sare IManeat1CA" aC aC Cr BA 2a)4BA ng MBA Enea EsfCA Tega nCAT tone << Jump to ve Home » Forums » CAT 2014 Quant Lessons » Functions Search forums @ Display replies fat, with oldest frst PNa SIPS Scenstmumsny, 20200, 10:3 a tn a CAT classtoom of on the Internet, there are two kinds of students- those whe study and tose who Believe that they are studying but are actually nat Every lime T start taking a esh batch, vt Mardy 4 tees one ar twa classes to ldenUly both tyoes of students. And Ras rothing to-do with Iteligance oF Backoraund has to 40 with atatice snd igtng sat Every tne | om a problim inte dens or Would are at an answer, whether night of wrong. On the other hand, the students are who are Just “ftriking a pose of studying’ would be walung for me to give the answers and the Soktons. They would be acting asi they Sratinking hare out in realty wouta act be tinking at al. On the internet, trequentiy sea stugants who waste ume nie chit chat when they should be Busy solving problems ‘They feel satisfied that thay have dane "sometaing’ for thelr CAT by looking at problem of flking ou CAT to athers But mn essence they Rave done Nothing and wasted one more cay. “students Ike \ ty neve kr hay dort Whereas moet focus a compet nee ate whiners eve Sums quant a i ssssnment, Ard mony sac rnc asesimene astute he senevs sets, nthe oer hans, tweet wo sesen Where consaty neat om he whe’ oa seve Ke dyes coatrh aw fom se wna 30h Spend Sut ot your time with your winners: A ninnes sre rot te anes whe acre auto, Tey eve te ones wo are fen he frcure unin ay arewaneaFatonn ne sje Sos noe marr. An forsusems on tetera nhe wares fo ae cot cat ne For our students on TS.com, we would ike to share one of our endeavors in CAT COT Clubs Video lessons, Dagny snd { have Deen tinkering umber for our TG junta, Do have & look end sive us your feeaback, Unfortunately, so match the rest of the lessons thet we are making, you will Starting with this new chapter, I would like to ask what would you call an expression such 212 — 2x2 + Sx + 17 Your answer would most probably be 'an algebraic expression’ and you would be right. What is x here? A variabl whose value YOU will have to input. So for % = 1, the value of your algebraic expression woul be S. For ¥ the value would be 45. If you plot the values against the input value of the variable x, you would get a graph such as the one shown below: eso somsavaore Iuaneat{Ca" 910A aC Cr BA 2a)4BA ng MBA Enea EsfCA Teg CAT tone ‘This is a simple graph on the x-y axis which intersects the y axis at y = 1 for x = 0. There are some basic observations that we can make about the graph: What values can we put in the expression? Clearly, al the real values, i.e. vakies which lie on the number line, can be inserted into the expression. To draw the graph in the X-y plane we need to put values which we CAN Find on the x-axis, This graph can have all the values from ~= to =, For every unique value of x, the expression will ive a unique value only, ie. if we plot the graph completely, at each value of x, we will have only a unique value of y. There cannot be two values for a single value of x. What are the valus of the expression we can obtain by putting the values of x7 Clearly, the values we can obtain will also be from — ‘sketching the araph of an expression Let's have a small look at curve sketching here, Let's try and sketch the graph of the expression x* There are two ways we can go about it- Input Values: Probably the best methed for curve sketching for a beginner is to put different values for the vanable and check the output values of the exprassion. The table below shows some of the values we can keep. Taput (@)_|_Output GY. = <2 SE =4 a i = =r ate i zt 2 3 = + pnsdgatiecanmtoumeseae eroIuanyeat{Ca" aga aC Cran 20a)4BA zn MBA Enea Es|CA Tepe tone decreases again as x increases from zero to positive, and then increases again. Although, putting values gives us 2 fairly good idea about the shape of the graph, itis tedious method, especially so when the increase or decrease of the graph occurs at longer intervals and we do not know how many values to put. To understand the characteristics of the graph accurately we combine this method with our second method: Finding the derivatives: You would need a small knowledge of calculus here, that of finding the fist (24) and second (Y.) derwvatve ofthe expression. Let us denote frst and the second derivative 2s (x) and M(x), ax? respective, Observe the following rule: + Ifthe first derwative F is positive, then the function Fis increasing + Ifthe first derivative f is negative, then the function Fis decreasing Let fhe a continuous near a. + IFF(@) = 0 and f(a) > 0, then f has a local minimum at a. + Pa) = 0 and (a) < 0, then Fhas 2 local maximum ata, When 2 graph has a local minimum, the curve is concave upward (and thus lies above the tangent lines) at the minimum. Similarly, the curve is concave downward at 2 local maximum Now let's see the derivatives of the expression x? ~ 4x2 = a: 3a? Ps aie eb ax? =) enand 20-8 +2) gy 9, rs ae 2 8 Now f() = 332-8 =O atx = 0 and x = 2 \ (4) = -8 (<0) at x = O therefore the graph has a local maximum at x = 0 3 8 and f(x) = 8 (20) atx = & therefore the graph has 2 local minimum at » = & (3) =8 (00) atx = 5 sre $ \ Now at we know the gf, wo cin daw i ale. The Bap is town he VU adjacent figure, Combining these two metheds, we can sketch the graph of expressions lke 2sinx + 5, 2" ~ 1, 6x -x + 4 and so Coming back to my original question, what would you call expression such as 2sinx ~ § oF 67x + 17 You would pisdatiecarmmatoortecas geeuanyeat{Ca" aca aC CrBA 203948 NMBA Enea Es|CA TesPptanCAT tone answer ‘sinusoidal’ expression snd polynomial, respectively. YoU Would be right oF course. BUE what WOU You call an expression such as 2sinx + 6x? + 1? The expression shares the same characteristics as the ones we have discussed. ‘+The input values in the expression would be ‘real’ values, values which lie on the number lines. +The output values will also be real values. + For @ particular value of x, we get only one value of the expression. + We can dafine the range of the real values for tha input and output. For want of a batter word, we call these expressions sharing the seme characteristics 2 function. So simply stated, a function is @ device or an operator which gives 2 real number output for # real number input, with one Tule- i gives a single output for a single input. The input, denoted by x, is called the independent variable ang the output, denoted by y, is called the dependent variable, A Function is commonly denoted as f(x). Therefore, in our example above (x) = 2sinx: + + 3. The graph of the function is shown in the adjacent figure. The following can be observed about this function- + You ean input ail values of x in the range —= fo e. The range of values of the independent variable (x) that we can take is known as ‘the domain of the function. Here, the domain of the function is —= tow, +The range of values of the dependent variable (y) that we can take is known as the range of the function. Here, the range of the function + Tedoes not happen that for 2 single value of x we get two different values of y. Therefore, if we draw a vertical line for any value of x in the domain it will intersect the curve only once. Find the domain and range of the function f(x) = V4 Answer- we can see that the expression 4— x2 will became nagative if x > 2 or x <-2. Root of a negative hhumber is not a real number, therefore the domain of this function is ~2 5. Therefore, one rule is f(x) = 0 for x < O and x > 5. From x = Ota x= 2, the value of f(x) changes fram 0 to 3 ‘erefore, one more rules #0) = 2x foro <5 <2, when xis greater than 2 But ss than or equal 05, the value of f(s) varies fram 0 to 2. Therefore, f(x) = for 2 < x.£5, Naw we can put these rules all in one © otherwise ‘Theret We have created a rule for 3 piecewise cefined function. Would you like to sea come more piecewise defined functions? for x x for x <0 + Modulus function- The modulus function |x! can be defined aspp| - You can read all about the modulus function in out CAT Quant Lessons. + Greatest Integer Function The greatest integer Function, for any real number x, gives the greatest integer lass than or equal to x. You can read all abaut the greatest integer function in our CAT Quant Lessons. + Least Integer function- The least integer function, for any real number x, gives the smallest integer greater than or equal to x vexed Find the maxima aexsz value ofthe function fo) ={* hapnadguhaccrimestounascan eerie)savaore Iuaneat{Ca aja aC" Cr BA 20a)4BA ang MBA Enea Ems|CA Tap nCAT tne answer- we can see that 1x) 1oHows the grapn or the ney tor x [x]*, We only need to consider the negative values. If the negative values, are integer, we know that the quantity under the scuare root will be zero. Let's see non-integer negative values of x. For example, let's take x =~ 3.6. qx? - [x1 = ¥[-3.6)° -1-3.67 = ¥(3.6)° -4” = Jnegative quantity ‘Therefore, whenever we take negative non-integer values of x, the quantity under the root will negative. “Therefore, the domain of x will be all non-negative values of x plus negative integers. ‘Therefore, Domain = -1 u 10, =), whare -1 denotes the sct of negative integers, ‘Methods for Finding Range of a Function + Sketch the graph of the function: This will more often than not give you an idea about the range. Examine the critical points in the domain and see how the curve behaves at those paints. Keep some elementary values and check the behaviour. + Solve for independent variable: | would lke to thank Deepanshu, a regular TGite, for pointing out this, method. L Putte) =y Calculate x in terms of y means solve to obtain x = PCy) leulace domain of Ply) This domain is nothing but range of F(x). For example, let f(x) = =. Find the range of f(x) ces Ye pnsgatnecanrmatoamescae erased a8nsajontcaraaear 204A Oth 20 9UBN ANA aren Gare Te Ppt ayCAT an wat “Ty denominator cannot be zero. Therefore, y cannot be equal to 1 ‘Therefore, y can take all real values except 1. Therefore, the range of f(s) would equal to R— 1, where R stands for the set of all eal answer vat rs numbers. You can see the graph of the function in the adjacent figure. Drawing a graph gives a good ides about how a function is going to behave. \d the range of the function f(s) = Answer- Let f(x) Now x would he real for y + 0 and Now that we know the basics of functions, let us see the basic rule for sketching the curve of functions at hand How to Draw Graph of Fx) + Find the domain, range and any symmetry f(x) has. + calculate, 8 ana PY cateute, $¢ ana PE + Determi > 0 for minimum and £¥ de de Py these points ( << 0 formaximum). 2 + Find the inflection points, if any (“Y= 0) where the curve changes concavity a2 + Determine i he funeon is inereasing or decreasing 5 dendy any aevmototes, Le. lines which are tangent tothe cure 3t infinity a recreate ie remap atonal cos DoS Draw the graph of the function f(x) = 22(x + 2) ~nsiter- we can see that + the domain of the function consists ofall real values of x | ‘the function intersects the x-axis at x = O and x = 2, and its jpatncninstonniieca penneIuaneat{Ca" aja aC Cr BA 2039484 2ng MBA Enea EsfCA Teg CAT tne sregatve ure ica ons pen . ‘Fes cry 22 (0e+3) whieh is equal tozero ate Oandx= -2.the || 4 \ sacond derivative is positive at x = ~3 which means that the curve has a local minimum at this point and x + F109 ac +1) which is equal to zero at ae Which means that the curve changes concavity at these two points. The graph of the curve is shown in the adjacent figure. See how well our deductions ft with the actual graph of the curve. {As we said earlier, 2 function can said to be an operator. For example, the plus sign is an addition operator. Tn this regard, a function can operace an itself or on other functions. Let us say that there are tio functions, f(x) ane g(x), such that (x) = 2x + 1and g(x) = x?- 3, = f(Flo)) = He + 20x +1) + = f(g00) = fot - 3) = Gea) + 1S aM a3 ‘As we can deduce, we can operate the function as many times as we want. "The operation of finction has the same rule as that of real numbers (E+ alb0 = fb0 + ao (F— a(x) = fd - a0) a ftw ,x#0, and f(g) = 4(2), then what is the value of f(400) x 400? 1 flab) = 5 = Fob) x 960 = 2 Answer as f= 2 a If the functions f(x) and g(x) are defined as follows 2e-2 for x2 2 for x < for osx [Pa foracxes find the value of f(a(2)) - a(f(3)) pnsdgatiecarmatoortesae ere)saan wanonten aga 242A et 2qUBN 4A aren Care Tn gC AT ine Answrer-f(g(2)) = ((3)) = 2 + 1) = g(2 « 2-3) = S)~9(3) = 7-20 AEE (x + y) = F(R) + £(y) + F(X) w f(y) and f (2) = 3 then find f (3). 1.63 2.48 3.53 4.36 Answer Fe) FG) Keeping » = y = 1 in the equation, we get (a) + fC) + f(a) Fa) = 2) = 1. Now keeping x (2) + FEL) + (2) x FC) = FB) = 03, Lin the equation Let (x) be a tunetion satatying #(2) f(y) = #(ey) forall real, y. If 1(2) = 4, then what the value of th yp(ca 2000) Answer Keeping x = 1 and y = 2, we get f(a) x f(2) = f(2) = (2) = 4. New keeping x = 4 and y = 2 in the equation wo get 2)» 2) = 0) 38 Even and odd Functions Both even and add functions are function which have an axis af symmetry- y-axis for even functions and the line y= % for odid funcsions. Even and ocd can he mathematically defined as follows: ‘Rfuncton fo) is an Even function if fd = f(x), for example f(x (Ge, for example f(x) 1s an even function. cis an odd function, faye win In the figure above are shown graphs of two functions, one odd- 2° + x- and one even- x? + 2, We can see that the line y = x is the axis of symmetry for the first and the line x = 0 is the axis af symmetry for the secon. pnsdgatiecarmatoortecas eres) saaIuaneat1CA"a91CA aC Cr BA 203948 ng MBA Enea EsfCA Tepe tone If f(x) is even and g(x) is even = f(g(x)) és an even function 1f FG) Is ode and gi) #5 odd = F[gG%)) 15 an odd function 10x) is even and gfx) is ocd = 1(9(x)) is an even function 10x) is odd and g(x) fs even = f(g{x)) is an even function loglx = Vie +2) The function f(x) (a) an even function (b) an odd function (c) neither add nor even (a) cannot be determined Answer Now f(x) = log(-x +o? =) fx) + C29 = loge = Yi? ¥2)+ loox+ oh? Fa) = logh = 0. As f(x) + f(-x) = 0, the function is an edd funesian log( + 1-97) Periodic Function A function F(x) i= called a periodic function if thare is a positive number p such that f(x + p) = f(x) for every x. The smallest such value of p is known as the period of f(x). For example, the period of tngonometnic functions sinx, cosx, tanx et - is 2x. Let g(x) be a function such that g(x + 1) + g(x - 1) = 9(x) for every real x. Then for what value of p ig the relation g(x + p) ~ g(x) necessarily true for every real x? (CAT 2005) 15 23 32 4.6 answer~ Let g(x - 1) = 2 and (x) = b > o[x + 1) = b~ a. Now, keeping x + 1 in place of x we get Sg + 2) Hg(x) = ol + 3) gl +2) +b = ba sate 2) ‘again, keeping x + 2 n place of » we get = a(x +3) + ax +2) =9(x+ 2) > 9% £3) +b-a=-aagxea)= Now we can see that g(x) = b and g(x + 3) = -b, therefore, g(x + 3 3) Therefore, p= 6. b. ~(-b) = b sof 6) lnverse of a Function ‘Simply put, am inverse of a function y = f(x) is function in the reverse direction » input and domain as the output. ys with range as the 2x43, ra How to find the inverse of a function? For exampla, how do I find the inverse of the function f(x) = y Here are the steps + Write the original function + salve for x => x = SY*3 pnsdatnecarmatoarsaae ese a8ManeatICAY 910A aC Cr BA 2a)UBA2ngMBA Enea EsfCA Tepe AT tone + switch x and y= fO0 yer that a function and its verse are mirror images of each other slong the ine y =<) Lex If the inverse of the function f (x) = ax + bis f? (x) = bx + a, then the values of a and b are Lud 2-11 31-2 4-1d xb ax+b= Answer- Let f() = bx + a (given). Comparing coefficients both 4 Ba roy sites, we get Let and -2 va, Song, we gata et and Function as a Series Let cm) be function such that fot) = 2022 tor n= 1,2, 9, and (4) = 2. Then (101) is egal Answer A (101) - (200) sing the equation we get a = 1) =a) = £5 42) 401) = 4, 49)-1(2) %. Adding all the equations we get (101) - (1) = $0 = F(L04) = 52. ‘A function f(x) satisfies f(1) = 3600, and {(1) + {(2) +... + {(n) = n?f(1n), for all positive 1. What is the value of f(9)? (CAT 2607) Answer” Writing the squation for n + 1 instead of a we get f(2) + (2) +. + m+ a) = (9 + ayF(n + 4) Subtracting the original equation f(2) + f(2) + ... + f(n) = n*f{n) from the above equation we get (n= 4) = (a= ayn = 1) n(n) = flo 1) - 2 —A(n). Therefore, tegers n> 49) -Bt0)-B aE au 1 4(2) 22, enon the vatue of (1) ae( 22). 4{ $82} i be ya woz)" (a3) Answer- fd =ress Iuaneat1Ca"a91CA 240A Cr BA 20a)4BA2ngMBA Enea EsfCA Tega CAT tone fore, F(x) + F(1 x) = + 48 orotore, e{2,}4{882) = ef 2 ‘hore are 440 such pairs and the milo term would bo gas} ‘{aae | fla Therefore, For a function f(x), f(%) + (x= 1) = x2.and (19) = 94. Find £(94) answer f(x) = 206 4) = f(94 94793" f(92)) = 947-93" = (02 (91) = oat 93? 91 49) + 90? aot + You all can calculate now & ee ea ee aaatl MC (© SAEEE, csnuedny, 2 ay 2009, 01:38 rd 98