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Org

r[mypö&D
t|uxm
 eb
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ki
a'o - vuFm'Dy sc
rea
umv - omoemESpf 400-500 ted
by
yk*¾v - (1) jA[ P
® wdó ww
w.
(2) 0¥*grPd Sh
an
(3) usnf;rif;rsm; Yo
ma
(4) &[ef;awmfckepf&m .O
rg
(5) odMum;ESifh0doMuHK
OyÜwåd - r[mypö&Dt|uxm
(taMumif;t&m)

(1)

omoem 339 ESpf? {Vm&usnf;rif;jyK? 44 ESpf eef;pH/

omoem 383 ckESpf/ 'k|*grPdrif;jyK? 24 ESpf eef;pH/ omoem
407 ckESpf/ nDawmfo'¨gwdórif;jyK? 18 ESpf eef;pH/ rif;ESpfquf
vGefNyD;aemuf omoem 440 ckESpf? o'¨gwdórif;? om;awmf
0¥*grPdtb,rif;jyK/

*grPdrif; eef;wufNyD;aemuf ig;vajrmufa&mufaomtcg

p@mvwdóab; ta&;awmfykHBuD; ay:vmonf/ usrf;*efrsm;wGif
]]p@mvwdór[mb,}}[lívnf;aumif;? (p@mvwdór[m
ba,-{uedygw? t*kFwå&|uxm)/ ]]jA[®Pwdób,-[lí
vnf;aumif;? (jA[®Pwdób, oar®mt|uxm? ÓP0dbif;)
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm a&;rSwfMuonf/

jA[®PvlrsKd;armifwdóukd p@mvwdó[kac:jcif;rSm
p@mvr[kwfaomfvnf; EkdifiHNrdKU&Gm rNidrfoufatmif Nidrf;csrf;a&;

1
 rg
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ysujf ym;atmif zsuq f ;DYaomtzs
an
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f rm;wpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh
h
Zmwferd Zhf mwfywswu.Sf p@mv[laompum;vk;H udk xnhíf emrfErdS af c:Mu
y w
jcif; jzpf
db
onf/
re ate
is c
ok armifwó d trnf&adS om jA[®PvlrsK;d rku d uf ef;uef;(ty@d
ebo
awm-r[m0Ho/ 33/ 30 *gxm)vli,fwpfO;D tm; jA[ P ® vlrsK;d BuD;
wpfOD;u ]]armif&if wpfaeYaomtcg rif;jzpfvdrfhr,f}}a[mzl;aom
aMumifh t[kwfBuD;rSwf? pdwfBuD;0if? tzsufvkyfief;awGvkyf? trsKd;
rsKd;vIyf&Sm;íaeonf/ ]]vlrkdufwpfa,muf vlrkdufwpf&m jzpfvm
atmif jyKEdkifaomoabm}}t& wdóaemuf vkdufygMuoltajrmuf
trsm; &SdvmMuojzifh *grPdrif;eef;pdkuf&m tEk&m"NrdKUawmftxd
csDwuf0kdif;&HzkdY wdówkdYvlpk vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; jyifqifwmplaeMupOf
]]awmrD;avmif awmaMumif vufcarmif;cwf}}qkd&kd;pum;twkdif;
jynfwiG ;f a&; rNidrof ufonfukd tcGiahf umif;,lum jynfy&eforl sm;
vnf; tzsufvkyfief;udk pwifMuavawmhonf/

tdE´d,awmifydkif;? usnf;ukvm;acgif;aqmifckepfOD;(The
Pandya Kings Belonged To The Tribe Of Marar)vnf; oD
[kdVfuRef;bufodkY ul;vmum tEk&m"NrdKUawmfudk 0dkif;xm;Muonf/

jA[®Pwdóu *grPdrif;xH taMumif;Mum;odapvkduf

onfrSm wkdawmif;jywfom;vSonf/
]]xD;eef;pGefYoGm;rvm;?
tjywftowf wkdufrvm;}}
*grPdrif;u jA[®PwdóxH taMumif;jyefvu
dk yf rHk mS Ekid if H
a&;ynmom; ygvSayonf/

2
 eb
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tEk&m"NrdKUawmfywfywfvnfrSm jynfytEÅ&m,ftaewG d b 0dkif;aeonf/
jynfytEÅ&m,fawGukd armif&iS ;f vif;okwo f ifNyD;ygu oDy [wwVdk w
f pfuRe;f
w.
H 0)? rMumrwif usnf;ukvm;&efoal wGSu
vk;H armifEidk if yH g(&ZÆw hao
dk m
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zrf;qD;okwfoifvkdufyg(£'gae0*PSH'rdaV)/ om
a.O
rg
wu,fwrf;aomfum; tzsuform;jA[®Pwdóonf *g
rPdrif;uJhodkY EkdifiHa&;vdr®maMunufol r[kwfay/ usnf;ukvm;
acgif;aqmifckepfOD;bufokdY ppfrsufESmjzefYvkdufaom jA[®Pwdó
onf usnf;ukvm;rsm;\vufwGif;odkY oufqif;usa&muf tp
aysmufoGm;avawmhonf/ (jA[®Pwdóvnf; rSmpma&mufí 0rf;
ajrmufpGmvsuf usa&mufvmaom usnf;rif;wkdYtm; ppfxkd;av\/
ppfx;dk Mu&mü jA[®Pwdóudk usnf;rif;wkYd u owf&avownf;/
r[m0if0w¬K/)

(2)

jA[®Pwdóu pwifcJhaom EkdifiHNrdKU&Gm rNidrfoufrIBuD;

jzpfaomaMumifh usnf;rif;rsm; tkypf ;dk aeaomtcsdeu
f mvukyd if jA[®
Pwdóab;qkdufa&mufaeaomtcsdef[k owfrSwfac:qkdMuav
onf/ wpfenf;rSw, f &l ef&o
dS nfum;? tEk&m"NrdKUawmfrmS usnf;rif;
rsm;vnf; tqufquftkyfpkd;vsuf jA[®Pwdóolykefacgif;aqmif
uvnf; aus;vufZeyk'frsm;udk zsufqD;vsuf (jA[®Pwdó apm
a&myd Zey'H 0d'¨Haood/ /jA[®Pwdóapma& raw ydwk r[m&m
Zm qwåH Oómayod/ /oar®mt|uxm/ ÓP0dbif;/) 12 ESp/f
odkYr[kwf 14 ESpf 7-v/ odkYr[kwf 16 ESpf/ odkYr[kwf 16 ESpf
7-vrQ oD[kdVfuRef;wGif uyfBuD;okH;yg;qkdufaeonf/ uyfqkdonf

3
 rg
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nY tjcm;wpfuyfqufum wkdufNrJaywnf;/
rSm wpfuyfwkdufvaQif
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w w.S
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db
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a t e
s cre &efolab;ESifh
o ki tajy;tvTJ
ebo
aqGrsKd;uGJom;
jynfxJa&;&m
cufonhfomwnfh}} (Or®m'EÅDysKdU)

vufeufcsif;NydKifMuaom ow¬EÅ&uyfwkdufvQif 'kAÇdu©EÅ&

uyfwnf;[laom tiwfab;vnf; qku d wf wfonf/ Mur®miifonf
[kyif qkd&ayrnf/ a&ywfvnf0dkif;aeaom oD[kdVfuRef;rSm rkd;
12 ESpfacgifonf/ oD[kdVfuRef;rSm rkd;acgifonfqkdvQif ckumvom;
rsm; ,kHrS,kHMuyrvm;/ ,kHcsif,kH r,kHcsifae/ uHMur®m\tm;um;
tvGefqef;Mu,fjyif;xefonf/ xdkpOfu ow¬EÅ&uyfESihfwGJí 'kAÇd
u©E&Å uyfvnf; wkud af eonf/ odMum;rif;uvnf; BudKwifavQmuf
xm;onf/

]]r[EÅH b,H b0dówd?

e or®ma'a0g 0óówd}}
]]uyfBuD; qkdufvdrfhrnf?
rkd;acgifvdrfhrnf}}

rk;d acgifí O,smOfv,f,mrsm;rSm aumufyo J ;D ESrH &&ko

H mru
xGu&f NdS yD;om; ok;H ESppf m qGr;f awmf0wftjzpf oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf
xm;aom pyg;rsm;udkvnf; wpfnOfhwGif;rSmyif <uufBuD;rsm;pm;
ypfMuojzifh pyg;cGHrsm;om usefawmhonfhtjzpfqkd;rsKd;ESifhvnf;

4
 eb
oo
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MuHKawGYMu&avonf/ sc
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ted
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xkdtcg aMuuGJzG,f&m &[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;ESypwfawomif;av;
w
axmif tm[m&jywfí y&dedAÁmefpHawmfrlMu&avonf/ .Sha
nY
om
]]igh0rf;ylqm? raeom}}qdkouJhokdY vl&Sif&[ef; trsm;yif a.Or
g
&&mopf&Guf opfacgufrsm;udk axmif;Budwfí tm[m&tjzpf pm;
rsKdMu&onf/

tcsKdUtcsKdUaom &[ef;&SifvlwkdYonf opfrnfpnf? xef;

paom toD;qef? toD;cGrH sm;udk taorcHEidk í
f ESpNf yD;rsKcd sMu&onf/

tcsKdUaom t&d,myk*K¾ v
d rf sm;vnf; tm[m&y&da,oe'ku©
twGuf vSnfhvnfoGm;&onfhtwGif; vlom;pm;vl&kdif;rsm;\tpm;
cH&í b0wpfoGef vGefawmfrlMu&onf/

tpmtpm;
xGm;xGm;jrnfhMu
&Sm;yg;aví
aoausaysmufpGJ
iwfrGwfuJu
jynfxJa&;xuf
0rf;a&;cuf\/(Or®m'EÅDysKdU)

5
 rg
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o ma
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w.Sh
w
b y w kYaom acwfqkd;BuD;ESifh&ifqkdifaeMu&aomtcsdefü oD
þod
ted
[kredVafuRef;oHCmawmfrsm; pnf;a0;wkdifyifMuí jA[®Pwdótzsuf
i sc
ok orm;udk [efYwm;ay;apcsifygonf[ktaMumif;Mum; awmif;yef&ef
ebo
odMum;rif;xH oHCmawmfrsm;ud, k pf m; rax&f&pS yf g;udk apvTwv
f u
dk f
onf/

]]t&Sijf rwfwYdkb&k m;? jzpfay:aeaomtzsuo

f rm;tEÅ&m,fukd
r[efYwm;Ekdifygbk&m;}}[k ewfwkdYoeif; odMum;rif;u jyefMum;
avQmufxm;NyD;aemuf rZösrd a'obufoYkd om <uawmfrMl uyg/ ork'´
&mtEÅ&m,ftoG,foG,fudk wynfhawmf apmifha&Smufygrnf[kvnf;
tmrcHpum; avQmufxm;avonf/

odMum;rif;trdeYf t& ok;H qif&h adS omazmifBuD;udk 0doMk uHKewf

om;u zefqif;avonf/ atmufqkH;tqifhum; a&jr§Kyfonf/
tv,ftqifhwGif oHCmawmfrsm; oDwif;okH;onf/ tay:qifhwGif
ouFef;oydwfy&du©&mrsm; xm;onf/ azmifay:rSm ae&mr&aom
&[ef;rsm; opfwkH;rsm;udk wG,fívkdufMuonf/ tEÅ&m,fr&Sdatmif
odMum;rif;u apmifah &Smufonf/(zefqif;&onft h wlwl us,fus,f
BuD; azmifukd zefqif;vku
d u f a&mhaygh[v k , G v
f ,
G uf u
l l rawG;avESihf
]]ur®0dygaum tpdEÅda,m}}udkvnf; ESvkH;oGif;av/)

odMum;rif; 0doMk uHKwkYd \azmifBuD;ay:wGif &[ef;awmfcek pf

&m ygoGm;onf/ xkd&[ef;awmfckepf&mwkdYonf aeYa&mnOfhyg b,f
tcgrS rtdyfaom(b*0awm ed'´g emrew¬d-aewådt|uxm) Ak'¨
jrwfpmG \wynfah wmfrsm; jzpfMuonf/ Ak'u ¨ pd (ö 5)yg;jzifh rtm;rvyf

6
 eb
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tvkyfvkyfaom Ak'¨\wynfhawmfrsm; jzpfisMuonf
cre /
ate
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12 ESpfvkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &Sif&|ygv? &Sif&m[kvm/y ww
w.
15 ESpfvkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &SiftmeE´m/ Sh
an
18 ESpfvkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &SifaomP/ Yo
m
tESpf 30 vkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &Sifom&dykwå&m? &Sifarm*¾vmef? &Sif a.Or
g
b'´d,/
tESpf 50 vkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &SiftEk&k'¨g/
tESpf 80 vkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &SifAmukv/
tESpf 120 vkH;vkH; rtdyfaom &Sifr[muóywkdY\nDawmfrsm;
vnf; jzpfMuonf/

&[ef;awmfckepf&m rZösdra'oqDodkY a&vrf;c&D;xGufchJMu&

jcif;rSm y&d,wådomoemawmfBuD; t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfwHhygapjcif;
tusKd;iSmom jzpfonf/ taysmftyg;paom tjcm;bmtaMumif;rS
r&Sday/

a&vrf;c&D; azmifBuD;ay:wGif qkaH wmifq

h cHk J &[ef;awmfcek pf
&m qkHpnf;rdMuonf/ þokdYaom tcGifhaumif;wGif omoemawmf
twGuf txl;tm;jzifh 0denf;omoemawmftwGuf pkaygif;nd§EIdif;í
t|uxmwpfql jyK&aomf aumif;avpG[ktMuHay:um azmifBuD;
(r[mypö&D)ay:wGif t|uxmopfwpfql jyKawmfrlMuavonf/
azmifBuD;ay:wGif jyKaomt|uxmjzpfí r[mypö&Dt|uxm[k
ac:wGifavonf/
(r[mypö&,d EÅd jA[®Pwdóba, bduK© oHCH ZrÁK'DyaH ewkH
a'0gerdE´ó tmPwåd,m 0dokuar®e edr®dw r[mypö&d,H edoD'd
wGm vdcdwwåm wHemrum,H 0de,|uxm,H/ /0de,0dedpä,

7
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te db
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eb oo jA[®Pwdóab; 12 ESpfMumNyD;aemuf ab;tEÅ&m,fNidrf;
at;aomtcg ckepf&maom&[ef;awmfrsm; a&muf&mXmewGif t|
uxmESifhwuGaom yd#uwfokH;ykHudk tu©&mwpfvkH; Asnf;wpfvkH;rQ
raysmufysuf&atmif apmifhxdef;í oD[kdVfuRef;odkY jyefvnfqkduf
a&mufum uv’*grZeyk'f r@vm&mrausmif;wkdufodkY 0ifa&muf
awmfrlMuonf/ ({uedygwf t*kFwå&t|uxm/)

jA[®Pwdó ckd;om;(olykef)aoaomtcg ydwk(0¥*grPd)

rif;BuD; xD;eef;pdkufaqmufjyefonf/ (jAm[®Pwdóapma&raw
ydwkr[m&mZm qwåH Oómayod/ /oar®m-ÓP0dbif;)

jA[®Pwdóab;ESifhwGJzufaeaom usnf;rif;ig;OD;wkdY\
eef;pHESpfrSm 14 ESpf 7-vrQ jzpfavonf/
({0H'rdV&mZleH? awoH yOöEéar0 [d/ a[mEÅd pk'´o0óm
ed? owårmomp Owå&ð/ r[m0if 33/ 62-63 *gxm)

]ydwkrif;(0¥*grPdrif;)onf 'rdV=usnf;rif;rS&IH;onfjzpf
í a&m[PZeyk'fü 16 ESpfaeí (ydwk&mZm"r®dVó y&mZdawm
a&m[aP aomVo0ómed0odwGm/ /0Zd&Ak'?d¨ wwd,yg&mZd
u/)

]]ydwkrif;onfum; 7-v tvGef&Sdukefaom 16 ESpfwkdYywf

vkH; rv,t&yfü aeí xkdxkdt&yfrS tEk&m"NrdKUawmfodkYjyefvmí

8
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'g|d,usnf;rif;udk zrf;í wzef EdkifiHuisdk cvuf
re &odrf;ydkufí...}}
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(ydwk&mZmye owårmom"dumeD aomVo0ómed ww rv,
a'ao 0odwGm wawm wawm tEk&m"yk& rm*EÉm .S'g|d ha ,
'rdVH *a[wGm yke&ZÆH [w¬*wH uwGm...}}r[m0if#Dum/ oD[dkVnfrYl/om
a.O
ESm 448/) r g

*grPdtb,rif;udk 0¥*grPdtb,ac:wGifonfrSm w
zefjyefí rif;jyKaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

(yke0¥wGm tm0¥wGm &ZÆHuma&od? wo®m 0¥*grPdtb

a,mwdp a0g [&EÅd/ /'u©P d m&mrbk&m;BuD;q&mawmf\omo
eaZmwdumrnfaom 'Dy0Ho#Dum/ ylcsyf? ausmzuf)

0denf;onfom? omoem\? wnf&mrlv? blwpifppf?

toufjzpf\? ajcjrpfckdifusnf? 0denf;wnfrS? yifpnfomoem?
nTefYvef;jzmtHh/ odu©mESpfyg;? xyfxyfyGm;tHh/ okH;yg;nD;nD;? t
aMumif;rD;ESifh? tusKd;rD;&Spfyg;? q,fhwpfyg;wkdY? okH;yg;bkHwkduf?
tukefNrdKufu? yltkdufvSpGm? 0#frD;pmwnfh? cE¨m'ku©? Nidrf;at;vS
om;? trw&dyfjrHK? edAÁmefbkHü? ckdvIH&jcif;? taMumif;&if;um;? xkd
,if;rSwf&m? tpyfpm(oE¨dusrf;)ü? wMwm,rm'd? ykHpH&SdcJh? ok'¨dav;
cGif? pifBuD;pifrS? &SpftiftHhbG,f? tvIdif;us,fom;? yifv,fork'f?
vIdif;0J0kwf\? &kdufykwfrcH? wifh&nf;pHí? jA[®p&d,? 0gopifppf?
jzpfBuD;jzpftHh? okH;qpfodu©m? omoemokH;0? yd#uokH;cif;? tcsif;
csif;vQif? &dkif;yif;xlrS? axmufulMuvnf;? rlvodrSwf? y&d,wf
um;? yd#uwf0denf;? jzpfownf;[k? odonf;aoacG? taeusus?
odjrifMuom;? oHCydwm? oHCmwkYd b? y&dPm,u[l? &wånLwkYd ?

9
 rg
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nY t|uxmopf? &wemppf[k? ypö&Dr[m?
nDrlor*¾? vrf;nTeafMuí?
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xGufay:vmonf
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ted
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rSwfcsuf/ /1985-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? twGJ(1) trSwf(1)
xkwf '*kefr*¾Zif; pmrsufESm(189 rS 191xd)ü
vmaom aqmif;yg; jzpfygonf/

10