2018 VIII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC)
Designing a Novel Dataset for
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring
Douglas P. B. Renaux, Robson R. Linhares, Fabiana Pöttker, André E. Lazzaretti,
Carlos R. E. Lima, Adil O. Coelho Neto, Mateus H. Campaner
LIT-CITEC/PPGCA/CPGEI/DAELN
UTFPR
Curitiba, Brazil
{douglasrenaux,linhares,fpottker,lazzaretti,erig}@utfpr.edu.br; {adil,mhercules}@alunos.utfpr.edu.br
Abstract— Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a
technology that allows the identification of individual electrical
loads from a single aggregated measurement of
voltage/current, hence, useful for diagnostic of the
consumption of electrical energy. This is performed by means
of load detection and disaggregation techniques, as there are
several different power signatures from the active loads. In
order to develop more precise and efficient strategies and
algorithms for load detection and disaggregation, several
efforts have been made to build datasets that represent
different scenarios of combined power loads and the events
that cause changes in their states, such as power on and power
off. The research presented here shows the conception of a new
dataset for NILM research, from the analysis of the limitations
of existing datasets, as well as the development and evaluation
of a data collecting jig that is being used to collect this dataset.
As a result, the infrastructure has been set up to build the LIT
dataset, which is expected to provide the NILM field of study
with more precise data for power signature analysis.
Keywords— Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring, Dataset,
Dataset collecting jig.
I. INTRODUCTION
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a viable
technology to provide end users with a diagnostic of their
consumption of electrical energy. The annual growth of
World´s Primary Energy consumption has been between 1%
and 2% for the last few decades [1],[2]. Concerning
Electrical Energy, this growth may be reduced significantly
by reducing waste and improper use. For that to be achieved,
an active involvement of the end user is required, as such,
adequate tools are required for diagnostic so that end users
become able to see the shape of their systems load as well as
able to identify individual contributions to this aggregate
load.
NILM technology consists of sensing current and voltage
at a single point for a whole residence, department, or sector
in an industry; then, by means of signal analysis and
interpretation of the power signatures of known loads,
perform load disaggregation (decomposition) to identify the
power consumption of each individual load and to detect
events such as power on, power off or change of state, such
as changing from standby to power on. Furthermore, power
signatures can also be used for early detection of faults in
electrical equipment.
NILM can be used both in the diagnostic phase of a
project aiming to improve the electrical efficiency of a
consumer facility as well as in the operations phase to detect
improper usage and for continuous improvement of the
Project PD 2866-0464-2017 is supported by Copel Distribuição S.A.
the Electrical Energy Distributor for the state of Parana (Brazil).
2324-7894/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 243
DOI 10.1109/SBESC.2018.00045
Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA. Downloaded on October 07,2021 at 19:05:57 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
power efficiency. Furthermore, the Power Signature
techniques can be used in a distributed generation scenario
with inverters connected to photovoltaic and wind turbine
generators. In a preventive maintenance scenario, Power
Signature is applicable in early identification of load failure,
in cases such as electric motors, switching mode power
supplies, and several others.
In a three-layered IoT framework, consisting of edge
computing, fog, and cloud, the proposed architecture would
include IoT edge-nodes with the functionality of
current/voltage sensing, event detection, load identification
and disaggregation, signature database management, event
database management and communications. For a large
multisite enterprise, fog and cloud computing provide the
functionality of event database consolidation, signature
database updates, and electrical network management. This
framework follows the trend of increased computing
activities at the edge, so to provide a viable solution for long
term extensive use of NILM by a significant portion of
electrical energy consumers. A possible architecture for edge
devices is presented in [3].
At LIT-UTFPR, a project is underway to conceive and
develop an affordable NILM solution for use in residential as
well as larger consumer locations (Universities, Industrial
and Commercial). The architecture of this solution consists
of edge computing nodes (called MSIS – Monitoring,
Sensoring, Identification, Storage) and servers at the fog and
cloud levels called CO (Center of Operations).
Of particular interest for this NILM solution is the
behavior of Power Electronics loads, since their behavior and
ranges of possible signatures present a challenge for
correctly executing the functionality of load signature
identification and disaggregation. This particularly affects
the development of the edge devices, since their functionality
requires adequate software architecture and processing
power to respond to external events with real-time
constraints, therefore providing precise identification of
power related events. To support this sort of identification, it
is of prime importance to have a comprehensive dataset
comprising of a representative set of scenarios that can be
executed over and over while different strategies for event
detection, signature analysis and load disaggregation are
experimented.
This paper reports the results obtained in the process of
conceiving a new dataset, whose requirements have been
driven by a comparison of existing datasets and identification
of their limitations, as well as building the basic tools and
infrastructure to collect its data. This will allow the so-called
LIT dataset to be a valuable tool for the development of the
aforementioned NILM solution.
 II. OVERVIEW OF AVAILABLE DATASETS
There are several efforts regarding building NILM
datasets for researching [4]. For the sake of this overview
and comparison, only the datasets that present high
resolution data for transient detection (i. e. high sampling
rate) have been selected, as this is an important desired
characteristic for the LIT dataset.
The selected datasets for power signature analysis
include: REDD (Reference Energy Disaggregation Data Set),
COOLL (Controlled On/Off Loads Library), UK-DALE
(United Kingdom recording Domestic Appliance-Level
Electricity), BLUED (Building-Level fUlly-labeled dataset
for Electricity Disaggregation), WHITED (Worldwide
Household and Industry Transient Energy Data Set), and
PLAID (Plug Load Appliance Identification Dataset).
The REDD [5] is a residential data set intended for
research on disaggregation methods. It contains
measurements from 6 houses obtained over several months.
The house input AC mains voltage and current are monitored
at a sample rate of 15kHz. The voltages and currents at
individual circuits are monitored at a sample rate of 0.5Hz
and plug-level monitors at a sample rate of 1Hz. The access
to the REDD dataset is on an individual request only.
The COOLL [6] is a public home appliance data set. It
contains 42 appliances of 12 types. The AC mains voltage
and current are monitored for each appliance at a sample rate
of 100kHz during 6 seconds (turn-on and turn-off transients).
The individual monitoring at a high frequency sample makes
this data set good for both detection and classification
algorithms. There are 20 measurements for each one of the
42 appliances, each measurement on a different power-on
angle in the mains cycle.
The UK-DALE [7] is a public data set from 5 houses. It
contains the house input AC mains voltage and current as
well as voltage and current of individual appliances, making
it good for developing and testing disaggregation and
training algorithms. The sampling rate is 16kHz for the entry
sensors, while the individual sensors are sampled every 6
seconds. There is more than 4 years of data in this dataset
and it has been constantly updated.
The BLUED [8] is a request-access residential data set of
a single-family residence. It contains the house input AC
mains voltage and current. The sample rate is 12kHz and the
measurements were taken during 1 week. Every state
transition of the 43 appliances is labeled and time stamped,
providing ground truth for event detection algorithms, i.e.,
the dataset includes precise (in-cycle) detection of load
events.
The WHITED [9] is a data set of appliance
measurements from several locations (households and small
industry) around the world. The waveforms are recorded
with the first 5 seconds of the appliance start-ups for 110
different appliances, amounting to 47 different appliance
types. The aim of this data set is to provide a broad spectrum
of different appliance types in different regions around the
world.

TABLE I. COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE DATASETS

Dataset REDD COOLL BLUED UK- WHITED PLAID

DALE
Date 2011 2016 2012 2017 2016 2014
Residential Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Commercial No No No No Yes No
Industrial No No No No Yes No
High-frequency sampling 15kHz 100kHz 12kHz 16kHz 44.1kHz 30kHz
Precise (in-cycle) detection of load No No Yes No No No
events
Load events resolution 2s 1ms <1ms 6s N.A. > 1 cycle
Low frequency sampling 0.5 Hz N.A. N.A. 1 and 6Hz N.A. N.A.
Dataset collecting duration Months (6 840 8 days (1 > 1 year 5,123 1,094
houses) waveforms house) (5 waveforms waveforms
of 6 s houses) of 5s of 1s
Number of classes N.A. 12 27 N.A. 47 11
Number of appliances N.A. 42 43 N.A. 109 235
Multiple simultaneous loads Yes No Yes Yes No No

The PLAID [10] is a public and crowd-sourced dataset appliances. The goal of this dataset is to provide a public
for load identification research consisting of one-second library for high-resolution appliance measurements that can
voltage and current waveforms for different residential be integrated into existing or novel appliance identification

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 algorithms. PLAID currently contains measurements for
more than 200 different appliance instances, representing 11
appliance classes, and totaling more than a thousand records.
To better understand the limitations of these datasets, a
comparison is presented in Table I. It is noteworthy that the
number of classes corresponds to the number of different
loads in the dataset, whilst each load can contain one or more
appliances. Also, load events resolution indicates the
resolution that each dataset can identify the events along the
high-frequency samples.
III. A TAXONOMY FOR LOAD EVENTS
A prerequisite to correctly specify the requirements of a
dataset comprising load events is the understanding of the
types of electrical loads from the point of view of power
switching events. The following taxonomy has been
elaborated by the authors as an extension of the currently
available taxonomies [2].
From the perspective of power switching, electrical loads
are classified as:
LT1. On/Off. Such as a light (not-dimmered).
LT2. State-Machine based. Such as a printer whose
states are: off, standby, awake, heating, and
printing.
LT3. Asymmetric. A load whose positive and
negative semi-cycles are distinct, such as a load
connected via a single diode.
LT4. Continuously variable. Such as a dimmered
light or an electric motor with speed control.
LT5. Random. A load whose power consumption
varies randomly, such as an audio amplifier
whose power requirement varies according to
the music being played.
IV. THE DESIGN OF A NOVEL DATASET
The MSIS edge computing embedded device has the
following preliminary requirements:
MReq 1. Single-phase to Three-Phase 4-wire
installations (3 phases plus neutral) with voltage and
current sensing (3 voltage and 4 current sensors).
MReq 2. Sampling rate of 128 samples per cycle,
corresponding to 15.36 kHz for a 60Hz mains.
MReq 3. Local storage capacity of 30 days.
Hence, the set of requirements for our LIT dataset is
derived from the above MSIS requirements and from the
limitations of the currently available datasets, resulting in:
DSReq 1. Comprised of residential, commercial, and
industrial loads.
DSReq 2. Includes loads of five types: LT1 to LT5.
DSReq 3. Multiple simultaneous loads
DSReq 4. Precise indication of load events (precision
better than 5 ms).
DSReq 5. Minimum sampling rate of 15,360 Hz.
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DSReq 6. Synthetic and natural multiple load shaping.
DSReq 7. Minimum monitoring duration for natural
shaped loads (for each monitoring file): 24h.
The majority of the available datasets are comprised of
residential loads, such as home appliances, home electrical
tools, audio/video equipment, HVAC (heating, ventilation
and air-conditioning) and lighting. Commercial loads would
also include these sorts of loads but at much higher power
ranges. Industrial loads include a variety of high-power
electrical motors, from single-phase to three-phase; also,
heaters, air-conditioning, lighting, and appliances operating
at power ranges even higher than their commercial
counterparts.
The main objective of NILM is to identify the loads that
compose a given voltage/current aggregated signal. Hence,
the requirement of having multiple loads in a dataset is of
utmost relevance. To be useful for the evaluation of
disaggregation algorithms, the dataset must include precise
indications of every load event (i.e. load on, load off, load
change of state, load change of power level). At least a
precision of a single mains cycle must be achieved, but a
better precision, such as 5 ms, is desirable.
Among the techniques currently under evaluation for
load identification based on power signatures are: wavelet,
V-I curves and Fourier analysis [3]. For adequate operation
of these techniques, voltage/current signals must be acquired
at rates higher than 64 samples per mains cycle.
Synthetic load shaping is achieved by programming
power sequencing of a given set of loads (the jig for such a
scenario is described in the next section). Precise switching
times can be obtained in a controllable laboratory set-up,
thus, repeatable scenarios are obtainable.
However, to acquire real-world voltage/current sensor
data, natural load shaping acquisitions must be collected. In
this case, power sensors are required next to each load to
identify when individual load events occur.
V. HARDWARE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DATA
COLLECTING JIG
To collect data for the LIT Dataset according to
requirements DSRq1 to DSRq7, a data collecting jig has
been designed and implemented. Its block diagram is
presented in Fig. 1.
This jig is used for single-phase loads. A similar jig is
under construction for three-phase loads. The first block on
the left provides protection via a circuit breaker, an industrial
grade fast fuse and an emergency stop push-button.
Concerned with the safety of the jig´s operator, we decided
to insert the current sensors in the neutral line and switch the
loads on the phase line. Since the jig is also used to evaluate
the performance of several types of current sensors (scope
current probe, shunt resistor, current transformers from
different suppliers, hall effect current sensors, …), up to four
sensors can be connected in series. The small red blocks in
the diagram represent screw terminal strips, that facilitate the
replacement of one type of current sensors by another. Up to
eight loads can be connected to this jig. Power control of
each load is achieved by a relay in parallel to a TRIAC.
 The TRIAC provides a means of precise power switching
at a given point of the mains cycle, while the relay operates
in a similar way to a conventional switch, as both have the
bouncing effect when closing or opening. A command
module operates independently on the relay and on the
TRIAC, hence, it is possible to switch a load only with a
TRIAC, only with a relay, or by switching them both
simultaneously. Even load dimmering effects can be
obtained with the proposed structure, by commanding only
the TRIAC with a given delay on each mains cycle or semi-
cycle. The command module senses each zero-crossing of
the mains, so that precise timing can be obtained in each
power-on or power-off command. Since there is a delay
between the relay command (powering the coil on or off) and
the actual opening/closing of the relay contacts, a power
sensor provides a precise indication of the moment when
each load is actually powered.
The voltage and current signals collected from the
sensors flow to the signal conditioning module that includes
differential instrumentation amplifiers and low pass filters to
guarantee the signals are at adequate level and adequate
frequencies before the analog-to-digital conversion process
that takes place in the embedded module. This is either a
National Instruments MyRIO board [11] or a Renesas
Synergy evaluation board that implements the following
functionalities: analog-to-digital conversion; load events
registering (made possible via the trigger signal sent from the
command module); and storage of the dataset files in non-
volatile storage.
Isolated power supplies provide the required power to the
command, signal conditioning and embedded modules.
A digital scope with a current probe is used in the
evaluation of the jig operation.

Load 1 . .. Load 8

8 Power Power
Sensor Sensor

Isolated 8
Power Command
Supply
8
Mains
Sync

Trigger
Voltage
Sensor
Protection
Ph
Single-Phase
3-wire Single
Mains Current Current
Probe Transformer, ...

N
Shunt

Circuit Breaker 10A 2

Fast Fuse 15A Isolated Signal Embedded Module
Emergency Stop Power Condi- National Instruments MyRio
Supply tioning or Renesas Synergy

! Scope
! – indicates a line not isolated from the mains. !

Fig. 1. Block Diagram of Data Collecting Jig

For the construction of the jig an aluminum profile
structure has been used as well as an acrylic panel that
supports the components of the jig (Fig. 1). The jig´s
power connection is on the left, as well as sockets for the
power supplies of some of the jig´s equipment. Also, on
the left, in the middle, is the protection board with the
emergency button, circuit breaker and the industrial grade
fuse. The wiring of the jig is mostly inside PVC wire
ducts.
On the top right are the eight sockets for the eight loads
whose voltage/current are sensored. The power to each
socket is controlled by a relay/TRIAC board (in blue). Just
left of this board is the microcontrolled command board. In
the center of the panel are the current sensors: a shunt
resistor (green), a current transformer (light blue), another

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 type of current transformer (black), and the current probe
of the oscilloscope.
Finally, on the lower right corner of the panel is the
embedded module, in this case the National Instruments
Fig. 2. Photograph of the Jig
VI. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR DATA COLLECTING
The block diagram representing the part of the data
collecting jig that concerns to data acquisition using the NI
MyRIO device is presented in Fig. 3. For the sake of this
description, the rectangular blocks represent hardware
components and the round (ellipsoidal) blocks represent
software components.
The FPGA embedded into MyRIO is configured to
implement an acquisition loop at 15.36 kHz, which is the
desired sampling rate according to DSReq 5. On every cycle,
a pair of 12-bit samples are acquired, corresponding to the
digitally converted outputs of the voltage and current
transformers (Vvt and Vct) attached to the power circuit
being monitored, respectively. This pair of samples is used to
build a 32-bit integer that will be stored as the current value
for the sampled signals. Additionally, the Pulse Per Second
(PPS) signal is received from a GPS device and grouped
together in a tuple with the current sample pair, in order to
indicate the transition of a second with a relatively high
precision (typically 100 ns jitter).
The tuple formed by the acquired samples and the PPS
signal is made available via DMA by the FPGA to the Real-
Time application running into the Cortex A9 processor. This
application is composed of three NI LabView timed loops,
which act as independent periodic threads.
The GPS Parsing Timed loop is responsible for parsing
the NMEA strings, received from an external GPS device.
The absolute time fields are decoded from a specific NMEA
message (GPRMC) and converted to a 32-bit timestamp
value [12].
The Sample Processing Timed Loop adds the 32-bits
timestamp to a new tuple, together with the 32-bit integer
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MyRIO, which is further described in Section VI. This
photograph has been taken during an experiment to
evaluate the accuracy and bandwidth of two distinct
current transformers using the scope´s current probe as the
reference sensor.
corresponding to the acquired samples that have been
received from FPGA. This happens once every second and
the correct 32-bit sample value, to which the timestamp is
grouped into a tuple, is selected by checking the PPS
information that has been previously obtained and grouped to
the acquired samples by the FPGA acquisition logic.
Every tuple of samples and timestamp is sent to the
Storage Timed Loop via an internal FIFO. The Storage
Timed Loop, on its turn, stores the 32-bit sample value and
the 32-bit timestamp as two separate fields of a NI Technical
Data Management Streaming (TDMS) file into the USB
flash disk attached to the MyRIO [1]. This TDMS file can be
further opened and processed by a PC application, in order to
add its collected data to the LIT dataset being built.
VII. DATA COLLECTING AND ANALYSIS
Once the Jig has been built, several experiments have
been performed. Firstly, concerning the correct operation of
the Jig: the command module has been programmed to
switch the eight loads in a given order and at predefined
times. The correct operation could then be verified with the
scope. Also, the operation of the signal conditioning circuit
and embedded module could be verified by comparing the
voltage/current samples acquired by this module to the
samples acquired by the scope (Agilent Infiniium 54830D
with large storage capacity and a Tektronix current probe
A6302 / AM503B). The scope has been set to acquire at 20
kS/s, the closest setting to the sampling rate of the embedded
module, which is 15.36 kHz. Fig. 1 presents a summary of
multiload acquisition whose duration is only of 10 seconds.
On the left is the aggregated current of the loads as loads 1 to
5 are powered on, while on the right can be seen the
powering-off of loads 5, 4 and 3. The comparison with the
 acquisition data shown by the scope allowed the validation of t he basic functionalities of the Jig.

Load Load NI MyRIO device

1 N
MyRIO RT (Cortex A9)
VT CT
NMEA
Power Sample Processing serial
Grid Vct Timed loop port
CA (-10 to +10 V)
A/D FPGA DMA GPS
PPS
Acquisition device
Vvt signal
logic @ GPS Parsing Timed
(-10 to +10 V)
A/D 15.36 kS/s Loop

Storage Timed Loop

Hardware
component
USB
Software flash
component disk

Fig. 3. Data acquisition using MyRIO device

Fig. 4. Current waveforms in a multiple load acquisition

The second set of experiments are concerned with the
selection of the voltage and current sensors, from simple and
low-cost resistive sensors to active sensors such as voltage
and current Hall-sensors. The dataset comprises both
acquisitions made with low-cost sensors, that are
representative of the sensors used in residential NILM
equipment as well as acquisitions made with costlier sensors
whose measurements are more precise.
Finally, preliminary data collecting has been performed
in order to test the data acquisition functionality using
MyRIO. For this purpose, the MyRIO device has been
isolated from the jig and installed close to a circuit breaker
panel, as shown in Fig. 5. The Current Transformer has been
installed inside the panel (blue device on the left of Fig. 5),
surrounding the cable of the power circuit to be monitored.
The Voltage Transformer has been connected to the
monitored circuit by an extension cable (white and green
twisted cables shown in Fig. 5). The USB flash disk
connected to the MyRIO is highlighted with a red rectangle.
The GPS device has not been mounted to this preliminary
version. This installation has not used the data-collecting jig
structure, as the purpose has been to test the MyRIO data
acquisition functionality in isolation, particularly the
correctness of acquired voltage data and the performance
when storing these data into the USB flash disk.
Current and voltage data have been collected during a
period of 5 minutes. The voltage levels of the Voltage
Transformer have been conditioned between -4.5 and +4.5
V, therefore inside the dynamic range of the analog input of
MyRIO (-10.0 to +10.0 V). The current levels of the Current

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 Transformer have been converted to voltage levels by a 180
Ω resistor and conditioned between -1.0 and +1.0 V,
therefore also inside the dynamic range of the analog input of
MyRIO (-10.0 to +10.0 V). The converted output voltage
levels of the Current Transformer will be eventually adjusted
in order to better fit the dynamic range of the analog input
and minimize the quantization error introduced by the
corresponding A/D converter.
Fig. 5. – Installation of MyRIO device for preliminary tests
VIII. FINAL REMARKS
Traditionally, the energy consumption of a consumer unit
can be monitored using an electrical power meter that
integrates the consumption of the whole unit. As a
consequence, the energy profile of individual devices is not
directly available from the information recorded by the
meter. In order to track and control the consumption of each
device, many meters would be required, resulting in high
costs to perform full monitoring of a consumer unit. In this
sense, proposals for non-intrusive load monitoring have been
receiving attention from the utility and academic community,
since the main objective of these approaches is to perform
the identification of individual loads, from a single and
centralized measurement, using data such as the known
power signatures of common loads to support the detection
and disaggregation methods.
In order to develop methods with better precision and
efficiency for load detection and disaggregation, several
datasets have been proposed, each one with particular
characteristics for evaluating one or more steps of the
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disaggregation process. However, the existing datasets do not
present all of the requirements that are relevant to evaluate
the disaggregation process as a whole (from detection to
disaggregation), such as: comprised of residential,
commercial, and industrial loads; loads of five types (LT1 to
LT5); multiple simultaneous loads; precise indication of load
events (precision better than 5 ms); minimum sampling rate
of 15,360 Hz; synthetic and natural multiple load shaping;
minimum monitoring duration for natural shaped loads of 24
hours.
In order to meet all the requirements presented above,
this paper presented the development and evaluation data of
a jig that will be used to collect this new dataset.
Additionally, the basic concepts and infrastructure to build
the dataset were presented, which is expected to provide the
NILM field of study with more precise data for power
signature analysis. Future steps of this research include
obtaining the complete dataset, as well as the analysis of
different detection, classification and disaggregation
algorithms using the acquired waveforms.
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[13] National Instruments, “The NI TDMS File Format”. Available in
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/3727/en/. Accessed on 07/13/2018.