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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
566 views44 pagesSwimming POOL Design Note
Uploaded by
Jin Fong KuehCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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- Design Concepts
- References
- ASHRAE Code
- Air Condition
- DUCT & OUTLET
- ESP STATIC Calculation
- Heat Pipe
- AHU
4>luw! plosd Gogil 9 Guu! Ulosi proucd
Or Natatorium in Dubai
My References are
1- 2011 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications (SI)
CH 5.6 Page 62:64 NATATORIUMS a>Lw plo>
2- Natatorium Design Book
3- ASHRAE 62.1-2007 Ventilation
4- Water Pool Evaporation £XCEL SHEET
5- ASHRAE 2009 CH 18 COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
ont bee Pama! 99 OblicY) yaw élieho uy
sac 9 olSall ye asi] aL Jl lo>VI Glucd alah
Joodl cli! Ge Ugiasol Lusi dL 9 d5p>Ul 9 yyraLisel
DSO of All Ail Shou] Glus aalo] Gay Spo!
Ws uo lplu> oS pled! ahw alo
[Link]
generally from people and evaporation of water Pool surface area
Load Estimation
Loads for a natatorium include heat gains and losses from outdoor air, lighting,
walls, roof, and glass. Internal latent loads are
generally from people and evaporation.
Every building's moisture (latent) load is calculated in the same way. There are generally
three sources of moisture that are considered:
+ Internal load (pool evaporation)
+ Occupants
‘* Outdoor air load
Pool Evaporation
‘The internal load in a natatorium is the evaporation from the pool water and wet deck
surfaces. In a natatorium this represents the majority of the total dehumidification load.
Consequently, itis essential to accurately predict the pool evaporation.
There are 5 variables used to calculate the evaporation rate :
+ Pool water surface area
+ Pool water temperature
+ Room air temperature
+ Room air relative humidity
+ Pool water agitation and Activity Factor
Evaporation loads in pools
and spas are significant relative to other load elements and may vary
widely depending on pool features, areas of water and wet deck,
water temperature, and activity level in the pool.
Evaporation rate of evaporation can be estimated from
empirical Equation for pools for air velocity over water @ 10-30 fpm
= 4x 10-5A( pw - pa)Fa CHECK EXCEL SHEET
[Link] be seen from the equation that the following factors increase the evaporation rate:
« Increasing water temperature
+ Lowering air temperature
+ Lowering air relative humidity
+ High activity/agitation
aE- 1- Hap Calculation Report
(Total Load) KW) 6........(1)
2- after we get [MMB Evaporation rate (EXCEL SHEET)
USE THIS EQUATION
to get Total Latent Heat of Water Pool
Q (KW. wm * Latent Heat of Water (2260 kj/kg)
Spall Ababsth Bal Gh ( papell Gbailly GLI pa ay
a Ce Ags kata) 5 yall le Jguaally
QCKW) svenrerern(2)
Total Calculation Load =(1)+(2) kw
ASHRAE Standard 62-2007 Table 6.1
Outdoor Air ( Fresh Air )
The introduction of outdoor air is essential to maintaining good air quality in any facility.
The impact of this outdoor air ventilation on a natatorium changes with the weather and the
geographic location of the facility. Introducing outdoor air during the summer generally
adds moisture to the space and in the winter removes moisture from the space. For
maximum dehumidification load calculations the Summer Design conditions are considered.
Construction codes generally require that outdoor air be introduced into a commercial
building during occupied hours. ASHRAE Standard 62-2007 Table 6.1 recommends the
introduction of outdoor air into a natatorium at the following rates:
+ 0.48 CFM/f2 or 2.4 Lis-m2 of pool and (wet) deck area as base line
+ 7.5 CFM or 3.8 L/s per spectator added to the base line during swim meets
ASHRAE interprets the wet deck area as no more than six foot perimeter around the pool.
The purpose of this outdoor air is to help dilute chemicals off-gassed from water. A
predictably dry portion of the deck will not factor into the IAQ issues. Additionally,
os Outdoor air requires considerable heating in the winter.
More is not better. Exceeding code requirements is not recommended. In winter it will
significantly increase the operating expenses and in summer may increase the
dehumidification load.
There is ventilation requirement (Fresh air) in swimming pool we cannot say that its
negative pressure although concept is same but actually this is ventilation air as per
ASHRAE so the humidity and smell can be controlled in closed swimming pool area.
In general outdoor air is introduced into a building to dilute the off-gassing of
humans and materials and thus provide an acceptable air quality in the building. In
all public indoor swimming pools the use of a chemical to disinfect the water is
required by code. These chemicals have a bad effect on the indoor air quality when
they off-gas from the pool water and often cause eye irritations or even asthma.
Consequently ASHRAE has increased the amount of outdoor air required for indoor
‘swimming pools in comparison with standard office buildings.
Humidity Control Calculations 4:94)
ASHRAE 2011 Page 62
As mentioned previously, 50-60% relative humidity levels are ideal for bather comfort
but they can lead to condensation problems and serious damage to the building structure. If
the building structure itself has not been properly designed for this higher humidity
application catastrophic results may occur. The Architect should design and protect the
building enveloped based on an indoor dew point design condition.
Duct Work
Duct Materials to resist chemical Corrosion tall J>1> slgall ue asl! ilasSIl JSUIl aaslial
+ USE Galvanized Steel — Aluminum
* Avoid Stainless Steel not used
Air Outlet
We Use Jet Nozzle (Supply Air)
Abell lel VI 9 Bu] Ol>Luwell 98 pastas
typ byu55 GiB AdLuuo Bo dyu5S clga Aue alae 9
But Return Grill (Return Air)
Engr Walid Sedawy = MEP Engineers Group
-A\- Project Discussion
Closed Swimming Pool Area
Gross Area = 33*20 = 660 m2
Pool Surface Area =360 m2
Average Ceiling Height = 10 m
Spectator Number = 140
HAP Program
City: Dubai
A) Outdoor Condition of the Building
Dry bulb temperature: 46°C
Wet bulb Temperature: 29°C
Dubai City Latitude: (North Latitude) 25 °N
‘Out Door Daily Range: 13.8 °C
b) Indoor Condition of the Building
Dry bulb temperature: 24°C
Relative Humidity: 50% +5 %
0.48 CFM/ft2 or 2.4 L/ssm2
7.5 CFM or 3.8 Us per spectator
Spectator Number =140
Sedentary work digit Asgee Dy Apstall Gui glal Alla of
Lightening Wattage Awlm2 Ashrae 2009 table 2 part 18.5
Type Free Hanging
The safety factor applied must be no greater than
Sensible Heat:
Latent Heat: 5% Total Load 359.5 kw
Supply Air =62001/S
Return Air =59301/S
Fresh Air = = 2760 I/S
Exhaust Air = 2480 I/S
Supply Air = (R — E )+ F = 6200 L/S
MIREDISTRIBUTION oso)! J>Is cloe)l e395
NO of Jet Nozzle JN = 28
Any Nozzle JN can supply 221 US
Every Branches 14 JN * 2 Branch = 28 JN
More than 2 Meter Distance between JNs (Jet Nozzles) 2011
ASHRAE HANDBOOK
HVAC Applications
SI Edition
Supported by ASHRAE Research
4- Design Issues
¢ Moisture Load « Air Distribution
EV Eveoyel * Duct Design
Condensation Control . Cerxestints
MeN EICou ¢ Heating
seen Die ounce Kony
Ua Cay Corrinne
Outdoor Air dehumidification — 3-
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007
(Supersedes ANSVASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004)
Includes ANSVASHRAE Addenda listed in Appendix I
ASHRAE STANDARD
Ventilation
for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality
‘See Appendix fr approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Commitee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, andthe
‘American National Standards Insite.
“This slandardis under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Commitee (SSPC) for which the
Standards Commitee has established a documented program for regular publcaton of addenda or revisions,
Including procedures for timely, documented, consensus acton on requests for change fo any pat ofthe stan
dard. The change submittal fom, instructions, and deadlines may be oblaned in electronic frm from the ASHRAE.
‘Wb sit, hitp:/[Link], in pape form from the Manager of Standards. The lates edition ofan ASHRAE.
‘Standard may be purchased trom ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tulle Circe, NE, Alanta, GA 30829-2906.
E-malt orders @[Link], Fax 404-321-5478, Telphone: 404-696-8400 (wokdwide), orto tee 1-800-527-
4723 (for orders in US and Canad),
{© Copyright 2007 ASHRAE, Inc.
ISSN 1044-2396
@
wormansLorg
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tulle Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329
[Link]
-4- oe
CHAPTER 18
Re mercial Resour
2009
NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Cooling Load Calewaton Principles 18
Internal Heat Gains a 183
Infltration and Moishire Migration Heat Gains We.
Fenestration Heat Gain 14
Heat Balance Method 18s
Radiant Tine Series (RTS) Method 1820
‘Heating Load Caleutations 1828
System Heating and Cooling Load Efects 1832
Example Cooling and Heating Load
CaLeWatION nnn 18.36
Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods 1849
Building Example Drawings 1856
EATING and cooling load calculations ae the primary design
basis for most heating and at-conitioning systems and com
[ponens. These calculations affect the sizeof piping, ductwork, di
fsers, ar handlers, boilers, chillers, eos, compressors, fans, and
every ther component of systems that condition indoor enviton-
‘ments. Cooling and heating load ealeulations can significantly affect,
first cost of building construction, comfort and productivity of oceu-
Pants, and operating cost and enerzy consumption
‘Simply pt, heating and cooling loads are the rates of energy in-
put (heating) or removal (cooling) required to maintain an indoor
‘environment at desired temperature and humidity condition. Hea
ing and ar conditioning systems ae designed, sized, and controlled
toaccomplish tha energy transfe. The amount of heating or cooling
required at any particular time varies widely, depending on exter
(ouside temperature) and intemal (eg, number of people oe
eupying a space) factors,
Peak design heating and cooling load caleulations which are this
chapter's focus, seck fo determine the maximum rte of heating and
cooling energy transfer needed at any point in ime. Similar princi-
pls, but with different assumptions, data, and application, can be
‘used to estimate building energy consumption, as described in
Chapter 19,
This chapter discusses common elements of cooling lod calew
lation (intemal heat gain, ventilation and infiltration, moisture
migration, fenestration heat gain) and two methods of heating and
cooling load estimation: heat balance (HB) and radiant time series
rs)
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
PRINCIPLES
Cooling loads result from many conduction, convection, and radi
ation heat transfer proceses through the building envelope and from
internal sources and system componens. Building components or
contents that may affect cooling lads include the folowing
+ External: Walls, oof, windows, skylights, doors, partitions,
ceilings, and floors
‘Air leakage and moisture mi
+ System: Outside air, duct leakage and heat gain, reheat, fan and
pump energy, and energy recovery
‘TERMINOLOGY
The variables affecting cooling load calulations are numerous,
often dificult to define precisely, and always intricately intere-
Jated, Many cooling load components vary widely in magnitude,
“The preparation ofthis chapter is assigned 19 TC 4.1, Load Calculation
181
Copytight © 2009, ASHRAE
O-
and possibly direction, during a 24h period. Because these eylic
‘changes in load components often are notin phase wit each other,
cach component must be analyzed to establish the maximum cool.
ing load fora building or zone. A zoned system (ie, one serving
Several independent areas, each with its own temperature control)
needs to provide no greater total cooling load capacity than the Tar
esthourly sum of simultaneous zone loads throughout a design day;
however, it must handle the peak cooling load for each zoe att
individual peak hour At some times of day during heating or inter-
mediate seasons, some zones may require heating while oxhers
require cooling. The zones" ventilation, humidification, or dehu-
‘midifistion nocd must also be considered.
Heat Flow Rates
In air-conditioning design, the following four related heat ow
rates each of which varies with time, must be diferentiatd
‘Space Heat Gain, This instantancousrate of hat gun the rate
at which heat enters into andr is generated within a space. Heat
san is classified by its mode of entry into the space and whether it
is sensible or latent. Entry modes include (1) solar radiation
‘through transparent surfaces; (2) heat conduction through exterior
walls and roofs; (3) heat conduction through ceilings, floors, and
interior partitions; (4) heat generated in the space by occupants,
lights, and appliances (5) energy transfer through dret-with-space
ventilation and inflation of outdoor air and (6) miscellancous
heat gains. Sensible heat is added directly othe conditioned space
by conduction, convection, and/or radiation. Latent heat gxin
‘occurs when moisture is added to the space (e.g from vaporemitied
by occupants and equipment). To maintain 3 constant humidity
ratio, water vapor must condense on the cooling apparatus snd be
emoved atthe same rate it i added tthe space. The amount of|
energy required to offset latent heat gain essentially equals the prod
uct of the condensation rate and latent heat of condensation, In
Selecting. cooling equipment, distinguish between sensible and
latent heat gain: every cooling apparatus has different maximum
‘removal eapactics fr sensible versus latent heat fr particular opet-
ating conditions. {a extremely dy climates, humidfeation may be
‘equied, rather than dehumidifcation, to maintain thermal comfor.
‘Radiant Heat Gain. Radiant energy must first be absorbed by Sut.
faces that enclose the space (walls, lor, and ceiling) and objects in
the space (furniture, et). When these surfaces and cbjects Become
‘warmer than the surrounding air, sme of ther heat transfers tothe
airby convection. The composite heat storage capacity of these su-
faces and objects determines the rate at which their respective su=
face temperatures increase for a given radiant input, and thus governs
the relationship between the radiant portion of beat gain and its cor
responding part ofthe space cooling load (Figure 1). The thermal
storage effec i critical in differentiating between instantaneous htt
sain fora given space and its cooling load at that moment. Predicting
the nature and magnitude ofthis phenomenon in order to estimate a
realistic cooling load for a particular st of circumstances has long Software
Application Notes
The use of heat pipes for enhanced dehumidification, heat recovery and
displacement ventilation systems is discussed in detail in SPC’s range of
Application Notes. Please contact our Technical Sales Team for your copy,
or alternatively download them freely from our website.
PD Presentation
SPC are able to offer a CIBSE approved presentation on Heat Pipes
and their application in the HVAC industry. Please contact our office
for further details.
\ ore
Beater Ste Excel sheet
56
‘Storage areas can generally be conditioned by exhausting excess air
fiom the main exhibit hall though these spaces
4
GOP UP NATATORIUMS
Environmental Control
A eam rues yearend baniiy level beeen 40
ands coor rece nr cosungin, ad aling
Crete pesto The eget madre th fling cee
crn huni conte, rom pen onal vena reie
ina ora gly (dor td exit ha dssaon doe
{ap pool water Semi, and evaporator Ahi
nel Sc ne wil provid story ul any of
thse ems ae ovesoked Sue Chapter 2 of fe 2008 ASHIAE
Hndiok HVAC Systems ond Epes or aon huni
ier encanta den forte,
Humidity Controt
humidity
Outside the $0 to 60% range are not recommended. Sustained levels
above 60% can promote faciors that reduce indoor air quality. Rel-
ative humidity levels ificantlyinrease the facility's
energy consumption, Timits evapora
‘tion and coresponding heat loss 1s comfortable
‘without being extreme. Higher relative humidity levels can be de~
structive to building components. Mold and mildew canatack wall,
oor, and ceiling coverings, and condensation can degrade many
building materials In the worst ease, the roof structure could fa
because of eorosion from water condensing on the strctre
Loads for a natatorium include heat gains and losses from out-
or ar, ighting, walls, roof, and glass. Tntemal latent loads are
_Bencraly from people and evaporation. Evaporation loads in pools
and spa are significant relative o other load elements andmay vary
‘widely depending on pool features, areas of water and wet deck,
ind activity level in the poo!
od area of wetted
‘deck. Other pool uses may have more or less evaporation (Smith
tal. 1993).
4 (oe pgX0089-+ 0.0782 7) 0
y
where
capocton of water ks
~ are of poo sure,
Y= latent heat required io change wate to vapor at surface water
tempera, Kg
= Station vapor pos tken at surfs wale temperate,
ie
’,~ saturation pressre at oom itd poiat KPa
1 ~ air velocity over water sac. ms
‘Typical Natatorium Design Conditions
‘Ale Water
‘Typeot Poot Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
Recreational 20929 261029 —-s0%060
Thenpentic Tew 291035
Competition 261029 26102
Diving 27029 rex
Edel swinmers 291032 29032501060,
Hoel 261029 281030 01060
Whirpootpa 5019.60
SETS atmos vo ab ion
lactat
2011 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications (S1)
=
Units forthe constant 0.089 are Wi(m?-Pa). Units forthe const
(0.0782 are (W-s)(en*-Pa).
Equation (1) may be modified by multiplying it by an activity
factor Ft alter the estimate of evaporation rate based on the level
‘of ctivity supported. For Y values of shout 2400 kl kgand V values
ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 ms, Equation (1) ean be reduced 10
‘The following activity fictors should be applied to the areas of
specifi features, and not to the entire wetted are
@
Type of Poo
Baseline (pot unoccupied)
Residential poo!
CCondeminism
Therapy
Hote
Whiipoots, spas
Wavepools waterslides
The effectiveness of controling the natatorium environment
depends on cored estimation of water evaporation ates. Applying
the correct activity factors i extemely important in determining
water evaporation rates, The difference in peak evaporation rates
between private pools and active public pools of comparable size
may be more than 100%
“Actual operating temperatures and relative humidity conditions
shouldbe established before design, How the are wil be used ust
ol 5 energy conservation
through reduced evaporation and to avoid chill effects on swim-
Competition pools that hos swim meets have two distinct oper
ating profiles: (1) swim meets and (2) normal occupancy. Ii ee-
fmnmended that both be fully modeled to evaluate the facility's
needs. Although swim meets end tobe infrequent, the loads during
meets are often considerably higher than di
loads should also be designed to operate for considerable portions of
the year at part loads.
‘Water parks and water feature (slides, spray cannons, arches, ef.)
loads are not uly covered by ths chapter It is ecommended that the
‘dehumidifcaion load generated by each water feature be calculated
individually. The water toys’ manufacturers shouldbe contacted to
Provide specifications tallow fr proper load determination Due to
the concentrated nature ofthe loads in these Facilites, tis recom
mended that more supply air and outdoor ar be used in these fcli-
ties compared t what is recommended for traditional pools
Venttaion Requirements —> ste R15 Ashe
‘Ale Qual. Outdoor air setlain ral’ by
AShttal Suton 2 we incoted pode etl
auiy sno rhe vege poo wig cle pay
Jencton The vealaton rte ey be scat ep
wn peaplleeenee aon cn eiey ainemeiat
pat righ cceapuncy pico wc pat aeons
SRN Ona usta Dae peer aay
quay potcen singly incenlgvetaton res ey pve
Srnec ed ative Wacoal eatin es ce
hedt sf water 22297 Ky] Ie
faye 62.
yeahdhion
Wie 6-1 Places of Assembly
function of po! use and the type and effectiveness of water isin
Feetion used
‘Because indoor pools usually have high esilings, temperature
stratification and stack effect (see Chapter 16 ofthe 2009 ASHRAE
Handbook—Fundamentals) can have a detvimental eect on indoor
air quality. Careful duct layout must ensure that the space receives
proper air changes and homogeneous air quality thoughout. Some
Airmovement atthe deck and pool water level is esential to ensure
acceptable ar quality. Complains from swimmers indicate that the
‘reatest chloramine (se the section on Pool Water Chemisty) con
‘centrations occur atthe water surface, Children ate especially vul-
‘erable to the il effects of chloramine inhalation,
"Exhaust air from pools is rich in moisture and may contain high
levels of corrosive chioramine compounds. Although most codes
allow pool iro be used as makeup for showers, toilets, and locker
rooms, these spaces should be provided with separate ventilation
and maintained ata positive pressure with respect othe pool
‘Pool and pa areas shouldbe maintained ata nepative pressure of
15040 Parelative tothe outdoors and adjacent areas ofthe building
to prevent chloramine odor migration. Active methods of pressure
control may prove more effective than static balancing and may be
reessary where outdoor sir is used as a part ofan ative humidity
control strategy: Openings from the pool to other areas should be
minimized and controled. Passageways should be equipped with
doors with automatic closers and sweeps to inhibit migration of|
moisture and
Id be located as close as posible to
th 3 fity. Warmer waters and thse
with high agitation level of gas chemicals at higher rates compared
to traditional pools. This also allows body oils to become airborne,
Ideally these pollutants should be removed from close tothe source
before they have a chance to diffuse and negatively impact the air
Installations with intakes directly above whirlpools have
resulted in ality
“Most codes require a minimum of sx air
‘changes per hour, except where mechanical cooling is used. This
rate may prove inadequate for some occupancy and use.
‘Where mechanical dehumidifcation is provided, air delivery
rates should be established to maintain appropiate conditions of
Aemperture and humidity, The following rates are tpially
lesired
Pools with no spectator areas
Spectator areas
“Therapeutic pools
(Outdoor air detivery rates may be constant or variable, depend-
ing on design. Minimum rates, however, must provide adequate
dilution of contaminants generated by pool water and must m
sceeplabe ventilation for occupancy,
‘Where a minimum outdoor at ventilation rate is established to
protect agains! condensation ina building's structural elements the
Fates are typically used for 100% outdoor air systems. These rates
usualy result in excessive humidity levels under most operating
conditions and are generally not adequate t0 produce acceptable
indoor air quality, especially in public facilities subject to heavy use
410 6 ar changes per hour
6 0 8 air changes per hour
410 6 ar changes per hour
Proper duct design and installation in a natatorium is ete.
Failure to effectively deliver air where neded can result in ae qual-
ity problems, condensation, stratifiaton, and poor equipment pe
formance, Ductwork that fils to deliver airflow a the pool deck and
\watr surface, for example, ca lead oar quality problems in those
axeas. The following duct construction practices apply to natatori=
fase
axe realy atacked by chlorides and are prone to pitting. They
requi ‘ewiron
vanized doct is used, steps shou
i adequately protect the metal from corrosion. Is recom
‘mended that, a a minimum, th galvanized ducts be properly pre-
pared and painted with epoxy-based or other durable paint suitable
fo protect metal surfaces in anatatoriam environment. Noe that
salvannealed ductwork is easier to weld and pain than ot-ipgal-
‘anized, but galvannaled is more susceptible to corrosion i left
bare. Certain types of fabric duct aitigh) with appropriate giles
sewn in are also a good choice. Buried ductwork should be con-
structed ffom nonmetallic fiberglass reinforeed or PVC materials
hecause of the more demanding environment.
+ Supply air shouldbe directed against envelope surface prone to
condensation (lass end door). Some suply ai should be di
‘ected over the water surfice to move contaminated ait oward an
{hast pint and condo chloaines release te wae su
irmavement ove the pool wate sirface mas not
[as per the evaporation rat wn Equation (1).
+ Retum irines shouldbe loeaedto recover war bur aiand
‘etumittthe ventilation system frtretment, 0 prevent spy
Sir fom shoring ano miinizeocrulto of eles:
+ Exhaust ir ines shouldbe located to maximize capt fe
tiveness and minimize rectulaton of ehoramines. Existing
from desl above winpools so desirable Exhaust a
should be taken ciety tothe outdoors, trough heat covery
devices where provided.
+ Fiation shouldbe selected w provide 45 065% ficiencies as
defined in ASHIRAE Standard 3.1) and be installed in locations
Selected to prevent condensation in the iter bank, Filter media
nd support materials shouldbe resistant o moist degradation
"mys miei a tc
ayo
wich re or val oe od
cng bated bets oasis at
and speech intelligibility.
Envelope Design
Glazing in exterior walls becomes susceptible to condensation
‘when the outdoor temperatute drops below the pool room dew
point. The design goa is to maintain the surface temperature ofthe
floss and the window frames a minimum of 3 K above the pool
oom dew point. Windows must allow unobstructed air movement
fn inside surfaces, and thermal break frames should be used 10
raise the indoor temperature ofthe fame. Avoid recessed win-
‘dows and protrading window frames. Skylights are especialy vul-
fnerable, and require attention to contol condensation. Wall and
roof vapor retarder designs should be carefully reviewed, espe-
lly at wall-to-wall and wall-to-roof junctures and at window,
skylight, and duct penetrations, The pool enclosure must be
Suitable for year-round operation at $0 to 60% relative humidity
‘A vapor retarder analysis (as in Figure 12 in Chapter 27 of the
2009°ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals) should be prepare.
Failure to install an effective vapor retarder will result in conden~
sation forming inthe structure, and potentially serious envelope
damage.
Pool Water Chemistry
Failure to maintain proper chemistry in the pool water causes
serious air quality problems and deterioration of mechanical
systems and building components. Water treatment equipment
-\3- 58
and chemicals should be located in a separate, dedicated, well-
ventilated space that is under negative pressure, Pool water teat
‘ment consists of primary disinfection, pl contol, water filtration
and purging, and water heating. For futher information, refer to
Kowalsky (1990)
Air quality problems are usually caused bythe reaction of chlo-
Fine with biological wastes, and particularly with ammonia, which
isaby-product ofthe breakdown of urine and perspiration. Chlorine
reacts With these wastes, creating chloramines(menochiocamine,
chloramine, and nitogen trichloride) that are commonly me
sured as combined chlorine. Adding chemicals to pool water
increases total contaminant levels. In high-occupancy pools, water
contaminant levels can double in a single day of operation
CCilorine’s efficiency t reducing ammonia is affected by several
factors, including water temperature, water pH, (ta chlorine con-
centration, and level of dissolved solids inthe water. Because of|
their higher operating temperature and higher ratio of occupancy
per unit water volume, spas produce greater quantities of at cone
taminans than pools.
‘The following measures have demonstrated a potential to reduce
cfsloramine concentrations inthe air and water:
+ Ozonation. In low concentrations, ozone has. substantially
reduced the concentration of combined chlorine in the water. [a
high concentrations, ozone can replace chlorine as the primary
sisinfection process: however, ozone is unable to maintain sufi=
cent residual levels inthe water to maintain a latent biocidal
effect. This necessitates maintenance of chlorine as residual
process at concentrations of 05 to 1.5 mp,
+ Water Exchange Rates. High concentrations of dissolved sol-
{ds in water have been shown to directly eontribute to high com-
bined chlorine (chloramine) levels. Adequate water exchange
les are necessary to prevent the buildup of biological wastes
and their oxidized components in pool and spa water. Conduc-
tivity measurement is an effective method to control the ex-
change rate of water in pools and spas to effectively maintain
‘water quality and minimize water use. In high-occupancy pools,
heat recovery may prove useful in reducing water heating en:
eray requirements
Energy Considerations
"Natatorium can be a major energy burden on facilities, so they
representa significant opportunity for energy conservation and
recovery. ASHIRAE Standard 90.1 offers some recommendations
Several design solutions are possible using both dchumidifcation
and ventilation strategies. When evaluating a system, the seasonal
space conditions and energy consumed by all elements should be
considered, including primary heating and cooling systems, fan
motors, water heater, and pumps
Operating conditions factor significantly in the total energy
‘requirements ofa natatorium. Although occupant comfort isa pr
‘mary concer, the impact of low space temperatures and relative
‘humidity leveis below 50% (especially in winter) should be dis-
cussed withthe owner/operator. Reductions in either room ar tem-
perature or relative humidity inerease evaporation from the pools,
‘hus increasing the dehunsidiieation requirements and increasing
ool water heating costs,
[Natatoriums with Fixed outdoor ait ventilation rates without
‘dchumiification generally have seasonally Nuetuating space tem-
perature and humidity levels. Systems designed to provide mi
‘mur ventilation rates without dehumidifcation are unable ‘0
‘maintain relative humidity conditions within prescribed limits,
Those systems may facilitate mold and mildew growth and may be
‘unable to provide accepable indoor air quality. Peak dehumidifca-
tion loads vary with activity levels and during the cooling season
‘when ventilation air becomes an additional dehumidieatonloadto|
the space
2011 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications (S1)
FAIRS AND OTHER TEMPORARY
EXHIBITS
Occasionally, large-scale exhibits ae constructed t stimulate
business, present new ideas, and provide cultural exchanges. Firs
ofthis type take years to construct, are open fom several months 19
several years, and are sometimes designed considering future use of|
some buildings. Fairs, carnivals, or exhibits, which may consist of|
prefabricated shelters and tents that are moved frm place to place
and remain ina given location fr only afew days or Weeks, ae not,
covered here because they seldom require the involvement of achi-
tects and engineers
Design Concepts
‘One consultant or agency shouldbe responsible for setting uni-
form utility service regulations and practices to ensure proper oea-
nization and operation ofall exhibits, Exhibits that are open only
