EU ses Separators in grinding circuits*) By E, Onuma and M. Ito, Chiba, Japan Special report 5.2» Summary ~ Conventional separators in grinding plants for raw ‘meal, coal and cement have often shown rather poor separation performances. The re- cently developed high-efficiency separators are especially noted for thelr markedly i. proved separation performance and sharpness of separation. The mode of operation of a separator may be characterized advantageously by the shape of the Tromp sepa ‘ration curve, whick shows the selectivity as a function of the particle grain size. Mod. ern separators are used in grinding plants with ball mills, roller mills and high-pres- sure grinding rolls. Their substantially improved separation performance. especially with higher product finenesses, leads to a higher output and a lower specif energy consumption. However, the properties of the product are also affected by the separa tor’s mode of operation. Due to the greater sharpness of separation the grain size distribution ts narrower and the strengths, especially the 3 to 28 day strengths, of cements with the same specific surface area are therefore higher. On the other hand, ‘the workability of the coment may be impaired. Fachbericht 52 - Zusammenfassung ~ Die konventionellen Sichter in Mahtanlagen Sighter ufen {fir Rohe, Koko und Zement hatten oft nur eine masige rennaireung. Die nen in Mahikreist letzten Jahren entwickeiten sog. Hochleistungs-Sichterzetchnen sich durch eine deut. lich verbesserte Trennwirkung und Trennscharfe aus. Die Arbeitsweise eines Sichters ann vorteilhaft durch den Verlauf der Trennkurve nach Tromp gekennzeichnet wer. ddon, die den Trenngrad in Abhiingigkeit von der Korngrife wieddergibt. Die modernen Sichter werden in Maklantagen mit Kugel, Walz- und Gutbete-Walzenmntien einge- setzt Ihre deutlich bessere Trennwirkung fiuhrt vor allom bei hiheren Produktfeinhel- ton zu gréfferen Durchsitzen und zu elnem geringeren massebezogenen Energiever- brauch. Jedoch werden auch die Produkteigenschaften durch die Siohterarbeitsweise ‘eeinflupt, Wegen der hoheren Trennschaxfe st dle Korngrojfenverieilung des Produkts enger und daher vor allem die 3- bis 28-d-Festigkeit von Zementen bei gleicher mas- sebezogener Oberfliche hiker. Demgegentiber kann hierdurch die Verarbelibarkell des Zements beeintrichtigt werden. Rapport spéctal 5.2 Résumé - Les séparateus classique witsés dans les ates Sparateurs dans debroyage pou frin cru, charanetcimen 'natent souvent quan aft de separee les clrouits tion moyen. Les séparateurs & haut rendement mis au point ces dernizres années se @ broyage caraetérisent par une net améioration de Uefet de séparation mais aussi de son de. aré deséparation. Le mode de fonctionnement d'un séparatour se distingue par lepro- Jil de sa courbe de séparation selon romp, gu reftete le degré de separation en fone. tion de ta granulométre. Les séparateurs modernes sont utlisés dans les tellers de broyage comportant des broyeurs & boulets, des broyours & cylindres et des broyeurs 4 galeis a lt de matiére. Leur effet de séparation nettement amsliorce entratne sur. tout pour des fnesses de produit levées un plus grant rendement et une consorama tion énergie par rapport a tine masse plus réduite Le mode de fonctionnement a séparatourinlue néanmolns sur les propriétés du produit. Band donné le plus grand degré te separation, le répariiton granudométrigue du produit est plus étrote, de ce Jalt la résistance de 3 8 26d des ciments est accrue en présence dune Sutface den. Ligue par rapport a ta masse. Bn revanche, la possibilité de mise en oewoe du ciment peut, de co att, etre alterée Informe de ramo 6.2. Resumen ~ Los separadores convencionales, empleados en las Separatiores en los circultos instalaciones de molienda de crado, carbén y comento, muchas veces tienen un red de molienda ido efecto de separacidn, Los llamados separadores de alta efcacia, desarrollados en dos ttmos aos, se distinguen por un efecto y nitidez de separacton notablemente me- Joradios. El funcionamiento de un separador se puede representar. con ventaja, medi- ‘ante et trazado de la curva de separactén de Tromp, la cual nos da el grado de sepa racién en funcién de ta granulometria, Los separadores modernos se utilizan en las In- stalaciones de moltenda que trabajar con motinos de bolas. molinos de pista a roda- dura y molinos de cilindros y tecko de material. Su efecto de separacién, notablemen- 4 mejor, conduce a mayores rendimientos y a wn menor consumo de energéa referida 4 Ja masa, sobre todo cuando se trata de productos de mayor finura, Sin embargo, en Jas proptedades del producto influye también la forma de trabajar de los separadores. Debido a la mayor nitider de separactén, la distribucién granulométrica del producto resulta mds estrecha, y por ello, sobre todo, la resistencia de fos cementos a tos 3-28 dias resulta més alta, siempre y cuando las superfcies referidas a la masa sean igua- > Revised ext ota tecture to the OZ Congres 8, les, Pero, por otro lado, puede verse afectada la trabajablidad del cemento. Dossedor 810-1999, ZEMENT-KALK-GIPS — Nr, 9/1094 (47. Jahegang), 5351, Introduction Among so many efforts in energy saving in cement manufac- turing technology, the development of so-called high-effi- cieney separators was one of the most prominent and suc- cessful ones. A brief survey on this rathernew technical field is made in this paper, along with its recent topics and future possibilities briefly introduced. 2, Development of high-efficiency separators Conventional separators used in cement or raw-meal pro- duction [1] did not show very good separation characteris ties generally, chiefly because of ~ Incomplete dispersion of the feed, causing a by-passing of the classification zone and going into rejects. — Indefiniteness of the forces participating in the classifica. tion and the trajectory of particles in the separator, mak- ing the cut-size of classification widely diversified depending on the location in the separator. — Incomplete capturing of fines in the in-house equipped cyclones, causing alarge amount of fines recirculating in the separator. ‘This third problem was solved by the introduction of eyclone-air-separators (1], while the first and second prob- Jems were not completely solved. ‘To solve all these problems, a new classification mechanism was definitely needed. The concept of high-efficiency separators has been born to meet these requirements, and almost all of these new kinds of separators are now based on the following basic ideas: — ‘The classification mechanism should be the definite one. Forces participating in the classification should be clear, well defined, and perfectly determined. — An effective classification zone with space enough to censure a good classification performance should be well, furnished within a compact equipment. ~ The classification mechanism should not be distorted when sealed-up for large volume equipments. — The dispersion of particles should be good enough to secure the good performance of the separator also under high solid-air concentration conditions. After the pioneering activities by Quittkat [2], Hukki [3] and. Knobloch et al. (4], such type of separator emerged on the market in the early eighties, O-SEPA [5] as the first runner and followed by several successors, 3. Philosophy-Mechanism-Constructions 3.1 Separators for clinker grinding ball mills, As representative for this type of separator, a brief explana- tion of the O-SEPA separator (Fig. 1) is made at first, and then several other variants are illustrated. As shown in this illustration, the particles to be clessified are fed through the ducts (15), are highly dispersed by means of the rotating dis- persion plate 2) and the buffer plate (, and are thrown into the classifying air which is sucked’ into the separator ‘through the tangentially extended duets (6, 11). After pass- ing through the fixed guide vanes (10), the classifying air forms a precise horizontal vortex by means of vortical-low adjusting rotating blades @) and horizontal partition plates @), Particles are at first roughly classified on entering the classifying zone, The principal classification is made in the uniform vortex flow according to the balance of two forces ~ the centrifugal and the drag force ~ by inwardly flowing air. ‘After this classification, fine products are carried away and collected. The coarse particles, as they switl down inside the guide vanes, arerinsed by the air coming inside through the ower parts of ducts (6, 11), and then reclassified by the ter- tary air (2). Finally they flow out from the bottom part of the separator. FIGURE 1: 0-SEPA-separator 2 Dispersion plate 3 Vortical flow adjusting blade 4 Partition plate ‘5 Primary airinlet duet 9 Buffer plate 10Guide vane 11 Secondary air inlet duct 12 Tertiary air intet duct By these unique mechanisms, the following features of this type of separator are drawn out: — Repeated chance of classification for every particle by well-defined balance of forces lead to very sharp classifi- cation. — The tangential velocity difference between particles and the rotor blades is so small that the occurring maintenance problems and the power consumption of the separator are minimized. fines outlet rotor blade guide vane —_L reject outlet feed inlet spreader plate air intake worn grinding __¢ media outlet FIGURE 2: SEPAX-separator~ Practically all of the inner space of the separator is utilized as classification zone. This makes the apparatus ‘very compact. — By virtue of the vortical-flow adjusting blades and hori- zontal partition plates, a precise horizontal vortex can be formed even in large volume apparatus. = The cut size of classification can be easily adjusted through the adjustment of the rotation speed of the separator, The particle size distribution of the product can be adjusted in fairly wide range through the adjust- ‘ment of operating variables. After the O-SEPA separator, several new types of high-effi- ciency separators based on similar concepts, but having each a feature, have come into the market. The SEPAX separator [6] (Fig. 2) is especially suited for air-swept ball miills, since the separator feed is strongly dispersed by means of a special device in the course of its upward pneumatic transportation. This procedure has another advantage. Tramp metals which could stray into the separator are completely separated before entering the separator, which might have caused some maintenance product — 4 tailings FIGURE 8: SD-classifier In SD-classifiers (7) (Fig. 2), fine products are cucked out, horizontally through the ducts arranged at the side wall of the separator, while inclined deflectors (7] are used instead of vertical guide vanes like in the O.SEPA separator. ‘The former design may reduce the complicated sealing prob- Jems at the uppermost part of the separator, while the latter will be helpfu' in controlling the width of the descending material curtain at the periphery of the classification zone. Inaddition, this type of separator uses rods instead of blades. which adds mechanism of collision to the classification mechanism (0-SEPA) improving the classification effi. ciency. The SEPOL [8] (Fig. 4) and O & K cross stream separators [9] (Fig. 5) are characterized by drawing fine Products out downwardly from the bottom part of the Separator. By sdopting this construction a good dispersion ofparticles by feeding them at the central position of the dis- persion plate will be ensured in the case of the SEPOL separator. In O& K separators, the amount of classifying ait in the upper part can be adjusted independently from the lower part. With air fans incorporated in cyclone housing, the machinery is enabled to be designed very compact. ly (10), FIGURE 4: SEPOL-SV separator «Photograph by Krupp Polysius AG, Beckum) 3.2 Separators for raw-meal grinding ball mills Along with the energy saving or capacity increase of existing plants, high-efficiency separators are needed in raw-meal gtinding circuits because of their possibilities in the improvement of raw mix burnability by minimizing the coarser fraction of components with poor burnability. Although each type of separator introduced in the former section can be used in raw material grinding cireuits, several nt HUN FIGURE 5: 0 & K Cross Stream Separatorspecial types of separators have been developed in this field. ‘These separators are characterized by accepting the feed with a large volume of air swept out from the mill, just as in the case of the SEPAX separator. LY first decantation \ { | 7 gas material FIGURE 6: TSV-separator ‘The TSV separator [11] (Fig, 6) and SEPMASTER SKS-L. separator [12] (Fig. 7) are two of such examples, and their typical variants can receive part of the separator feed with the mill-swept air while the remaining part of the separator feed comes through the bucket-elevator. feed material fine fractions | and ball mill fraction 2 coarse fracton4 fresh feed material and air FIGURE 7: SEPMASTER SKS-L soparator 33 Separators in roller mills ‘The concept of high-efficiency separators can also be suc- cessfully realized in roller mills used in raw meal grinding or solid fuel grinding. In roller mills with conventional separators [13], the following problems were almost inevita- ble: — Inefficient classification causes the accumulation of fine particles in the mill, which prevents the formation of a good material bed on the table and thus decreases the grinding efficiency. fan, ial (%) retained mate! 5 g 3 1 & : tots Aeereney— Q 3 UISR EE 2 “ 8 CONVENTIONAL Manto 3 & 8 g e < 20 30 «50 particle size (um) 100 200300 500 FIGURE 8: Roller mill with high-officieney separator from roller press. ~ Accumulation of fine particles in mill-separator circuits ‘causes an increase of pressure loss in the circuit, thus increasing the necessary power to drive the exhauster aterial (%) passing m:~ Incomplete separation of coarser particles often causes the poor burnability of raw meal or a reduction of the combustion rate of solid fucl produced. All these problems have successfully been solved through the introduction of the high-efficiency separator con- copt [13] (Fig. 8). One more exampleis the case of re-building ting-ball mills by using TSV or O-SEPA type separators (14] (Fig. 9). In addition to an output increase of 70% for the same Rei residue, the decrease of coarse fraction in the prepared solid fuel for the same output (Ro,o: 10% > 2%) gave a good promise in the possibility of using low volatile fuels in pre- calciners. The application of roller mills in cement clinker 20 a 10 —@— O-SEPA ke vane type —O— Whitzer (reference) production rate (t/h) 1 10 100 residue R100 (%) FIGURE 9: Application of high-efficiency separators (O-SEPA) in ing-ball mills SS 1.0 e | | go? soy | g 0.6) 8 w= 0.4) = § BS 0.2) g 2 i ar a er eC) particle diameter x (um) FIGURE 10: Example of Tromp curve (Grade efficiency curve) in conventional separators classifier feed 1c) bypass fine products return to mill FIGURE 11: Bypass model function of separation @ (x) 0.05 Ob 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 particle size relation x/x, FIGURE 12: Grade efficiency eurve models grinding presented another problem in the performance of separators. Classification itself should be excellent, while the particle size distribution should be appropriate from the viewpoint of cement qualtity. The OK mill [15] is one solu- tion of this problem with a sufficiently high amount of fine particles in the product by carefull and elaborate choice of roller-table arrangements and operating conditions. At the same time the high-efficiency of classification avoids the straying in of coarser particles to the fine product, 4. Separation efficiency ~ its assessment and influencing factors Amoung various descriptions of the separation efficiency of industrial separators, the Tromp curve or the grade effi- ciency curve (Fig. 10) are the most descriptive and com- prehensive. In the abscissa x denotes the particle size and the ordinate @ (x) denotes the probability for being sepa- rated as fines. In actual cases, (x) doesnot reach 100% even in the finest size region, and hence the bypass model (Fig. 1) has been proposed. In this model a considerable amount of separator feed (6 part) is assumed to bypass the classification zone, going directly to the reject, without receiving any classification action. According to this assumption the grade efficiency curve ean be divided into ‘two parts, the first corresponding to the bypassing (charac- terized by f) and the second corresponding to the classifica- tion without bypassing (characterized by cut size x. and sharpness index s) (Fig. 12). The computer simulation results [16] Fig. 13) shows that the ratio of bypassing# plays ‘a more important roll than the sharpness index s in cement, grinding circuits since overgrinding occurs atlarge 8, which wastes much energy and produces too much waste super- fine particles. It is also known that the logarithm of (1—#) depends linearly on the particle-air concentration (Q,/Q,) in industrial separators [17] and so there arises the idea thatthe separator performance could be compared among each other by the position of the performance point in the (1~A) vs. Q/Qs chart [18] ig. 14). In this chart, the black circles of high-effi- ciency separators lie more upwards than the white citeles of conventional separators which shows that is larger in con- ventional separators for the same Q,/Q, and that this kind of separation gives a poorer performance than high-efficiency separation. It must be noted that even in high-efficiency separators an insutficient air flow-rate or a too high circulating load leads to poor separation performance [39}, but at quitelarger Q/Q, than in conventional separators. The effect of specific sur- face area of cement on f has been shown to be almost negli- aible in high-efficiency separators [20] with a striking eon- ‘trast to conventional separators,8 & 2 s productivity (th) RZ & 0 0.5 1.0 bypass factor B FIGURE 13; Snmation results ofa cement grinding ball ill Sp: Blaine (ens'/g) 8 — : ott — att ay uy Bes B sad.» mere espana S cenvotonal rane L L ar 1 2 4 5 6 spec. load G/Qq (kg/m?) FIGURE 14: (1-9) vs. Q/@, chart of separators 5. Influence of separation eff consumption Although it is generally accepted that high-efficiency separators lead to a good performance of grinding circuits and considerable saving of energy, there seems to remain some kinds of confusion as to the mechanism and the extent of improvement in such eases. The cause for a production- rate increase through the improvement of separator-effi- cieney can be analyzed as follows: ~ Owing to the improved separation characteristics, the amount of fines returned to the mill with the rejects decreases considerably which avoids overgrinding and ‘wasting of grinding energy atthe mill. This mechanism is facilitated by the intensification of air-sweeping through the mill and the temperature reduction inside the mill which can be often observed when using modern high- efficiency separators. ~— By virtue of the improvement in cement quality, which is caused by the modification of particle size distribution, the possibility for reducing the specific surface area of coment arises. jency on energy Accepting this as a fundamental mechanism, the amount of production-rate increase through the improvement of separators can be considered as dependent from the follow- ing factors: ~ The amount of decrease of the bypass factor 8 through the improvement of separators, ~— the present level of the specific surface area of cement, — whether the mill-inside structures or conditions are appropriate for passing enough amount of particles through the mill or not, -- the room remaining for a sharper particle size distribu- tion at lower specific surface area of cement from the standpoint of standard cement properties. But in the ease of constant concrete consistence the water demand may increase, often leading toa diminished conerete strength. In relation to the first point, a certain kind of relationship could be imagined to exist between the production rate and the bypass factor 6 (Fig. 15). The production-rate increase would be considerable in high f regions, while the produc- tion-rate increase would be very small when f is already rather close to zero before modification of separators, increase of productivity (9%) 05 bypass factor B FIGURE 16: Productivity increase vs bypass factor f Inrelation to the second point, a high specific surface area of ‘cement promises the possibility of an increase in the produc- tion rate. This is due to the possibility of severer overgrind- ing in the mill, especially when no grinding aids are used. "TABLE 1: Comparison of 3 mill cixeuits with different types of separators Gireuit Classifiersused Production Specificpower Fineness N rate (uh) ‘consumption “Type Numberof ‘cewnsd, Biaineom@) Residue(%) pment sau 804m 8am u O-SEPA 1 105, 48 3.240) 20 02 2 ‘Conventional 2 85 420 3.400 18 12 18 Conventional 1 9% 880 3300 18 06 Note: Grinding aids 0.015 %)‘TABLE 2: Power consumption in O-SBPA system in Fujiwara plant ‘Typeofelassitier Blaine(om'e) Spee energy consumption (kWh/) een Mil Classifier Bucketelevator —Bagfilterfan Total Conventional?) 3,800") 36.9 40 06 La 43.2, O.SEPA™) 3,240°%0) 310 on 05 26 348 Note: ball mill 043% 12.5 m, 3,300 kW +) Two sets ‘) N-2500, System II, 2,000 min, *°*) Cement quality ison the same level due to the improved particle size distribution by O-SEPA. ‘The third pointiis important when the mill inside conditions before the modification of separators were arranged to fit for exceptionally low level of circulating load. In such a case, mill-inside conditions, i.e. screening plates, retainer rings, ete,, should be modified to fit for ordinary level of circulating load, which is essential to the productivity increase of the mill. This is especially important when no grinding aids are used. Table 1 [28) shows the comparison of operating results of three mill circuits, each equipped with different types of separators for the same design of mills. Table 2 (30] contains ‘the operation data showing how the replacement of a con- ventional separator by a high-efficiency separatorimproved the energy consumption of the grinding circuit, All results show that the production rate increased by between 12 and 43%, and the specific power consumption ofthe grinding cir- cuits decreased by between 6 and 21%. 6. Influence of separation efficiency on cement properties ‘The most desirable particle size distribution of cement has to meet the following requirements: = Absence of oversize (> 90am), ~ sich in 3 to 30 um fraction, ~ presence of moderate amount of minus 3m fraction, Pi high-efficiency separators Plant PSD9)slope Blaine 8~32ym_ 10pm Samm RR (emi 0) HCH) A before «1.01 358218 aler 126333848 404 B before 11S 3510 LB OTL after 1373178 OR MRD © before 1.073538 TLL 0.218 ‘aller 114 34036904482 D before 1.089819? aller 1M 335707 aka 180 E before 1.019900 3.0186 aher 114 40056904482 F before 1039796710 ater 116391043098 G before 11895882018 afer 1290-3618 785B RA 18S H before 0.953789 350140 after 103328568035 *) PSD means: Particle size distribution By using high-efficiency separators the first two require- ments can be easily satisfied [31] (Fable 3). The last item of ‘the above mentioned requirements which is related to the ‘workability problem and/or very early-age hardening prop- erties, can be met by several ways. One would be the adjust- ment of the f-value of separators, leading to a wider particle ize distribution, but more advisable would be the modifica- tion of the grinding circuit design, i.e. the modification of mill-inside conditions. One more influence which arises from the introduction of high-efficiency separators on the properties of cement would be the reduction of mill:inside temperature. In con- ventional milling circuits millinside temperatures were generally too high, and several types of cooling procedures were introduced in milling circuits. In modern type high- efficiency separators a large amount of cooling air can be efficiently introduced into the circuit, and the cooling prob- Jem [30, 32] has disappeared (Table 4), ‘TABLE 4: Temperature reduetion by O-SEPA system at the Ofanato. plant ‘Typectcement —Typeofelesifier Blaine Temperature ©) exig © Milloutlet Cement 4100135135 High-carly-strength Conventional*) Portlandcement O-SEPA‘*) 380088 Ordinary Portland Conventional") 3100130120 cement O-SEPA‘) 29007580 Note: (1) Water spray 0.1% @ Clinker temperature 80°C ©) One cyclone air-separator in two mills ©) N-1000, System II, max. 1000 m*imin In some cases, however, too much cooling caused a very incomplete dehydration of gypsum. This provoked abs mal stiffening of cement or consistency problems according to the chemical and mineralogical character of cement, if only gypsum and anhydrite are employed in an optimized mixture [33]. In such a case, the temperature profile in the grinding circuit can be easily modified through the recireu- lation of exhaust gas into the circuit, even if only gypsum is, available as retarder (19). Asa general result cement proper- ties and also concrete properties can be kept constant or slightly improved by the introduction of high-efficiency separators (Fig. 16, Table 5) (8, 31] but this does not only depend on separator operation. Clinker reactivity and cal- cium sulfate optimization should be thoroughly observed, e- ASTMG-109 HVEFF separator (3619 om2g) “conventional separator (8752 cm2iq) average capacity increase: 31% average powerdecrease: 26% compressive strength (psi) x 1000 1 3 7 20 mortar cube age (days) FIGURE 16: Mortar compressive strength and type of separators‘TABLE 5: Standard concrete properties and (ype of separators Cementtype PCF PAF PCISFHSCA-tree ‘Separatortype SEPOL conventional SEPOL conventional SEPOL conventional sep. sep. sep. Fineness em*/g 2808 2835 3498 3621 3976 4000 Compressive strength TdaysNimm? ca 28 2 38 40 35 28daysNimm* a a ot 50 49 9 Freshconerete ‘Slumpay~ayeem 8 10 7 10 8 8 1. Recent topics and future developments Since the introduction of so called “single pass” high-efti- ciency separators, the grinding circuit design has been so much simplified because the circuit needs only one mill and ‘one separator with one or at most two dust collectors {32}, ‘The compactness of high-efficiency separators made it pos- sible to treat the products from three different mills in one separator without much difficulty [30]. All these measures contributed to a high extent to the reduction of installation and operation costs of grinding circuits, and this was again ‘emphasized by the recent introduction of disagglomerator- separators in the roller press circuits by several manufactut- rers {35}, In these new cases, disagglomerator-separators (Fig. 17) play multi-functional roles, which simplifies the grinding circuit design to a great extent. One more topic on high-efficiency separators would be the introduction of their new versions especially suited for the classification of very fine or ultra-fine materials. CLASSIEL by Onoda [36]is such an example, seeking its application for mantifacturing microfine cements under a maximum particle size of 10jan ‘or 5jan in fairly large scale. Treatment of fly-ash to deliver a product with considerably limited particle size range (37) would be another target of the application. It should be men- tioned finally that some separators [38] have the capability FIGURE 17: SEPOL-P separator with disagglomerator 2 FIGURE 18: MT-separator of producing three or more kinds of products at the same time (Fig. 18). This would be valuable when products with very limited size range or products with very unusual size distributions are needed. Literature [1] Herrmann, C.: Increased Cement grinding efficiency by using high efficiency separators. IEEE Cement Ind. Tech. Conf. 27 (1985). [2] Quittkat, W.: Der Strahlwindsichter, ein leistungsfa- higer, raumsparender Sichter fir Feinsttrennung, Zement-Kalk-Gips 26 (1973) No. 7, pp. 326-330. (3) Hukki, R. T: Zweistufige Windsichtung im geschlos- senen Mahikreislauf. Zement-Kalk-Gips 30 (1977) No. 5, pp. 199-208. [4] Knobloch, 0., Miller, M, and Eickholt, H.: Ent- ‘wicklungsstand von Streuteller- und Kanalradsichtern, Zement-Kalk-Gips 31 (1978) No. 8, pp. 413-417. 15) Furukawa, T., Onuma, E, and Misaka, T: A new large-seale air classifier O-SEPA ~ Its principle and operating characteristics, Proc. Int, Symp. on Powder ‘Technology ‘81 (Kyoto), pp. 750~757. [6] Cleemann, J. 0.: Evaluation of the new high efficient air separators. Zement-Kalk-Gips 39 (1986) No. 6, pp. 295-304.7 Klumpat,1. V., Saverse, R. R., Currier, F. N., and Slavsky, S. T. Airclassifier with optimum design and operation. Zement-Kalk-Gips 39 (1986) No. 6, pp. 305-311 [8] Schmidt, D.: Hochleistungs-Sichter SEPOL ~ Exfah- rungen und Betriebsergebnisse im Zementwerk Har- degsen. Zement-Kalk-Gips 41 (1988) No, 10, pp. 506-510. [9] Binder, U. Der O & K-Querstromsichter ~ Entwick- lung und Betriebsergebnisse. Zement-Kalk-Gips 41 (1988) No. 5, pp. 287-242, 120] Binder, U.: The O & K cross stream separator — deve- lopment and operating results. World Cement 22 (1991) No. 11, pp. 18-23, {21} Marehai, G.: The utilisation of high efficiency classi- fiers in raw grinding. Ciments, Bétons, Platres, Chaux (1989) No. 781, pp. 370-376, (12) Bales, P.: New raw grinding plant with integral roller press at the Hualien cement works in ‘Taiwan. Zement- Kalk-Gips 46 (1993) No. 2, pp. 71-76, [13] Schonbach, B.H. Highefficiency separatorsin roller mills, World Cement 19 (1988) No. 11, pp. 436-444, 1141 Ito, M, Miyabe, Y., Takeuchi, M,and Furukawa, T: Development of “E-SEPA” air classifier for solid fuels. The Cement Manufacturing Technology Symp. (JAPAN) 50 (1993) pp. 66-71. 125) Shimojima, K,, Hamaguchi, M, Obana, H,, and Fukuyama, K: Newly developed roller ‘mill. for cement clinker grinding. World Cement 15 (1984) No. 9, pp. 280-232. (26) Onuma, E,, Asai, N., and Jimbo, G.: Analysis of the operating characteristics of steady-state closed-circuit ball mill grinding. 4th Buropean Symp. on Comminc tion (1975) pp. 559-573. (17) Onuma, E.: An analysis of the fractional recovery cur- ves of Sturtevant-type air classifiers in high solid con- centration conditions. J. Chem. Eng. Japan 6 (1973) No.6, pp. 527-531 18] Onuma, E, and Furukawa, On the criteria for the assessment of performance quality of air classifiers in closed-circuit tube-mill systems. Proc. Int. Symp. on. Powder Technology 61 (Kyoto), pp. 412-419. {19] Dauphinee, B., and Breitschmid, K: Problems with high efficiency separators. Ciments, Bétons, Pli- tres, Chaux (1992) No. 795, pp. 98-102, (20] Ito, M,, and Sota, Y.: Characteristics and application of high efficiency vortex-type classifier “O-SEPA”. J. Res. ‘Onoda Cement Company 40 (1988) No. 1, pp. 18~-28, (21) Onuma,E., Furukawa, T, and Fukuyama, K.: The effect of classifier performance on the energy consump- tion of closed-circuit ball-mill grinding system. J. Res. Onoda Cement Company 34 (1982) No. 2, pp. 56-63. [22] Knoflicek, M. J.: Betriebserfahrungen mit O-Sepa- ‘Windsichtern in Nordamerika. Zement-Kalk-Gips 39 (1986) No. 6, pp. 335~336. For your urgent requests Advertisements, subscriptions, copies and books (23) Clarke, M. B.: Progress report on continuous fracture mill installed at Glens Falls Portland Cement Co, 1.C.S. Proceedings 22 (1986), pp. 115-125, {24] Bernutat,P.,andSchroter, H.: Erste Betriebsergeb- nisse miteinem neuartigen Sichter in Zementmahlanla- gen. Zement-Kalk-Gips 43 (1990) No. 4, pp. 192-104, [25] Bouquelle, J.P: Modernisation of Cimentsd' Obourg’s cement grinding plant no. 2, World Cement 20 (1989) No. 4, pp. 115-118, [26] Henz, F.: Upgrading of a finish mill eireuit with a high efficiency single pass separator. I. C, S, Proceedings 21 (1985), pp. 244-262, (27) Eickholt, H.: Influence of separators for cost-efficient grinding plants. Ciments, Bétons, Platres, Chaux (1991) No. 788, pp. 40-47. [28] Onuma, B.; Anew high-efficiency classifier as applied to the cement industry. I. C. S. Proceedings 19 (1983), pp. 40-43, [29] Toyooka, $, Ohya, S., and Ogawa, K: Cement mill performance with use of high efficiency separator O-SEPA. The Cement Manufacturing Technology Symp. (JAPAN) 45 (1988), pp. 31-36. (30] Onuma, E,, and Furukawa, T: O-SEPA ~ A new high-performance air-classifier. World Cement 15 (1984) No. 1/2, pp. 18-24. [31] Brugan, J. M: High efficiency separators ~ Problems and solutions. Zement-Kalk-Gips 41 (1988) No. 7, pp. 350-355. [32] Ito, M, Misaka, T., Furukawa, T;, Sota, Y., and Onuma, E. Cooling effect of the O-Sepa air separator in coment grinding. Zement-Kalk-Gips 41 (1988) No. 5, pp. 214-223, {33] Sumner, M.S, Hepher, N. M, and Moir, G.K.: The influence of a narrow cement particle size distribution ‘on cement paste and concrete water demand, Ciments, Bétons, Platres, Chaux (1989) No. 778, pp. 164~168. [34] Folsberg, J.: A new generation of high efficiency separators for ball mills and roller presses. Zement- ‘Kalk-Gips 44 (1991) No. 1, pp. 37-41, [85] Disagglomeration and classification with high-effi- ciency separator. Ciments, Bétons, Platres, Chaux (1990) No. 782, pp. 59. {36] Tamashige,T., Ninomiya, H, Fujii,S.,andFura- kawa, T's Performance of a newly designed air classi- fier, 1992 IEEE Cement Ind. Tech. Conf. 34 (1992), pp. 426—439. [37] Tamashige, T, Kondou, A, Nakamura, S., Takayama, A., and Kouno, 1.: Operating results of a newly designed air classifier for fly ash. The Cement ‘Manufacturing Technology Symp. (Japan) 49 (1992), pp. 52-57. (38) Leistungssteigerung durch mehrstufige Feinguttren- hung mit MKT-Sichtern. Zement-Kalk-Gips 39 (1986) No. 6, pp. 343-344, Pressehaus Am Klingenweg 4a, D-65396 Walluf, Germany Postal address D-65173 Wiesbaden, Germany Tel. (06123) 700-0, Fax (06123) 700-122