Chương 1: Giới thiệu tổng quan

về hệ thống viễn thông

PGS.TS. Hoà Vaên Khöông
BMVT, ÑHBK Tp.HCM
Email: khuong.hovan@yahoo.ca
 Heä thoáng thoâng tin

• Khoái phaùt coù chöùc naêng xöû lyù tín hieäu tin töùc vaø cung caáp
vaøo moâi tröôøng thoâng tin moät tín hieäu coù daïng thöùc phuø
hôïp vôùi ñaëc tính cuûa moâi tröôøng, vôùi ñieàu kieän laø noäi
dung cuûa tin töùc ñöôïc truyeàn ñi laø khoâng thay ñoåi.
• Khoái phaùt coù theå goàm caùc phaàn maõ hoùa, ñieàu cheá vaø
khueách ñaïi phaùt.
 Heä thoáng thoâng tin

• Moâi tröôøng thoâng tin laø moät moâi tröôøng vaät lyù cuï theå,
cho pheùp chuyeån taûi tín hieäu töø nôi phaùt ñeán nôi thu. Moâi
tröôøng thoâng tin coù theå döôùi daïng höõu tuyeán (daây daãn
ñieän song haønh, daây cable tín hieäu, sôïi quang,...) hoaëc coù
theå döôùi daïng voâ tuyeán (khoâng gian töï do, chaân khoâng,
moâi tröôøng chaát loûng,...).
• Moâi tröôøng thoâng tin coù ñaëc tính gaây suy hao coâng suaát
tín hieäu vaø gaây treã pha tín hieäu khi truyeàn tin. Cöï ly
thoâng tin caøng lôùn thì ñoä suy hao vaø treã pha caøng nhieàu.
 Heä thoáng thoâng tin

• Khoái thu coù chöùc naêng thu nhaän tín hieäu tin töùc töø moâi tröôøng
thoâng tin, taùi taïo laïi tin töùc ñeå cung caáp ñeán nôi nhaän tin.
• Khoái thu coù theå goàm caùc phaàn khueách ñaïi tín hieäu ñieän (ñeå buø
tröø ñoä suy hao treân moâi tröôøng thoâng tin), giaûi ñieàu cheá vaø giaûi
maõ hoùa (ñeå khoâi phuïc laïi tin töùc goác ban ñaàu ôû nôi phaùt), khoái
choïn loïc keânh thoâng tin (ñeå choïn löïa ñuùng tín hieäu töø nguoàn tin
maø ta muoán thu nhaän, trong khi moâi tröôøng thoâng tin coù theå ñöôïc
söû duïng truyeàn tin ñoàng thôøi cho nhieàu nguoàn tin khaùc nhau). .
 Heä thoáng thoâng tin

• Moät loaïi tín hieäu phuï nhöng luoân luoân xuaát hieän vaø toàn taïi trong baát
kyø heä thoáng thoâng tin naøo ñöôïc theå hieän bôûi khoái nhieãu, can nhieãu
vaø caùc taùc nhaân gaây meùo daïng. Ñaây laø caùc tín hieäu maø chuùng ta
khoâng mong muoán nhaän ñöôïc taïi nôi thu trong quaù trình truyeàn tin.
Chuùng coù theå xuaát hieän trong moâi tröôøng thoâng tin döôùi daïng nhieãu
coäng hoaëc nhieãu nhaân.
• Do tính chaát suy hao cuûa moâi tröôøng thoâng tin, tín hieäu tin töùc maø ta
muoán truyeàn ñi coù theå bò suy hao coâng suaát ñeán möùc bò xen laãn vôùi
caùc tín hieäu nhieãu trong moâi tröôøng hoaëc taïi nôi thu. Luùc naøy, quaù
trình thoâng tin laø thaát baïi, nôi nhaän tin khoâng theå taùi taïo laïi tin töùc töø
nguoàn phaùt tin nöõa.
 Taùc ñoäng
• Nhieãu laø caùc tín hieäu khoâng mong muoán, xuaát
hieän moät caùch ngaãu nhieân trong moâi tröôøng
thoâng tin hoaëc töø caùc phaàn töû, linh kieän cuûa thieát
bò.
• Nhieãu coäng coù theå ñöôïc loaïi boû hoaëc giaûm thieåu
aûnh höôûng nhôø caùc boä loïc taàn soá, caùc boä xöû lyù
ngöôõng taïi nôi thu.
• Ñoái vôùi nhieãu nhaân, quaù trình xöû lyù phöùc taïp hôn
nhieàu, thöôøng phaûi söû duïng caùc thuaät toaùn thöû-
vaø-saïi (chaúng haïn, thuaät toaùn logic môø, maïng
neural, chuoãi Markov,...).
Taùc ñoäng - Nhiễu AWGN

2
( x−m)
1 −
2 σ2
pX ( x ) = e
2
2πσ

∞ λ2
1 −
Q ( k)
=
2π ∫ e 2 dλ
k
 Nhieãu nhieät (thermal noise)
 Nhieãu nhieät xuaát hieän do caùc chuyeån ñoäng
ngaãu nhieân cuûa caùc phaàn töû mang ñieän
(electron hoaëc loã) trong moâi tröôøng truyeàn
daãn
 Moät ñieän trôû R taïi nhieät ñoä τ seõ phaùt sinh ñieän
theá nhieãu v(t) coù giaù trò phaân boá Gauss vaø
phöông sai laø
2
2 ( πkτ )  k = 1,37×10–23 [J/oK] laø haèng soá
v2 = σv2 = ⋅R Boltzmann
3h  h = 6,62×10–34 [J.s] laø haèng soá Plank
Maät ñoä phoå coâng suaát cuûa nhieãu
nhieät: Gv(f) = 2Rkτ [V2/Hz]
 Nguoàn doøng ñieän coù maät ñoä phoå coâng suaát
Gv ( f ) 2kτ
Gi ( f )
= =
R2 R
 Taùc ñoäng
• Can nhieãu laø nhieãu gaây ra bôûi caùc taùc nhaân
chuû quan cuûa con ngöôøi, chaúng haïn, nhieãu do
tín hieäu töø nguoàn phaùt khaùc, nhieãu do nguoàn
cung caáp coâng suaát, nhieãu do caùc thieát bò phuï
trôï,...
• Can nhieãu xuaát hieän ôû caùc daûi taàn soá khaùc
vôùi daûi taàn soá muoán thu, coù theå ñöôïc loaïi boû
deã daøng nhôø caùc pheùp loïc taàn soá thoâng
thöôøng. Tuy nhieân, can nhieãu cuøng daûi taàn
raát khoù ñöôïc loaïi tröø, ngöôøi ta phaûi duøng caùc
pheùp maõ hoùa nguoàn phuø hôïp.
 Taùc ñoäng
• Taùc nhaân gaây meùo daïng tín hieäu thöôøng
xaûy ra do caùc phaàn töû, linh kieän trong
thieát bò khoâng coù ñaëc tính tuyeán tính.
• Tuy nhieân, ñieåm khaùc bieät giöõa taùc nhaân
meùo daïng naøy vôùi nhieãu, can nhieãu laø söï
meùo daïng chæ xaûy ra khi coù tín hieäu
phaùt.
• Söï meùo daïng coù theå ñöôïc khaéc phuïc nhôø
caùc boä söûa daïng (equalizer) trong heä
thoáng thoâng tin.
 Kieåu truyeàn

• Ñôn coâng (simplex).

• Song coâng (full-duplex).
• Baùn song coâng (half-duplex).
 Moâ hình heä thoáng thoâng tin

• Tin töùc laø yeáu toá trung taâm cuûa moät heä
thoáng thoâng tin. Muïc tieâu cuûa heä thoáng
laø chuyeån taûi vaø taùi laäp laïi tin töùc taïi nôi
nhaän tin sao cho noäi dung cuûa tin töùc laø
khoâng ñoåi so vôùi nôi phaùt hoaëc coù theå
hieåu ñöôïc, chaáp nhaän ñöôïc.
• Töông töï vaø daïng soá.
 Physical Limitations
The fundamental limitations when designing a communication
system are the noise and the bandwidth:
• There is always thermal noise (due to the random motion of
charged particles at temperatures above absolute zero), which
is the main problem when the transmission distance
increases.
• Every communication system has a finite bandwidth. The
bandwidth is the main problem when the transmission speed
is increased because they are directly proportional to each
other.
Channel capacity is

where B is the bandwidth and S/N is the Signal-to-Noise Ratio

(SNR) of the channel. This relationship is also known as
Shannon law.
 Modulation
The modulation involves two
waveforms:
A modulating signal that represents the message, and a
carrier wave that suits the particular
application.
Here are some examples of amplitude
modulation using a sinusoidal and a
pulse train as carriers. The message
signal can be seen in the envelope of
the modulated signal. In the receiver,
the message can be retrieved using
demodulation.
a) Modulating signal; b) Sinusoidal
carrier with amplitude modulation;
c) Pulse-train carrier with amplitude
modulation.
In general, the carrier frequency is much higher than the highest
frequency component of the modulating signal. In this case, the spectrum
of the modulated signal consists of a band of frequency components
clustered around the carrier frequency. Therefore, the modulation produces
frequency translation.

• Modulation Benefits:
– Modulation for efficient transmissions
The efficiency of any transmission method depends on the
frequency of the signal being transmitted. For example, efficient
line-of-sight radio propagation requires antennas whose physical
dimensions are at least 1/10 of the signal wavelength. E.g.,
unmodulated transmission of an audio signal at 100Hz would
require 300 km long antenna, while modulated transmission at
100MHz allows a practical antenna size of about 1 m.
– Modulation for frequency assignment
For example, since each radio/TV station has a different assigned
carrier frequency, the desired signal can be separated from the
others by filtering. Radio frequencies are allocated by
international agreements.
– Multiplexing
Several signals can be combined for simultaneous transmission on
one channel if, e.g. the carrier frequencies are different
(frequency division multiplexing).
– Modulation to overcome hardware limitations
The design of a communication system may be constrained by the
cost and availability of hardware, hardware whose performance
often depends on the frequencies involved. Modulation permits
the designer to place a signal in some frequency range that avoids
hardware limitations.
 Coding
Coding is a processing of message signal for improving digital
communication. Decoding is the inverse operation.
– Channel coding (a technique used to introduce controlled
redundancy to improve the performance reliability in a noisy
channel).
– Source coding (a technique that reduces the redundancy in the
signal to achieve more efficiency).

Examples:
1. ASCII-code: coding of the alphanumerical characters to binary data.
2. Transmission capacity can be improved by sending 2M level symbols
that represent binary code words of length M (source coding).
3. By appending extra check digits to each binary code word we can
detect or correct most of the errors in the receiver (channel coding).
Classification of RF Applications
Wireless Communication Standards (1)
Wireless Communication Standards (2)
Wireless Communication Standards (3)
Wireless Communication Standards (4)
Wireless Communication Systems (1)
Wireless Communication Systems (2)
Wireless Communication Systems (3)
Frequency Band in Communication Systems (1)
Frequency Band in Communication Systems (2)

Microwave frequency allocations according to IEEE