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    Chuyen de Trong Diem Boi Duong Hoc Sinh Gioi Hinh Hoc Khong Gian Nguyen Quang Son

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    Hoàng Võ Trần Duy

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BO] DUGNG HOC SINH GIdI HINH HOC HHONG GIAN ® Danh cho hoc sinh khéi 12 chuong trinh chudn va nang cao @ Ontép va nang cao ki nding lam bai Bién soan theo ndi dung va cu tric dé thi cila B6 GD&8OT Fog) 282) NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI Lon No! BAU Cuén sich HINH HOC KHONG GIAN , duge bién soan nham muc dich HINH KHONG GIAN KHONG CON LA MOILO LANG CHO CAC BAN HOC SINH PHO THONG. Cuén HINH KHONG GIAN dugc hé théng héa toan bé kiéh thite tir co ban dén nang cao HINH KHONG GIAN LOP 11, HINH KHONG GIAN LOP 12 va dac biét LUYEN THI DAI HOC . Noi dung cudn sach g6m : Chuong1: Dai cuong hinh hoc khéng gian. Chuong II: Quan hé song song trong khéng gian. Chuong IIT: Quan hé vudng géc trong khéng gian. Chuong IV : Thé tich khéi tru, thé tich khéi chép. Chuong V: Mat cu, mat try, mat non. Chuong VI: Bai tap téng hop lép 12 hoc ky I. Chuong VII: Bai tap tong hop luyén thi Dai Hoc. Cudn sich duoc trinh bay ngan gon, rd rang, véi mét lwong bai tap rat Ion va rat day du, cdc bai tap duge gidi chi tiét, chat ché, dé higu. Nham gitip cdc em cé mdt dinh hudng dé giai quyét van dé cua bai tap dd. Cudn sach dugc phan bé'6 chuong, méi churong duge tém tat ly thuyét day dui. Bai tap trong mdi chuong duge phan dang rd rang , mdi dang cé tom tat phuong phdp giai bai tap. Bai phan la tir dé dén kh, trong mdi dang déu cé long vao nhimg bai tap cua dang thi Dai Hoc. Nhiing bai tap dé nhim muc dich gitip cac ban nam 6 ly t@p phan bé trong mdi chuong hoge méi thuyét va phuong php dé chimg minh hod giai quyét mot vn dé cy thé, va tir dé cdc ban od ky nang dé giai quyét nhimg bai tap khé hon. Tac gia rat hy vong quyén sach nay 1 ngudi ban déng hanh tot cho cdc em trong qua trinh hoc va trong nhimng ky thi. Tuy c@ ging nhiéu trong qua trinh bién soan, nhung cuén sach khong thé tranh khdi nhéing thiéu sot. Tac gia rat mong nhan duge y kién dong gép chan thanh qui bau tir phia ban doc, cdc em hoc sinh va cdc ban déng nghiép gan xa dé nhimg tai ban lan sau sach sé hoan thién hon. Xin chan thanh cam on ! Tac gia NGUYEN QUANG SON CHUONG I. DAI CUONG IHINH NOC KHONG GIAN Buc dau tién 1am quen véi Hinh hoc khéng gian, cdc ban céc ban phai nho ky cdc khdi nigm va nhiing tinh chat sau sau: I. KHAINIEM MO DAU 1, Mat phing: Mit bang, mat ban, mat nuéc hé yén ling, mat san nha,... mét phan cua mat phang. Mat phang khéng cé bé day va khéng cé gidi han. Dé biéu dién mat phing ta thudng ding hinh binh hanh hay mét mién géc va ghi tén cia m&t phing dé vao mét géc cita hinh biéu dién (nhw hinh 1). Dé ki higu mat phang , ta thudng ding chit céi in hoa hodc chit cdi Hi Lap dat trong dau (). Vi du: mat phang (P), mat phng (Q), mat phang (a), mat phang (8) hodc viét t&t 1a mp(P), mp(Q), mp(«), mp(B), ho& (P), (Q), (2), (6) - a3, fn xs, & Hinh 1 2. Diém thudc mat phang: Cho diém A va mat phang («). Khi diém A thugc mat phang (a), ta néi A nam trén (a) hay mat phang (a) chia A, hay mat phang (a) diqua A diém A va ki higu Ae(a), duge biéu Hinh2 dién 6 hinh 2. 24 Khi diém A khéng thuéc mat phang (a) ta néi digém A nam ngoai mat phang («) hay mat phang (a) khéng chita digém A va ki higu la A¢(a), duge biéu din 6 hinh 3. CAC TINH CHAT DUGC THUA NHAN Tinh chit 1; Cé mét va chi m6t dudng a thang di qua hai diém phn biét. Hinh 3 TL. I ‘ Tinh chat 2: Cé mét va chi mét mat phang di qua ba diém khéng thang hang. Tinh chit 3; Néu mét dudng thang cd hai diém phan biét thudc mét mat phang thi moi diém cua duong thing déu thuéc mat phang do. Tinh chat 4: Tén tai bon diém khéng. cing thudc mét mat phang . Tinh chat 5: Néu hai mat phing phan biét cé mt diém chung thi chung con cé mét diém chung khac nia . Ti tinh chat nay suy ra: Néu hai mat phang phn biét cé mét diém chung thi chting sé c6 mét durong thang chung di qua diém chung ay. Dudng thang chung Ia duy nhat chita tat ca cde diém chung cua hai mat phang dé . Dudng thang chung dé dugc goi la giao tuyén cua hai mat phang. ~ aK +> eA => eS Vidu: Dudng thang chung d ca hai mat phang phan biét (c.) va (6) duoc goi la GIAO TUYEN cia hai mat phang (o:) va (B) va kihiéu la d=(a)>(B). Tinh chit 6: Trén moi mat phang, cac két qua da biét trong hinh hoc phang déu ding. . CACH XAC DINH MOT MAT PHANG Cé ba cach xde dinh mét mat phang: ~ Mat phang duge hoan toan. xdc inh khi biét né di qua ba diém khong thang hang. — Mat phang dugc hoan toan xac dinh khi biét né di qua mét diém va chita mot dung thang khéng di qua diém dé. ~ Cho dwong thing d va digém A khéng thuéc d. Khi dé diém A va dudng thang d xdc dinh mét mat phang, ki higu la mp (A, 4), ho’e mp) (d, A) hay (d, A). Mit phang durgc hoan toan xAc dinh khi biét né chia hai dudng thang cét nhau: Cho hai dudng thang cit nhau a va b . Khi dé hai durdng thing a va b xac dinh mét mat phang va ki hiéu 1a mp(a, b) hay (a,b), hose mp (ba) hay (bya). A HINH CHOP VA TU DIEN . Khai niém: Trong mat phang (a) cho da gic Idi A,A,A3...A,- Lay mét diém S khéng, thudc mat phing («) . Lan luot ndi diém S voi cdc dinh Ay,Ay,/A3,-,Aq ta duoc n tam gidc SA,A,,SA2A3,... SA,A;. Hinh gém da gidc A, ADA chép, ki higu 1a S.A,A,A3...A,. Ta goi $ 1a dinh cia hinh chép, con da gidc ava n tam gidc SA\A,,SA,A ,.., SA,A, duoc goi la hink AjApAg.A, 1a mit day cita hinh chp, cdc tam gidc SA,A,, SA,Ag, -- SA,A,duge goi 1a cic mat bén ciia hin chép, cdc doan thang SA}, SAp, SAg nn, SA, duoc goi IA cic canh bén ctia hinh chop . Ta goi hinh chép cé day 18 tam gidc, tit gidc, nga gidc,..., lan luot la hinh chép tam gidc, hinh chép tit gic, hinh chép ngit gic , Cho bén diém A, B, C, D khéng déng phang. Hinh gém bén tam gidc ABC, ACD, ABD va BCD goi la hinh te dién (hay ngan gon goi la tie din) va durgc ki higu 1a ABCD. Cac diém A, B, C, D goi la cdc dink ctia tie dign. Cac doan thang AB, BC, CD, DA, CA, BD goi la cac canh cia tie dign . Hai canh khéng di qua mét dinh goi la hai canh déi din cita tie dign. Cac tam gidc ABC, ACD, ABD, BCD goi la cae mit cila tit dign . Dinh khéng nam trén mat goi la dinh déi dién ctia mit dé . Hinh tit dién cé bon mat 1a cc tam gide déu goi la hinh ti dign déu . A , Y ‘ c Hinh chép tam gide (tir dign ) Hinh chop ta gide s A D Hinh ec tir gitke 6 aay 14 binh thang, B Cc Hinh chép tir gide 6 day 1a hinh binh hanh BAI TAP GIAI CHI TIET C6 béin dang toén chinh 1a: Tim giao tuyén cia hai mat phing. Tim giao diém cia dudng thing va mat phang. Tim thiét dién cia hinh chép. Ching minh ba diém thing hang, ba durong thing déng qui ... Ta ln lugt xét ting dang mét nhu sau: DANG 1: Tim giao tuyén cita hai mat phang. Phuong phap: Muéh tim giao tuyéh cita hai mat phdng? Ta tim hai diém chung thugc ca hai mat phing. Néi hai diém chung dé duge giao tuyén cain tim. Védang nay diém chung thir nhat thudng dé tim. Dig chung con lai cic ban phéi tim hai dwéng thing lén lot thudc hai mét phiing, déng thoi chting lai thuéc mat phiing thie ba vii ching khéng song song. Giao diém ctia hai duong thing do la diéin chung thie hai. Cac ban phai nhé kj: Giao tuyén la duong thang chung cia hai mat phang, cé nghia 1a giao tuyéh la dudng thang vita thugc mat phang nay vita thudc mat phang kia. Dang todn tim giao tuyén, thudng giao tuyén cia nhiing céu hoi dau hay duoc str dung dé tim giao diém dé lam bai tap 6 nhiing cau sau. Ta xét cu thé nhirng bai toan sau: Cho tit gidc ABCD sao cho cdc canh déi khong song song vi nhau. Lay mét diém $ khéng thudc mat phing (ABCD). Xac dinh giao tuyén cia : a) Mp (SAC) va mp (SBD). b) Mp (SAB) va mp (SCD). ©) Mp (SAD) va mp (SBC). LOI GIAL a) Nhin hinh ta dé dang thay S 1a diém chung thir nhat, ndi AC va BD lai ching c&t nhau tai O, thi Ola diém chung thir hai, AC va BD cdt nhau 1a vi ching cing thugc mat phing day (ABCD). Cach trinh bay giao tuyén cua (SAC) va (SBD) nhu sau: Ta cé Se(SAC) (SBD) () Trong mp(ABCD) goi O= AC BD. O«< AC,ACc (SAC) "oe BD,BD < (SBD) Tur (1) va (2) suy ra (SAC) (SBD) =SO. b) Cau b ciing tuong ty (SAB) va (SCD) cé diém chung thir nhat 1a S, digm chung thir hai la E, véi E 1a giao diém cia AB va CD vi hai dudng thang nay cing thude mat phing (ABCD) va ching khéng song song vi nhau. Cach trinh bay ciing nhu cau a): Ta cd Se (SAB) (SCD) @) Trong mp(ABCD) goi E= ABNCD , vi: Ee AB,ABc (SAB) EeCD,CDc(SCD) Tir (3) va (4) suy ra (SAB) 4 (SCD) = SE =Oe(SAC)A(SBD) (2) = Ee (SAB) (SCD) (4) °) Cau nay ciing vay $ la diém chung thi nhat, diém chung thtt hai 1a giao digm cia AD va BC, vi hai duong thing nay cling thugc mp (ABCD) va ching khéng song song, ta trinh bay nhw sau: Ta c6 Se(SAD) (SBC) 6) (AB,CD c (ABCD)) Goi F= ADOBC, vi: Fe AD,AD (SAD) FeBC,BC<(SBC) Tir (6) (6) suy ra (SAD) (SBC) =SF Cho tt dign ABCD. Goi I, J lan lugt la trung diém cdc canh AD, BC. a) Tim giao tuyén ca 2 mp (IBC) va mp (JAD). b) Lay digm M thuéc canh AB, N thugc canh AC sao cho M, N khéng la trung diém. Tim giao tuyén ctia mp (IBC) va mp (DMN). LOIGIAI a) Tim giao tuyéh cita 2 mp (JBC) va mp (JAD). => Fe (SAD) (SBC) (6) os fet) = Te (IBC) (JAD) 1 ° |1eAD,ADC(JAD) €(IBC)-(JAD) (a) Je (JAD) . yee anc) 7) <0) 7040) @) Tir (1) va 2) = (IBC) (JAD) =I) b) Tim giao tuyén cia mp (IBC) va mp (DMN). 4 Trong mp(ABD) goi E = BIA DM, vi: Ee BI,BI c (IBC) tr (DMN) (1) Trong mp(ACD) goi F=CIADN, vig {re C1,CIc (IBC) FeDN,DNc(DMN) =Fc(IBC)A(DMN) (2) Tyr (1) va (1): (IBC) (DMN) = EF Cho tir dién ABCD. Lay cac diém M thudc canh AB, N thugc canh AC sao cho MN c&t BC. Goi Ila diém bén trong tam gidc BCD. Tim giao tuyéh cua: a) Mp (MNI) va mp (BCD). b) Mp (MNJ) va mp (ABD). |c) Mp (MND va mp (ACD) LOI GIAI A a) Mp (MNI) va mp (BCD). Goi H= MN“ BC(MN, BC c (ABC)) Tacé: Te(IMN)o(BCD) (1) # - {acco sce He BC,BCc(BCD) =He(IMN)q(BCD) — (2) Tir (1) va 2): (IMN) a (BCD) = HI b) Mp (MNJ) va mp (ABD) c Trong mp (BCD) goi E va F lan lugt la giao diém cua HI vai BD va CD . Me(MNI) ‘6 =>Me(MNI)O(ABD) (3) Me ABc(ABD) = Ee(MNI) (ABD) (4) . [Ee HIc(MNI) a Ee BD (ABD) Tir (3) va (4) suy ra (MNI)4(ABD) = ME. ©) Mp (MNI) va mp (ACD). , [Ne(MNI) 5 Ne ACc(ACD) , [Fe HIc(MNI) va FeCDc(ACD) Tur (6) va (6) suy ra (MNI) (ACD) = NF = Ne(MNI)(ACD) (5). => Fe(MNI)n(ACD) (6). Cho hinh chép S.ABCD cé day ABCD 1a hinh thang cé AB song song CD. Goi I 1a giao diém cla AD va BC. Lay M thudc canh SC. Tim giao tuyén cia: a) Mp (SAC) va mp (SBD). b) Mp (SAD) va mp (SBC). ©) Mp (ADM) va mp (SBC). LOIGIAI Ss a) Tim giao tuyén cua mat phdng (SAC) va (SBD). Ta cé Se(SAC)(SBD) (1) Trong mp(ABCD) goi H= AC BD, cé: He ACc(SAC) tr € BD (SBD) =He(SAC)n(SBD) (2) Ti (1) va (2) suy ra (SAC) (SBD) = SH b) Tim giao tuyéh cita mat phang (SAD) va (BC) . Tacé: Se(SAD)n(SBC) (3) Trong mp(ABCD) goi I= ADMBC, cé: Te AD (SAD) {levee toe) > Tir (1) va (2) suy ra (SAD) (SBC) = SI ©) Tim giao tuyén mp (ADM) va mp (SBC). Me(ADM) {nt €SC,SC < (SBC) le(SAD)n(SBC) (4) =Me(ADM)n(sBC) (5) {repcaeeegy) =Fe(4DM)9 )a(sBc) (6) le BC,BC.< (SBC) Tur (5) va (6) suy ra (ADM) 9 (SBC) = MI 10 Cho hinh chép S.ABCD diy Ia hinh binh hanh tam O. Goi M, N, P lan lugt la trung diém cdc canh BC, CD, SA. Tim giao tuyén cia: a) Mp (MNP) va mp (SAB). b) Mp (MNP) va mp (SAD). ©) Mp (MNP) va mp (SBC). d) Mp (MNP) va mp (SCD). LOIGIAI S Goi F=MNAB, E=MNOAD (viMN, AB, AD c(ABCD)) a) Mp (MNP) va mp (SAB). eS {re (MNP) PeSA,SA c(SAB) =>Pe(MNP)-(SAB) (1) es fr Fe(MNP)-(SAB) 2) Tir (1) va (2) suy ra (MNP) (SAB) = PF b) Mp (MNP) va mp (SAD). . {Pe(MNP) Ta c6: PeSA,SA (SAD) =Pe(MNP)O(SAD) (3) E¢ MN,MNc (MNP) vacd | * <(MNP) _ee(MNP)A(SAD) (4) Ee AD,ADc(SAD) Tir (3) va (4) suy ra (MNP) a (SAD) = PE ©) Mp (MNP) va mp (SBC). Trong mp(SAB) goiK = PF SB , cé: Ke PE, PF c (MNP) [KePE PFE (MNP) S(unp)n(ssc) (5) | eSB,SB< (SBC) ._, [Me(MNP) Va cd MeBC,BCc (SBC) Tir (6) va (6) suy ra (MNP) (SBC) = MK d) Mp (MNP) va mp (SCD). GoiH = PE SD(PE,SD <(SAD)), c6: => Me(MNP)n(SBC) (6) 11 \r €PE,PEC(MNP) (MnP)a(sco) (7) HeSD,SD (SCD) Vacs r — e(scoy2 (MNP)a(scD) (8) Tir (7) va (8) suy ra: (MNP) (SCD) = NH [Cho tir dign SABC. Lay MeSB,Ne AG, 1eSC sao cho MI khéng song song v6i BC, NI khdng song song vdi SA. Tim giao tuyéh cua mat phang (MNJ) véi cc mat (ABC) va (SAB). LOIGIAI a) Tim giao tuyén cia mat phang (MNJ) va (ABC). vi {r <(MNI) , Ne AC, ACc (ABC) =>Ne(MNI)A{ABC) — (1) Trong mp(SBC) goi K =MI BC, viz {f Fe(AMN)n(BCD) (2) Tir (1) va (2):(AMN) (BCD) = EF 5 . Tim giao tuyén ctia (DMN) va (ABC) V2 Trong (ABD ) goi P= DM AB, co: F {reanave (aac) ) ¥, z Pe(DMN ABC 3 PeABABe(ABC) ~)* )o(ane).. ( Trong (ACD) goi Q= DN AC, co: DN,DN ¢(DMN ae ( : Qe(DMN)n(ABC) (4) Qe AC, ACc(ABC) Tw (3) va (4): (DMN) (ABC)=PQ Cho tit dién ABCD. Lay 1< AB, J la diém trong tam gide BCD, K la diém trong tam gide ACD. Tim giao tuyéh cha mat phang (IJK) véi cic mat cua tur dign LOI GIAL Goi M=DKMAC(DK, AC <(ACD)) ;N= DJ MBC(DJ,BC <(BCD)) Va: H=MNOKJ(MN,KJ <(DMN)). Vi He MN,MN c(ABC) = He (ABC) Goi P = HI BC(HI, BC < (ABC)), Q-PJn.CD(PJ,CD <(BCD)) T=QKNAD(QK, AD <(ACD)) Theo cach dung dig 6 trén ta cé (UK) a (ABC) = IP; (IK) (BCD) = PQ (UK) 9 (ACD) = QT; (JK) a (AB)=Tl £ 13 DANG 2: Tim giao diém cia duong thang va mat phang. Phuong phap: Mudn tim giao diém cia dudng thing d va mat phang (P), 6 hai cach lam nhw sau: Cach 1: Nhiing bai don gian, cé sin mét mat phartg (Q) chita dudng thang d va mét durdng thing a thudc mat phang (P). Giao diém cua hai dong thing khéng song song d va a chinh la giao diém cua d va mat phang (P). Céch_2: Tim mét mat phang (Q) chtra duong thing d, sao cho dé dang tim giao tuyén v6i mat phang (P). Giao diém ciia duong thing d va mat phing (P) chinh Ia giao diém cia dung thang d va giao tuyén a vira tim. Cho tir dién ABCD. Goi M, N lan lugt la trung diém cia AC va BC. K la di trén BD sao cho KD < KB . Tim giao diém ciia CD va AD véi mp (MNK). LOIGIAI Tim giao digm ciia CD véi mp (MNK). ¥, NK vu CD eiing thugc mat phang (BCD) va ching khdng song song né. hai duong thang nay sé cat nhau tai mét diém I, nhung NK lai thudc mat phing (MNK) suy ra I thudc mat phang (MNK). 4 Vay I chinh 1a giao diém cia CD va (MNK). Ta cé thé trinh bay nhu sau : Trong mp (BCD) goi |= CD ANK . yy [Bee " le NK, NK c(MNK) => 1=CD n(MNK) Tim giao diém cua AD véi mp (MNK). Chon mat phing (ACD) chia AD, Sau dé tim giao tuyéh cita (ACD) va (MINK), ta trinh bay nhtz sau : .. |Me(MNK) Ta 6: Me AC,AC (ACD) =>Me(MNK)n(ACD) (1) e(MNK)q(ACD) (2) ta cg JEENKNKe (MNK) TeCD,CD (ACD) Vay (NMK)™(ACD)=MI.Goi H=MINAD => H=ADM(NMK). 14 Cho tt dign ABCD. Trén AB, AC , BD lan lugt lay 3 diém M , N , P sao cho MN khéng song song véi BC, MP khéng song song voi AD. Xéc dinh giao digm cua cic dudng thing BC, AD , CD véi mp (MNP). LOIGIAI Tim giao diém cia BC va mp(MNP) Goi H= MN BC(MN, BC < (ABC)). aes: [HEBC 20°: [He MN, MN c (MNP) H 4 => H=BCo(MNP) Tim giao digin ctia AD vit mp(MNP) Goi I=MP AD(MP, AD <(ACD)). eee 1=ADa(MNP° TeMP,MP < (MNP) 21> AD.O(MNP) Tim giao diéin eta CD vit mp(MNP) ¢ , fle AD,AD <(ACD) Tad NeAC,ACc(ACD) Goi J=NIACD (Véi NICD c(ACD)). => INc(ACD) frateoll oases =CDa(MNP #089) CNLNIc (MNP) 2) = COOMNP) [Cho tt dién ABCD . Trén AC va AD lay hai diém M, N. sao cho MN khong song song voi CD. Goi Ola diém bén trong tam gide BCD. a) Tim giao tuyéin cia (OMN ) va (BCD ) b) Tim giao digm cua BC vsi (OMN) ©) Tim giao diém cua BD v6i (OMN) LOIGIAI a). Tim giao tuyén cla (OMN ) va (BCD ): Tacé:O¢(OMN)4(BCD) (1) Trong (ACD), goi I= MNO CD. Te MN c (MNO) 1eCD<(BCD) = Te(MNO)(BCD)(2) Tir (1) va (2): O1 =(OMN) 9 (BCD ) 15 b). Tim giao diém ctia BC vi (OMN): Goi P=BCO1(BC,Ol < (BCD)). Vay :P =BC 1(OMN) ¢). Tim giao diém clia BD véi (OMN): Trong (BCD), goi Q= BD 4 OL. =BD_©(OMN). Cho tt dién ABCD, ly M thuéc AB, N thugc AC, Ila diém thugc mién trong ciia tam gidc BCD. Xc dinh giao diém cita cac dung thing BC, BD, AD, CD véi mp (IMN). LOIGIAI Tim giao diéin cia BC va mp(MND. Goi H= MN BC(MN, BC c (ABC), co: Nie i H=MNABC(MN,BC < (ABC), 6: 115 yan. IN c (MNI) => H=BC 4 (MNI) Tim giao tuyén cita (BCD) va (MNI) Taco: {ne ie an =He(MNI)a(ACD) (1) Va le(MNI)a(ACD) (2). Tir (1) va (3): HI =(MNI)> (ACD) Tim giao diém cia BD va mp(MNI) Goi E= HI BD(HI,BD <(BCD)), cé: re BD a {re HLHI (mnt) © =P) Tim giao diéin cia CD va mp(MNI) Goi F=HIACD(HLCD <(BCD)), cé: {i ‘ wa (mnie " SP (MNI) ’ 1 @ Tim giao diéin ciia AD va mp(MND KeAD Ke FN,FNc(MNI) Goi K = FN AD(FN, AD c(ACD)) , c6 { => K=ADo(MNI) 16 Cho tt dién ABCD. Goi M, N lan lugt 1a trung diém cdc canh AC, BC. Trén canh BD lay diém P sao cho BP = 2PD. Lay Q thugc AB sao cho QM ct BC. Tim: a). Giao diém cua CD va mp (MNP). b). Giao diém cia AD va mp (MNP). ©). Giao tuyén cia mp (MPQ) va mp (BCD). d). Giao diém cia CD va mp (MPQ). d)._Giao diém cia AD va mp (MPQ). LOIGIAI a). Giao diém cia CD va mp (MNP). Goi E= CDANP(CD,NP. " ecos(May) b). Giao diém cia AD va mp (MNP). A Tim giao tuyén cla mp(ACD) va mp(MNP). , {Me(MNP) ; i €AC,AC c(ACD) =Me(MNP)o(ACD) (1) _, [EeNP,NP (MNP) ° |EeCD,CD <(ACD) = Ee (MNP)o(ACD) (2) Tar (1) va (2): EM =(MNP) (ACD) Goi F= ADM EM(AD,EM ¢(ACD)) > F= ADO (MNP)(vi EM c(MNP)) ©). Tim giao tuyén ctia mp (MPQ) va mp (BCD) Goi K = QM BC(QM, BC Ke(MPQ)o(BCD) (3) =>Pe(MPQ)a(BCD) (4) ‘Tir (3) va (4): KP = (MPQ)-(BCD). d). Tim giao diém cua CD va mp (MPQ). 7 Goi L= KPACD(KP,CD c (BCD), c6: LeCD {rs KP,KP c(MPQ) e). Tim giao diém cua AD va mp (MPQ). _ Dau tién tim giao tuyéh cia mp(ACD) va mp(MPQ) . C6 M, L la hai diém chung cia (ACD) va (MNP). Suy ra ML =(MPQ)/ (ACD) Goi T= ADOML(AD,ML c(ACD)) = T= ADA(MPQ)(vi ML <(MPQ)) Cho hinh chép S.ABCD cé AB va CD khéng song song. Goi M Ia mét diém thudc mién trong cua tam giac SCD. a). Tim giao diém N ciia dong thang CD va mp (SBM). b). Tim giao tuyén cia 2 mat phang (SBM) va (SAC). ©). Tim giao diém I cia dudng thing BM va mat phang (SAC). d): Tim giao diém P ctia SC va mp(ABM), tit dé suy ra giao tuyén cia hai mp (SCD) va (ABM). | LOIGIAI a) Tim giao diém N cia dudng thang CD va mp (SBM). Goi N=SMnCD(SM,CD <(SCD)), 6: NecD NeSM,SM c(SBM) => L=CDn(MPQ). =>N=CDn(SBM). b) Tim giao tuyén ctia 2 mp (SBM) va (SAC). Cac ban dé y¥ mat phang (SBN) ciing chirh 1a mat phang (SBM). Trong mp(ABCD) goi O = ACNBN,, cé: Oe AC, ACc(SAC) Oc BN, BN (SBN) =O«(SAC)A(SBN) (1) Va Se(SAC)a(SBN) (2) Tir (1) va (2) suy ra SO = (SAC) (SBN). ©) Tim giao diém I cia dudng thang BM va mit phang (SAC). Goi I= BMSO(BM,SO c (SBN)). A B C6, ePM 1=BMa(SAC ® 180,80 (sac) 71> PM OEAC). 18 d). Tim giao diém P cita SC va mp (ABM), suy ra giao tuyén cita hai mp (SCD) va (ABM). Tim giao tuyén cua hai mat phang (AMB) va (SAC). Tacé A va la hai diém chung cita hai mat phang (ABM) va (SAC). Vay: (ABM) (SAC) = Goi P 1a giao diém cua Al va SC, thi P 1a giao diém cia SC va mp(ABM) . Hai mp (SCD) va (ABM) cé M va P la hai diém chung, vay giao tuyén cla ching la PM. Cho tit giéc ABCD va mét diém S khéng thugc mp (ABCD ). Trén doan AB lay mét diém M ,trén_doan SC lay mét diém N (M,, N khéng tring véi cdc dau mit ) a) Tim giao diém cuia dudng thang AN véi mat phang (SBD). b) Tim giao diém cua dong thing MN vi mat phang (SBD). LOI GIAI a) Tim giao diém cia duong thang AN voi mat phang (SBD) Chon mp phy (SAC) > AN Tim giao tuyéh cita (SAC) va (SBD) Trong (ABCD) goi P= ACO BD. Vay S va P la hai diém chung ctta hai mit phang (SAC) va (SBD). Suy ra. mp(SAC) mp(SBD) = © Trong (SAC) goi [= ANA SP, cé: le AN” { eSPc(SBD) = 1=AN-(SBD) b) Tim giao diém cia durdng thing MN véi mat phaffg (SBD). © Chon mp phy (SMC) > MN Tim giao tuyéh cita (SMC) va (SBD) Trong (ABCD), goi Q= MC n BD, hai mat phang (SMC) va (SBD) cé S vaQ la hai diém chung nén (SMC) m (SBD) = SQ. © Trong (SMC), goi J= MN SQ, 6: JeMN { SC “ © Tim giao tuyéh cita (SAC) va (MNP) a {we (MNP) MeSA,SA <(SAC) =>Me(MNP)o(SAC) (1) an { eSP,SP c (MNP) 1-80,S0.c(SAC) Tir (1) va (2). c6 (MNP) (SAC) =MI = 1e(MNP) (SAC) (2) Qesc 1 AC) goi Q= SCA MI, co: * Trong (SAC) goi Q= SCM MI, cé: {eco tae aN) => Q=SCn(MNP) Cho tit dién ABCD. Goi M,N [a hai diém trén AC va AD. O 1a diém bén trong tam giac BCD. Tim giao diém cua: a). MN va (ABO ) b). AO va (BMN ) LOI GIAI a) Tim giao diém cita MN va (ABO): ¢ Chon mp phu (ACD) > MN .. Tim giao tuyén ctta (ACD ) va (ABO) ‘Ta c6:A la diém chung clia (ACD ) va (ABO) 4 Trong (BCD) goi P = BO DC. Pe BO,BOc (ABO) PeCD,CDc(ACD) =Pe(ABO)n(ACD) (2) Tix (1) va (2) => (ACD) 9 (ABO) = AP + Trong (ACD), goi Q= AP 0 MN, cé: QeMN Qe AP, AP c ABO =» MNo(ABO)=Q 20 b) Tim giao diém cua AO va (BMN ): ¢ Chon mp (ABP) > AO. Tim giao tuyén cua (ABP ) va (BMN) Ta c6:B 1a diém chung cita (ABP ) va (BMN) (3) (: MN/MN < (BMN) => Qe(ABP)(BMN) (4). Qe AP, APc (ABP) Tir (3) va (4) (ABP) (BMN) = BQ Goi 1= BQN AO(vi BQ, AO < mp(ABP)), cé: {reo 1€BQ,BQ.¢(BMN) 7 != A0(BMN) Trong mp (a) cho hinh thang ABCD, day lén AD. Goi L, J, K ln luot la cdc diém trén SA, AB, BC ( K khéng la trung diém BC). Tim giao diém cia: a) IK va (SBD). b) SD va (JK). ©)SC va (JK). LOIGIAI s a). Tim giao diém cua IK va (SBD) Chon mp phy (SAK) chtra IK. Tim giao tuyén cua (SAK ) va (SBD) Ta cé: $e (SAK) (SBD) (1) Trong (ABCD) goi P= AK BD. , [Pe AKc(SAK) co Pe BDc(SBD) = Pe (SAK) (SBD) (2) Tir (1) va (2)=> (SAK) (SBD) =SP QelK QeSP (SBD) ¢ Trong (SAK), goi Q=IK A SP, c6: { => Q=IKn(SBD) b). Tim giao diém cua SD va (IJK ) © Chon mat phang phu (SBD) chita SD. Tim giao tuyén cua (SBD ) va (IJK). Theo cau a) tacd: Qe(SBD)A(K) (3) Trong (ABCD), goi M = JK 9 BD => M Ia diém chung cita (IJK) va (SBD) (4) Tir (8) va (4) = (JK) 0 (GBD) = QM © Trong (SBD) goi N=QMSD. 6,{Ne8D N=SDA(IK Ta CO) QM,QMc (IK) N= a(uK). ©). Tim giao diém cita SC va (JK): © Chon mp phu (SAC) > SC. Tim giao tuyéh cia (SAC) va (JK). © fe gnc FELONI(5) (5) Goi E= ACO JK(vi AC JK c(ABCD)). Vay Ee(IJK)n(SAC) (6) Tir (6) va (6) => (IJK) (SAC) =IE ¢ Trong (SAC), goi F=IENSC. Tacé: {Pee F=SCa (IK 265 te tB IEC (Ky? PSC ). Cho tir dién S.ABC. Goi I, H lan lugt la trung diém cia SA, AB. Trén canh SC lay diém K sao cho CK = 3SK. a), Tim giao diém F cua BC véi mp (THK). Tinh ti sé S b). Goi M Ia trung diém cita doan IH. Tim giao diém cla KM va mp (ABC). LOIGIAI s a). Tim giao diém cua BC vdi mp (IHK). ‘Ta tim giao tuyén clia (ABC) va (THK) true Goi E= ACOKI(AC,KI (SAC), c6: {re AC,ACc(ABC) _ B(ABC) (IK) (1), EeKLKIc(IHK) tr : oe (asc) => He(IHK)q(ABC) (2) 7 Tix (1) va (2) = EH = (ABC) (IHK) B Goi F = EH BC(EH, BC < (ABC)), c6: {ree FeEH,EHc(IHK)~ F=BCo(IHK). Goi D trung diém cia SC, ta cé IK 1a dudng trung binh cia ASAD. CA _CD Trong ACEK cé: —=——=2 =CA=2CK. Fae Be 22 Trong mat phang day (ABC) ké AN // EF(N BC). Tacé: HF // AN=> BH. BE_y pr-EN. HA FN Tacé: BF // AN = £&-°N 9 cN=2NF. AE NF FB EBs Kéth JB 1 ae ree FN+NC 3FB 3 b). Tim giao diéin clia KM va mp (ABC). Tacé KMc(IHK). Goi J= KMOEH(EH,KMc (IHK)). Tacé: |) ¢M =KMn(ABC 966: Vy EH EH c(ABC) >) (Asc) DANG 3: Tim thiét dién cia hinh (H) khi ct boi mat phang (P). Thiét dién 1a phan chung cua mat phang (P) va hinh (H) . ac dinh thiét dién la xéc dinh giao tuyén cia mp (P) véi cic mat cua hinh (H). Thuong ta tim giao tuyén dau tién cia mat phang (P) voi mot mat phang (c.) nao dé thudc hinh (H), giao tuyén nay dé tim duge. Sau dé kéo dai giao tuyén nay cat cdc canh khac cua hinh (H), tir dé ta tim duge cdc giao tuyéh tip theo. Da gidc gidi han béi cdc doan giao tuyén nay khép kin thanh mét thiét dign can tim. Thong qua cu thé nhiing bai tap sau thi cdc ban sé hiéu 16 hon. Cho hinh chép S.ABCD. Goi M la mét diém trong tam giac SCD. a). Tim giao tuyéh ctia hai mp (SBM) va (SAC). b). Tim giao diém cua dudng thang BM va mp (SAC). c). Xéc dinh thiét dién ctia hinh chép khi c&t boi mp (ABM). LOIGIAI a). Tim giao tuyéh cita hai mp (SBM) va (SAC). Goi N=SMACD(viSM,CD <(SCD)). Vay mit phang (SBN) cing 1a mat phang (SBM). Goi O= ACBN(vi AC,BN c(ABCD)) Oc BN,BN c(SBN) Oc AC,ACc (SAC) =>O«(SAC)A(SBN) (1) va Se (SAC) (SBN) (2) Tir (1) va (2): (SAC) (SBN) =SO. b). Tim giao diém cua dung thang BM va mp (SAC). Goi H = BM SO(vi BM, SOc (SBN)), cé: HeBM { = H=BMn(SAC) HeS0,SO (SAC) ©). Xéc dinh thiét din cia hinh chép khi c&t bi mp (ABM). Goi I= AHSC(vi AH, SCc(SAC)). Tim giao tuyén ctia hai mit phing (ABM) va (SCD). ese ee Ey telsc0) (aan) (3) Va Me(SCD) 4 (ABM) (4) Tir (3) va (4): (SCD) 9 (ABM) = IM. Goi J= IMMSD(viIM,SD <(SCD)). Vay (SAD) (ABM) = AJ , va. (SBC) (ABM) = BI Két luan ; thiét dign can tim Ia tet gidc ABI . Cho tt dign ABCD. Trén AB, AC lay 2 diém M, N sao cho MN khéng song song BC. Goi © la 1 diém trong tam giac BCD. a). Tim giao tuyén (OMN) va (BCD). b). Tim giao diém cia DC, BD véi (OMN). ©). Tim thiét dién cia mp(OMN) véi hinh chép. LOIGIAI a). Tim giao tuyén (OMN) va (BCD). . HeMN,MN < (MNO) Trong mp (ABC), goi H= MN BC, cé: He BC,BCc(BCD) =>He(BCD)A(MNO) (1) Vacé Oc(BCD)~(MNO). (2) Tir (1) va (2) suy ra (BCD) \(MNO) = HO b) Tim giao diém cia DC , BD véi (OMN). 24 Trong mp (BCD), goi I= BDA HO . {le BD ©") le HO, HO < (MNO) Trong mp(BCD) goi_J = CD AHO, 6: = 1=BD4(MNO) JeCD Je HO, HOc (MNO) H => J=CDo(MNO) ©). Tim thiét dign cua mp(OMN) véi hinh chép. * Theo cach dung diéim 6 cau a) va b) thi: (ABC) (MNO) = MN, (ABD)™(MNO) = MI. (ACD) (MNO) =NJ, (BCD) (MNO) =I. c Vay thiét dién can tim Ia tit gidc MNJI. Cho ttt dién S.ABC. Goi Me AS,Ne(SBC),P €(ABC), khéng cé dudng thang nao song song. a) Tim giao diém ctia MN vi (ABC), suy ra giao tuyéh cita (MNP) va (ABC). b) Tim giao diém cua AB voi (MNP) ©) Tim giao diém cua NP véi (SAB). d) Tim thiét dién cia hinh chop cat boi mat phang (MNP). LOIGIAI a). Tim giao diém ctia MN vi (ABC) g Chon mat phang phu (SAH) chira MN. Tim giao tuyén—cita mp(SAH) va mp(ABC). Ae(ABC)n(SAH) (1) Trong mp(SBC), goi: H=SNOBC. HeSN,SNc (SAH) He BC,BCc(ABC) => He(SAH)O(ABC) (2) 1 Tir (1) va (2) = (SAH) (ABC) = AH Goi |= MN AH (vi MN, AH c(SAH)). 25 leMN 6: { => 1=MN(ABC) 1¢ AH, AH c(ABC) Tim giao tuy@n cla (MNP) va (ABC). Tacé: Pe(MNP)™(ABC) (3) Va le(MNP)o(ABC) (4) ‘Tir (3) va (4) => (MNP) (ABC) = PI. b). Tim giao diém cia AB voi (MNP). Goi K = ABOPI(vi AB,PIc (ABC). KeAB co {reeprrte (wn) K = ABn(MNP). ©). Tim giao diém cia NP véi (SAB). Goi L= PNAMK(vi PN,MK c (MNK)). LePN 6 { => L=PNn(SAB). Co 1 eMK,MK c (SAB) d). Tim thiét dién cua hinh chép cat boi mat phing (MNP). Goi J=BCAPI(vi BC, PI c (ABC). Vay giao tuyén cua (MNP) va (SBC) la JN. Goi P=SCAJN(viSC,JN <(SBC)). Két ludn theo cdch dung diém cia nhiing cu 6 trén ta c6 thiét dién can tim Ia tr gidc MPJK. Cho tt dién S.ABC. Goi I, J, K lan lugt la 3 diém nam trong ba mat phang (SAB), (SBC), (ABC). a) Tim giao diém ciia IJ voi mp (ABC). b) Tim giao tuyéh ctia mp (IJK) véi cdc mat cia hinh chép. Tir dé suy ra thiét dién cia mp(IJK) edt bai hinh chop. LOIGIAI a). Tim giao diém ciia IJ voi mp (ABC). Goi M=SI AB(SI, AB < (SAB)), N =S} A BC(SJ,BC < (SBC)) Tit dé suy ra MN 18 giao tuyén cia mp (SIJ) va mp (ABC). Goi H= IJ OMN(I,.MN <(SIJ)), 26 Co: a H=IJn(ABC ® THeMN,MNc (asc) ~ 1-49 ) . Tim giao tuyén cia mp(JK) va mp(ABC). Ke (IJK) (ABC) _ {s ¢(UK)a(ABC) = HK =(JK) (ABC) Goi D=HK A BC(HK,BC.c(ABC)); E=HKMAC(HK, AC c(ABC)). s Tim giao tuyéh ctia mp(IJK) va mp(SBC). C6 Je(IJK)a(SBC) (1) {p ¢ HK,HK (IJK) DeBC,BCc (SBC) =De(IJK)n(SBC) (2) 4 Tir (1) va (2) => DJ =(IJK) (SBC) Tim giao tuyén ciia mp(JK) va mp(SAB). C6 Ie (IJK) (SAB) (3) ¥ Goi F = DJ \$B(DJ,SB (SBC) , c6: DJ,DJc(UK FeDJ,DJ(IK) =>Fe(IK)a(SAB) (4) F eSB,SBc (SAB) Tit (3) va (4): FI=(IJK) (SAB) Tim giao tuyéh ciia mp(IJK) va mp(SAC). Goi L = FIMSA(FLSA c(SAB)), cé: LeFLFc(I Z < (0K) =Le(UK)a(sac) (5) LeSA,SA (SAC) E=HKAC(HK, AC c(ABC)), cé: EeHK,HKc (IJK . (IK) ee(uK)a(sac) (6) Ee AC,ACc(SAC) Tir (5) va (6): LE=(IJK) (SAC) Két lun: Tir cach tim giao diém cua mat phang (IJK) véi cdc canh cia hinh chép S.ABC, suy ra thiét dién cua mp(JJK) cat boi hinh chép 1a tet gic DFLE. 27 Cho hinh chop S.ABCD c6 day ABCD la hinh binh hanh tam O. Goi M, N, I lan lugt n&m trén ba canh AD, CD, SO. Tim thiét dign ciia hinh chop véi mat phang (MNI). LOIGIAI 4 . Trong (ABCD), goi: J = BD 4 MN, K=MNO AB, H=MNoBC Trong (SBD), goi Q= J OSB Trong (SAB), goi R= KQ SA Trong (SBC), goi P= QHSC Vay : thiét dién la nga giac MNPQR Cho hinh chép S.ABCD. Goi M, N , Plan lugt la trung diém lay trén AB, AD vaSC Tim thiét dign cua hinh chép voi mat phang (MNP) LOI GIAI Trong (ABCD), gai: E=MNnDC, F=MNABC Trong (SCD), goi Q= EP. 9 SD , Trong (SBC), goi R= FP. > SB Vay : thiét dign la nga giéc MNPQR chimng minh mét diém thudc mét dudng thang cé dinh, Phuong phdp: Muén ching minh ba diém A, B, C thang hang, ta ching minh ba diém do lan luot thugc hai mat phang phan biét (a) va (B), thi suy ra ba diém A, B, C nam trén giao tuyén cha (a) va (8), nén chting thang hang. 28 PHUONG PHAP CHUNG MINH BA DUONG THANG DONG QUY: Ta tim giao diém cua hai dung thing trong ba dung thang da cho, ri chting minh giao diém dé nam trén dung thang thir ba. Cu thé nhur sau: Cach ching minh 3 dung thang a, b, c déng quy tai Chon mét mat phing (P) chita duong thang (a) va (b). Goi 1=(a)4(b) diém. Tim mét mat phang (Q) chita dudng thang (a), tim mt mat phang (R) chita dudng thang (b), sao cho (c)=(Q)(R) = Te(c) Vay: 3 duong thang (a),(b),(c) déng quy tai diém 1, (a),(b) (a)9(b)o(c)=1 mp(P)mp(R) =(b) mp(Q) > mp(R)=(c) Cho tir dién S.ABC. Trén SA, SB, va SC lan lugt lay cac diém D, E, F sao cho DE cat AB tai I, EF cit BC tai J, FD cat CA tai K. Chttng minh ba diém |, J, K | thang hang LOI,GIAI I= ABADE(AB, DE c (SAB Co: {Te AB, AB (ABC) Ie DE,DEc (DEF) => Te(ABC) 4(DEF) K=ACADF (AC,DF <(SAC)) Ke AC,ACc(ABC) K e DF, DF c (DEF) , => K e(ABC) 4 (DEF) (2) B | = BC EF(BC, EF <(SBC)) C6 \JeBC,BC <(ABC) = J ¢(ABC) (DEF) (3) [Je BF, EF c (DEF) Tir (1) (2) va (3) suy ra 3 diém I, J, K thing hang Cho tt dign ABCD cé G Ia trong tam tam gidc BCD. Goi M, N, P lan hugt la trung diém cua AB, BC, CD. a) Tim giao tuyén cia (AND) va (ABP) b) Goi I= AGOMP,J = CMO AN. Chitng minh D, 1, J thang hang. LOIGIAI 4 a). Tim giao tuyéh ctia (AND) va (ABP). Ae (ABP)7(ADN)(1) Tacé G=BPDN, co: GeBP,BP c(ABP) fe €DN,DNc(ADN) = Ge(ABP)(ADN)(2) Tit (1) va (2) AG = (ABP) 4(ADN) b). Ching minh D, 1, J thing hang N 1=AGOMP, AGc(ADG), MP c(DMN) =1e(ADG)A(DMN) (3) J=CMNAN, ANc(ADG), CMc(DMN)=>Je(ADG)>(DMN) (4) De(ADG)n(DMN) (8) Tir (3), (4), (5) suy ra ba diém D, I, J thude giao tuyén cua hai mat phang (ADG) va (DMN). Két luan vay ba diém D, I, J thang hang. Cho hinh binh hanh ABCD. $ la diém khéng thuéc (ABCD), M va N lan lugt 1A trung diém cia doan AB va SC. a) Xe dinh giao diém I= AN 9 (SBD) b) Xe dinh giao diém J = MN 9 (SBD) c) Chttng minh I, J, B thang hang. LOIGIAI a) Xe dinh giao diém I= AN 9 (SBD ) ¢ Chon mp phy (SAC) chtra AN. Tim giao tuyén cita (SAC ) va (SBD): Trong mat phang (ABCD) goi O 1a giao diém cua AC va BD. Hai mat phang (SAC) va (SBD) cé hai diém chung 18S va O. Vay: (SAC) 9 (SBD) = SO * Trong (SAC) goi I= AN SO. Vay: I= AN. (SBD) 30 b) Xac dinh giao diém J = MN 9 (SBD) © Chon mp phu (SMC) chtta MN. Tim giao tuyén ctia (SMC ) va (SBD): Trong (ABCD) goi K = MC BD. Hai mat phang (SMC) va (SBD) cé hai chung la $ va K. Vay: (SMC) 0 (SBD) = SK Trong (SMC), goi J= MN 4 SK Vay J=MNo(SBD) c) Ching minh I,J, B thang hang B c Ta co : B la diém chung cita (ANB) va (SBD) (1) TeSO,SO<(SBD) earn tacy) = Te (SBD) (ABN) (2) =>Je(SBD)(ABN) (3) J €SE,SE < (SBD) JeMN,MN c (ABN) Tir (1) (2) (3) suy ra ba diém B, I,J thang hang. Cho tit gidc ABCD va S ¢ (ABCD). Goi I, J la hai diém trén AD va SB, AD cat BC tai O va OJ cdt SC tai M. a) Tim giao diém K =I] 0 (SAC) b.) Xdcdinh giao diém L = DJ 0 (SAC) c) Ching minh A, K,L,M thang hang LOIGIAI a) Tim giao diém K=IJ 0 (SAC) © Chon mp phy (SIB) chita IJ Tim giao tuyén cua (SIB ) va (SAC) S¢(SBI)> (SAC) (1) Trong (ABCD) goi E= AC BI, cé: Ee ACc(SAC © ACK (SAC) _ 5 (Sac) (sel) Ee BIc(SBI) Tir (1) va (2)(SBI) (SAC) = SE. Trong (SIB) goi K=1J OSE. pee = K=IA(SAC 95 1K ese sec (sac) S=Y GAC) 31 b) Xa dinh giao dim L = DJ q (SAC) © Chon mp phy (SBD) chtta DJ . Tim giao tuyén cita (SBD ) va (SAC) Se(SBD)n(SAC) (3) Trong (ABCD) goi F= ACO BD. Vay F la diém chung thtr hai cua hai mat phang (4) Tir (8) va (4): (SBD) 7 (SAC) = SF Trong (SBD) goi L=DJ 0 SF . Tao Se => L=DJn(Sac) LeSF,SF c (SAC) Ching minh A,K,L,M thang hang Tacd Ae(SAC)M(AJO) (3) ,cd: °) BR) con) 6 ae exch =Le(SAc)a(ajo) (8) 5 fete =Me(SAC)n(AJO) (6) 6 MeSC<(SAC) Tir (3),(4),(5),(6) suy ra bon diém A, K, L, M cling thudgc giao tuyén cha hai mat phang (SAC) va (AJO). Vay: A, K, L, M-thang hang. ‘Cho tir gidc ABCD va S ¢ (ABCD). Goi M, N a hai diém trén BC va SD. =BN 7 (SAC) b) Tim giao diém J = MN 4 (SAC) c) Ching minh C, 1, J thang hang ~ LOIGIAT a) Tim giao diém I = BN 4 (SAC) + Chon mp phu (SBD) chtta BN * Tim giao tuyén cla (SBD ) va (SAC) Trong (ABCD) goi O= AC BD. Hai mat phdng (SAC) va (SBD) c6 hai diém chung la $ va O. Vay giao tuyén cuia chiing 1a SO. © Trong (SBD), goi I= BN SO. 32 Ta 6:{/* BN =1=BNn(SAC) h 2©t1680,S0c(SAC) b) Tim giao diém J = MN 4 (SAC) © Chon mp phy (SMD) chtra MN. Tim giao tuyén cua (SMD ) va (SAC) Trong (ABCD), goi K= ACA DM. Hai mat phang (SAC) va. (SMD) cé hai diém chung la Sva K. Vay giao tuyéh cita ching la SK . a © Trong (SMD), goi J= MN ASK. Te ey =MNa(SAC 906 1) esk sk (sac)?! MNOEAC) c) Chitng minh C, I,J thang hang Theo cach tim diém 6 nhitng cau trén ta cd ba diém C, I, J la diém chung cia hai mat phang (BCN ) va (SAC) => Ba diém C, I, J ciing thudc giao tuyén cla hai mat phang (BCN) va (SAC). Két lun C, I, J thang hang. [Cho hinh chép S.ABCD. Goi M, N, P lan luot la trung diém cua SA, SB, | SC.Goi E= ABACD,K=ADnBC. a) Tim giao tuyén cia (SAC) a (SBD),(MNP) 7 (SBD). b) Tim giao diém Q ctia dudng thang SD véi mat phang (MNP). ©) Goi H= NMPQ. Ching minh 3 diém $, H, E thang hang. d) Chimg minh 3 dudng thing SK, QM, NP déng qui. : LOIGIAI 5 a). Tim giao tuyén ctia (SAC) (SBD). Trong mp (ABCD) goi O = ACO. BD, cé: [Oe AC,AC (SAC) is BD, BD (SDB) =Oe(SAC)a(SBD) (1) Se(SAC)n(SBD) (2) Tir (1) va (2) (SAC) 9 (SBD) = SO Tim giao tuyén cua (MNP) (SBD) Trong mp(SAC) goi F= MP. 4SO, cé: E 33 fr (SCD) (**) Se(SAB)4(SCD) (***) Tir (*),(**),(***) suy ra ba diém S, H, E thudc giao tuyén cia hai mat phing (SAB) va (SCD) nén ba diém S, H,, E thing hang. d) Ching minh 3 dudng thing SK, QM, NP déng qui. Goi G=MQaNP(vi MQ,NPc(MNP)) — (5) {s €MQ,MQc (SAD) => Q=SDn(MNP) =>Ge(SAD)n(SBC) (6 GeNP,NP c(SBC) <(sap)(ssc) (6) Ngoai ra (SAD)4(SBC)=SK =GeSK (7) Tir (6), (6), (7) suy ra 3 duong thing SK, QM, NP déng qui. Cho hinh chép S.ABCD cé day Ia hinh binh hanh. Goi M Ia trung diém clia canh SD, 11a diém trén canh SA sao cho AI = 21S . Goi giao diém K cua IM véi mat phing (ABCD). Tinh ti sé KD/KA. Goi N a trung diém BC. Tim thiét dign cua hinh chép S.ABCD cat boi mat (AMN). LOIGIAI Trong mp(SAD) goi K=IMNAD. . [KeIM vi {eiape (asco) = K=IMn(ABCD). ASAD duc vé lai 6 hinh 2. Dung DF // KI(F SA). 34 Trong ASDF cd IM 1a dudng a trung binh cia tam gidc. => SIsI=FA. Tir dé suy ra FD la dudng trung binh cia tam gidc AIK. =>D trung diém cua AK. KD_1 Két luan ——=— . ét luan 2 Trong mp (ABCD), goi E=ANNCD. : Trong mp (SCD) goi: P= EMSC. $ Tir dé suy ra thiét dién cua hinh chép S.ABCD bj cat boi mit (AMN) Ia tir giéc AMPN. St Hinh2 ie Cho ti dién ABCD. Goi P va Q lan hot la nhing diém trén hai doan thang BC va BD , M la diém trén doan AC. Gia str khéng ton tai song song trong hinh vé ciia bai toan. a) Tim giao diém cua duéng thang AB va mat phing (MPQ) . Suy ra giao diém N cua dwong thang AD va mat phing (MPQ). b) PQ cat CD tai I. Tim giao tuyén cia hai mat phang (MPQ) véi mat phang (ACD) . Nhan xét gi vé vj tri cua M, N, I? c)_DP va CQ cét nhau tai E, MQ va NP cat nhau tai F. Chug, t6 A, E, F thang hang. 7 LOIGIAI a) Trong mp(ABC) goi H = ABAMP, cé: He AB fr (MPQ). Ta cé: H va Q la hai diém chung cia hai mat phang (MPQ) va (ABD), nén giao tuyéh cla chting la dwong thing # HQ. HQ cat AD tai diém N, thi N la giao diém cia AD va (MPQ). b) M val la hai diém chung cia hai mat phdng (MPQ) va (ACD). Vay giao tuyén cua (ACD) va (MPQ) la dung thang MI. Vi Ne(MQP) (ACD) => Ne MI. Vay ba diém M,N, I thang hang - ©) Viba diém A, E, F la ba diém chung cia hai mat phing (ADP) va (ACQ). Nén chiing thuéc giao tuyén ctia (ADP) va (ACQ). Két lun ba diém A, E,, F thang hang . BAI TAP TONG HOP CHUONG I Cho hinh chép S.ABCD véi ABCD 1a hinh binh hanh, Goi M la diém bat ky thuéc SB, N thuéc mién trong tam gidc SCD. a) Tim giao diém cla MN va mp (ABCD). b) TimSC4(AMN), SD.>(AMN). ¢) TimSAn(CMN). LOI GIAI a) Tim giao diém cia MN va mp (ABCD). Goil=SNCD(viSN,CD c(SCD)). Chon mat phang (SBI) chita MN. Ta cé B va I 1a hai diém chung cua hai mat phang (SBI) va (ABCD) . Vay: (SBI) 9 (ABCD) = BI Goi H = MNO BI(vi MN, BI (SBI) HeMN Tacé {i € BI,BI< (ABCD) => H=MN»“(ABCD). b) Tim SCn(MAN). B Ee Du tién ta tim giao tuyén cita mat ph’ng (SAC) va (SBI) Goi O = ACM BI(vi AC,BIc (ABCD)). Ta cé: va O Ia hai diém chung cua hai mat phing (SAC) va (SBI). Vay: (SBI) (SAC) = SO. Goi E = S00 MN(vi SO,MN c (SBI)). Chon mat phang (SAC) chtta SC. Tim giao tuyén ca (SAC) va (AMN). 36 Ae(SAC)o(AMN) (1) : {rcs si can EN (am) E<(SAC)A(AMN) (2) Ti (1) va (2): (SAC)(AMN) = AE. GoiK =SCn AE(vi AE,SCc (SAC)), co: Kese K =8Ca(AMN) Ke AE AEc(AMN) = K=SCO(AMN)- Tim giao diém cua SD va mat phang (AMN): Ta cd K va N 1a hai diém chung ciia hai mat phang (AMN) va (SCD) . Vay (AMN) 0(SCD) = KN Goi P la giao diém cia KN va SD . Suy ra P cing la giao diém ciia SD va mp(AMN). Tim giao diém cia SA va mat phang (CMN). Chon mat phang (SAC) chita SA. Tim (SAC) (CMN) Tacé Ce(SAC)A(CMN) (3) °) Theo cau b) E = SOM MN(SO,MN c (SBI), c6: EeSOc(SAC) tr eMN<(CMN) =Ee(SAC)(CMN) (4) Tit (3) va (4) (SAC) (CMN) = CE GoiQ=SANCE(vISA,CEC (sac). QeCE,CEc(CMN) Cho hinh chép S.ABCD cé day ABCD 1a hinh thang voi AB song song CD. O la giao diém cua 2 dudng chéo, M thudc SB. a) Xe dinh giao tuyén cia (SAC) (SBD) ; (SAD) n(SBC). b) Tim giao digm cua SAN(MDC) ; SOM (MDC). LOI GIAI a) Xéc dinh giao tuyén cia (SAC) (SBD). Tac S la diém chung thir nhat va O la diém chung thir hai cita 2 mat phang (SAC) va (SBD). Tacé: {ocer => Q=SAn(CMN). 37 vay (SAC)4(SBD)=SO Xae dinh giao tuyén cha (SAD) (SBC). Se(SAD)>(SBC) (1). Trong mp(ABCD) goiH = AD BC, cé: {a € AD,ADc (SAD) A He BC,BCc(SBC) J = He(SAD)n(sBc) (2) Tir (1) va (2): (SAD) (SBC) = SH. b) Tim giao diém cia SOm(MDC); SAn(MDC). Goi 1= S01 DM(vi SO, DM c (SBD)) , cé: # re80 1-804 (MCD) leDM,DMe(Mcp) 7 !=50(MCP) Goi J=SANCI(viSA,CI.c(SAC)), 6: {iter Jecl,cle(Mep) J =SA (MCP). Cho hinh chop S.ABCD 6 ABCD 1a hinh binh hanh tam O. Goi M, N lan luot la trung diém cua AB, SC. a) TimI = ANA\(SBD). b) TimK =MN-(SBD). ©) Tinh tise, KN d) Chting minh B, I, K thang hang. Tinh ti so z : : LOIGIAI a) Tim giao tuyéh cia mp(SAC) va mp(SBD). Se(SAC)n(SBD) (1) o € AC,ACc (SAC) Oe BD,BD (SBD) Tir (1) va (2) SO =(SAC) (SBD) Goi I= SOM AN(SO,AN c(SAC)). Suy ra N= ANM(SBD) 38 = O«(SAC)n(SBD) (2) b) Tim giao diém K cia NM va mp(SBD). s Chon mp (ABN) chira MN. Tim giao tuyén cia mp (ABN) va mp (SBD). {i SO,SO c (SBD) Te AN, AN c (ABN) ; =1e(ABN)™(SBD) (3) Be (ABN) (SBD) (4) - Tit (3) va (4) BI=(ABN) (SBD); K=BIAMN. ¢) Tinh ti so5M KN Goi Q trung diém cia AL Tacé AQ=QI=IN (Villa trong tam ciia tam giacSAC). Ta cé: MQ Ia during trung binh cia tam gidc AABI => MQ//BI. Ta cé: IK la dudng trung binh cua tam giée ANMQ. Vay K la trung diém cia MN. KM Suy ra a1, : 4 4 : 4) Theo cach tim giao tuyéh cia céu b) thi 3 diém B, K, I thing hang. Ta cé: trong ANMQ: 1K =30M B IK Cho hinh chép SABC. Goi K, N la trung diém cia SA, BC. Dig M thude Va trong AABI: QM =3-BI => IB=41K

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