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Es mi deseo como sencillo gesto de

agradecimiento dedicar este trabajo de tesis,

principalmente a Dios, por haberme dado la

vida y permitirme el haber llegado hasta este

momento tan importante de mi formación

profesional.


A las personas que más amo mis padres

Sergia y Julio, por demostrarme siempre su amor

y apoyo incondicional pues ellos son el principal

cimiento para la construcción de mi vida

profesional, sentando en mí las bases de

responsabilidad y deseos de superación.

A mis hermanos Wilbert y Karen quienes

me apoyan incondicionalmente a lograr mis metas

y objetivos propuestos.

A mi hija Quilla Sarai por ser el regalo

más maravilloso que me entrego la vida, que me

inspira a ser mejor persona y a seguir adelante.

Yenny M. I






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A nuestros profesores de la escuela profesional de Arqueología, por los

conocimientos brindados durante los años de estudio.

Expresamos un especial y sincero agradecimiento al Licenciado en

Arqueología José Luis Tovar Callo, quien acepto dirigir la tesis de investigación,

quien con sus conocimientos, experiencia, tiempo y paciencia ha logrado que

podamos culminar con este trabajo.



















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