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CNC - Basics
CNC - Basics
Engineering 475
Automated Production Processes
x
Complex curves and surfaces can be described mathematically
Kalpakjian, Figure24.1
1
Integration with Mathematics
(Continued) Advantages of CNC
Vf ≡ feed rate • Flexibility of operation is improved, as is the ability to
along curve Vf produce complex shapes with good dimensional
∆y accuracy, repeatability, reduced scrap loss, and high
Tangent production rates, productivity, and product quality.
Or Slope ∆x • Tooling costs are reduced, since templates and other
fixtures are not required.
• Machine adjustments are easy to make with
∆x microcomputers and digital readouts.
Curve to be followed Vx = Vf • More operations can be performed with each setup, and
Complex curves can be ∆x 2 + ∆y 2 less lead time for setup and machining is required
followed by breaking the compared to conventional methods. Design changes are
curve into a series of small ∆x facilitated, and inventory is reduced.
Vy = Vf
straight lines and using linear ∆x 2 + ∆y 2
interpolation. Kalpakjian, 1135.
Advantages of CNC
(Continued) Limitations of CNC
• Programs can be prepared rapidly and can be recalled at
any time utilizing microprocessors. Less paperwork is • Relatively high initial cost of the equipment.
involved. • The need and cost for programming and
• Faster prototype production is possible. computer time.
• Required operator skill is less than that for a qualified • Special maintenance with trained personnel.
machinist, and the operator has more time to attend to • High preventative maintenance since
other tasks in the work area. breakdowns are costly.
2
Operational Features of CNC Recirculating Ball Screws
A CNC control system Machine
includes a velocity loop
within an axis drive system
and a position loop external to
the axis drive system.
A - Ball Screw
Microcomputer Controlled X-Y Table
B – Linear Bearings
Degarmo, Figure 29-10. www.thomsonbay.com
3
Recirculating Ball Screws Recirculating Ball Screws
(Positioning Resolution Example) (Lead Screw Resolution)
u
= (0.125 in/rev ) ⋅ æç rev ö
u = (0.125 in ) ⋅ (15 degrees ) ⋅ æç rev ö θ è 360 degrees ÷ø
è 360 degrees ÷ø
u
= 0.0052 in = 0.00035 in/degree
θ
360 degrees
u = l ⋅θ⋅ 1 ( 360) ∆θ =
360
N
∆θ =
N steps
Example
N = 200 l l = 0.125 in/rev
∆u =
∆θ =
360 deg
= 1.8 deg/step
N N = 200 steps/rev
200 steps
0.125 in/rev
∆u =
Increased resolution can be 200steps/rev
obtained using a technique
known as microstepping. = 0.000625 in/step
4
Stepping Motors Stepping Motors
(Microstepping Operation) (Lead Screw Positioning Resolution)
360
The rotor can be positioned in partial steps by
simultaneously controlling the currents supplied
( 360)
u = l ⋅θ⋅ 1
∆θ =
N*m Example
to the stator phase windings. Microstep sizes of
1/10, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/125 of a full step are m = 32 microsteps/steps
most commonly used. l = 0.125 in/rev
l
∆u = N = 200 steps/rev
360 N⋅m
∆θ = m=number of microsteps per full step 0.125
N*m ∆u =
200 ⋅ 32
= 0.0000195 in/microstep
Summary Assignment
A CNC mill has 0.125 inch lead recirculating ball
• The positioning resolution of a ball screw screws that are driven by a 200 step hybrid step step
drive mechanism is directly proportional to motor with 125 microsteps per step. What is the
the smallest angle that the motor can turn. position resolution of the machine? How many
• The smallest angle is controlled by the motor microsteps will the motor have to undergo in order
step size. to move the mill table attached to the ball screw 1.0
• Microsteps can be used to decrease the motor in?
step size.
• CNC machines typically have resolutions of
0.0001 in or better.
Watch videotape at library on the mill.