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SURGE PROTECTION

A.R.I. Air valves and

SURGE PROTECTIO

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 What causes surges?
Sudden increase or decrease in velocity/flowrate/pressure
producing transient conditions
•Pumps
-controlled shutdowns
-pump trips
-startup
•Valves
-Closures (partial)
-Opening
-Check valve operation
•Rapid flow change
-hydrant startup-shutdown
-pipe breaks

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 Pump Start – up Conditions

• Shock pressure occurs

when pumping
operation begins
abruptly and fluid is
supplied to a static
column

Pump Shut - down Conditions

• Pump run down resulting from
planned shutdown or electric
•
power failure results in column
separation

• Column returns and

shock pressure occurs.

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 Valve Shut-off Conditions

• Shock pressures occur

following abrupt
stoppage of water
column from control
gates, valves, pumps
and downstream
control elements
closing

How do we calculate surges?

Governing Equations
Method of Characteristics-MOC
Wave Characteristic Method-MCM

Joukowsky’s Equation
H – head
C
∆H = ∆V C – celerity

g g – gravity acceleration
V - velocity

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 CV0 CV
Maximum up surge = Maximum down surge = − 0
g g

V0 = 2 m/s

C = 1200 m/s Valve

Pump

Valve closure: maximum up surge = 240 m

Pump trip: maximum down surge = -240 m

A DOW-
DOW-SURGE FOLLOWED BY A UP-
UP-SURGE

RESULTIG FROM A PUMP TRIP

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A UP-
UP-SURGE FOLLOWED
BY A DOW-
DOW-SURGE
UPSTREAM OF A CLOSIG
VALVE

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 Isolating
Valve

SURGE AT SUDDEN VALVE CLOSURE

Fraunhofer UMSICHT

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Surge with and without air valve protection

Next slide

Surge with and without air valve protection

Close-up

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 Surge with protection of different air valves

Next slide

Active air valves only at P03

Surge with protection of different air valves

Active air valves only at P03 (Close-

(Close-up)

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 Surge at
P03 at
reverse flow
(air valve
upstream
from
isolating
valve)

WATER COLUMN SEPARATION

Fraunhofer UMSICHT

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Formation and Burst of a Vapor Cavity

Fraunhofer UMSICHT

Collapse of a cavity
Steady state

Pump trip

Formation of vapor cavity

Growth of vapor cavity

Flow reversal

Collapse of vapor cavity Bang

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 Collapse due to
down-
down-surge

Weakened
section

down-
down-
up-
up-surge cracking rupture
surge

PIPE DAMAGE DUE TO SURGES

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URB. MANZANARES / BARUTA / Edo:
Edo: MIRANDA

DOWN-
DOWN-SURGE INDUCED
PIPE COLLAPSE IN VENEZUELA COLLAPSE
MAXIMUM LEVEL

Steel Pipe
Diameter : 1220 mm
Thickness : 7 mm
Length of Collapse : 540 Mts
e / D = 0.005738

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18
Ivetić
Ivetić’s pressure level snapshots of the first simulation: a) Steady State,
State, b) Minimum
pressure with vaporous cavitation,
cavitation, and c) maximum pressure at cavity collapse

Pressure level snapshots of simulation of power cut to pumps at PB C2

with vacuum breakers at every second pump connection. Steady state,
state,
above, and minimum pressures, at bottom

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 Pressure level snapshot from simulation of power cut to pumps at PB
C2 and PB C3, at minimum pressures with vaporous cavitation

Pressure level snapshots of simulation of power cut to pumps at C2 and C3, with
vacuum breakers every second pump connection: a) Steady state, b) b) minimum
pressure after power cut, and c) moments after collapse of the vaporous
vaporous cavity.

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Dr. Srinivasa
Lingireddy (Srini)
Dr. Don J. Wood

Dr. James E. Funk

3 Stage

Surge
Suppressing

D-060 HF NS

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22
D-040 NS

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 D-023 NS

D-025 NS

D-020 NS

4” 2”

SURGE at AIR SLAM for DIFFERENT SIZED ORIFICES

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 1” 0.5”
0.5”

SURGE at AIR SLAM for DIFFERENT SIZED ORIFICES

Shoaiva Surge Field Tests, June 29, 2002

6" D-060 HF and HF NS Pressures
At 2 Pump Simultaneous Shut-Off
30

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Non-
Non-Slam VS High Flow
P ressure (bar)

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HF (High Flow - ominal)
15

10

HF S (on Slam)
5

0
00:25.9 00:21.6 00:17.3 00:13.0 00:08.6 00:04.3 00:00.0

Time (min.)

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 D-070

d-070_2006.exe

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 COMPARISO BETWEE D-070 3” AD D-060HF S 4”ISTALLATIO
PRESSURE (BAR) ALPHEI MEASHE MARCH 2D 2006

TIME (SEC)
D-070 3” D-060HF S 4”

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 Steady State Hydraulic Gradeline (HGL)
B'Ghanapur to Nagaram

280

260
HGL (m)

240

220

200

180

160
0 1.0E+4 2.0E+4 3.0E+4 4.0E+4 5.0E+4 6.0E+4
Distance (m)

Transient event: Power failure, both of the operating pumps trip

B'Ghanapur to Nagaram
500

450

400
HGL (m)

350

300

250

200

150
Cavitation
0 1.0E+4 2.0E+4 3.0E+4 4.0E+4 5.0E+4 6.0E+4
Distance (m)

Pipeline Envelope Min Max Lower Limit Cavitation

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 Protection using ARI Air Valves and Bladder Tank

Envelope of MAX/MI0 transient pressures with surge protection

B'Ghanapur to Nagaram
320

300

280

260
HGL (m)

240

220

200

180

160
O Cavitation
0 1.0E+4 2.0E+4 3.0E+4 4.0E+4 5.0E+4 6.0E+4
Distance (m)

Pipeline Envelope Min Max Lower Limit Cavitation

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 Pressure plots with and without protection
(blue line with protection)

Reduction of SURGE with HCCV during

Working Pump trip / power failure (Kisalon
(Kisalon))
pressure
Pressure

Restraining
stage start-off

Time

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 Surge Protection using
ARI Air Valves and HCCV

Steady State Hydraulic Gradeline (HGL)

Pilevskaya
Elevation (m)

Distance (m)

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 Transient event: without any protection
Elevation (m)
Power failure-
failure-pumps trip

Distance (m)
Cavitation

Envelope of MAX/MI0 transient pressures with surge protection

O Cavitation

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 Pressure plots with and without protection
Surge variation at Pump Discharge with protection
Pressure (KPa)

Time (s)
Surge variation at Pump Discharge without protection

Surge variation at J-5 with protection

Time (s)
Head (m)

Surge variation at J-5 without protection

Time (s)

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 ARIavCAD results for air valve protection

SURGE 2007

Thank You

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