ ƩơȂǏȋơ ǾȈǧ ƽƾǠƬƫ ƵǂLjǷ ǪǴş ǶƬǿƗ řǻƛ ǺǴǟƗ ȅǀdzơ Foreman
ǹƗǞȈǘƬLjȇƾƷȂƬdzơŅƛƨƳƢūơǺǷȁƨNjƢȈŪơƨǨǗƢǠdzơǺǷƱǂǨƬŭơǁǂƸƬȇƢǷƾǼǟȁǒǠƦdzơƢȀǔǠƥƪȈƬǨƬdz
ÎÕƨȈƷǂLjŭơǂǏƢǼǠdzơDzǰƥǞƬǸƬLjȇ
ǺǷ ƨȈǟȂǼdzơ ǽǀǿ Dzưŭ ȆƷȁǂdzơ ƣȋơ ǪŞ ƾǠȈǧ Antonin ArtaudϮΗέ΃ śǻȂƬǻƗ ƢǷƗ
ƾǓǁơǂǸƬLJƢƥƢǟƽƮȈƷžƨȈƷǂLjŭơƧǁȂǐdzơȄǴǟƾȈǯƘƬdzơĿƆƢƷȂǓȁǂưǯȋơȂǿǹƢǯƮȈƷ žÎÖǑȁǂǠdzơ
ʼnȂǼƫȁǶȈnjȀƬƥƨȇƽƢŭơƨǨȈǼǠdzơƧǁȂǐdzơǵȂǬƫƆƢƷǂLjǷƵǂƬǫƗňƛDZȂǬȇƮȈƷƩƢǸǴǰdzƢƥƧƢȈūơȁǂǰǨdzơƽȂŦ
ǺǟƵǂLjŭƢƥƱǂźơǀđȁƨƬƥƢƯƆȏƢǰNjƗdžȈdzȁƣǁƢšƵǂLjǷƵǂLjŭơǹȂǰȇƢǼǿǺǷƾǿƢnjŭơƨȈLJƢLjƷ
ĿǹȂǼǨdzơDzƻơƾƫȁȆƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơǁȂǘƬdzơƾǟƢLJƾǫȁÏÍŚǰǨƬdzơȁƨǯǂūơśƥƨǤdzǪǴźȁĺƽƗȂǿƢǷDzǯ
ǾȈdzƛȂƥǂȇƢǷǪȈǬŢĿƱǂƼǸǴdzƧƾǟƢLjŭơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơƪǟȂǼƫȁƩƽƾǠƫƮȈƷȆƷǂLjŭơǾƳȂƬdzơơǀǿǪȈǸǠƫ
ƢŠǾȈǧǂǘȈLjŭơȂǿǹȂǰȇŃƢǟńƛǦdzƚŭơŃƢǟƧǂǘȈLJǺǷǾƥƪƳǂƻƨȇǂǐƥƩƢǟơƾƥƛȁƨǴȈƼƬǷǁȂǏǺǷ
ƨȈƟơƽȋơ ǑǂǠdzơ ǹȂǼǧ ǺǷ ƧƾǸƬLjŭơ ƨưȇƾūơ ƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆơƾǸƬǠǷ ƩƢȈǟơƾƫȁ ǁȂǏ ǺǷ ƨǬȈǬŢ ǞȈǘƬLjȇ
ǪǴŬ ƧƔƢǓȍơȁ ƨȈǴȈǰnjƬdzơ ǹȂǼǨdzơ ƤǻƢƳ ńƛ ǾȈdzƢƦdzơȁ ǎǫǂdzơȁ ǭŚLjdzơȁ ȂȇƾȈǨdzơȁ ƢǸǼȈLjdzƢǯ ƨǨǴƬƼŭơ
ƩƢƷƢLjǷƢǿǁȂǘƬƥȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơƪƸǼǷŖdzơƧƔƢǓȍơǂǐǼǟȄǴǟƾȈǯƘƬdzƢƥǎŵȁžȅǂǐƦdzơƵǂLjŭơ
ƨǴǷƢǯƨǷȂǜǼǷƧƔƢǓȍơǞǷDzǰnjȇǹƗDzưǸŭơǝƢǘƬLJơȁǞǫȂƬǷȁƗȆǠȈƦǗŚǣȂǿƢǷDzǯǺǟŚƦǠƬdzơǺǷ
DzƥÏÎƨȈƷȁǂdzơȁƨȈǻȂǰdzơǶȈǬdzơȁǪƟƢǬūơǺǟƧŐǠŭơƨȈdzƢǸŪơňƢǠŭơȁƩȏȏƾdzƢƥƨǜƬǰŭơƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơŚƥƢǠƬdzơǺǷ
ĿƨǫȂŪơǵƢǬǷǵȂǬƫǹȂƬǴȈǿǹƢȈdzȂƳƾǯƚȇƢǸǯȆȀǧȅǂǐƦdzơǑǂǠdzơĿDzưǸǸǴdzƆƢǰȇǂNjƪƸƦǏƗƢĔƛ
ǾǠǷƆȐǷƢǰƬǷƢȇǂǐƥƢǟơǂǏƨǬdzƢƻǾǠǷǦǴƬţƾǫȁǾdzƽƢšȁDzưǸŭơǁȁƢŢƮȈƷÏÏȆǬȇǂǣȍơƵǂLjŭơ
ƢǰǼȇǁƢǷňȂƥǾƫƾǏǁƮȈƷǺȇǂnjǠdzơǹǂǬdzơƩƢȈǼȈǠƦLJDzƦǫƢǷơǂǰƦǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŭŚǜǼƬdzơƗƾƥ
ƾǸƬǠƫŖdzơǑȁǂǠdzơǺǷƱƿƢŶƨƯȐƯǞȈǸƴƬƥƪǷƢǫȅǀdzơȁ ÎÖÔÔƢđƢƬǯĿ Bonnie Marranca

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƽǁƢnjƬȇǁȁ ǹȂLjǴȇȁ Ʃǂƥȁǁ Ƕǿȁ ǥȁǂǠǷ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ƧǂȇƢǤǷ ƧƾȇƾƳ ƨȈƷǂLjǷ ǎƟƢǐƻ ȄǴǟ
ǺǷƧǂǰƦŭơƧǂƬǨdzơǮǴƫĿǾǻƗƩƾǯƗȁLee BreuerǁȁơǂƥŅȁRichard FormanǹƢǷǁȂǧ
ƢǸǯȁ ÏÐȆǠȈǴǘdzơ ƵǂLjǸǴdz ƧǂǏƢǠǷ ŚƦǯ Dzǰnjƥ ƩǁȂǘƫȁ ƨȇǂǐƦdzơ ǹȂǼǨdzơ ƩǂnjƬǻơ ǺȇǂnjǠdzơ ǹǂǬdzơ
ƵǂLjǷǺȇȂǰƫľŐǯƗǞǫȁƢŮǹƢǯƵǂLjŭơƺȇǁƢƫǺǷƨǠƥƢǼdzơŚǣȃǂƻȋơƩơŚƯƘƬdzơǹƜǧƢǰǼȇǁƢǷƾǯƚƫ
ƪƸǼdzơȁ ǶLJǂdzơȁ ƨȈƦǠnjdzơ ƨȈǧƢǬưdzơ ǕƢŶȋơȁ Ʈȇƾūơ ǎǫǂdzơȁ &DJHDQǺƴȈǯ ƩƢȈdzƢǸƴǧ ƧǁȂǐdzơ
ľƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƘnjǼȇǹƗȄǬǘǼŭơǺǷǹƢǯȁ ÏÑǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƪǴǰNjȃȂǫƢȀǴǯƢǸǼȈLjdzơȁ ƧǁƢǸǠdzơȁ
ǺǷǝȂǼdzơơǀŮƲƬǼŭơȄǿȁƨȈǠǸLjdzơȁƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩơǂƯƚŭơǾȈǧƽȂLjƫȃǀdzơȁƧǁȂǘƬŭơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơƮȈƷƢǰȇǂǷƗ
ƢǸǯƨưȇƾūơƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơǖƟƢLJȁȁǹȂȇDŽǨȈǴƬdzơȁƢǸǼȈLjdzơǞǷơȂƦNjśǟƾƦŭơǺǷDzȈƳǾǬǴƻȃǀdzơƵǂLjŭơ
ƽơȁǂdzơǭǁƢnjȇƮȈƷƨȇǂƸLjdzơƨȈǼǨdzơǽǁȂǐƥ Robert LepageƱƢƦȈdzƩǂƥȁǁȅƾǼǰdzơƱǂƼŭơDŽȈŤ
ƵǂLjǷ ǑȁǂǠdz ƢƳƢƬǻƛ ǶǿǂưǯƗ ǺǷ ƾǠȇ Dzƥ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ƾǟơȂǫ džȈLJƘƫ Ŀ ǹȂLjǴȇȁ Ʃǂƥȁǁ DzưǷ
magician of  ǁȂǐdzơ ǂƷƢLJºƥ ǾƦȈǬǴƬdz ƽƢǬǼdzơ Ƣǟƽ ȅǀdzơ ƾƸǴdz ǂǏƢǠŭơ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǐdzơ
ÏÒimages
ȄǴǟƨƸƬǨǼŭơƨȈƥǂǠdzơDZȁƾdzơǺǷƾȇƾǠdzơĿơǂƻƚǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǥǂǟƾǬǧĺǂǠdzơƵǂLjŭơ ƢǷƗ
ƧƽȁƾŰĺǂǠdzơƵǂLjŭơĿƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơƪdzơǃƢǷǺǰdzȁǂǐǷȁdžǻȂƫȁǩơǂǠdzơƢǿǃǂƥƗǺǷȁƨȈƥǂǤdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơ
ƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨȈǴǸǠdzơǹƗȅƗžǾLjǨǻȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơƵǂLjŭơǁȂǜǼŠƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǞǷǹȂǴǷƢǠƬȇǹȂȈƷǂLjŭơDZơǃƢǷȁ
ǞǷ DzưǸŭơ ƩƢȈǻƢǰǷƜƥ ǁƢǰǧȋơ DzȈǏȂƬdz ƨdzȁƢŰ Ŀ DzưǸŭơ ƆơŚƻƗȁ ƱǂƼŭơ Ľ Ǧdzƚŭơ ƨȈƦƫơǂƫ Ǫǧȁ ŚLjƫ
DzǰnjƥƾǸƬǠȇƶƦǏƗȆŭƢǠdzơƵǂLjŭơǹƗǺǷǶǣǂdzơȄǴǟȅǂƻȋơƨȈƷǂLjŭơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzƢƥǾǠǓơȂƬŭơǾǻƢǠƬLJȏơ
ǾȈǧȃƙǂdzơŃƢǟǪȈǬŢȁƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǂȇȂǘƬdzƧǁȂǘƬŭơƨȈǧǂūơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơȁƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơŃƢǟȄǴǟŐǯƗ
ǂȇȂǘƬdzƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơǺǰŻŖdzơǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟƾƷƗDzưǸŭơDzǜȈdzDzưǸǸǴdz ƧƽȁƾƄơƩƢȈǻƢǯȍơǺǟƆơƾȈǠƥ
ƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏȆǫơǂǠdzơƱǂƼŭơƣǂǠdzơśƳǂƼŭơǃǂƥƗśƥǺǷȁÏÓňƢLjǻȍơƾǠƦdzơǾƸǼǷȁŘǠŭơǦȈưǰƫȁ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǵȂȀǨǷĺǂǠdzơƵǂLjǸǴdzDzǬǻǺǷDZȁƗǾǻȂǰdzǮdzƿȁ 27ĺǂǠdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŭdžLJƚǸǯ
ǞǸƬƴǸǴdzĺǂǤdzơǵȂȀǨŭơơǀǿȆǬȈƦǘƫDzǰnjƥƵǂnjƫŖdzơ ǑȁǂǠdzơǺǷŚưǰdzơƆƢǠǓơȁƶǓơȁŅȂſDzǰnjƥ
ÏÕƽơȂƳƾǸŰƾȈŧȆǫơǂǠdzơǹƢǼǨdzơǾȈǧƮƸƦdzơƗƾƥǹƗƾǠƥǮdzƿȁĺǂǠdzơ
ňƢưdzơƮƸƦŭơ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟƩƢȈdzƕ
ƨǠȈƦǗ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬǻ ǹƗ ǹȁƽ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ Ŀ ǾƫƢȈdzƕȁ DzȈưǸƬdzơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƨLJơǁƽ ƢǼdz ǶȈǬƬLjȇ ȏ
ȄǸLjƫ ƧƾƷȁ ƆƢǠǷ śǻȂǰǷ ǂNjƢƦǷ Śǣ ȁƗ ǂNjƢƦǷ Dzǰnjƥ ƢȀǠǷ DzǷƢǠƬȇȁ DzưǸŭơ ƢȀǷƾƼƬLjȇ Ŗdzơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƢŮƢǨǣƛǺǰŻȏƨŹǂǏȁƧǂNjƢƦǷƨǫȐǟDZƢưŭơDzȈƦLJȄǴǟȆƷǂLjŭơǎǼdzƢƥDzưǸŭơƨǫȐǠǧžȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơ
Ŀ ǑǂǠdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƨȈǏȂǐƻ ȄǴǟ ǥǂǠƬdzơ ƢǼȈǴǟ ƢǷơDŽdz ǹƢǯ ƢǼǿ ǺǷ Ɣơƽȋơ ƨǠȈƦǗ ƾǏǁ ƽƾǐƥ ǺŴȁ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷ
ȆƷǂLjŭơǎǼdzơƆȏȁƗ
ƧƾǠƦƬLjŭơ ǁȂǷȋơ ǺǷ ƧƾƷơȁ ǹƢǰŭơȁ ǹƢǷDŽdzơ ƧƾƷȁȁ ƧǂǰǨdzơ DZƢǸƬǯơȁ ǎǼdzơ ƧƾƷȁ Ƨǂǰǧ ǹƛ
ȏȁDzǸƬǰǷŚǣDzǠǨdzơȁǵȐƷȋơŃƢǟƧȂǘLJƢǸȀȈǴǟǂǘȈLjƫǹƢǰŭơȁǹƢǷDŽdzƢǧƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿƆƢǷƢŤ
ǹƗƢǸǯƧǂƯƢǼƬǷƨƦǔƬǬǷƨȈƟDŽƳƆȏƢǠǧƗƾdzȂƫŖdzơƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơȄǴǟƾǸƬǠȇƢŶƛȁȆǬǘǼǷDzLjǴLjƫĿŚLjȇ
ǶȀǼǷƆȐǯǹƘǯȁȁƾƦȇƢŶƛȁƨǬǧơȂƬǷƧƾƷơȁƨǬƫȂƥĿƨǴǏơȂƬǷȁƗƨǴǷƢǰƬǷƪLjȈdzǑǂǠdzơƩƢȈǐƼNj
ÏÖǾƬǻȂǼȈǯȁǽƽȂƳȁǂǿȂƳDzưŻȅǀdzơǍƢŬơǾŭƢǟĿdžǸǤǼǷ
ȆǴȇƢǸȈǧÐÍƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǎǼdzơǎƟƢǐƻDzǸųǹƗǺǰŻȁ
ƔDŽůǎǼdzƢǧǹƿƛƭơƾƷȌdzȆǬǘǼǷDzLjǴLjƫǪǧȁǎǼdzơŚLjȇȏ 
DzƦǫńȁȋơƨƦƫǂŭơDzƬŹȃƙǂdzơȁDZƢǰNjȋơȁǁȂǐdzơȆǟơƾƫǹƗȅƗǹȂǸǔŭơȄǴǟDzǰnjdzơ ȆǤǘȇ 
ǾƬȈǬǘǼǷȁȆǷơǁƾdzơƭƾūơ
ƨƴȈƬǼdzơȁƤƦLjdzơƗƾƦǷǪǧȁǎǼdzơDzȈǴŢǺǰŻȏ 
ƢȀƬǻȂǼȈǯƾǓƩơǀdzơǦǼǟȁƨǟƾƦŭơƩơǀdzơƾǓȆǟƢǸƬƳȏơǦǼǠdzơƨǸȈƫȅǂǐƦdzơǎǼdzơDZȁƢǼƬȇ 
ǾǟƢȈǓȁǂǏƢǠŭơǹƢLjǻȍơƣơǂƻǺǟƆơŚƦǠƫǾǴǸůĿȂȀǧ
ƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơȁȃƙǂdzƢƥƞǴƬŤǹƗƱƢƬŢƩƢƷƢLjÃǷȄǴǟǎǼdzơDzǸƬnjȇǹƗƾƥȏ 
ƵǂLjǸǴdz ƆƢȈǸƬǼǷ ȅǁơȂƷ ȅƽǂLJ Dzǰnjƥ ƩȐǰnjŭơ ƨǧƢǰdz ȏȂǴƷ ǵƾǬȇ ȅǀdzơ ǎǼdzơ ƾǠȇ ȏ 
ƢŶƛȁ ƨȈƷǂLjǷ ƨǤǴƥƤƬǰĄȇȏȅǀdzơǪǴǤŭơ ǎǼdzơ ơǀǿ ǪǴǤŭơ ĺƽȋơ ǎǼdzơ ŃƢǠdzȆǸƬǼȇƢŶƛȁ ȅǂǐƦdzơ
ǾƫƢLJƢƦƬdzơȁ ƣƽȋơ ƔƢǔǧ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬȇ ƢŶƛȁ ȅǂǐƦdzơ ǑǂǠdzơ ƔƢǔǧ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬȇ ȏ ƨȈƥƽƗ ƨǤǴƥ ƤƬǰĄȇ
ƔƢǼƦdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷȆǤǴȇǹƿƛȅǂǐƦdzơDZƢȈŬơƢǬȇDŽȈǧƢƬȈŠǶƬȀȇȏȁƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩȐȇȁƘƬdzơǞǼŻȁƨȇƽǂLjdzơ
ǥǂǠƬdzơDzƥƢǬǷĿǾdzȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơȆǷǂŮơƔƢǼƦdzơǒǧǂȇǾǼǰdzȁǎǼdzơǒǧǂȇǾǻƗơǀǿřǠȇȏǺǰdzȁȅƽǂLjdzơ
ÐÎȆƷǂLjŭơƔƢǔǨdzơƔƢǼƥĿƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬdzơȁƧǁȂǐdzơȄǴǟǂưǯƗƾǸƬǠƫƧƾȇƾƳƩƢǤdzȄǴǟ
ƢȀǧǂǠǻƢǸǯƨȈǏȂǐŬơȁƨƠȈƦdzơȁƺȇǁƢƬdzơȆǤǴȇǾǻƗȅƗǹƢǰŭơȁǹƢǷDŽdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷȆǤǴȇ 
ǹȂǰƫ ǹȋ ƤȈdzƢLJȋơȁ ȃƙǂdzơ ǦǴƬƼŠ ƢȀǴȇȁƘƫȁ ƢǿŚLjǨƫ ǺǰŻ Ŗdzơ ƨȈŭƢǠdzơ ǍȂǐǼdzơ ƶǴǐƫ 
ƤȈdzƢLJȋơǦǴƬűȁǁȂǐǠdzơƨǧƢǯǞǷDzǏơȂƬƫȁǺǷDŽdzơȄǘƼƬƫǹƗƪǟƢǘƬLJơŖdzơǮǴƫžƨȇǂǐƥƆƢǏȂǐǻ

ȅǂǐƦdzơƵǂLjǸǴdzƆƢǐȈǐƻƤƬǰƫŖdzơǍȂǐǼdzơńƛƨǧƢǓƛƨȇŚƦǠƬdzơ

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƱơǂƻȍơƆƢȈǻƢƯ
ǺǷ ƨǏƢƻ ƩȏƢƷ ȄǴǟ ȅǂǿȂƳ Dzǰnjƥ ƢǿƽƢǸƬǟơȁ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ Ǒȁǂǟ ǺȇƢƦƫ Ƕǣǁ
ǶǜǠǷĿƩǁǂǰƫŖdzơƨǷƢǠdzơƩƢȈdzȉơǺǷƨǟȂǸůńƛDzǐǻǹƗǺǰŻǾǻƜǧƢȀȈǟƾƦŭƩȐȇȁƘƬdzơȁƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơ
ÐÏȆǴȇƢǸȈǧƢȀǠŦĿƢǻƾǟƢLjȇƢŲƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǟ
ȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơǹȂǰȇƢŶƛȁžȆƳơǂƻȍơǾƥȂǴLJȋƾƷơȁǩƢȈLJȁƗȆǷơǁƽǖşƱǂƼŭơǵDŽƬǴȇ ȏ 
ƩơȂǏȋơƽƾǠƬǷ
ǹȂǰȈǧ žǾƫơƿ Ǻǟ ǂǐǼǟ Dzǯ ŐǠȈdz ȆƷǂLjŭơ ǑǂǠdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƨǧƢǯ ƧȂǫ ȄǴǟ ƱǂƼŭơ ƾǯƚȇ 
ǑǂǠdzơDZȂŹǮdzǀƥȁƪƸǼdzơȁǶLJǂdzƢǯƨȈǴȈǰnjƫǹȂǼǧǺǷǾdzǑǂǠƬȇƢǸȈǧȆǨȈǰdzơƾǠƦdzơȄǴǟƽƢǸƬǟȏơ
ÐÐǹƢǰŭơDzǷƢǟƢǿƽȂLjȇȁDžơȂūơƢȀǘnjǼƫƨƥǂšńƛřǷǃƤȈƫǂƫǩƢȈLJĿƽǂLjǴdzƨǴȈLJȁǺǷ
ƔƢǔǨdzơ Ŀ ƭƾŹ ƢǷ śƥ ǂNjƢƦŭơ DZƢǐƫȏơ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ǪȈǬƸƬdz ƤǴǣȋơ Ŀ ƱǂƼŭơ ȄǠLjȇ ȏ 
ƱǂǨƬŭơȁƾƦȇƢŶƛȁ ÐÑƣƢǘŬơǺǷǾǸȀǨȇƢǷǪǧȁǾLjǨǼƥǾƫơƔƢǔǧǪǴźƱǂǨƬŭƢǧǁȂȀǸŪơȁ ȆƷǂLjŭơ
ǾLjǨǼƥǽǁơǂǫƿƢţơǾȈǴǟȁǑǂǠdzơƨƷƢLJĿǁȁƾȇƢŭƨȈǜnjƬŭơƨǜƸǴdzơǶƸƬǬȇǾǻƘǯȁƩƢǫȁȋơƤǴǣƗĿ
DzƷǂȇȁƢȀǯǂƬȇȁƗƢȀǼǷơÅƔDŽƳǹȂǰȇǹƗƢǷƛ
ƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨdzƢūơǪǴƻĿƆƢȈLJƢLJƗƆơǁȁƽƨȈǠǸLjdzơȁƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩơǂƯƚŭơƤǠǴƫ 
ǺǷDzǰdzDZƢĐơǭǂƬȇȐǧƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿƨȈǼǬƬdzơȁƣȂǴLJȋơȁƧǂǰǨdzơƤƷƢǏȂǿ ƱǂƼŭơ 
ƨȇƙǂdz ƨǴǸǰŭơ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬȇƙǁ ǪǴź ǹƗ łƛȆǬȈLJȂŭơȁ DzưǸŭơȁ ǥơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzƢǯ ǑǂǠdzơ Ŀ ǾȈǯǁƢnjǷ
Ȃǿȁ DZƢưŭơ DzȈƦLJ ȄǴǟRobert Wilson ǹȂLjǴȇȁ Ʃǂƥȁǁ ƱǂƼŭơ ƾƴǼǧžƢŮ ƨǬǬƄơ ȁƗƱǂƼŭơ
ƵǂLjŭơȄǴǟǖƦǔdzƢƥƨƥȂǴǘŭơƨǯǂūơǀǨǼȇ The black riderȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơȄǴǟǾȈǴưŲ ƣǁƾȇ
ǶȈǸǐƫĿȆLJƢLJƗ DzǰnjƥǭǁƢnjȇǾǻƗƢǸǯƨǴưǸŭơȁƗDzưǸŭơǽƾǴǬȇȁƨǴǷƢǯƨȇŚƦǠƬdzơƢȀƬdzƢƷȁƢȀǟƢǬȇƜƥ
ƆƢǬǧȁƆȐǷƢǯƆơǀȈǨǼƫǑǂǠdzơĿǵƾƼƬLjŭơǽȂǻƢƦdzơDzǰnjȇǾǴǠŸȅǀdzơƾƸǴdzǑǂǠdzơƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLJǞȈǼǐƫȁ
ǦȈǯȁ ƽȂLJȋơ ǽȂǻƢƦdzơ ǞǷ ȆƳȂdzȂǰȈLjdzơ ǾǴǟƢǨƫ ȄǴǟ ƨǜƸǴdzơ ǮǴƫ ĿƩƾǸƬǟơ Ŗdzơȁ ƨǏƢŬơ ǾƬȇƙǂdz
ÐÒǾdzȆƟƢȀǼdzơDzǰnjdzơǺǟƨǏƢŬơȂǿǾƬȇƙǁƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿƲƬǼȈdzȆƟơȂnjǟDzǰnjƥǾǬȇDŽǸƬƥǵȂǬȇ
DzǷƢǰdzƢƥǹƢLjǻȍơʼnƾǬƬdzƆƢƦdzƢǣƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿȄǠLjȇǾǻƜǧƨȈƟDŽƳDzȈǏƢǨƫȄǴǟƱǂƼŭơƾǸƬǟơ ƢǸȀǷ 
ƨƴȈƬǻȆǬǴƬŭơĽǺǷȁDzưǸŭơƨǴȈűĿƨȈǜnjƬǷǁȂǏǪǴƻǪȇǂǗǺǟǮdzƿȁƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơƧƢȈūơǺǷǾǨǫȂǷȁ
ƆƢǼȈǠǷƆƢǷȂȀǨǷǪǸǠƫƨǠƥƢƬƬǷƩȏƢƷƨǟȂǸĐȅƽƢŭơǭơǁƽȍơ
ȅƽƢŭơ ƤƫơǂƬdzơ ǵƾǟ ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ǪǴŬ ƨǬǴƼŭơ ƨȈǬȇDŽȈǧƢƬȈŭơ ǁȂǐdzơ ȄǴǟ ƆơŚưǯ ƱǂƼŭơ ƾǸƬǠȇ 
ȆǠǫơȂdzơ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ǶƬȇƮȈŞňƢLjǻȍơƽȂƳȂdzơȄǴǟDzdzƾƫƨƦƷǁƢĔȂǯƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơƨdzƢūơDZȁƢǼƬȇȆǴȈţǑǂǠdzơ ŃƢǟ 
ƨȈǼǣƨǠLJơȁǃȂǷǁȁƩơƔƢŻƛȁǁȂǏǪǴƻ
ǪǬŢŖdzơǺǯƢǷȋơǁƢƬźƢŶƛȁžƭƾƸǴdzƨȈǠǫơȂdzơǺǯƢǷȋơǺǟƽƢǠƬƥȐdzƱǂƼŭơȄǠLjȇƢǷ ƆƢƦdzƢǣ 
ƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿƨdzƢūơǪǸǠƫƢȀǼǰdzȁƭƾūơǞǷǂǧƢǼƬƫȁƗǦdzƖƬƫƾǫȆǬǴƬǸǴdzƨȈǼǿƿȁƨȇǁȂǠNjƨdzƢƷ
ǾǴǬƬLjǷƧǂNjƢƦǷňƢǠǷDzǸŢȐǧŘǠŭơǪǴŬDzǷƢǰƬƫǃȂǷǁȆǿƨǷƾǬŭơǁȂǐdzơ 
ƨǬƷȐƬŭơ ǁȂǐdzơ ȁƾƦƬǧ DZƢȈŬơ ŃƢǠdz ǞǫơȂdzơ ŃƢǟ ǺǷ DZƢǬƬǻȏơ Ŀ ǂƯƚǷȁ ȆLJƢLJƗ ǁȁƽ ǶǴƸǴdz 
ǑǂǠdzơƧǂǰǧǵƾţƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿƨǷƢǟƨdzƢƷǪȈǬŢƨȈǤƥǂǧƢǼƬƫȁƗȄǫȐƬƫƾǫƨƬƬnjǷǵȐƷƗǺǷƔơDŽƳƗƢĔƘǯȁ
ǶƴūơȁƨǧƢưǰdzơȁǖŬơȁǹȂǴdzơDzưǷƧǁȂǐdzơǂǏƢǼǟǂȇȂǘƫȄǴǟȆLJƢLJƗDzǰnjƥƱǂƼŭơ ƾǸƬǠȇ 
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơƩȏƢƸǴdzƨǬǴűȁǁƢǰǧȌdzƨǯǂŰǹȂǰƬdz
ƩȏȏƽǺǷƨȈǯǂūơǾƫơǁƢNjƛǾǴǸŢƢŭDzȇȁƘƬǴdzƧƾȇƾǟƆƢǫƢǧƗƨȇǂǐƦdzơƨǠƬŭơƶƬǨƫ 
ƧƾƷȂdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢǸƟƢǫ ƢȈǓơǂƬǧơ ƢŭƢǟ ǶLJŚdz ȆLjūơ ǭơǁƽȍơ ǃȁƢƴƬƫ ƨȈǨLjǴǧǂǗƗ Ǻǟ Ǧnjǰȇ 
ƩƢǸLjůȁǂǏƢǼǟƢȀǴŰDzŢƨȈǷƢȀȇȍơǂǏƢǼǠdzơǺǷȏƾƦǧȆƷǂLjŭơƔƢǔǨdzơƩơƽǂǨǷDzǰnjƫŖdzơƨȈdzȏƾdzơ
ÐÓȃƙǁȁƨȈƬŴ
ƨǬǘǼŠǖƦƫǂƫƨǯǂƷńƛƨȈdzƢǐƫơƨȇƽǂLJƨȈǷȐǯƨdzƢƷǺǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǎǼdzơƱǂƼŭơDZȂŹ 
ǑǂǠdzơǎǼdzơśǧǂǘdzơśƥƨǫȐǟdžȈLJƘƫƨȈǤƥdžǬǘdzơȁǶǴūơƮȈƷǁȂǠNjȐdzơ
ǺǟƭƾƸƬdzơǹȉơǞȈǘƬLjǼǧśǴưǸǸǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥDZȂǏȂdzơƨǘǬǻDzƥǩȐǘǻȏơƨǘǬǻƾǠȇŃƱǂƼŭƢǧ 
ƢŶƛȁƩƢȈǼȈƬLjdzơĿǾȈǴǟǹƢǯƢǸǯǂǷȋơƾǠȇǶǴǧȆǰȈǰǨƬdzơƽƾnjƬŭơŚǣDŽǯǂŭơȆƷǂLjŭơƱơǂƻȍơ
ƩơƿȁǺǿƿĿǪǴƼƬƫǁȂǐdzơǹƗȅƗƱǂǨƬŭơDzƥDzưǸŭơȅƾȇśƥƶƦǐȈdzDzȇȂǗƾǷƗǺǷDzǬƬǻơǶǰƸƬdzơ
ƢǿƢǷƾǬȇĽƨȈūơƨȈƟơƽȋơƢēȏƽƢǠǷ ǺǟƮƸƦƫȁDzưǸŭơƩơƿƢǿƢǬǴƬƬdzȆǿƢǸǯDzưǸǸǴdzƢȀǴǬǼȇȁƱǂƼŭơ
ƨǴƻơƾƬǷƨȈƷǂLjŭơ ƨȈǴǸǠdzƢǧǂƻȉơȂǿǾƫƢȈǟơƾƬdzƆƢǬǧȁDzȇȁƘƬdzơȁŚLjǨƬdzơƨȈdzȁƚLjǷǾdzśǴǫƢǻƱǂǨƬǸǴdzƆƢǠǷ
ȆǬǴƬŭơƢȀǼǸǓǺǷȁǂǏƢǼǠdzơƪǴƻơƾƫDzƥǪǴƬǷ DzưŲ Ʊǂű ǎǻƾƷơȁǽƢšơĿŚLjƫȏȁǹȉơ
ǂǏƢǠŭơǹƢLjǻȍơǺǟŐǠƫƧǂƴǨƬǷƧǁȂǏǪǴƻĿƆƢǠȈŦơȂǯǁƢnjƬȈdz
ǑǂǠdzơƧƾǷǖǤǓDzȀLjdzơǺǷƶƦǐȇǮdzǀdzƨȈǴȈǰnjƬdzơǹȂǼǨdzơDzưǷňƢǷǃȏǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ 
ÐÔƢǿƾǷȁƗ
Ŀ ǂȀǜȇ ƢǸǯ žǃơȂƬǷDzǰNj Ŀȃǂƻȋơ ƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟȁDzưǸŭơ śƥƆƢƦdzƢǣ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ŚLjƫ 
DzǰnjƥƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơǂǏƢǼǟǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬȇŃDzưǸŭƢǧÎÖÔÍǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǂdz Deaf manǑǂǟ
ƩƢǫȐǠdzơȁ ƾȈdzƢǬƬdzơ ǵƾǿ ƢĔƘNj ǺǷ ƨǫȐǠdzơ ƩƔƢƳ Ǻǰdzȁ ƢǸȀǼȈƥ ƢǸȈǧ ǂNjƢƦŭơȁ Ȇūơ DzǟƢǨƬdzơ ǪǬŹ

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƧƔƢǓȍơśƥȁǾǼȈƥDZƢūơǮdzǀǯDzưǸŭơƔơƽƘƥǒǨƼǼȇȁǞǨƫǂȇȅǀdzơǁȂLjdzơśƥƨǫȐǟȐǧƨȈǬǘǼŭơ
ƨǟȂǸůƪǷƾǫƢŶƛȁƨȈƷǂLjŭơǵƢȀȇȍơƨdzƢƷǪǴţŃƩƢǫȐǠdzơǽǀȀǧśǰLjdzơDzưǷƩơǁơȂLjLjǯȍơȁ
DzƻơƽƧƽƢǔƬŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǞŦ ƮȈƷňȂǷǁƢŮơǂLjǯȁȆǜnjƬdzơȆǴǟǵȂǬƫŖdzơƨǰƥƢnjƬŭơƩƢǫȐǠdzơǺǷ
ÐÕƧƾƷơȂdzơƧǁȂǐdzơ
ǹƛžȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟȁȆǬǴƬŭơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơĿƨȈLJƢLJƗƨǻƢǰǷȆƳȂdzȂȈǸȈLjdzơDzȇȁƘƬdzơ DzƬŹ 
ÐÖǮdzƿŚǣǵƗƢǸȀǷǹƢǯơƿƛƢǷǁǂǬȇȁǽơǂȇƢǸȈǧŘǠǷȆǬǴƬŭơƾŸǹƗȆǴǟƾǸƬǠƫǂǏƢǼǠdzơƨdzDŽǟ
ƢŶƛȁƨȈƳȂdzȂȈǸȈLjdzơƢȀƬdzȏƽȁƗƢȀƬȈǠǫơȂdzƔƢȇǃȋơȁǁȂǰȇƾdzƢǯƨȇǂǐƦdzơǂǏƢǼǠdzơǵơƾƼƬLJơƾǠȇ Ń 
ÑÎƨȈǠǫơȂǴdzƆơƾƥơǹƢǰǷȐǧÑÍƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨǜƸǴdzơĿƢēơǀƥƨǏƢŬơƢȀƬȇŚƦǠƬdz
ƮdzƢưdzơƮƸƦŭơ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǠdzƨȈǬȈƦǘƫƱƿƢŶ
Patrick  ŖǻȂƥ ǮȇǂƫƢƥȁ Nicole Mossoux džǯȂLJȂǷ ȏȂǰȈǻ řǨdzơ ȆƟƢǼưdzơ ƾǠȇ
ǺǷ ƾȇƾǠdzơ ƢǠǓȁ ƾǬǧ žǂǏƢǠŭơ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ĺȁǁȁȋơ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ňƢǼǧ ǂȀNjƗ śƥ ǺǷ Bonté
ǶȀǓȁǂǟ ŐƬǠƫȁ ƢǰȇǂǷƗȁƗƢƥȁǁȁƗ ĿƔơȂLJ ƨȈdzȁƾdzơ ƩƢǻƢƳǂȀŭơ ǶǜǠǷƪƥƢƳ Ŗdzơȁ ƧDŽȈǸƬŭơ ǑȁǂǠdzơ
ƔơȂLJǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁȆǰȇǂǷȋơƱǂƼŭơǶȀǼǟDzǬȇȏȁƆƢȈƟơƽƗƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƩƢũDzȈǴƸƬdzƧƾȈƳƱƿƢŶ
ƮƸƦdzơDzſǪǴǘǼŭơơǀǿǺǷřǨdzơǑȁǂǠdzơȃȂƬLjǷDŽȈŤȁƱȂǔǻĿȁƗƢǿǁƢnjƬǻơȁǑȁǂǠdzơƧǂȀNjĿ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷȄǴǟƨȈǬȈƦǘƫƱƿƢŶǹȂǰƬdzǶȀǼǷDzǯǑȁǂǟǺǷƱƿƢŶ
ÎÖÖÍÑÏƧŚƻȋơƩƢLJȂǴŮơǑǂǟ
ǃǂƥƗśƥǺǷƾƷơȁǑǂǠdzơơǀǿ  The last hallucinationsƧŚƻȋơƩƢLJȂǴŮơ ŐƬǠȇ
ƱǂƼŭơǞǷNecole MossouxdžǯȂLJȂǷȏȂǰȈǻƩƢǐǫǂdzơƨǸǸǐǷȁƨǴưǸŭơƢȀƬǷƾǫŖdzơǑȁǂǠdzơ
ƨȇǂǐƦdzơƨǤǴdzơǵȂȀǨŠƨǘƦƫǂǷǾȈǴȇȁƘƫƨǤdzǪǴƻƢǸȀǧƾǿǹƢǯƮȈƷ Patrick BonteƪǻȂƥǮȇǂƫƢƥ
ƔȆNjȅƗȃǂǻȏƨƠȈǔǷƢȇơǂǷȁƗǁƚƥƢĔƘǯƩơǁƢǗƛƧƾǟńƛǑǂǠdzơƔƢǔǧƢǸLjǫƾǫȁƾLjƴǴdzƨǬǴǘŭơ
.ÑÐʼnƾLJȁƗȄǸǟƗƔƢǔǧǾǻƘǯǵȐǜdzơĿǩǁƢǣƔȆNjDzǯǹƜǧǮdzƿơƾǟƢǷȁǁƢǗȍơƽȁƾƷĿȏƛƢȀȈǧ
ǺǷ Ƕǣǂdzơ ȄǴǟȁ ǍƢƻ ȆǴȇȁƘƫ ŘǠǷ ơƿ ƆƢȇǂǐƥ ƆƢȇƾLjƳ ƆƢǻƢȇǀǿȁ ƨǯǂƷ ǞǸLjǻȁ ȃǂǻ ƧȂǿ Dzǯ Ŀȁ
ƧƾƷȁDzǰnjƫȁƨǴƻơƾƬǷƢĔƗȏƛƆƨǤdzȁƔƢŹƛȁƆƢǟƢǬȇƛȁƆơǂǰǧƢȀǔǠƥǺǟƾǿƢnjŭơƩƢǻƢȇǀŮơǽǀǿǥȐƬƻơ
ƾƷơȁŘǠǷƩơƿƨȈǻȂǷǁƢǿ
ȅǂǐƦdzơƾLjŪơdžŷƢȀȈǴǟǪǴǘǻǹƗǺǰŻƨǤǴƥ ǾƬǰũǞǷƭƾƸƬȇȅǀdzơDzƳǂdzơǮdzƢǼȀǧ
ÑÑ

ǁƢǗȍơ ȃǂƻƗ ƧȂǿ Ŀȁ . ȆƳȂdzȂȈǸLjdzơ DzȇȁƘƬdzƢƥ Ʋǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨLjǷƢŮơ ƢȀƬǤdz ƾȈdzơ ǞƥƢǏȋ ǹȂǰȇ ƮȈƷ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ĿȃȁƾǠdzƢǯȅǂLjȇȅǀdzơƨƴǿȂƬŭơƢȀǠƥƢǏƗdžǸđǁƾǬdzơƣƢƬǯƗǂǬƫƢĔƘǯȁƧƾƷȂƬŭơƧƗǂŭơȃǂǻǂƻȉơ
ƔƢǔǨdzơǪnjƫŖdzơȁȂǴųƗDzǰȇƢǷDzȈƯƢŤƾƷƘƥƢǻǂǯǀƫŖdzơȃǂƻȋơƨƦȇǂǤdzơƧƗǂŭơȁƆơƾƳȁƣȁǀȈǧƢǿƾLjƳ
ƢȀƬǯǂŞǮdzƿǺǟƧŐǠǷƨȇǂLjdzơƨƠȈǘŬơǺǷǎǴƼƬǴdzƢȀƷȁǁǵȐǛǺǷƱȁǂŬơDZȁƢŢƢĔƘǯȁƢǿƾLjŝ
ǦnjǰƫƨǠƥƢƬƬŭơƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩƢƷȂǴdzơǹƗǂƻƖƥȁƗDzǰnjƥǭǁƾǻơǀǿDzǯǺǷȁÑÒƨǠǧƾǼŭơȁƨǨȈǼǠdzơƨǠǘǬƬŭơ
ƩơƿĿǾǼǟǦǴƬűȁơǀŮǾƥƢnjǷǂƻƕƾȀnjǷĿȁ ƨȇǂnjƥ ƩơƽȂƳȂǸǯƧƗǂŭơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơƨǠȈƦǗ
ǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥDzƳǂdzơƾLjƳDŽǤdzƢǰǨƫǹƗǹƢƫƗǂŭơDZȁƢŢƢǷƾǼǟƲȈƴǓńƛǞƥƢǏȋơdžŷDZȂƸƬȇƮȈƷƪǫȂdzơ
ƨǸƟƢǿƪǻƢǯŖdzơńȁȋơƧƗǂŭơǹƜǧƾȇƾƳǺǷȁDzƳǂdzƢƥǵƢƸƬdzȐdzƧƗǂŭơƨƦǣǂƥȆƷȂƫƨǯǂŞȁƢǸȀȇƾȇƗ
ȁƗƩƢǻƢȇǀŮơǽǀǿƔƢǔǧĿƾƥȋơńƛƧǂƟƢǗDzǜƬLJƢĔƘǯȁȃƔơǂƬƫŖdzơƨǰǸLjǴdz ƆƢȇƾLjƳdžǸēƢĔƢǿȂƬƥ
ƨLjǷƢǿ ƩƢLJȂǴǿ ǵƗ ǹƢLjǻȍơ ǹƢȇǀǿ Ȃǿ Dzǿ DZƘLjǻ ǹƗ ƢǼǠǧƾȇ ǒǷƢǣ DžƢLjƷƜƥ ȆƷȂȇ ƢŲ DžȂǬǘdzơ
.ȃǂƻȋơƩƢǫȂǴƼǸǴdz
ƾLjŪơƧǂǯơǀƥƨǫȐǟǾdzơǀǿȁƔƢǔǨdzơĿǾƬȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƽȁǍƢŬơǾLjŷȁǾƬǤdzǾdzƢǼǿDzưǸŭơƾLjƳǹƛ
ƢǸǯƆƢƫơȂǏƗȁƆƢǧȁǂƷƲƬǼƫƨȈǰŰƨǤdzńƛDžơȂūơdžŷDZȂƸƬȇǹƗƵǂLjŭơĿǶȀŭơdžȈǴǧƨǬǴǘŭơƨȇǂǐƦdzơ
ƢēơƽǂǨǷ ƢŮ ƨǴǬƬLjǷ ǹȂǰƫ ǹƗ ƤŸ ȅƾLjŪơ džǸŮơ ƨǤdz ǹƛ Dzƥ ȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơ ȆǠǫơȂdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ƢǻƽȂǠƫ
ǪǘǼǷƱǁƢƻ ƨǤdzƢĔƗ ǺǷǶǣǂdzƢƥȁÑÓȅǂǐƦdzơ ȆǬȇDŽȈǧƢƬȈŭơ džǸȀǴdz ƔƢǬƫǁȐdz Ƣđ ƩƽƗ ǹƛȁ ŕƷ ƨǏƢŬơ
.ǵȐƷȋơŃƢǟƢȀǴƻƾƫŖdzơƨȇŚƦǠƬdzơƢēơƽǂǨǷȁƢȀLjŷȁƢēȂǏDzǰnjȇȅǀdzơƢȀǟƢǬȇƛƢŮƨȈǠǫơȁƢȀǼǰdzǵȐǰdzơ
˺̂̂˹The Black RiderÑÔƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟ
DzǸŹ Ȃǿȁ DzưǸǸǴdz ŚƦǯ ǑơǂǠƬLJƢƥ ƗƾƦȇ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ȄǴǟ ƆơƾǸƬǠǷ ŅơǂƥȁƗ Ǒǂǟ Ǿǻƛ
ƨȈǓơǂǠƬLJȏơ ȄǬȈLJȂŭơ ǺǷ ƤƼǏ ǖLJȁ ǭŚLjdzơ DzưŻ Dzǰnjƥ ǁȂȀǸŪơ śƥ ǁȁƾȇȁ ŚƦǯ ǹȂǧǂǰȈǷ
ǑǂǠdzơǶLJơǺǟǁƢƬLjdzơƶƬǨǼƫȁƨǐǼŭơȂǴǠȇĽǶǿǁȂǔƷȄǴǟǁȂȀǸŪơǂǰnjȇȂǿȁƨǫơŐdzơƧƔƢǓȍơȁ
ȂLjǰȇȁǭŚLjdzơĿǂƷƢLjdzơǁȁƾƥǵȂǬȇǾǻƘǯȁ DzǷƢǰdzƢƥƽơȂLjdzơȅƾƫǂȇDzưǸŭơǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƨƷǂǷƔơȂƳȋơ
ǑǂǠdzơƗƾƦȇDzǠǨdzƢƥȁÑÕƔƢǷƽǍƢǐǷǾǻƘǯȁǽƢǨnjdzơȁśǠǴdzǦȈűƾȇƾŢǞǷDzǷƢǰdzƢƥǒȈƥƗƱƢȈǰǷǾȀƳȁ
ŖdzơƨǟƢLjdzơƩƢǫƽǞǷǹƢƻƾdzƢƥǕƢƄơŚƦǰdzơƽȂLJȋơǩȁƾǼǐdzơƮȈƷžǭŚLjdzơĿǂƷƢLjdzơƧǂǬǧƔơȂƳƘƥ
ǩƢǠǷDzƳǁǾǼǷƱǂƼȈdzƶƬǨȇĽƧƗǂǷơǩƢLJǾǼǷǂȀǜƫȁǦǬȇŕƷǩȁƾǼǐdzơǭǂƸƬȇȁǂƫȂƬǴdzȂǟƾƫ
ǩȁƾǼǐdzơǺǷƆƢǟƢƦƫśǴưǸŭơƱȁǂƻńơȂƬȇȁǭŚLjdzơȄǬȈLJȂǷƨƦƷƢǐŠơǀǿDzǯǂƸLjdzơDZƢǸǟƗǺǷǝȂǼǯ
ǶȀǼǷDzǯ ÑÖƔƢǷƽȂǏƢǐǷǶĔƘǯȁƽȂLJȋơȁǒȈƥȋơƱƢȈǰŭơ ǶȀǿȂƳȁȂLjǰȇƨǿȂnjǷƩƢǼƟƢǯƢĔƘǯȁ
ƨǐǫȆǰŢ ƨȈǼǣƗĿƆƢǠȈŦǹȂǯǂƬnjȇȁǽȂnjƬdzƢƥƢȀǴǯƨǸLjƬǷǂƻȉơǺǟƨǨǴƬűƨǯǂƷȁǝƢǬȇƜƥƱǂź
ǦȈǯȁƔƢǷƽǍƢǐǷȁƧƢƬǧśƥƤƷƨǐǫDZȐƻǺǷĻƢǬdzơƔƢǷƾdzơȆǏƢǐǷŃƢǟȆǰŢŖdzơȁǑǂǠdzơ

ºÐÐκ
 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

žƢȀLjǨǻƨǬȇǂǘdzƢƥǑǂǠdzơǹȂǴưǸŭơǶƬƬźƨȇƢȀǼdzơĿȁƤǠǴdzơDZȐƻǺǷƨǐǬdzơǮǴƫƢǼȈǴǟǹȂǐǬȈLJǶĔƗ
ǞƥƢƬƫ ǞǷ ǂƻȉơ Ǻǟ ǦǴƬű ƔơƽƗƣȂǴLJƗȁ ƨǯǂŞ ƩȂƥƢƬdzơ ȁƗ ȅǂƸLjdzơ ǩȁƾǼǐdzơ ńƛ ǶȀǼǷDzǯ ƽȂǠȈǧ
ǁȂǔūơ ȄǴǟ ǁȂȀǸŪơ ǹȁǂǰnjȇȁ ǹƢȇǀȀǴdz ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ƣǂǫƗ ƨǼȇƢƦƬǷ ƆơǁȂǏ DzǸŢ ƨȈǨǴŬơ Ŀ ƩƢƷȂdz
ǶȀƦƴǟƗƾǫǑǂǠdzơǹȂǰȇǹƗǹȂǼǸƬȇȁ
ƾȈLjƴƬdz ƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơȁ ƧƔƢǓȍƢƥ ƤǠǴdzơȁ ƨȇǂǐƦdzơ ǝƾŬơ ȄǴǟ ȆLJƢLJƗ Dzǰnjƥ ǑǂǠdzơ ƾǸƬǠȇ
ǞƥƢǏƗ Ŀ ǹơŚǼdzơ DzǠƬnjƫ śǴưǸŭơ ǞǴƬƦƬdz ƵǂLjŭơ ƨƦnjƻ ǪnjǼƫȁ ǹȁŚǘȇ ǹȂǴưǸŭƢǧ ǝƾŬơ ǺǷ Śưǰdzơ
ƨȈǜǨǴdzơƨǤǴdzơȄǴǟǑǂǠdzơƾǸƬǠȇƶǓơȁDzǰnjƥǑǂǠdzơĿƨȈǻƢŭȋơȁƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơǹƢƬǤǴdzơDzƻơƾƬƫÒÍDzưǸŭơ
ƔƢǷƾdzơȆǏƢǐǷȁƵƢƦNjȋơŃƢǟǁȂǐƫŖdzơȁƨȈǼǬƬdzơƨȈdzƢǟƨȇǂǐƦdzơƩƢƷȂǴdzơǞǷDzƻơƾƬǷȁȆLJƢLJƗDzǰnjƥ
ňƢǣȋơǂǧƢǔƬƫȁƨƦǟǂŭơŚǗƢLJȋơƤƬǯƾƷƗǺǷǾǴǸǯƘƥƱǂźǑǂǠdzơǹƘǯȁÒÎǺǬƬǷDzǰnjƥƧǂƸLjdzơȁ
žƶǓơȁǁȁƽƨȈƫȂǐdzơƩơǂƯƚǸǴdzǹƢǯƾǫȁƨȇȂƳǂǨdzơǑǂǠdzơƨǸȈǫǺǷȆǴǠƬdzǶȈŭơȁǎǫǂdzơǞǷDzȈưǸƬdzơǞǷ
ƢǿŚǣȁǂǘŬơƩƢǫƽȁǂLjǰƬŭơƱƢƳDŽdzơȁƔƢǷƾdzơȆǏƢǐǷŃƢǠdzƨƦƷƢǐŭơƨǨȈƼŭơƵƢȇǂdzơƩơȂǏƗƮȈƷ
ŖdzơƩƢǼƟƢǰdzơǮǴƫƔƢǼƥĿƨȈLJƢLJȋơǂǏƢǼǠdzơǺǷǹƢǰǧƱƢȈǰŭơƢǷƗƤǟǂdzơŃƢǟƢǼƬǴƻƽƗŖdzơƩơǂƯƚŭơǺǷ
ÒÏƽȂLJȋơƔƢǷƾdzơȆǏƢǐǷŃƢǟƔơǁȁǺǷƱǂţ
Ȇǿȁ ǾǨǴƬƼŭơ ƩȂƥƢƬdzơ DZƢǰNjƗȁ ǂƥƢǬŭƢƥȆƷȂƫ ƩƢǼȇȂǰƫ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǠdzơ ƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLJ ƩƾǸƬǟơȁ
 ƩȂŭơ ƨdzƢƷ ƾȈǯƘƬdz ƽȂLJȋơȁ ȅƽƢǷǂdzơ ǹȂǴdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǂǘȈLjȇ ǹơȂdzȋơ ƶǓơȁ Dzǰnjƥ ƨŤƢǫ ƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLJ
ƔƢǷƾdzơǍƢǐǷƤŢŖdzơƔƢǔȈƦdzơƧǃȁȋơƨǴǷƢƷƧƢƬǨdzơơƾǟƢǷƢȀLjǨǻǹơȂdzȋơƢȀȈǴǟǂǘȈLjƫdžƥȐŭơǮdzǀǯ
ǑǂǠdzơƨȇƢĔĿǺǰdzȁƧƔơŐǴdzƆơDŽǷǁǒȈƥȋơȅƾƫǂƫĽÒÐƔǥƾdzơȁƣƢƦnjdzơȄǴǟƨdzȏƽǂŧȋơȅƾƫǂƫȆȀǧ
ǾƦNjƗ ơȂǻƢǯ ƮȈƷ ƨƥƖǰdzơȁ Ƥǟǂdzơ ǺǷ ƾȇDŽǷ ȃȂLJ ǾǠǷ DzǸŹ Ń ǒȈƥȋơ ǹȂǴdzơ ǞȈǸŪơ ȃƾƫǁơ ƢǷƾǼǟ
ǹƢǨǯȋơĿƩơȂǷȋƢƥ
śƥȁstylizationƨȇDŽȈǴȇƢƬLJȏơśƥǞǸƴǧžƨǨǴƬƼŭơDzȈưǸƬdzơƤȈdzƢLJƗǺǷƾȇƾǠdzơǑǂǠdzơǞŦ
ƞǴƬŻƨƥơǂǤdzƢƥ ǶLjƫơDzǸĐơĿ ǾǼǰdzȁŅơǂƥȁȋơƔơƽȋơȁDzȈưǸƬdzơDzƻơƽDzȈưǸƬdzơȁƨȈǓơǂǠƬLJȏơȁƢȇƾȈǷȂǰdzơ
DzƬŹƢǸǯ ƨȈǻƢŭȋơȁ ƨȇDŽȈǴųȍơ śƥ ȅȂǤǴdzơ DzƻơƾƬdzơȁ śǴưǸŭơ śƥ ȆǜǨǴdzơ DzƻơƾƬdzơ džǸŮơȁƹơǂǐdzƢƥ
ŖdzơȆƷȁǂdzơƾƳȂdzơǺǷƩƢǜūǹȂǴưǸŭơƣȁƢǼƬȇȁÒÑǑǂǠdzơĿƨƸǓơȁƨƷƢLjǷʼnƢŭơȁȆǯǂūơƔơƽȋơ
Ŀ ȆǰLjǧȂƫȁǂƳȁ ȂƫǁƗ  ǾǼǟ ƢǼƯƾƷ Ƣŭ ƣǂǫƗ ơǀǿȁ ƤǟǂǷ DžȂƥƢǯ Ŀ ơȂǻƢǯ ǶĔƘǯȁ ƢȀǼǷ ǹȂƳǂź
ÒÒƢǸȀȈƷǂLjǷ
ÎÖÖÓÒÓDzƷǃƨǷȁƢǬǷȁƗDzƷǃȄǴǟƔƢǔǬdzơǑǂǟ
ƩȐȈƼƬdzơ ǺǷ ƨǟȂǸů ȄǴǟ DzƷǃ ƨǷȁƢǬǷȁƗ Contre SaturneǑǂǟ ƾǸƬǟơ ƾǬdz
ǵȐƷȋơŚưȇǾǻƗƢǸǯƤǯơȂǰdzơƘǘƥƗȁƽǂƥƗǺǷǾǻȂǯDzƷǃȄǸLjǷǺǷǀţơȁƨǘƥơǂƬŭơŚǣƩƢŷȂƬdzơȁ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƤǔǤdzơȁňƢLjǻȍơDžȂŮơǖLJȁȁƨƟǂƬȀŭơƧǁƢǔūơǶƻǃǖLJȁȁǹƢLjǻȍơǺǿƿĿƨȇȁơƽȂLjdzơȁƨƦȈƠǰdzơ
ƩƢƷȂdzĿǮdzƿǵƾǫȁƧƢȈūơǞǷǹƢLjǻȍơƨǴƷǂdzƧǂǧƢǼƬŭơǁȂǐdzơǺǷǒǠƥʼnƾǬƫǑǂǠdzơDZȁƢŹǹȂǼŪơȁ
ƵǂLjŭơǖLJȁĿǶŮǺȇȂǰƬƥǑǂǠdzơƗƾƦȇȁƽơȂLjdzƢƥśƸnjƬŭơśǓǁƢǠdzơ ǺǷƨǟȂǸůDZȐƻǺǷƨǴǐǨǼǷ
ƔƢǔǨdzơĿƢǷƔȆnjƥǶȀǬǴǠƬdzǶǟȋơƤǴǣȋơĿŚnjƫǾǼȇƢƦƬǷǝƢǓȁƗƿƢţơǞǷȆŸǁƾƬdzơƱơǂǨǻȏơĿƗƾƦȇ
ǑǁȋơȄǴǟǝơƾƫȁǂƷǕȂǬLJƢȀƦǬǠȇƨǠȇǂLJƩƢǟƢǬȇƜƥƨǼȇƢƦƬǷƨȈdzƕƨȈǯǂƷǝƢǓȁƗƿƢţơ ĿǹȁƔƾƦȇĽ
ȃǂǻĽƧƔƢǓȍơǶǴǜƫǹƗńƛƨƦƻƢǏȄǬȈLJȂǷǾƦƷƢǐƫÒÔƧƾnjƥƔơƽȋơǶǰŰǾǼǰdzȁƆƢȈƟơȂnjǟȁƾƦȇDzǰnjƥ
ŅƢŦ DzǰnjƥȅǂnjƦdzơ ƾLjŪơ ǑǂǠƫƨǨǴƬű ƆƢǟƢǓȁƗ ǹȁǀƼƬȇȁ ƽȂLJȋơ Ɣơƽǂdzơ ǺǷ ƢȀȈǧ ǹȁƽǂƴƬȇƨƷȂdz
ơȂǬǴȈdzȅƾȈǷȂǯDzǰnjƥǹȁǂƻȉơǾȈǴǟƾǧơȂƬȇȁƩȂŭơljơǂǧȄǴǟȄƴLjǷǎƼNjƢȀǘLJȂƬȇƨƷȂdzĽƪŞ
ȁƗ ǩƢǼǠdzơ ȁƗ ƧǂNjƢǠŭƢǯ ƪŞ ȅȂȈǻƽ ǂǷƘƥ ǶȀǼǷ Dzǯ DzǤnjǼȇ Ǯdzǀǯ Ƕǿ ƢǸǼȈƥȁ ǝơƽȂdzơ Ƨǂǜǻ ǾȈǴǟ
ǶȀǼǷ Dzǯ ǵƾǬȇȁ śǫƢǠǸǴdz ǺȇǃƢǰǠƥ ƵǂLjǸǴdz DZȂƻƾdzƢƥ Ǯdzƿ ƾǠƥ ǶȀǼǷ Dzǯ ƽǂǨƬȇȁ łƛǵƢǠǘdzơ
ƔơƽǂǴdzǾǼȇƢƦƬǷƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJơǞǷǾȈǧǢdzƢƦǷȆǯǂƷƔơƽƗǮdzƿƤƷƢǐȇȁǃƢǰǠdzơǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥƨǨǴƬűƨȈǐƼNj
ƆƢǓǂǟ Ǯdzƿ ƤǬǠȇȁ ƨƦƻƢǐdzơ ȄǬȈLJȂŭơ ǵƢǤǻƗ ȄǴǟ ơǀǿ Dzǯ ƾLjŪơ ƧȂǬdz ǑơǂǠƬLJơ ǞǷ ƽȂLJȋơ
ǖƥơǂƬdzơǵƾǟȁȄǓȂǨdzơǺǷƨdzƢƷdžǨǼdzơĿŚưȇƢŶƛǁȂǐdzơǮǴƫǞƥƢƬƫȁƨǘƥơǂƬŭơŚǣ ƧƽǂĐơƩƢǯǂƸǴdz
ƤǴLjdzƢƥǂƯƗƾǫDzƷǃƤǯȂǯǹƘǯȁƧƢȈūơĿǪǘǼǷDzǯǺǟȆǴƼƬdzơȁǹƢȇǀŮơǺǷŚƦǯǁƾǬƥȆƷȂȇȁ
ǹȂǼŪơȁƨLJȂǴŮơǺǷŚƦǯǁƾǬƥƢȀǗƢƷƗȁǶēƢȈƷȄǴǟ
ǹȂǴdzơ ƢȀȈǴǟ ǶȈź Ŗdzơ ƨȇǁƢǠdzơ ƨƦnjŬơ śƥ ƢǷ ǑǂǠdzơ Ŀ ƨȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơ ƩƢƷȂǴdzơ ƩƽƾǠƫ ƾǫȁ
ƽƾǠƬǷDzǰnjƥǹƢǷƾƼƬLjƫśƫȁơǂŧśƬǰȇǁƗǵơƾƼƬLJơśƥȁƔơƽȂLjdzơƢǷơǁȂǻƢƦdzơǂƟƢƬLJƢđǖȈŢȁǩǁǃȋơ
ÒÕǂŧȋơǹȂǴdzơƢȀȈǴǟǂǘȈLjȇŖdzơƔƢǸLjdzơĿDzƷǃƤǯȂǰdzǂǨǏƗƱƿȂŶƽȂƳȁǞǷǑơǂǣȋơ
ƢȀȈǧǢdzƢƦŭơƩƢǯǂūơǺǷƨǠƥƢƬƬŭơǮǴƫǀȈǨǼƫĿƾȇƾnjdzơǹƢǬƫȏơȂǿƣƢƴǟȍơŚưȇƢŲ Ǻǰdzȁ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơ ǹȁƽ ǝƢǼǬdzƢƥ ǾƦNjƗ Ȃǿ Ƣŭ ǾƳȂdzơ DzȇȂŢ ǞǷ ǝǁƢƦdzơ Ɣơƽȋơȁ ÒÖƨǼǬƬŭơ ƨȈǯǂūơ ƩȐȈǰnjƬdzơȁ
ƪǻƢǯśǴưǸŭơƨǯǂƷǞǷǖǬǧƨƦƻƢǐdzơȄǬȈLJȂŭƢǧƨȈǜǨǴdzơƩƢǷơƾƼƬLJȏơǺǷǑǂǠdzơȂǴźȁƱƢȈǰŭơ
ȆƷǂLjŭơǹƢȇǀŮơƨdzƢƷǺǟƧŐǠǷȁƨȈǧƢǯ
˻˹˺˾˿˹WhispersƩƢLjŷǑǂǟ
ƩƢŷȂƬdzơȁ ǁȂǐdzơ ǺǷ ƆƢȈƷ ƆƢǠƥƢƬƫ ǑǂǠƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǴưǸŭ ȆǷơǁƽȂǻȂǷ ƔơƽƗ ȄǴǟ ǑǂǠdzơ ƾǸƬǠȇ
ƔƢǫǁǃƨǣǁƢǧƨƷƢLjǷȄǴǟǡơǂǨdzơƾǸƬǠȇƧƾƷȂdzơǵȏƕǺǟƆơŚƦǠƫƢēƢȈƷĿƵƢƦNjȋơƽȂƳȂdzƩȐȈƼƬdzơȁ
ĿƨǴưǸŭơƾǸƬǠƫȁDzȈƼƬǴdzŐǯȋơǾǏǂǨdzơƶȈƬȇȁƧƾƷȂdzƢƥDžƢLjƷȍơǺǷƆơƾȇDŽǷȆǘǠȇƢŲƽơȂLjdzơƢȀǘȈŹ
ǞǷ ǂǧƢǼƬdzơȁ ȆǫȐƬdzơ ǺǷ ƩȏƢƷ ǪǴƻȁ ȆƷ Dzǰnjƥ ƩơǁơȂLjLjǯȋơȁ ƩơƽǂǨŭơ ǞǷ DzǷƢǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ ƢȀƟơƽƗ

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ǁȂƼǐdzơǒǠƦǯƨȇǁȂǰȇƽǂǏƢǼǟǂȀǜƫƢǷȐȈǴǫȁƆȐưǷƾȈdzơǦǯǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzƢǯžƢǿƾLjƳĿƧƽƾŰƔơDŽƳƗ
ǂưǰȇǺǰdzƔơǂǸūơƽȁǁȂdzơǞǷȆǨƬţȁƔƢǫǁǃŃȐLJƆƢǻƢȈƷƗǂȀǜƫƾǫȁǩǁǃȋơǹȂǴdzơƆƢǔȇƗƢȀȈǴǟǶȈźŖdzơ
ƨǨǴƬƼŭơDžƗǂdzơƨȈǘǣƗȁƩƢǯȁǁƢƥȁƤƬǰdzơȁƨƦȇǂǤdzơdžƥȐŭƢǯǁơȂLjLjǯȋơȁƧŚǤǐdzơƩƢǨȈƫȂŭơǵơƾƼƬLJơ
ƢȀǼǰdzƨǴǬƬLjǷƨdzƢƷƢȀǼǷDzǯDzǰnjƫŖdzơȁƨǫǂǨƬŭơƨȈdzƢƬƬŭơǁȂǐdzơǺǷƆȐǷƢǰƬǷƆƢŭƢǟƨǴưǸŭơǞǼǐƫƢȀǼǷȁ
śƥƨǴưǸǸǴdzȅƾLjŪơƔơƽȋơǦǬȇȁƩƢǫȁȋơƤǴǣƗǖǸǼŭơƔơƽȋơǺǷƨǨdzƖƬǷƨȈǻȂǷǁƢǿǞƥƢƬƬdzơơǀǿǺǷǪǴţ
ƨƥǁƾŭơƨȈǰȈǻƢǰȈŭơƩƢǯǂūơȄǴǟƩƢǫȁȋơƤǴǣƗĿȆǯǂūơƢǿƙơƽƗƾǸƬǠȇȁžƪȈǻȂȇǁƢŭơǺǧȁʼnƢŭơǺǧ
ǺǟDZDŽǠŠǭǂƸƬȇǶȀǼǷDzǰǧƾLjŪơǥơǂǗƗśƥǝơǂǏǪǴƻĿœǐǠdzơȆǴǔǠdzơ ǪǧơȂƬdzơȄǴǟȁƆơƾȈƳ
ƆƢǼƟƢǯƢǿƾȇǺǷǪǴţŖdzơƨǘǬǴdzơĿƶǓơȁDzǰnjƥơǀǿƶǔƬȇȁǶȀǼȈƥƢǸȈǧƆƢǟơǂǏȁƗƆơǁơȂƷǪǴƼȈdzǂƻȉơ
ƨǴưǸŭơ DzǸǟ ǦȈưǰƫ Ŀ ƆơǃǁƢƥ ƆơǂǐǼǟ ȄǬȈLJȂŭơ ƪǻƢǯȁ ÓÎƧǂǷ DZȁȋ ƢǿƾLjƳ ǦnjǰƬLjȇ ƢȀǼǟ ƆƢƦȇǂǣ
ǺǷ ƨdzƢƷ ƩǂǘȈLJ ƾǫȁ ÓÏƔǖƦdzơȁ ƨǟǂLjdzơ śƥ ƢǷ ƨǟȂǼƬŭơ ƩƢǟƢǬȇȍơ ǺǷ ƆƢŸDŽǷ ƆƢǠǷ ƢǬǴƼǧ Ȇǯǂūơ
ǺǷƪǴǟƗȁDZȂȀĐơǺǷǥȂŬơƧǂǰǧƩǃDŽǟŖdzơȁǑǂǠǴdzƨƦƷƢǐŭơȄǬȈLJȂŭơȄǴǟƤǟǂdzơȁǑȂǸǤdzơ
ǺǷǑǂǠdzơƌDzźŃȁÓÐDZƢƷƨȇƗȄǴǟǶǿƢnjŵƢǼǼǰdzȁȏŸƵƢƦNjȋơƽȂƳȁĿƾǬƬǠǻDzǿDZƙƢLjƬdzơƩȂǏ
ǁȂȀǛǹȁƽƧƽǂǨǼǷƨǐǫǁǵƾǬȈdzǒȈƥȋơǹƢƬLjǨdzơƨǴưǸŭơƢȀȈǧDzǸŢŖdzơƨǘǬǴdzơĿƽȂLJȋơƵǂLjŭơƾǿƢnjǷ
ƆƢȈǐƼNjƢŮ
ƨǬƟƢǧ ƨȇƢǼǠƥ ȄǬƬǼŭơ Ȇǯǂūơ Ɣơƽȋơ ƮȈƷ žƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ǵȂȀǨŭ ƆơƾȈLjš ǪŞ ǑǂǠdzơ ƾǠȇȁ
ƢǷƣǂǫƗƩȏƢƷǪǴƻȄǴǟǁƽƢǬdzơŅƢǠǨǻȏơ ƔơƽȋơȁƶǓơȁȁDŽǯǂǷœǐǟȆǯǂƷƤȇǁƾƫȄǴǟǶƟƢǬdzơȁ
ȂǿƢŲǂưǯƗǂȀǜƫȏŕƷƾȇƾNjǍǂŞƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƧƔƢǓȍơǾƬǬǸǟƾǫȁƨǴưǸŭơǾƳȁȄǴǟƨǠǼǫȌdzǹȂǰƫ
ƧƽǂĐơ ƨȈƫȂǐdzơȁ ƨȈƟǂŭơ ƨǤǴdzƢƥ ƢȀǼǟ ƨǓƢǠƬLJȏơȁ ƨǫȂǘǼŭơ ƨǤǴdzơ Ǻǟ ǹƢǰǷȍơ ǁƾǫ ƽƢǠƬƥȏơ ǞǷ ƣȂǴǘǷ
ѝƨȈǷơǁƾdzơƨǜƸǴdzȆǬǘǼŭơǞƥƢƬƬdzơǺǷǑǂǠdzơȐƻƾǬǧǞƦǘdzƢƥȁƨȈdzȁȋơƩơȂǏȋơȁȄǬȈLJȂŭơĿƨǴưǸƬǷ
ǺǷǪǸǠƫ ƨǬƷȐƬǷƩȏƢƷŚƴǨƫȁƾȈdzȂƬdzǑǂǠdzơȄǠLJƢŶƛȁƢȀǼȈǠƥƭơƾƷȋƽǂLJȁƗǞƥƢƬƫȅƗƾƳȂȇ
ƨǫȂǴƼŭơǮǴƫƢǿƢȈŢŖdzơȄǓȂǨdzơȁƨdzDŽǠdzơƨdzƢƷ
˻˹˺̀˿˽AlbanǑǂǟ
ǩȂǴƼǸǯǾǻƢȈǯśƥƆƢȇƾƥƗƆƢǟơǂǏǑǂǠƬLjȇƾƷơȁǑǁƢǠdzƨǐǫơǁƢǷơǁƽȂǻȂǷȄǴǟǑǂǠdzơƾǸƬǠȇ
DžȂŮƢƥǶLjƬƫŖdzơȄǬȈLJȂŭơȁƨȈƫȂǐdzơƩơǂƯƚŭơǺǷDzƟƢǿǶǔƻǖLJȁǾƫơƿƪǫȂdzơĿƧƢȈƸǴdzŚLJƗȁǂƷ
ǺǷǖȈŰĿƣȁǀȇȁƆƢȈŸǁƾƫDzƻơƾdzơǺǷǶnjȀƬȇǵȂǸƄơǽƾLjƳǹƘǯȁƨȈƫȂǐdzơƩơǂƯƚŭơƱǂţȁǵȂƬǰŭơ
ƾLjŪơƩƢȈdzƢŦǃơǂƥƛȄǴǟƾǸƬǠƫŖdzơȁƢȀȈǧǢdzƢƦŭơǾƫȐǔǟƨǯǂƷǞǷƩơǂƯƚŭơǪǧơȂƬƫƮȈƷƨǬǧƾƬǷǽƢȈǷ
ƢǸǯǖǬǧňƢƦLJȋơǃơǂǘǴdzǹȂǰƫƢǷƣǂǫƗƧǁȂǼƫǑǁƢǠdzơ ȅƾƫǂȇƆƢǠǷǽƔƢǼǧȁǾƫȂǫǂȀǜĄƬǧ ÓÒȅǂnjƦdzơ
ĿDzưǸŭơƨǯǂƷǁȁƾƫÓÓǹƿƛŃƢǠŭơƽƾŰŚǣǩȂǴűȂȀǧȄưǻȋơȁDzƳǂdzơśƥǾƬǯǂƷƣȂǴLJƗĿǞǸŸ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ƨȇƗǺǷ ȆƷǂLjŭơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ ȂǴź ƢȀLjȈƦƷ ǾǻƘǯȁ ƵǂLjŭơ ǖLJȂƬƫ ƧƾƷơȁ ƨǠǬƥǁƢǗƛĿ ȆƷǂLjŭơ ƔƢǔǨdzơ
ƢĔƘǯȁ ǑǂǠdzơ ƨȇƢĔ Ŀ ƧƘƴǧ ƧƔƢǓȍơ ǪȇǂǗ Ǻǟ Ǒǁȋơ ǪǬnjƬƬdz ǑǂǠdzơ DZơȂǗ ƨȈǧơǂǣȂǼȈLJ ƩơǂƯƚǷ
ĿǹƢLjǻȎdzȅƾƥȋơǝơǂǐdzơǺǟƧŐǠŭơƱƿƢǸǼdzơǺǷǑǂǠdzơŐƬǠȇơǀđȁǵȐǜdzơǶȈźĽǾǠǴƬƦƬdzǪnjǼƬLJ
ƨȇǂūơǺǟƮƸƦǴdzǾƬǴƷǁ
ÏÍÎÒ ǵƽƕǵȏƕǑǂǟ
ǀǼǷǹƢLjǻȎdzƨǠƥƢƬƬǷǁȂǏǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁ Adam's Passion ÓÔǵƽƕǵȏƕ Ǒǂǟ
ƆơǁȂǏƩƾLjƳƮȈƷžǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǟǃǂƥƗǺǷƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơŐƬǠƫȁǑǁȋơńƛǾdzȁDŽǻĽƨǼŪơĿǽƽȂƳȁ
ǹơȂdzƗĿƔơȂLJǵƢǟDzǰnjƥƔƢǫǁDŽdzơȁƨȇƽƢǷǂdzơǹơȂdzȋơȄǴǟƢǿƽƢǸƬǟƢƥǑǁȋơǾdzȁDŽǻDzƦǫǵƽƕŃƢǠdzƧDŽȈǸƬǷ
ÓÕśǴưǸŭơDzƳǁƘƥƆƢǘȈŰǒȈƥȋơƣƢƸLjǴdzǂǸƬLjŭơƽȂƳȂdzơǞǷśǴưǸŭơǵƢLjƳƗȁƗƨȈǨǴŬơ
ǀǼǸǧƔơȂƷȁǵƽƕśƥȆƷȁǂdzơȁȅƾLjŪơǹƢȇǀŮơȂǿǑǂǠdzơơǀǿĿƨȇǂǐƦdzơƾǿƢnjŭơǶǿƗǺǷȁ
ƾȇƾŪơ ȆǟȂdzơ ǂLJ ƢǸȀƸǼǸȈLJ ơǀǿ ǹȋ ǁơǂǏƛȁ Ȇǟȁ Dzǰƥ ƨƠȈǘŬơ ƨLJǁƢŲ ȄǴǟ śǷǃƢǟ Ƣŷơǂǻ ƔƾƦdzơ
žȅƾȇȋơƨǏƢƻȁƾLjŪơƔơDŽƳƗƨȈǰȈǷƢǼȇƽDZȐƻǺǷơǀǿ ǶƬȇȁ ƢǸȀȇƾLjƳǁơǂLJƗƨǧǂǠǷǾȈǧƢŠǹȂǰdzƢƥ
ǽƽȂƳȂdzƨǴȈƸƬLjŭơǁơǂLJȋơǥƢnjƬǯơĿǵƽƕƨƦǣǁƾȈǯƘƬdzƆƢȈƳȂdzȂȈũȁƆƢȇDŽǷǁȁƆƢȇǂǐƥƆȐȇȁƘƫǪǴţŖdzơȆȀǧ
ǵƽƕƨǯǂƷǹƗǺǷǶǣǂdzƢƥƔơȂƷǂƻȉơǺƟƢǰdzơǁơǂLJƗȁǾƷȁǁȁǽƾLjƳĿƨǔǷƢǤdzơȁƨǴǟƢǨdzơȃȂǬdzơȁ
ǹƢȈǐǠdzơ ńƛ ȅƽƚȇ ȅǀdzơ ƽǂǸƬdzơ ǶƴƷ ǶǴǠȇ Ǿǻȋ ǾǧȂƻȁ ǾǬǴǬƥ ȆƷȂƫ Ǿȇƾȇ ǞƥƢǏƗ ƨǏƢƻȁ ƨǰƦƫǂŭơ
ƨǯǂƷDZȐƻǺǷǺǰdzƨǧǂǠŭơƨƠȈǘŬơƧǂťƢǸȀƸǼǸƬLJŖdzơƧȂȀnjdzƢƥƨǴǠƬnjŭơǾƬƦǣǂƥÅƢǔȇƗȆƷȂƫǺǰdzȁ
ŖdzơȁƾȇƾƳȅǂnjƥǪǧȋƨǨNjƢǰdzơƨǧǂǠŭơǭȐƬǷȏƨƠȈǘŬơƣƢǰƫǁơȄǴǟǹƢǬǨƬǷśǼƯȏơǹƘƥǥǂǠǻƨȈƟƢŹƛ
ƤȈƥƾdzơǮdzƿǺǷȁƢȀǼǷǎǴƼƬdzơȁƢȀƬƠȈǘƻǺǟŚǨǰƬdzơƔơȂƷDZȁƢŢȁ .ƾLjŪơƧȂȀNjǁơǂLJƗǝƢƦNjƜƥƗƾƦƫ
69ƨǻȂǠǴŭơƧǂǸưdzơǽǀđǾǴǠǨƬLJȅǀdzơƢǷǥǂǠƫȏƢĔȋƨƥȂǟǂǷǪǴǬƬǧƨǻȂǠǴǷȃǂǯǀǯƢȀȇƾȇNJȀǼȇȅǀdzơ
ĿƮƸƦȇǹƢǯǾǻȋƨȇǂǐƥƨǤdzĿƧƽǂǨǸǯƾLjŪơDžơȂƷdžŷǵƾƼƬLJơǑǂǠdzơǹƗ ǚƷȐǻȁ
ǂǟƢnjŭơ Ǻǟ ǾǻơȂǨǼǟȁ ǾLjŷ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ŚƦǠƬǴdz ȅǂǐƦdzơ ƾLjŪơ ȄǬȈLJȂǷ ńƛ DZȂǏȂǴdz ȆƟơǁȁƢŭơ ƾǠƦdzơ
ƾLjŪơDŽƟơǂǣȁŚǰǨƬdzơȁƗƵǂǨdzơȁƾLjūơȁǹDŽūơȁǪǴǬdzơȁƤǔǤdzơȁƧŚūƢǯDzưǸǸǴdzƨȈƟǂǷȐdzơƨȈǴƻơƾdzơ
ȃǂƻȋơƨǔǫƢǼƬŭơǂǟƢnjŭơȁ
˻˹˺̀A Taste of Poison70ǶLjdzơǶǠǗǑǂǟ
ƨLjŨ ǹȁƾLjŸ śǴưǸŭơ ǺǷ ƨLjǸŬ ȆǟƢǸŪơ Ɣơƽȋơ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ȂȀǧ ǶLjdzơ ǶǠǗ Ǒǂǟ ƢǷƗ
ǾƫȏƢƷǦǴƬűĿǂǏƢǠŭơǹƢLjǻȍơǭȂǴLJǺǷƨǨǴƬűǕƢŶƗƨLJơǁƾdzǁƢƦƬƻȏơƪŢǶŮȂǬǟơȂǠǓȁƔƢǸǴǟ
Ǟǔƫ Ŗdzơ ƨƠȈLjdzơƆƢƦdzƢǣóƨȈǯȂǴLjdzơǕƢŶȋơƾƷƗƨƷȂdzDzǯĿǹȁŐƬźƩƢƷȂdzǞLjƫĿǑǂǠdzơǁȁƾȇȁ

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƨǼȇDŽūơȁƨƠȈLjdzơǂǟƢnjŭơƧǂǘȈLjƥǁƢƦƬƻơDzǯȆȀƬǼȇƢǷƆƢƦdzƢǣȁÔÎƾȇƾNjȆLjǨǻȁœǐǟǖǤǓƪŢǹƢLjǻȍơ
ǹƢǷƽȍơƨǘǴLjdzơƣƢǠdzƗƢĔȁŐƬźŖdzơǕƢŶȋơǺǷȁƲȇǁƾƬdzƢƥǶLjdzơǹȂǟǂƴƬȇǶĔƘǯȁǞȈǸŪơȄǴǟ
ƩƢǯǂūơȁȄǬȈLJȂŭƢƥƨǸǠǨŭơƨǠƥƢƬƬŭơƩƢƷȂǴdzƢƥǑǂǠdzơƞǴƬŻȁłơȅDŽƼŭơƤLjǰŭơȆǫȐƻȋơDzǴƸƬdzơ
ǵơƾƼƬLJơȁƨǯǂūơȁƔƢȇǃȋơǃơǂǗơǀǿDzǸnjȇȁƩƢȈǼȈǠƦLjdzơȄǬȈLJȂǷƔơȂƳƗƢȀȈǴǟǂǘȈLjƫŖdzơȁ ƨǐǫơǂdzơ
ƧǂƻƢLJƧƔơǂǫŖǻȂƥǮȇǂƫƢƥȁdžǯȂLJȂǷDZȂǰȈǻǦǻƘƬLjƫƨǠLjƬdzơƩƢƷȂǴdzơƾǠƥȁÔÏƆƢǔȇƗǂǠnjdzơƩƢǯȁǁƢƥ
ȁƗDzǰnjƥǑǂǠǴdzƆơŚLjǨƫƧƔơǂǬdzơǽǀǿǹȂǰƫƾǫȁƨǯǂūơȁƽǂLjdzơȁƔƢǼǤdzơǵơƾƼƬLJƢƥǂǏƢǠŭơŃƢǠdzơŚLjǨƬdz
ƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǟĿƆơŚưǯǵƾƼƬLjƫȏƨǬȇǂǘdzơǽǀǿȁǂǷȋơƨǏȐşǞLjƬdzơƩƢƷȂǴdzơǮǴƬdzƆƢŸȂƬƫȁƗǂƻƖƥ
ǑǂǠǴdzȆǬǴƬŭơDzȇȁƘƬdzƨǸƴŰǂƻƖƥȁƗDzǰnjƥƩƔƢƳƢȀǼǰdzȁƧǁȂǐdzơ
ǞƥơǂdzơƮƸƦŭơ

ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿDzȈưǸƬdzơƩƢȈdzƕ

DZȐƻǺǷDzưǸŭơDzǸǟƢǼǠƦƬƫȁƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿDzưǸŭƢƥƨǘȈƄơǑǂǠdzơǂǏƢǼǠdzƢǼǓǂǟǹƗƾǠƥ
ŖdzơȁǾƫƢȈdzƕȁDzưǸŭơDzǸǟǂǿȂŪƮƸƦŭơơǀǿĿDzǐǻǹƗDZȁƢŴƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƱƿƢŶǺǷǒǠƦdzDzȈǴŢ
ȆǴȇƢǸǯƨǘƦǼƬLjǷǕƢǬǻƨǟȂǸůĿƢȀǴǸųǹƗƢǼdzǺǰŻ

ƨdzDŽƬűȁƨǗȁǂnjǷDzưǸŭơƨǯǂƷ 
ƨȇƾLjƳƨǻȁǂǷƱƢƬŹƢǷǁƾǫȄǴǟƨȈǴȈưŤƨǟơǂƥƤǴǘƬȇȏƢǼǿDzȈưǸƬdzƢǧǹǂǷDzưǸŭơƾLjƳ 
ȅƾLjŪơ Ɣơƽȋơ Śưȇ ƮȈƷ žƨȈǴǟƢǨƥ ƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ DzưǸŭơ ƩƢȈǼǬƫ ǶǿƗ ǺǷ Ȇǯǂūơ ǃƢȀŪơ ƾǠȇ 
ƢēƢǟƢǬȇƛĿƨƫȁƢǨƬŭơƨȈǯǂūơǝƢǓȁȋơǒǠƦdzȆưƦǠdzơǁơǂǰƬdzơȄǴǟƆơƾǸƬǠǷƧǁƢƯȍơǺǷƆȐƟƢǿƆơǁƾǫǾƬƥơǂǤƥ
ǺǟȆǯǂūơǽǃƢȀƳĿƮƸƦȇ ƾǠȇŃƢǼǿDzưǸŭƢǧÔÐǞǫơȂdzơƨȈưƦǟǺǟǩƽƢǏ DzǰnjƥŐǠƫƾǫŖdzơȁ
Ǻǟ ƮƸƦȇ ƾǠȇ Ńȁ ƨǷƾǬŭơ ƨȈƷǂLjŭơ ƨȈǐƼnjǴdz Ȇǯǂūơ ƤȈǯǂƬdzơ ǶƟȐƫ ƨȈǬǘǼǷ ƨȈǯǂƷ ƨǷȂǜǼǷ
ǹƗDzưǸŭơƨǯǂƷƩƽƢƬǟơŖdzơƩȏȏƾdzơǺǷłƛƨȈLjǨǻȁƗƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơƩơǂǨNjDzLJǂƫƨȈǯǂƷƩȏƽƢǠǷ
ƩơƿƢēơǀƥƨǴǬƬLjǷƨǤdzDzưǸŭơƨǯǂƷƪƸƦǏƗƾǬdzƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơȅȂǬƫȁƾǔǠƫDzƟƢLJǂǯƢȀǴǸŢ
ȁƗDzǷƢǰƬƫƾǫƨǷƢǟƨȈǻƢLjǻƛƨȇǁȂǠNjƩȏƢƷǺǟŐǠƫŖdzơȁƢđƨǏƢŬơƢȀǴƟƢLJǁDzLJǂƫƲƳƘƬǷǹƢȈǯ
ǺǷƨǠƥƢƬƬǷǁȂǏǪǴŬƨǨǛȂǷƨǯǂūơƪƸƦǏƗƢŶƛȁƨǴǷƢǰƬǷƧǁȂǏǶLJǁȂǿǥƾŮơƾǠȇǶǴǧǂǧƢǼƬƫ
DžȂƥƢǰdzơȁƗǶǴūơƩƢŻȂēƩȏƢƷǺǷƨdzƢƷĿȆǬǴƬŭơDzƻƾƫƨȇǁȂǠNjƩȏƢƷƾȈdzȂƫƢĔƘNj
DzưǸŭơǺǿƿĿƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơȁǁȂǐdzơǪǴƻĿƆƢȈLjȈƟǁƆơǁȁƽDZƢȈŬơƤǠǴȇ 

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ǑǂǠdzơ ƩƢǣƢȈǐdz DzưǸŭơ ƩƢƥƢƴƬLJơ ƾȈdzȂƫ Ŀ ƆƢȈLJƢLJƗ Ɔơǁȁƽ ƨȈLjūơȁƨȈdzƢǠǨǻȏơ Ƨǂǯơǀdzơ ƤǠǴƫ 
ƨǜƸǴdzơǞǷƾƷȂƬdzơƩƢƳǁƽȄǐǫȋDzǐƫƾǫƨNjƢȈƳȁƨǬǧƾƬǷƨȇǁȂǠNjƩȏƢƷǪǴƻȁƨǨǴƬƼŭơ
ƩơǁƢNjȎdz ǪȈǫƽ ǞƥƢƬƬƥȁ ƾLjŪơ DZȐƻ ǺǷ ƨƴƳƘƬŭơ ƨȈǻơƾƳȂdzơ ƩȏƢūơ Ǻǟ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ǶƬȇ 
ȆǟơƾƬdzơǩƢȈLJĿǂLjǨƫƢȀǼǰdzȁļƢȈūơȆǬǘǼŭơŚLjǨƬǴdzDzƦǬƫȐǧǶǴūơƩƢũDzǸŢŖdzơƩȏȏƾdzơȁ
DzưǸŭơǺǷƤǴǘƬƫDzȈưǸƬdzơĿƧȂǘƻDzǯǹƗƾǬƬǟƗDZȂǬȇśƷǺǰƦȈnjƫǽƾǯƚȇƢǷȂǿȁƧǂǰǨǴdzǂūơ
ŚǰǨƬdzơśƥƨŭƢūơƨǬǘǼŭơĿǺǸǰƫƨȈǟơƾƥȍơDZƢǸǟȋơǶǜǟƗǺǰdzǾǴǠǨȇƢǷƨǬȈǬŞȆǟȂdzơŅƛǝȂƳǂdzơ
ÔÑǾǻơƾƳȁĿƢȀLjǨǻǭǂŢƧǁȂǐdzơǭǂƬȇȁƶȇǂƬLjȇǹƗDzưǸŭơǺǷƤǴǘƬƫŖdzơȁDZƢȈŬơȁ
ƢȀǼǰdzȁŚƦǠƬdzơĿƨǸǴǰdzơȄǴǟDzưǸŭơƾǸƬǠȇȐǧȆLJƢLJƗŚǣƨǫȂǘǼŭơƨǸǴǰdzơǁȁƽǹƢǯƢǼǿǺǷ 
ǹƢȈƷȋơǒǠƥĿƧƾǟƢLjǷƨǴȈLJȁǹȂǰƫƾǫ
ǁȂǐdzơȁƩƢȈǟơƾƬdzơǪǴƻĿȆLJƢLJȋơDŽǨƄơǹȂǰƫƾǫƢĔƛƮȈƷžǂƻƕƆơǁȁƽƨǸǴǰdzơƤǠǴƫǺǰdzȁ 
ǑǂǟȅƗƔƢǼƥĿȆLJƢLJƗǂǐǼǟĺƽȋơǪLjǼdzơȁƗƧǂǰǨdzơǹȋƆƢǠǷƱǂƼŭơȁDzưǸŭơDzƦǫǺǷƨǴȈƼƬŭơ
ƩơǁǀNjȁƗȆŭƢǟǎǻǺǷǞǘƬǬǷȆƷǂLjǷǁơȂƷǺǷƆơƔDŽƳƢǷƛƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơƩƢǸǴǰdzơǹȂǰƫƢǷƢƦdzƢǣȁ
ƨǴȈƼƬǷƩƢȈǟơƾƫȁǁȂǏDŽȈǨŢȁƾȈdzȂƫƢĔƘNjǺǷǙƢǨdzȋƧǂƯƢǼƬǷ
ƩƢǫƢǘdzơǹƜǧdžǰǠdzơȄǴǟDzƥDzưǸǸǴdzƨȈƫȂǐdzơƨǫƢǘdzơƨȈŷƗǹƘNjǺǷDzȈǴǬƬdzơǮdzƿřǠȇ ȏ 
ȂƸǼȈǧ ƨǛȂǨǴŭơ ƩƢǸǴǰdzơ ǺǷ ŚƦǠƬdzơ ȄǴǟ Ƨǁƾǫȁ ƧƗǂƳ ǂưǯƗ ȃǂƻƗ DZƢǰNjƘƥ ǹȉơ ǵƾƼƬLjƫ ƨȈƫȂǐdzơ
ƩƢǫƢǘdzơǮǴƫƩȂǐdzơǺǷƧƽǂĐơDžƢǨǻȋơŕƷȁƩƢǸȀǸŮơȁƩƢǿȁƘƬdzơȁƩƢƻǂǐdzơȂŴļȂǐdzơŚƦǠƬdzơ
ƨǷƢǠdzơƨȈǻƢLjǻȍơǂǟƢnjŭơǺǷƨƴƳƘƬǷƩȏƢƷǪǴŬǮdzƿȁȆǰLjǧȂƫȁǂƳȁȂƫǁƗƢȀǼǟƢǼƯƾƷŖdzơƧƽǂĐơ
Ʃơƿ ƨȈǠǫơȁ ƨȈƫƢȈƷ ƩȏƢƷ ȁƗ ƨȈƟDŽƳ ǦǫơȂǷȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ȏ ȂȀǧ ǾǼȈǠƥ ȆƟDŽƳ ǝȂǓȂŠ ƨǴǐƬŭơ Śǣ
ƽơƾǟȍơǞǷDzưǸŭơƢđǕȂǼŭơǵƢȀŭơǶǿƗśƥǺǷDzưǸǸǴdzļȂǐdzơƽơƾǟȍơǹƢǯƢǼǿǺǷ ǾƦƫǂǷƭơƾƷƗ
ȅƾLjŪơ
ƾǸƬǠŭơƢȀƟƢǼƥƨȈǏȂǐƻȁƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨȈǐƼnjdzơŃƢǟƨȈǏȂǐƻǺǟƆơŚưǯȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJƢǼƯƾƷ 
ƔƢǼƥĿƾȈǨȇǹƗǺǰŻƢǷƨǏƢŬơǾƫơDŽǨŰǺǷǶȀǴƬLjȇDzưǸŭơǹƗǦȈǯȁDžƢLJȋơĿȆƷǂLjŭơǎǼdzơȄǴǟ
DzưŲDzǯǾƥƽǂǨƬȇȅǀdzơƢȀƟƢǼƥƨȈǏȂǐƻƢŮƨǬdzƘƬǷƨȈƷƨȈǐƼNjƔƢǼƥǮdzǀƥǞȈǘƬLjȈdzƨȈǐƼnjdzơǮǴƫ
psycho-ȅƾLjŪơȆLjǨǼdzơƾƷȂƬdzơǽƢũƗƢǷƆƢǬǬ۝ǾƥǍƢƻǹƢȈǯǪǴƻĿǾƫơǁƾǬdzƆƢǬǧȁȃƾƷȄǴǟ
ȏDzưǸŭơǹơȅƗƆƢǷƢǟŚƦǠƬdzơƶƦǏƘǧƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǹȉơƢǷƗÔÒphysical involvement
ƧƽƾŰƨƸǓơȁƽƢǠƥƗƩơƿƨȈǐƼNjƢǼdzǵƾǬȇƾǠȇѝDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơȁƔƢǼƦdzơƨǴǷƢǰƬǷƨȈƷǂLjǷƩƢȈǐƼNjǵƾǬȇ

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƨȇǂnjƦdzơƩơǀdzơŃƢǟĿƆơǁǀšȁƆƢǬǸǟǂưǯƗƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơƪƸƦǏƗƢŶƛȁƽƾŰȆǷơǁƽǩƢȈLJȆǴǟƧƾǸƬǠǷ
ǵƢǟDzǰnjƥ
ĿƢǸǯƨǫƾƥŃƢǠŭơƧƽƾŰȁƨȈǠǫơȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳơȁƨȈLjǨǻơƽƢǠƥơƢǼǿƨȈƷǂLjŭơƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơǮǴŤ ȏ 
ÔÓȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơƵǂLjŭơ
ƧƽƾǠƬǷƢĔƗƾųƮȈƷžǶǟȋơƤǴǣȋơĿƵǂLjŭơȄǴǟƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơśƥǂNjƢƦǷDZƢǐƫơƾƳȂȇȏ 
ļơǀdzơ DZƢǐƫȏơ śƥ ƢǷ ȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJ ƢȀǼǟ ƢǼƯƾƷ Ŗdzơ DZƢǐƫȏơ ƩȏƢƷ ƪǨƬƻơ ƮȈƷ ƩơȂǏȋơ
ÔÔƱǂǨƬŭơȁDzưǸŭơśƥDZƢǐƫȏơȁƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơśƥňơƾƳȂdzơDZƢǐƫȏơȁ
ǖŬ ƽȂƳȁ Ȑǧ DzǠǨdzơ ƨdzȂǴnjǷ ƢĔƘǯȁ ƩƢȈǐƼnjdzơ ȁƾƦƫȁ ȆǬǘǼǷ Dzǰnjƥ DzǠǨdzơ ȂǸǼȇ ȏ 
ȃȂƬLjŭ DZȂǏȂǴdz Ƨǁȁǂǔǯ DzưǸŭơ ƔơƽƗ Ŀ ȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJ ǽƽƾƷ ȅǀdzơ DzǐƬŭơ ƨȈƳȂdzȂȈLjǨdzơ DZƢǠǧȋơ
ƾȈƳȆƟơƽƗ
ƔơDŽƳƗǺǷƔDŽƳDzǰdzƨȈƳȂdzȂȈǸȈLjdzơƩȐȇȁƘƬdzơǪǴƻȄǴǟȆLJƢLJƗDzǰnjƥǾƟơƽƗĿDzưǸŭơ ƾǸƬǠȇ 
ƨȈƟơƽȋơƨȈǴǸǠdzơDzǸnjȇȏǾǴǯǶLjŪƢƥǵƢǠdzơŚƦǠƬdzƢǧDzǬƬLjǷDzǰnjƥǽƾLjƳ
ǵȂǬȈǧžȆǬǴƬŭơśƥȁǶȀǼȈƥȁǒǠƦdzơǶȀǔǠƥśǴưǸŭơśƥȆǸȈǸūơDZƢǐƫȏơDŽǯǂǷȂǿ DžƢLjƷȍơ 
DZȂǏȂǴdz ǂǧƢǔƬƫ ƨȈƟǂǷ ƨȇǁȂǠNj ƩȏƢƷ ƾȈdzȂƬdz ȆLJƢLJƗ Dzǰnjƥ ǹơƾƳȂdzơȁ DžƢLjƷȍơ ȄǴǟ DzȈưǸƬdzơ
ƵǂLjǷĿȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơƧƾǿƢnjŭƨȈǸȈŧ DZƢǐƫơƨǘǬǻǭƢǼǿǹȂǰƫ ƮȈޝƨȇǂnjƦdzơƩơǀdzơǩƢǸǟȋ
ÔÕDžƢLjƷȍơȂǿDZƢǐƫȏơơǀǿǞǫȂǷȁƧǁȂǐdzơ
ȄǴǟ ƆơƾǸƬǠǷ ǂǷȋơ ƾǠȇ ǶǴǧ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ Ǒȁǂǟ Ŀ Ƨǁơƾǐdzơ DzƬŢ ƨǷƢǠdzơ DzưǸŭơ ƨǧƢǬƯ 
DzƻơƽƭƾƸƬLjŭơȆǜnjƬdzơȄǴǟǹȉơƾǸƬǠȇǂǷȋơǺǰdzǾƸǓơȁƽƢǠƥƗƩơƿƨȈƷǂLjǷƨȈǐƼNjǎȈƼnjƫ
ǹȁƽDzǟƢǨƬdzơơǀǿĿDzǏơȂƬdzơDzưǸǸǴdzǺǰŻǦȈǰǧǁȂǐdzơȁǁƢǰǧȌdzǂūơȆǟơƾƬdzơƨƴȈƬǻśǴưǸŭơƩơȁƿ
ƨǼȇƢƦƬŭơȃƙǂdzơȁǂǜǼdzơƩƢȀƳȁȁǦǫơȂŭơȁǁȂǐdzơȁǁƢǰǧȋơȁƭơƾƷȋƢƥƨȈǼǣƨȈǧƢǬƯƨȈǨǴƻ
ƆƢƠȈNjǾǴǠƳȅƗǽƚȈnjƫĻƢŶƛȁƆƢǻƢLjǻƛƾǠȇǶǴǧžƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǹȉơǾƬǻȂǼȈǯDzưǸŭơ ƾǬǧ 
ǝƢǬȇȍơȁ ƧƢȈūơ ȆǨǔȇ ȅǀdzơ ȆLjȈƟǂdzơ ǂǐǼǠdzơ Ȃǿ ƾǠȇ ǶǴǧ ƨǸǴǰdzơ ŘǠŠ ǑǂǠdzơ ǂǏƢǼǟ ƾƷƗǾǴǠƳȁ
ƨdzƢūơ Ľ ǺǷȁ ƧǁȂǐǴdz ǾǻȂǰŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ƾƷƗ ǁƢǏ ƢŶƛȁ ǹƢLjǻƜǯ ǾƬǻȂǼȈǯ ǺǷ ǞƥƢǼdzơ ǪǧƾƬŭơ ȆǬȈǬūơ
śƥǖǴźƢǷƾǼǟǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁǾǬǬŹȅǀdzơǒǫƢǼƬdzơǮdzƿĿƆƢȈǴƳơǀǿǂȀǜȇȁƵǂLjŭơȄǴǟƨȈǜnjƬŭơ
ǹƛǹȂdzȂǬȇśƳǂǨƬŭơǹƛƽƾǐdzơơǀǿĿDZȂǬȇȁƨȈūơƩƢǻơȂȈūơŕƷȁƗȄǷƾdzơȁ ƨȇǂnjƦdzơƽƢLjƳȋơ
ƨǬȇǂǘƥ ǶƬȇ ƶƦǏƗ ŖƷ Ɣơƽȋơ ȆǴǟ ƣǁƾƬǻ ǺƸǼǧ Ǯdzƿ ƾǬƬǟƗ ȏ řǻƗ ȏƛ DzȈưŤ Ƣđ džȈdz ļƢȈƷǂLjǷ
ÔÖƨȈdzƕ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ȆǜnjƬdzơȁ ǁƢǰǧȌdz ǂūơ ȆǟơƾƬdzơ ǪǘǼǷ ƢŶƛȁ ǵȂȈdzơ ƆƢƥȂǴǘǷ ƾǠȇ Ń ƨȇǂnjƦdzơ ƧƢȈūơ ǪǘǼǷ ǹƛ 
ǪǘǼŭơǺǷȂǴźȅǀdzơŅȉơƔơƽȋơńƛǪǧƾƬŭơȆūơƔơƽȋơǺǷDzưǸŭƢƥƱǂƻƢŲŚǰǨƬdzơĿƨȈǬǘǼǷȐdzơȁ
ƨǯǂūơȁ ƧǁȂǐdzơ DZƢŦ ȄǴǟ ƧƾǸƬǠŭơ ǹȂǼǨdzơ ǺǷ łƛƪƸǼdzơȁ ǎǫǂdzơ ǹȂǼǧ ƩƢȈdzƢŦ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇȁ
ȆǬǴƬŭơȆǟȁĿȏƛDzǸƬǰƫȏǁƢǰǧƗƾȈdzȂƬdzśǠǷDzǰnjƥƢȀǠƥƢƬƫȁ
Ŀȁ ǽƽȂƳȁ ǺǷ ƗDŽƴƬȇ ȏ ƆơƔDŽƳȁ DzưǸŭơ DzǸǠƥ ƨǬǐƬǴŭơ ǂǏƢǼǠdzơ ǺǷ ƱƢȈǰŭơȁ džƥȐŭơ ƾǠƫ 
ǢdzƢƦǷDzǰnjƥǵƾƼƬLjƫƢǷƜǧžƵǂLjŭơĿȅƾȈǴǬƬdzơǵơƾƼƬLJȐdzƆȐƯƢŲƢȀǷơƾƼƬLJơƾǠȇŃƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷ
ƆƢȈƟƢĔǵƾƼƬLjƫȏƢǷƛȁǾȈǧ
ƮƸƦdzơƲƟƢƬǻ
ƧȂLjǬdzơƵǂLjǷǺǟǾƬȇǂǜǻĿȂƫǁƗǽƽơǁƗƢŭǂǏƢǠŭơȆūơƾȈLjƴƬdzơȂǿǪŞƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƾǠȇ 
ƢǸȀȈƷǂLjǷĿȆǰLjǨƫȁǂƳȁƾdzȂǿŚǷǺǷDzǯǾǬȈǬƸƬdzȄǠLJƢǷȁ
ƨǷȂǜǼǷ Ŀ ƆȏƢLjǴLJ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ Ǒȁǂǟ Ŀ ƨȈdzƢƬƬŭơ ƩƢǘǬǴdzơȁ ƩƢƷȂǴdzơȁ ǁȂǐdzơ ƾǠƫ ȏ 
ƢȀǼǰdzȁȆǘƥơǂƫǪǘǼǷƢȀǠǸŸȏȁƨǸǜƬǼǷŚǣȃƙǁȁǁƢǰǧȋƲǿȂƫȁǚnjƫȆǿƢŶƛȁƨǷȂȀǨǷƧƾƷơȁ
ǾȈLjǨǼdzơǾƬdzƢŞƆƢȇƾƳǂƯƘƬƫȆǬǴƬŭơǺǷDzȇȁƘƬdzơȁŚLjǨƬdzơƨȈǴǸǟƪǻƢǯƢǼǿǺǷƢđǍƢƻǪǘǼǷǪǧȁǭǂŢ
ǾȈdzƛƨƦLjǼdzƢƥƨǜƸǴdzơƩƢƦǴǘƬǷȁ
ǹȂǰȇ ƢǷ ƣǂǫƗ ȆȀǧ ǦdzƚǸǴdz ȁƗ ƱǂƼǸǴdz ƨƸǓơȁ ƩƢȀƳȂƫ Ǻǟ ƨǬƷȐƬŭơ ǁȂǐdzơ ŐǠƫ ȏ 
ǮȇǂƫƢƥ ƱǂƼǸǴdz ÕÍDzƷǃǑǂǟĿƶǔƬȇƢǸǯƨȈǬǘǼǷȏǁƢǰǧƗȁDžȁȐǿǺǷƢǼƥǖȈŹƢŭƲȇǂǨƬǴdz
Patrick BontéŖǻȂƥ
ƽǂǸƬdzơDzƟƢLJȁǺǷƨǴȈLJȂǯǮdzƿȁȅǂǠƬdzơȄǴǟƨȈŭƢǠdzơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǟǶǜǠǷ ƾǸƬǠƫ 
ƨǨƟơDŽdzơƧǁƢǔūơǂǿƢǜŠǹƢLjǻȍơǖƥǂȇƢǷDzǯǺǷƽǂƴƬdzơȁ
ǹȂǰȇƢŶƛȁǑȁǂǠdzơǮǴƫƤǴǣƗĿDŽƟơǂǤdzơƧǁƢƯȍƨǴȈLJȂǯǵƾƼƬLjȇȏȅǂǠƬdzơȅƗóǾǻƗƢǸǯ 
ǂǐǟȁȄǘLJȂdzơǁȂǐǠdzơƩƢƷȂdzĿǂȀǜȇǹƢǯƢǸǯ ňƢLjǻȍơƾLjŪơDZƢŦǁƢȀǛƛDzƟƢLJȁǺǷƨǴȈLJȁ
ȆǟȂdzơƧǂƟơƽǺǷƾǠƥƗȃȂƬLjǷȄǴǟDZƢǐƫȐdzƨǴȈLJȂǯȆƷȁǂdzơȅǂǠƬǴdzƨǴȈLJȁǾǻƗƢǸǯƨǔȀǼdzơ
ƨǠǓƢƻŚǣȅǂǜǻƨȀƳȁǺǷȆȀǧžƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǠdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥƾǬǼdzơǁȁƽƾȇƾŢ ƤǠǐȇ 
ǂǸƬLjǷDzǰnjƥŚǤƬǷƢȀȈǧƩȏȏƾdzơǵȂȀǨǷǹƗƢǸǯƨƬƥƢƯƨȇƾǬǻŚȇƢǠǷǪǧȁǶȈȈǬƬǴdz
ǍȐŬơǺǟƮƸƦdzơȁǂnjƦdzơƨƠȈǘƻDzưǷƨǷƢǟǁƢǰǧƘƥǑȁǂǠdzơǶǜǠǷDzǤnjǼƫ 

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ȁƗ ǺǯƢǷƗ ȁƗ ǥȁǂǜƥ ƨǗȁǂnjŭơ ƩƢǟơǂǐdzơ Ǒǂǟ ĿƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷȄǴǟ ƽƢǸƬǟȏơ ƤǠǐȇ 
ƤǴǘƬȈLJƢȇƢǔǬdzơǽǀǿǺǟŚƦǠƬdzƢǧƨȈLJƢȈLjdzơȁƗƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƢȇƢǔǬdzơǑȁǂǟĿƭƾŹƢǸǯƢȀǼȈǠƥDžƢǻƗ
ƶǓơȁDzǰnjƥƨȈǫȐƻȋơƨdzƢLJǂdzơDzȈǏȂƫǺǷƾƥȏƢŶƛȁǺȇƢƦƬdzơDzȇȁƘƬdzơDzǸƬŢȏƩȏȏƽȁƩƢǷȐǟƆƢǸƬƷ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷǑȁǂǟƨǠȈƦǗǞǷľƢǼƬȇơǀǿȁƽƾŰȁ
ǑǁƢǠdzơ ȄǴǟ ƾǸƬǠȇ ƢŶƛȁ ȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJ ƲȀǼŭơ ȄǴǟ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ǵȂǬȇ ȏ 
ƨȈƫȂǐdzơȁ ƨȇƾLjŪơ Ǿƫơǁƾǫ ƨȈǸǼƫȁ Ƥȇǁƾƫ ȄǴǟ DZȁȋơ ǵƢǬŭơ Ŀ ƾǸƬǠȇ ǑǁƢǠdzơ ơǀǿ performer
ȆǠǫơȁǽƢšơĿƆơƾƥƗǾƬǫƢǗǦǛȂȇȏȁǎǫǂdzơȁƔƢǼǤdzơȁǭŚLjdzƢǯƨȈƟơƽȋơǹȂǼǨǴdzƣǂǫƗDzǰnjƥ
ǺǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷDzưǸŭƣǂǫƗDzưǸŭơƩơǁƢȀǷƨȈǸǼƬdzƢȀǠǓȁŖdzơȆǰLjǧȂƫȁǂƳƩƢƦȇǁƾƫ ƾǠƫ 
ȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJƲȀǼǷ
ȄǴǟȋơǥƾŮơȁDzǐƬŭơDzǠǨdzơǖşǪǴǠƬȇƢǸȈǧȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJƩƢȈǏȂƫǶǜǠǷƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǵƾȀƬƫ
ƢǷƗǎǼǴdzƨƦLjǼdzƢƥơǀǿȆƷǂLjŭơǁȁƾdzơƽơƾǟƛȁDzȈǴŢǂǏƢǼǟǺǷłƛȅƾLjŪơȆLjǨǼdzơDzǠǨdzơƧƾƷȁȁ
ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǖǬǧDzưǸŭơǪǘǼǷǎźȄǴǟȋơǥƾŮơȁDzǐƬŭơǖŬơ

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 ƧƽȂǧśLjƷƽȂǸŰDZƢǼǷ

ǞƳơǂŭơȁǁƽƢǐŭơƨǸƟƢǫ
ǁƽƢǐŭơƆȏȁƗ
ǞǷƢŪơňƢǠŭơǶƴǠǷ ˺
http://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-

The Black RiderƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟ ˻

ar/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1

http://www.openculture.com/2013/11/the-black-rider-a-theatrical-production-by-
 tom-waits-william-s-burroughs-robert-wilson-1990.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbQkzAbCjio ˼
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/39_albanAlbanǑǂǟ ˽

Adams Passions ǵƽƕǵȏƕǑǂǟ ˾

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Weg9J5OGl1o
"dernieres hallucinations" ƧŚƻȋơƩƢLJȂǴŮơǑǂǟ ˿
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/6_les-dernieres-hallucinations-de-lucas-cranach-

Tast of PoisonǶLjdzơǶǠǗǑǂǟ
l-ancien

http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/ϰϬ_a-taste-of-poison
Contre SaturneDzƷǃƨǔǿƢǼǷǑǂǟ ̀
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/17_contre-saturne
WhispersƩƢLjŷǑǂǟ ́
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/36_whispers

ƨŦǂƬŭơȁƨȈƥǂǠdzơǞƳơǂŭơƆƢȈǻƢƯ
ƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǁơǃȁƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ǹƢǔǷǁȆŹ ƨȈũƨŦǂƫ ǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƢǰǼȇǁƢǷ ňȂƥ ˺
ÎÖÖѝÓƧǁȁƾdzơœȇǂƴƬdzơƧǂǿƢǬdzơǹƢƳǂȀǷ
ƧƾƷȁǹȂǼǨdzơƨȈŻƽƢǯƗ ǵȐLJřǷ ƨŦǂƫƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷ ǵƢǿȁƗǹȂƬǴŸƛ ȅŚƫ ˻
ÏÍÍÍƧǂǿƢǬdzơÎƨȇƾǬǻƩƢLJơǁƽƩơǁơƾǏȍơ
ÏÍÍÐÎǕǪnjǷƽǁơȂūơǁơƽƾǠLJƗȄǴǟƨŦǂƫȆƟǂŭơƔƢȈǸȈLJňƢƬǻȂǧǭƢƳ ˼

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 ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆǴȈưǸƬdzơƔơƽȋơƩƢȈdzƕ

ƨǫǁƢnjdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ƨƸȈǴǏ ƽƢĔ ƨŦǂƫ ȆƷǂLjŭơ ǑǂǠdzơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ǹȂƬǴȈǿ ǹƢȈdzȂƳ ˽
ƩƽǵȐǟȍơȁƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǂƟơƽȅǂǰǨdzơǝơƾƥȎdz
ǺLjƷƨǠƳơǂǷŃƢLJƾdzƢƻƨŦǂƫƧǁȂǐdzơƨƷǂLjǷ ǺǧƪȈnjǻƢLJȂȈǻȂǘǻƗ ǾȈLJȂƻ ˾
ÎÓ ǝƵǂLjǸǴdz Ņȁƾdzơ ƧǂǿƢǬdzơ ǹƢƳǂȀǷ ƨǧƢǬưdzơ Ƨǁơǃȁ ƨŦǂƬdzơȁ ƩƢǤǴdzơ DŽǯǂǷ ƨȈǘǟ
ÏÍÍÑƧǂǿƢǬdzơǹȂǼǨdzơƨȈŻƽƢǯơ
ƵǂLjǷĿDzưǸŭơƔơƽƗȁƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơƨȈdzƾƳśNjȏƨǬȇƾǏƾǷƢƷƽƢǠLJ ˿
ƨǤǴdzơȁǺǨdzơǂŤƚǷƆƢƳƿȂŶÎÖÖÍÎÖÔÍǺǷƧǂƬǨdzơĿǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷ
ÏÍÎÐƢȈǼŭơƨǠǷƢƳ
ǹȂǼǨdzơȁƨǧƢǬưǴdzřǗȂdzơdžǴĐơǪȈƦǘƬdzơȁƨȇǂǜǼdzơśƥƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏ ̀
ÏÍÍÐÎǕǂǘǫƨƷȁƾdzơƭơǂƬdzơȁ
ǵȐǟȍơȁƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǂƟơƽřǨdzơDzǰnjdzơƨǨLjǴǧĿŅƢǸŪơǺȇǂǬdzơǦLJȂȇȅƾȀǷDzȈǬǟ ́
ÎÑÒǍÏÍÍÒƨǫǁƢnjdzơ
ŃƢǟƵȂǴǐǷƾǠLJƨǠƳơǂǷǥȂȈǻDzǧȂǻƨŦǂƫ ǺǨdzơȁ ȆǟȂdzơ ǦnjƫƢǤȇǁȂǤȇǂǣ ̂
ÎÖÖÍƣơƽȉơȁǹȂǼǨdzơȁƨǧƢǬưǴdzřǗȂdzơdžǴĐơÎÑÓƽƾǠdzơƨǧǂǠŭơ
ƨŦǂƫ Ȇǟơƾƥȍơ ƾȈLjƴƬdzơ Ŀ DzưǸŭơ ƽơƾǟƛ ȆǰLjǧȐLjǻƢƬLJ śǘǼǘLjǼǫ ˺˹
ƧǂǿƢǬdzơƣƢƬǰǴdzƨǷƢǠdzơƨȇǂǐŭơƨƠȈŮơǂǯƢNjǦȇǂNj
ƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁ ǶȈǿƢǨǷ ȆƷǂLjŭơ ǶƴǠŭơ ƣƢǐǫ ǹƢǼƷ DžƢȈdzƛ ȅǁƢǷ ˺˺
ÎÖÖÔǹƢǼƦdzǹƢǼƦdzƨƦƬǰǷǑǂǠdzơǹȂǼǧȁƵǂLjŭơ
ƨǴLjǴLJ ƱǂƼŭơȁ DzưǸŭơ ȆƷǂLjŭơ ƾȀnjŭơ ƩȏȂŢ ƨǷȁƽ ȂƥƗ ƽȂǸŰ ˺˻
ÏÍÍÖƣƢƬǰǴdzƨǷƢǠdzơƨȇǂǐŭơƨƠȈŮơƧǂLJȋơƨƦƬǰǷǹȂǼǧ
ƧǂǿƢǬdzơƨƸȈǴǏ ƽƢĔ ƨŦǂƫ ƨȈƟơƽȋơ ǹȂǼǨdzơȁ ƨȈƯơƾūơ ƾǠƥƢǷ ȅƢǯ Ǯǻ ˺˼
ÎÖÖ֝œȇǂƴƬdzơǹƢƳǂȀŭơƩơǁơƾǏƛƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǁơǃȁ
ƽƾǠdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ ƨǴů ƩơǁơƾǏƛ  ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ƨƯơƾūơ ƨǴƠLJƗ ŚǐǼdzơ śLJƢȇ ˺˽
ÏÍÍÕǩơǂǠdzơŅȁȋơƨǠƦǘdzơÎÍ

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ƨȈƦǼƳȋơǞƳơǂŭơƢȈǻƢƯ
1. Antonin Artaud,The Theatre and its Double.trans. Mary Richards. Grove
Press. NewYork. 1958.
2. Barry Smith, Beyond Concepts: Ontnlogy as Reality
Representation.International Conference on Formal Ontology and Information
Systems, Turin, 4-6 November 2004.
3. Carlton Colyer, The Art of Acting. MCMLXXXIX Meriwether Puplishing
Ltd. 1989.
4. Jerzy Grotowski, Towards a Poor Theatre.Theatre Arts Book,Routledge.
NewYork1968.
5. Jacqueline Martin, Voice in Modern Theatre,Routledge, NewYork,1990
6. Ludovic Fouquet ,Rhonda Mullins: The visual Laboratory of Robert Lepage
trans.:Rhonda Mullins.Talonbook.Canda.2014. P.2
7. Michael Zurakhinsky: Minimalism.The Art Story-odern Art Insiight.
http://www.theartstory.org/index.htm 20/7/2017
8. S.Brecht “ The theater of visions”( Frankfurt Am main, 1978)
9. Sonia Moore. The Stanislavaki System. Penguin Books, 1984.
10. T. R. Gruber, A Translation Approach to Portable Ontologies, Knowledge
Acquisition, , 1993.
11. Toby Cole and Helen K-Chinoy,Actors on Acting, Crown Publishers,
NewYork.1970 .
12. William S.Henry II:” Postmodern theater and the void of Conception” ( UK,
Cambridge Scholars Press,2006)
ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ΍ϊϗ΍ϮϤϟ΍˱ΎΜϟΎΛ
1. Cristiana Modreanu ,Bonnie Marranca: It’s up to every new generation to
create its own institutions,criticaldiscourses,and working methods.12/9/2012.
Scena.ro. www.revistascena.ro
2. http://azaqassabi.blogspot.com.eg/2011/07/blog-post_11.html
3. Jean-Marie Gourreau: Audience reactions. 13l5l2015.

˻˹˺˻˿˺˺˻˾˿ΩΪόϟ΍ΎϨΣήδϣΓΪϳήΟΓέϮμϟ΍ΡήδϣΏΰϋϑήη΃ ˽
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/documents/45_audience-reactions

ƣǂǤŭơ ƨȈƥƽȋơ ƨǴů ƨȈƷǂLjŭơ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƨȈƟƢȈǸȈLJ : ȅȁơƾŧ DzȈŦ ˾

http://www.masrahona.com

http://ar.aladabia.net/article-5149
ǹơȂȇƽ ƤǐǬdzơ ƵȐǏ ȆǫơǂǠdzơ ƱǂƼŭơ ƾǼǟ ȆƟƢȈǸȈLjdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ ȅȁơƾŧ DzȈŦ ˿
ÏÍÎÍÖÎÒƣǂǠdzơ
http://www.diwanalarab.com/spip.php?article24948
ǁơȂūơ ƵǂLjŭơ ƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬƥ ƨȈƟƢȇDŽȈǨdzơ ƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫȁ ǶƬǻơȂǰdzơ ƨȇǂǜǻ ƤǐǬdzơ ƵȐǏ ̀
ÏÍÎÍÐÎÖÔƽƾǠdzơǹƾǸƬŭơ

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http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=236362
́
ƨȈƷǂLjŭơǹȂǼǨdzơ

ǩơǁȁƗǺǷƧƾȇƾŪơƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨƥƢƬǰdzơƨǸǴǯǦdzƗǺǷŚƻƧǁȂǐdzơǮȇƢūơ DžƢƦǟ ̂
http://theaterars.blogspot.com.eg/2014/12/blog-post_51.html#.WCwY19J97IU

https://abbashayek.comÏÍÎÓÖÎÐƵǂLjŭơƣƢƬǰdzňƢưdzơƨǫǁƢnjdzơȄǬƬǴǷ

ÏÍÎÍŐǸƬƦLJƨȈƷǂLjǷǩơǁȁơƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǎǼdzơƨȈǼƥĺƢǐǬdzơƧDŽǟ ˺˹

ÏÍÍÕÎÍÓDŽŻƢƫǁƢƬLJƨȈǸLjƬdzơŚǤƫĿƨdzȁƢ۝ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷśLjƷǵƢǐǟ ˺˺
http://azaqassabi.blogspot.com.eg/2011/07/blog-post_11.html

ÏÍÍÖÎÎÏÓǵȐǟȍơȁƨǧƢǬưǴdzǁȂǼdzơƨLjLJƚǷƆƢƷǂLjǷƧǁȂǐdzơǁƢƴǼdzơȆǴǟ ˺˻
http://www.startimes.com/?t=12327369

ÏÍÍÖÐÎÍǥȐȇƛƨưȇƾūơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơȁǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơǥƢŪơDzǓƢǧ ˺˼
http://www.alnoor.se/article.asp?id=64316

ǁơȂūơ ƨȈǬȈƦǘƫ ƨȇƙǁ ȅǂǐƦdzơ ƵǂLjŭơ Ŀ ƧǁȂǐdzơ Ʃȏȏƽ ňơƽȂLjdzơ DzǓƢǧ ˺˽
http://elaph.com/Web/Culture/2009/3/417199.htm

ǹƾǸƬŭơ

ǕƢƦNjÎÑÏÑÑƽƾǠdzơDzƦǬƬLjŭơƧƾȇǂƳƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿǺǷDŽdzơňơƽȂLJDzǓƢǧ ˺˾
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=264643

ƩȁŚƥ ƨǧƢƸǐǴdz ƧƾƸƬŭơ ƨȈƥǂǠdzơ ƨǯǂnjdzơ ÏÍÎÏ

http://www.almustaqbal.com/v4/Article.aspx?Type=np&Articleid=506432
ƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏƾǼǟ ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿ ȆLjūơȁȅǂǰǨdzơ ǝơƾƥȍơǁƢǐǼdzơ ǺLjŰ ˺˿
ÏÍÎÎÓÏÑÐÑÍÓƽƾǠdzơǹƾǸƬŭơǁơȂūơ

ƵȐǏ ȃƙǂdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ƧƕǂǷ Ŀ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ƵǂLjǷ ƨȈǷȂȈdzơ ȃƾŭơ ƧƾȇǂƳ ǪƷȐǷ ˺̀
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=264643

ÏÍÎÐÒÕƆƢƳƿȂŶƤǐǬdzơ
7.dpbs
http://almadasupplements.com/news.php?action=view&id=7466#sthash.KMMBELs

ǩǃƘǷ ƨȈƟǂŭơ ƧǁȂǐdzơ ǩǃƘǷ ƨƯơƾūơ ƾǠƥ ƢǷ ƵǂLjǷ ǹƢũ Ǻȇƾdzơ Ƕų ˺́
ÏÍÍÏÑÏÎÎÎÖƽƾǠdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơǹƢȈƥƨȈǸǫǂdzơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơ
http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/94C35.htm

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DzǔǧƗDzǰnjƥǞǫơȂdzơǶȀǧȁʼnƾǬƫƧƽƢǟȍǾǼȈǼǬƫȁŅȏƾdzơǵơƾƼƬLJȏơŚǨnjƬƥǵȂǬƫOntologiesƢȈƳȂdzȂǘǻȋơ
ǁȂǜǼŭơDzƻơƽDŽǷǂdzơŚLjǨƫĿǥȐƬƻơǭƢǼǿǹȂǰȇǹƗƤŸȏǾǻƗȅƗƾƷơȂdzơǁȂǜǼŭơǪǧȁǮdzƿȁƆơƾȇƾŢǂưǯƗȁ
ǞƳơǁƾȇDŽǸǴdzǂƻȉǁȂǜǼǷǺǷǦǴƬźǾǼǰdzƾƷơȂdzơ
T. R. Gruber, A Translation Approach to Portable Ontologies,
Knowledge Acquisition, 5: 199-220, 1993. Included at: Barry Smith:
Beyond Concepts: Ontology as Reality Representation.International
Conference on Formal Ontology and Information Systems, Turin,
4-6 November 2004.
ÎÎÖƽƾǠdzơƨǧƢǬưdzơǹƢȈƥƨȈǸǫǂdzơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơǩǃƘǷƨȈƟǂŭơƧǁȂǐdzơǩǃƘǷƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷƵǂLjǷǹƢũǺȇƾdzơǶų1
http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/94C35.htmÏÍÍÏÑÏÎ
ƩǂƥȁǁƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷƵǂLjǷĿDzưǸŭơƔơƽƗȁƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLjdzơśƥƨǫȐǠdzơƨȈdzƾƳśNjȏƨǬȇƾǏƾǷƢƷƽƢǠLJ2
ÓǍÏÍÎÐƢȈǼŭơƨǠǷƢƳƨǤǴdzơȁǺǨdzơǂŤƚǷƆƢƳƿȂŶÎÖÖÍÎÖÔÍǺǷƧǂƬǨdzơĿǹȂLjǴȇȁ
ÏÍÍÕǩơǂǠdzơŅȁȋơƨǠƦǘdzơÎÍƽƾǠdzơƵǂLjŭơƨǴůƩơǁơƾǏƛƵǂLjŭơĿƨƯơƾūơƨǴƠLJƗŚǐǼdzơśLJƢȇ3
ÓÍǍ
4
William S.Henry II:” Postmodern theater and the void of
Conception” ( UK, Cambridge Scholars Press,2006)
ÎƨȇƾǬǻƩƢLJơǁƽƩơǁơƾǏȍơƧƾƷȁǹȂǼǨdzơƨȈŻƽƢǯƗǵȐLJřǷƨŦǂƫƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷǵƢǿȁƗǹȂƬǴŸƛȅŚƫ5
ÔǍÏÍÍÍƧǂǿƢǬdzơ
DŽŻƢƫǁƢƬLJÏÍÍÕÎÍÓƨȈǸLjƬdzơŚȈǤƫĿƨdzȁƢ۝ƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷśLjƷǵƢǐǟǞƳơǁ6
http://www.star-times.com/?t=12327369
ÏÍÎÏÓÎÎÏÒÓƽƾǠdzơƢǼƷǂLjǷƧƾȇǂƳƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƣDŽǟǥǂNjƗǞƳơǁ7
http://www.masrahona.com
ÐÑÍÓƽƾǠdzơǹƾǸƬŭơǁơȂūơƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏƾǼǟƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷĿȆLjūơȁȅǂǰǨdzơǝơƾƥȏơǁƢǐǼdzơǺLjŰ8
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ǞǷƢŪơňƢǠŭơǶƴǠǷƨȇȂǤǴdzơƢȀƬǸǜǻƗȁƨȈǟƢǸƬƳȏơƧƢȈūơĿƩơǁƢNjȍơƨdzȏƽĿƮƸƦdzơǶǴǟȂǿƔƢȈǸȈLjdzơǶǴǟ
http://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-
ar/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1
ƣǂǤŭơƨȈƥƽȋơƨǴůƨȈƷǂLjŭơƧǁȂǐdzơƨȈƟƢȈǸȈLJ: ȅȁơƾŧDzȈŦǞƳơǁ9
http://ar.aladabia.net/article-5149
ňƢưdzơƨǫǁƢnjdzơȄǬƬǴǷǩơǁȁƗǺǷƧƾȇƾŪơƨȈƷǂLjŭơƨƥƢƬǰdzơƨǸǴǯǦdzƗǺǷŚƻƧǁȂǐdzơǮȇƢūơDžƢƦǟǞƳơǁ10
http://www.startimes.com/?t=12327369 ÏÍÎÓÖÎÐƵǂLjŭơƣƢƬǰdz

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ÐÎÖÔƽƾǠdzơǹƾǸƬŭơǁơȂūơƵǂLjŭơƢȈƳȂdzȂǼǰƬƥƨȈƟƢȇDŽȈǨdzơƢȀǼȈǻơȂǫȁǶƬǻơȂǰdzơƨȇǂǜǻƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏ11
ÏÍÎÍ
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=236362
ÏÍÎÐÒÕƨȈǷȂȈdzơȃƾŭơƧƾȇǂƳǪƷȐǷƆƢƳƿȂŶƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏȃƙǂdzơƵǂLjǷƧƕǂǷĿƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷ12
http://almadasupplements.com/news.php?action=view&id=7466#sthash.KMMBELs7.d

ƨȈƷǂLjŭơǹȂǼǨdzơƨǴůǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơƣǁƢšĿƨȈƟơƽȋơǹȂǼǨdzơȁƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷƅơƤLjƷǶȈǸǏ13
pbs

ǹƢƳǂȀŭơƩơǁơƾǏƛƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǁơǃȁƧǂǿƢǬdzơƨƸȈǴǏƽƢĔƨŦǂƫƨȈƟơƽȋơǹȂǼǨdzơȁƨȈƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷȅƢǯǮǻ14
http://theaterars.blogspot.com.eg/2014/12/blog-post_51.html#.WCwY19J97IU

ÏÏÐǍÎÖÖ֝œȇǂƴƬdzơ
DZƢǰNjȋơǞǷDzǷƢǠƬdzơǒǧǁȁDzȈǰnjƬdzơĿƩơƽǂǨŭơǺǷŇƽȋơƾūƢƥƔƢǨƬǯȏơřǠȇƨȈǴȈǴǬƬdzơȁƗǵDŽȈdzƢǸȈǼŭơƶǴǘǐǷ
ƩƢǷƢŬơDzǫƗȁǖLjƥƗȄǴǟƾǸƬǠƫȁǺȇǂnjǠdzơǹǂǬdzơƩƢȈǼȈƬLJDzƟơȁơĿƢǰȇǂǷơĿǂȀǛƾǫȁƨȇƾȈǴǬƬdzơǁȂǐdzơȁ
ǞƳơǁƾȇDŽǸǴdzƨȈǴȈǰnjƬdzơǹȂǼǨdzơĿƩƗƾƥƾǫȁřǨdzơDzǸǠdzơƨǟƢǼǏĿƨǷƾƼƬLjŭơ
Michael Zurakhinsky: Minimalism.The Art Story-odern Art Insiight.
http://www.theartstory.org/index.htm 20/7/2017
15S.Brecht “ The theater of visions”( Frankfurt Am main, 1978) p. 212
ǽǂǯƿǪƦLJǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơƣǁƢšĿƨȈƟơƽȋơǹȂǼǨdzơȁƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷƅơƤLjƷǶȈǸǏƆƢǔȇƗ
ǹƢǼƦdzǹƢǼƦdzƨƦƬǰǷǑǂǠdzơǹȂǼǧȁƵǂLjŭơƩƢƸǴǘǐǷȁǶȈǿƢǨǷȆƷǂLjŭơǶƴǠŭơƣƢǐǫǹƢǼƷDžƢȈdzƛȅǁƢǷ16
ÐÍÖǍȁǁǝƧƽƢǷÎÖÖÔ

ƨƠȈŮơƧǂLJȋơƨƦƬǰǷǹȂǼǧƨǴLjǴLJƱǂƼŭơȁDzưǸŭơȆƷǂLjŭơƾȀnjŭơƩȏȂŢƨǷȁƽȂƥƗƽȂǸŰǞƳơǁƾȇDŽǸǴdz17
ƢǿƾǠƥƢǷȁÖÍǍǺǷÏÍÍÖƣƢƬǰǴdzƨǷƢǠdzơƨȇǂǐŭơ

ÏÍÍÖÎÎÏÓǵȐǟȍơȁƨǧƢǬưǴdzǁȂǼdzơƨLjLJƚǷƆƢƷǂLjǷƧǁȂǐdzơǁƢƴǼdzơȆǴǟ19
18 Jocqueline Martin, Voice in Modern Theatre,Routledge, NewYork,1990 ,P.136

ǽǂǯƿǪƦLJśLjƷǵƢǐǟǞƳơǁ20
http://www.alnoor.se/article.asp?id=64316

ÎÍǍÏÍÍÐÎǕǪnjǷƽǁơȂūơǁơƽƾǠLJƗȄǴǟƨŦǂƫȆƟǂŭơƔƢȈǸȈLJňƢƬǻȂǧǭƢƳǮdzƿĿǞƳơǁ21
ƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǂƟơƽȅǂǰǨdzơǝơƾƥȎdzƨǫǁƢnjdzơDŽǯǂǷƨƸȈǴǏƽƢĔƨŦǂƫȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơƨȇǂǜǻǹȂƬǴȈǿǹƢȈdzȂƳ22
ÎÑÖǍƩƽǵȐǟȍơȁ
23Cristiana Modreanu :BonnieMarranca: It’s up to every new generation to create its
own institutions,criticaldiscourses,and working methods.12/9/2012. Scena.ro.

ƧǁȁƾdzơœȇǂƴƬdzơƧǂǿƢǬdzơǹƢƳǂȀǷƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǁơǃȁƧǂǿƢǬdzơǹƢǔǷǁȆŹƨȈũƨŦǂƫǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjǷƢǰǼȇǁƢǷňȂƥ24
www.revistascena.ro

ÖÏǍÎÖÖѝÓ
25 Ludovic Fouquet ,Rhonda Mullins: The visual Laboratory of Robert Lepage
trans.:Rhonda Mullins.Talonbook.Canda.2014. P.2

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ÏÍÍÖÐÎÍǥȐȇƛƨưȇƾūơƩƢȈǼǬƬdzơȁǂǏƢǠŭơƵǂLjŭơǥƢŪơDzǓƢǧǮdzƿĿǞƳơǁ26

DzưǷśƳǂƼŭơǺǷƨƦǯȂǯƧǁȂǐdzơƵǂLjŠǪǴǠƬŭơȆƷǂLjŭơǽŐƬűȁȅǂǜǼdzơǾǟȁǂnjǷĿƤǐǫƵȐǏǭǁƢnjȇȁ
http://elaph.com/Web/Culture/2009/3/417199.htm

ŚǷȋơƾƦǟȆƳƢǻȁǁƢȀǫǶLJƢƥȁƾȈǸūơƾƦǟȆǷƢLJȁǶȈǠǻǦǗơȂǟȁƾȈNjǁʼnǂǯȁȅƾȀŭơǪȈǨNjȁƽȂƦǟʼnǂǯ
ǑƢȈǧƾǠǷȁȆƳǂǟȋơǭǃƢǻȁŜŹƅơƤLjƷȁǭǁƢƦǷƾǸƸǸǯƽƢǬǼdzơǺǷƨǟȂǸůńƛƨǧƢǓȍƢƥƣƢȇƿƢǓǁȁ
ΓέϮμϟ΍ΡήδϣϲϓκϨϟ΍ΔϴϨΑϲΑΎμϘϟ΍ΓΰϋǞƳơǁƾȇDŽǸǴdz.ǹƢǘȈǯǪdzƢŬơƾƦǟȁȅŚǷȋơƾƳƢǷȁ
ΔϴΣήδϣϕ΍έϭ΍
http://azaqassabi.blogspot.com.eg/2011/07/blog-post_11.html
ÏÍÎÍÖÎÒƣǂǠdzơǹơȂȇƽƤǐǬdzơƵȐǏȆǫơǂǠdzơƱǂƼŭơƾǼǟȆƟƢȈǸȈLjdzơƵǂLjŭơȅȁơƾŧDzȈŦ28

http://www.startimes.com/?t=12327369ǽǂǯƿǪƦLJǮȇƢūơDžƢƦǟ
29
http://www.diwanalarab.com/spip.php?article24948

ǺǷDzǯǮdzƿĿǞƳơǁ30
ƨǼLjdzÏÍÍÔƽƾǠdzơǹƾǸƬŭơǁơȂūơƨȈǬȈƦǘƫƨȇƙǁȅǂǐƦdzơƵǂLjŭơĿƧǁȂǐdzơƩȏȏƽňơƽȂLjdzơDzǓƢǧ 
ÏÍÎÔ

ǽǂǯƿǪƦLJĺƢǐǬdzơƧDŽǟ 
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=106294

ǽǂǯƿǪƦLJƨƯơƾūơƾǠƥƢǷƵǂLjǷǹƢũǺȇƾdzơǶų 
http://azaqassabi.blogspot.com.eg/2011/07/blog-post_11.html

31
Cristiana Modreanu :BonnieMarranca: op.cit www.revistascena.ro
ljǁȁDZȐƻƢǿơƾǟƛȁƢȀǼȇȂǰƫǶƬȇŖdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǮǴƫȅƗǾǼȈǠƥƆƢǓǂǟƲƬǼƬdzƤƬǰƫŖdzơǍȂǐǼdzơǮǴƫƢđřǠǻȏ
ƢǿǀȈǨǼƫƽƢǠȇǹƗǺǰŻȐǧƨǼȈǠǷƨȈƳơǂƻƛƨȇƙǁǺǸǓȁǾƫơǀƥǑǂǟDzƳȋƤƬǰƫǍȂǐǻȆȀǧǑǂǠǴdzDzǸǠdzơ
ƢēơƿƨȇƙǂdzƢƥ
ǞƳơǁDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǺǷƾȇDŽǸǴdz32

ÎÎǍǽǂǯƿǪƦLJśNjȏƨǬȇƾǏƾǷƢƷƽƢǠLJ33
Cristiana Modreanu :BonnieMarranca:Op.cit. www.revistascena.ro

ƨŦǂƬdzơȁƩƢǤǴdzơDŽǯǂǷƨȈǘǟǺLjƷƨǠƳơǂǷŃƢLJƾdzƢƻƨŦǂƫƧǁȂǐdzơƨƷǂLjǷǺǧƪȈnjǻƢLJȂȈǻȂǘǻƗǾȈLJȂƻ34
ÎÒǍÏÍÍÑƧǂǿƢǬdzơǹȂǼǨdzơƨȈŻƽƢǯơÎÓǝƵǂLjǸǴdzŅȁƾdzơƧǂǟƢǬdzơǹƢƳǂȀǷǃƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǁơǃȁ
ǹơȂǼǠƥDZƢǬǷThe black RiderȆƷǂLjŭơǑǂǠdzơǞǼǏǺǟȆǬƟƢƯȂdzơǶǴȈǨdzơǞƳơǁDzȈǏƢǨƬdzơǺǷƾȇDŽŭ35
The Black Rider: A Theatrical Production by Tom Waits, William S. Burroughs &
Robert Wilson (1990)
http://www.openculture.com/2013/11/the-black-rider-a-theatrical-production-by-tom-

ÔǍǽǂǯƿǪƦLJśNjȏƨǬȇƾǏƾǷƢƷƽƢǠLJ36
waits-william-s-burroughs-robert-wilson-1990.html

ÎÎǍǾLjǨǻ37

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ÎÓǍǾLjǨǻ38
39
Jacqueline Martin, Voice in Modern Theatre,Routledge ,op.cit,P.142
ÏÍÍÒƨǫǁƢnjdzơǵȐǟȍơȁƨǧƢǬưdzơƧǂƟơƽřǨdzơDzǰnjdzơƨǨLjǴǧĿŅƢǸŪơǺȇǂǬdzơǦLJȂȇȅƾȀǷDzȈǬǟǞƳơǁ40
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http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/6_les-dernieres-ǑǂǠdzơȂȇƾȈǧǞƳơǁƨȈdzȁƾdzơdžǯȂLJȂǷ
hallucinations-de-lucas-cranach-l-ancien
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ƧŚƻȋơƩƢLJȂǴŮơǑǂǟǺǷÐǶǫǁDzǰNj44
ƧŚƻȋơƩƢLJȂǴŮơǑǂǟǺǷƨȈǻƢƯśǠƥǁơȁÏƨǬȈǫƾdzơ45
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/6_les-dernieres-hallucinations-de-lucas-cranach-l-

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ancien

http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/6_les-dernieres-hallucinations-de-lucas-cranach-l-

Robert ƱơǂƻơTom WaitsȄǬȈLJȂǷWiliam S.BurroughsǦȈdzƘƫƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟ

47
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ÏÍÎÒŕƷǂǸƬLJơȁÎÖÖ͝ƱǁȂƦǷƢǿThaliaǾȈdzƢƫƵǂLjǷȄǴǟƧǂǷDZȁȋǑǂǠdzơǵƾǫWilson
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbQkzAbCjioŃƢǠdzơDZȁƽǺǷƾȇƾǠdzƢƥ
ƽȂLJȋơǑǂǟÑǶǫǁDzǰNj48
ƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟÒDzǰNj49
ƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟǺǷÓǶǫǁDzǰNj50
ƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟǺǷÔǶǫǁDzǰNj51
ƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơǑǂǟǺǷÕǶǫǁDzǰNj52
ƽȂLJȋơǂƷƢLjdzơ ǑǂǟǺǷÖǶǫǁDzǰNj53
ƨǬȈǫƾdzơŕƷÎÐÍƨǬȈǫƾdzơǺǷȁÐÖƨǬȈǫƾdzơŕƷÐÒƨǬȈǫƾdzơǺǷThe Black Rider ǑǂǟǞƳơǁ54
ÎÒÔƨǬȈǫƾdzơŕƷÎÒÐƨǬȈǫƾdzơȁÎÐÑ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbQkzAbCjio
55
Jerzy Grotowski: Towards a Poor Theatre.Theatre Arts Book,Routledge.
NewYork1968.pp119-120,

1958. P.39-40 .
Artaud,The Theatre and its Double.trans. Mary Richards. Grove Press. NewYork.

ÎÖÖÓDzLjǯȁǂƥdžǯȂLJȂǷȏȂǰȈǻƩƢǐǫǁǶȈǸǐƫŖǻȂƥǮȇǂƫƢƥƱơǂƻơDzƷǃƨǔǿƢǼǷǑǂǟ56

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DzƷǃƨǷȁƢǬǷǑǂǟÎÍDzǰNjǞƳơǁ58
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bonte.be/en/shows/17_contre-saturne
Cie Mossoux-džǯȂLJȂǷŖǻȂƥƱơǂƻơǺǷdžƟơǂǠdzơƵǂLjŭǺǷƢưdzơŅȁƾdzơŅƢǼȈdzơĿǵƾǫƩƢLjŷǑǂǟ
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bonte.be/en/shows/36_whispers
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/36_whispersǑǂǠdzơǺǷƨȈǻƢƯśLjŨȁƾƷơȁȁÏƨǬȈǫƾdzơ
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http://mossoux-ƨǬǴǠŭơȄǷƾdzƢƥǾƦNjƗƪƥƢƯDzǰnjƥƨǘǬǴdzơȆȀƬǼƬdzƨȈǻƢƯ
bonte.be/en/shows/36_whispers

http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/documents/45_audience-reactions
63 Jean-Marie Gourreau: Audience reactions. 13l5l2015.

ǑǂǠdzơǵƾǫƪǻȂǷȁƽǁȂƬǰȈǧDzȈưŤdžǯȂLJȂǷDZȂǰȈǻǥơǂƳȂȇǂǯŖǻȂƥǮȇǂƫƢƥƱơǂƻơAlbanǑǂǟ64
http://mossoux-bonte.be/en/shows/39_albanŖǻȂƥdžǯȂLJȂǷƨǯǂNjƱƢƬǻơDzȈLjǯȁǂƥĿÏÍÎÔ
AlbanǑǂǟÎÎDzǰNjǞƳơǁ
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AlbanǑǂǟÎÏDzǰNj
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ǶȈǸǐƫƩǁƢƥȂǧǁƗȄǬȈLJȂǷǵƽƗǵȏƕƽȂǬǨŭơDžȁƽǂǨdzơǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁƨȈƟƢǼƯǺǷƔDŽƳǵƽƕǵȏƕǑǂǟ67
ÏÎÍÒǹȂLjǴȇȁƩǂƥȁǁƱơǂƻƛȁƢȈǧơǂƳȂǼȈLJȁƧƔƢǓƛ
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ƩȁŚƥƨǧƢƸǐǴdzƧƾƸƬŭơƨȈƥǂǠdzơƨǯǂnjdzơ
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ÏÍÎÔDzLjǯȁǂƥdžǯȂLJȂǷŖǻȂƥƨǯǂNj
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71

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ǶLjdzơǶǠǗǑǂǟÎÑDzǰNj72
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http://www.alnoor.se/article.asp?id=ϲϰϯϭϲ
74
Toby Cole and Helen K-Chinoy ,Actors on Acting, Crown Publishers, NewYork.1970
.P. 669

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